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CLEVELAND  AND  STEVENSON. 

" THEIR  LIVES  AND  RECORD. 


“ GIVE  ME  THE  FACTS." 

THE 


DEMOCRATIC  CAMPAIGN  BOOK 

FOR  1892, 


•WITH 

A HANDBOOK  OF  AMERICAN  POLITICS  UP  TO  DATE,  AND  A 
CYCLOPEDIA  OF  PRESIDENTIAL  BIOGRAPHY. 


Over  Sixty  Illustrations  and  Maps.  Special  Text  by  Special  Contributors. 


COMPILED  AND  EDITED  BY 

THOMAS  CAMPBELL-COPELAND. 


THREE  VOLUMES  IN  ONE. 


New  York  : 

CHARLES  L.  WEBSTER  & COMPANY. 
1892. 


Copyright,  1892, 

CHARLES  L.  WEBSTER  & CO. 
(All  rights  reserved.) 


PRESS  OF 

Jenkins  & McCowan, 


NEW  YORK. 


d iuc 


CONTENTS. 

PART  I.  page 

Introduction 7-8 

Life  and  Record  of  Presidential  Candidate 9-19 

Life  and  Record  of  Vice-Presidential  Candidate 20-22 

Convention  Proceedings 23-39 

The  Platform 40-44 

PART  II. 

History  of  the  Party 1-4 

The  Farmers’  Alliance 5-7 

The  Sub-Treasury  Warehouse  Scheme 8-10 

The  Labor  Party 11-12 

The  Prohibition  Movement 13 

Woman  Suffrage 14—15 

Republican  National  and  State  Committees 16-17 

Republican  League  of  the  United  States 18-19 

Democratic  National  and  State  Committees  20-21 

Prohibition  National  Committee : 22 

People’s  Party  National  Committee 23 

The  Australian  Ballot 24 

Gerrymandering 25 

History  of  Tariff  Legislation 26-29 

LTnited  States  Customs  Duties 30-34 

Tariff  Ref orm  Votes . 35 

Reciprocity 36-38 

The  Silver  Question 39-40 

The  Single  Tax  Theory 41-42 

PART  m. 

Declaration  of  Independence 1-4 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  Amendments , 5-17 

Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  United  States 18 

Biographies  of  the  Presidents 19-38 

The  Presidential  Succession 39-40 

The  Electoral  College,  with  Votes,  1789-1881 40—14 

The  Electoral  Vote  of  1892  44 

Popular  Vote,  United  States,  1789-1888 . 45 

Popular  Vote,  by  States,  1824-1888 46-50 

Departments  at  the  National  Capital 51-53 

The  Federal  Government,  1892 54r-62 

Origin  of  States  and  Territories 63 

Settlement  of  States  and  Territories 64 

State  and  Territorial  Governors 65 

State  and  Territorial  Offices 66-77 

Id  3 


£ 9 O 7 C 9 

O J o ( O C 


4 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

State  and  Territorial  Legislatures 78 

Population  and  Financial  Condition  of  the  States  and  Territories. .. . 79-81 

Party  Tendency  in  the  New  States 82-83 

The  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 84-91 

Apportionment  of  Representatives 92-93 

States  Redistricted 94-99 

Rules  of  the  Fifty -first  Congress 100-101 

Rules  of  the  Fifty-second  Congress 102-119 

Supreme  Court  Decision  concerning  House  Rules. 120-125 

Principal  of  the  Public  Debt 126-127 

Receipts  and  Expenditures,  United  States,  1791-1891 128-135 

Appropriations  Sanctioned  by  Congress,  1882-1892 136 

Receipts  and  Expenditures,  United  States,  in  detail,  1891-1893 137-141 

An  Interesting  Document 142-153 

Population,  Net  Revenue  and  Expenditures  of  the  United  States, 

with  per  capitas,  1837-1891 154 

Customs  Receipts  and  Expenditures,  by  States,  1891 155 

Internal  Revenue  Receipts  and  Expenditures,  1891 155 

Imports  and  Exports,  1891 156-162 

Our  Pensioners — with  numerous  detailed  statements 163-177 

The  United  States  Army 177-180 

The  United  States  Navy 181-185 

The  President’s  Veto  Power 186 

Civil  Service  Rules 187-189 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 190-191 

Coast  Defences 192-194 

The  Chilean  Controversy 195-198 

The  Behring  Sea  Controversy 199-207 

The  World’s  Columbian  Exposition 208-213 

Naturalization  Laws 214 

Voting  Qualifications,  by  States 215-219 

Registration  of  Voters 220 

Map  and  Political  Analysis  of  each  State,  1872-1892 222-318 

APPENDIX. 

Text  of  the  Mills  Bill 319-331 

Text  of  the  McKinley  Bill 332-380 

The  Blaine  Report  on  Reciprocity 381-385 

The  Silver  Bill  of  1890 386-387 

Speech  of  Mr.  Mills  on  his  Tariff  Measure 388-390 

Tariff  Message  of  President  Cleveland 391-398 

Speech  of  Mr.  McKinley  on  his  Tariff  Measure 399-411 

Speech  of  Mr.  Carlisle  on  the  Tariff 412-414 

The  President’s  Centennial  Message,  December,  1888 415-418 

Congressional  Pluralities  by  States 419-421 

Presidential  and  Other  Votes  of  Cities 422 

ADDENDA. 

The  addenda,  immediately  preceding  the  index , contains  the  latest  infor- 
mation, up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  on  the  navy  and  other  topics  of 
interest. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Political  Map  of  the  United  States Frontispiece. 

PAGE. 

The  Nominee  for  President,  1892 I.  facing  1 

The  Nominee  for  Vice-President,  1892 I.  “ 11 

Horace  Boies I.  “ 40 

David  B.  Hill II.  “ 25 

The  Presidents — Washington  to  Harrison III.  “ 19 

John  G.  Carlisle III.  “ 88 

Charles  F.  Crisp III.  “ 102 

Roger  Q.  Mills (Appendix).  319 


The  British  Surrendering  their  Arms ■. III.  facing  1 

U.  S.  Flagship  Chicago III.  “ 181 

U:  S.  Steel  Cruiser  Boston III.  “ 183 

U.  S.  Steel  Cruiser  Baltimore III.  “ 185 

Harbor  and  City  of  San  Diego III.  “ 195 

The  Chilean  Insurgent  Vessel  Ita ta III.  “ 198 

The  House  in  which  Columbus  was  Born III.  “ 208 

Administration  Building,  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.  . . . III.  “ 210 

Harbor  and  City  of  Genoa III.  “ 212 

Machinery  Hall,  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 III.  “ 213 


CARTOONS. 

“The  North  Bend  Farmer  and  his  Visitors  ” III.  facing  29 

“ Storming  the  Castle” III.  “ 41 

“ The  Great  Exhibition  of  1860  ” III.  “ 48 

“ Honest  Abe  taking  them  on  the  Half-Shell  ” III.  “ 64 

“ The  Radical  Party  on  a Heavy  Grade  ” III.  “ 35 

“ Blood  will  Tell  ” III.  “ 45 


5 


59S7S2 


LNTKODTJ  CTICXN'. 


Early  in  President  Harrison's  administration  it  became  evi- 
dent that  the  campaign  of  1892  would  be  a battle  of  political 
principles  and  not  of  personalities.  The  lines  separating  the 
two  great  parties  became  more  clearly  drawn,  and  it  conld  easily 
be  foreseen  that  it  would  not  be  information  regarding  the  lives 
and  records  of  the  candidates  that  the  public  would  most  desire, 
but  information  upon  the  political  issues  dividing  the  parties, 
and  upon  which  the  campaign  would  be  fought.  With  this  idea 
we  arranged  nearly  three  years  ago  with  well-known  compilers 
and  statisticians  in  Washington,  to  gather  information  from  the 
official  records  regarding  all  questions  that  would  be  likely  to 
play  a part  in  the  campaign  of  1892.  This  work  is  materialized 
in  the  following  pages. 

As  will  be  seen,  the  lives  and  records  of  the  candidates  are 
clearly  and  concisely  given,  together  with  a history  of  the  con- 
vention and  the  party  platform ; but  the  major  portion  of  the 
work  is  devoted  to  information  upon  such  subjects  as  are  likely 
to  be  most  frequently  discussed  from  now  until  November  8th. 
As  this  information  is  taken  from  official  records,  it  can  be  abso- 
lutely relied  upon. 

We  believe  that  a study  of  the  Table  of  Contents  and  Index 
will  convince  any  one  that  no  question  is  likely  to  arise  during 
the  present  campaign  upon  which  this  work  will  not  shed  abun- 
dant light. 


The  Publishers. 


Hon.  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  CAMPAIGN  BOOK 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  NOMINEE  FOR  PRESIDENT  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


Grover  Cleveland,  wlio  served  a full  term  as  President  of  the  United 
States,  1884-1888,  and  was  again  nominated  for  the  Presidency  at  the  Na- 
tional Convention  held  in  Chicago  from  June  21  to  June  24,  1892,  was  born 
at  Caldwell,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  on  March  18,  1837,  and  is  the  third  of 
nine  children.  His  father,  Rev.  Richard  F.  Cleveland,  a Presbyterian  clergy- 
man, married  Anna  Neil,  the  daughter  of  a Baltimore  merchant.  The  record 
shows  that  the  father  of  the  Ex-President  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1824, 
was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1829,  and  in  the  same  year 
began  his  married  life  in  the  parsonage  at  Caldwell,  where  Grover  Cleve- 
land was  born. 

On  the  paternal  side,  Grover  Cleveland  is  of  English  origin.  In  an  ex- 
cellent account  of  the  family  pedigree  it  is  stated  that  Moses  Cleveland  emi- 
grated from  Ipswich,  Suffolk  County,  Eng.,  in  1635,  and  settled  at  Woburn, 
Mass.,  where  he  died  in  1701.  His  grandson,  Aaron,  took  up  his  residence 
in  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  in  1738,  where,  by  fortunate  investments  in  real 
estate,  lie  became  comparatively  wealthy,  leaving  at  his  death  an  estate 
equivalent,  to  $15,000,  which  in  those  days  represented  in  pounds  sterling  a 
much  larger  sum  than  the  same  figures  would  indicate  at  this  time.  In  the 
town  documents  Aaron  Cleveland  was  designated  as  a gentleman.  One  of 
his  sons,  Moses,  was  the  grandfather  of  Major-General  Erastus  Cleveland,  of 
Madison,  N.  Y.,  who  commanded  the  United  States  forces  at  Saekett’s  Har- 
bor in  the  war  of  1812.  Another  son,  Aaron,  the  great-great-grandfather  of 
Grover  Cleveland,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1735,  was  ordained  for  the 
Presbyterian  ministry,  and  served  as  a clergyman  of  that  denomination.  After- 
ward, at,  Malden,  Mass. , he  was  received  into  the  Church  of  England  as  a priest  , 
made  missionary  by  the  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts, 
and  selected  to  take  charge  of  a church  at  Carlisle,  Pa.  When  at  Philadelphia, 
en  route , he  became  sick,  and  died  in  the  house  of  his  intimate  friend,  Dr. 
Benjamin  Franklin.  Franklin  wrote  his  obituary,  and  published  it  in  his 
own  paper,  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette,  on  August  18,  1751. 

A son  of  the  clergyman,  also  named  Aaron,  and  the  great-grandfather 
of  Grover  Cleveland,  became  a Connecticut  merchant,  doing  business  at  N or- 
wich. He  was  strongly  opposed  to  slavery,  and  during  a term  of  service  in 
the  State  Legislature  introduced  a bill  for  its  abolition. 

One  of  the  merchant’s  sons,  Charles,  was  a city  missionary  in  Boston. 
While  working  in  that  capacity  he  became  well  known  and  popular,  the  cit- 
izens frequently  referring  to  him  as  “ Father  Cleveland.”  A sister  of  this 
son  married  Dr.  Samuel  Hanson  Cox,  father  of  Bishop  Arthur  Cleveland 
Cox,  of  Western  New  York.  William,  a brother  of  Charles,  followed  the 
calling  of  silversmith  and  watchmaker  at  Norwich,  Conn. 

Richard  Falley  Cleveland,  the  father  of  the  presidential  nominee,  was  a 
son  of  William.  As  his  wife,  Anna  Neil,  was  the  daughter  of  an  Irishman, 
Grover  Cleveland,  on  the  maternal  side,  is  of  Irish  origin.  Although  the 
son,  who  is  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  is  popularly  known  as  Grover  Cleve- 

9 


10 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


land,  his  full  name  is  Stephen  Grover,  given  him  in  honor  of  Rev.  Stephen 
Grover,  who  was  the  first  occupant  of  the  parsonage  at  Caldwell. 

In  1841,  when  Grover  Cleveland  was  four  years  of  age,  his  father  was 
called  to  Fayetteville,  near  Syracuse,  in  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.  The 
early  education  of  the  son  began  here  at  an  academy,  and  was  continued  un- 
til he  began  work  at  a country  store  in  his  fourteenth  year.  In  1850  the 
family  moved  to  Clinton,  in  Oneida  County,  and  after  remaining  there  three 
years,  residence  was  taken  up  at  Holland  Patent,  a village  in  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.  This  was  in  1853.  Within  a month  of  the  time  when  the  family  set- 
tled in  its  new  abode,  the  father  died,  leaving  a widow  and  nine  children. 

During  his  father’s  residence  at  Clinton  the  future  President  took  advan- 
tage of  local  facilities  for  education.  Iu  his  seventeenth  year  (1854)  he  be- 
came a clerk  and  an  assistant  teacher  iu  the  New  York  Institution  for  the 
Blind,  New  York  city,  where  his  brother  William,  an  alumnus  of  Hamilton 
College,  was  then  a teacher.  There  he  remained  about  a year.  The  winter 
of  1854-55  was  spent  under  his  mother’s  roof  at  Holland  Patent.  This  was 
his  last  year  at  home.  Ingham  Townsend,  a neighbor,  who  expressed  him- 
self as  anxious  for  Grover’s  success  in  the  future,  proposed  to  him  a course 
of  theological  study,  to  prepare  for  the  ministry.  This  proposition  was  not 
favorably  considered,  as  the  young  man  had  already  resolved  to  adopt  the 
law  as  a profession.  He  consented,  however,  to  accept  the  use  of  $25,  iu 
order  that  he  might  reach  Cleveland,  O.,  and  there  endeavor  to  obtain  em- 
tain  employment  in  the  office  of  a legal  practitioner.  He  started  from  home 
for  Ohio,  and  on  his  way  stopped  at  Black  Rock,  near  Buffalo,  on  a visit  to 
his  uncle,  Mr.  Lewis  F.  Allen.  By  him  Grover  Cleveland  was  advised  to 
remain  at  Buffalo  rather  than  to  travel  westward.  The  advice  was  taken. 
For  six  weeks  the  student  remained  with  his  uncle,  to  assist  him  in  the  com- 
pilation of  a volume  of  the  American  Ilerd-Book.  For  this  work  he  received 
$60,  and  shortly  afterward  (August,  1855),  entered  the  service  of  Messrs. 
Rogers,  Bowen  & Rogers,  a law  firm  in  Buffalo,  receiving  from  them  a sal- 
ary of  $4  a week.  With  this  firm  he  remained  seven  years,  including  three 
years  after  his  admission  to  the  bar.  He  attained  the  position  of  managing 
clerk  at  $600,  and  was  advanced  to  $1,000,  a part  of  which  he  devoted  to  the 
support  of  his  widowed  mother,  who  died  in  1882. 

Grover  Cleveland’s  first  public  office  was  that  of  Assistant  District-Attor- 
ney of  Erie  County,  to  which  post  he  was  appointed  on  New  Year’s  Day, 
1863,  holding  the  position  for  three  years.  Two  of  Cleveland’s  brothers 
were  in  the  army,  and  his  mother  and  sisters  were  dependent  largely  upon 
him  for  support.  Unable  to  enlist,  he  borrowed  sufficient  to  send  a substi- 
tute, and  it  was  not  until  long  after  the  war  that  he  was  able  to  repay  the 
loan.  In  1865,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  he  was  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  District-Attorney,  but  was  beaten  by  the  Republican  candidate,  his  inti- 
mate friend,  Lyman  K.  Bass.  This  defeat  he  accepted  in  good  part,  and 
taking  as  a law  partner  Isaac  V.  Yanderpool,  resumed  the  practice  of  the 
law  with  marked  success. 

In  1870  his  many  political  friends  in  Buffalo  proffered  him  the  nomina- 
tion for  Sheriff  of  Erie  County.  After  considerable  hesitation  he  consented 
to  run,  and  was  elected,  serving  three  years  in  a manner  satisfactory  to  citi- 
zens of  all  political  denominations.  Then  the  firm  of  Bass,  Cleveland  & 
Bissell  was  formed  for  legal  work,  and  prospered  exceedingly.  About  this 
time  Grover  Cleveland  is  described  as  having  attained  high  rank  as  a law- 
yer, “noted  for  the  simplicity  and  directness  of  his  logic  and  expression, 
and  his  thorough  mastery  of  his  cases,  rather  than  for  brilliant  rhetorical  or 
oratorical  display.  The  firm’s  name  was  changed  on  the  retirement  of  Mr. 
Bass,  to  Cleveland,  Bissell  & Sicard.  This  was  in  1874.  His  practice  of  law 
was  continuous  from  1873  to  1881,  when  he  accepted  the  nomination  for  the 
mayoralty  of  Buffalo 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


11 


The  contest  brought  about  his  election  by  a majority  of  3,530,  the  largest 
ever  given  to  a candidate  in  that  city.  It  is  a notable  fact  that  at  the  same 
election  the  Republican  State  ticket  was  carried  in  Buffalo  by  an  average 
majority  of  over  1,600.  He  counted  among  his  supporters  a number 
of  Republicans,  Independents  and  Reformers.  On  entering  office, 
New  Year’s  Day,  1882,  he  said,  among  other  things:  “ It  seems  to  me  that  a 
successful  and  faithful  administration  of  the  government  of  our  city  may  be 
accomplished  by  constantly  bearing  in  mind  that  we  are  the  trustees  and 
agents  of  our  fellow-citizens,  holding  their  funds  in  sacred  trust,  to  be  ex- 
pended for  their  benefit;  that  we  should  at  all  times  be  prepared  to  render 
an  honest  account  of  them,  touching  the  manner  of  their  expenditure ; and 
that  the  affairs  of  the  city  should  be  conducted,  as  far  as  possible,  upon  the 
same  principle  as  a good  business  man  manages  his  private  concerns.” 

The  various  duties  of  the  mayor’s  office  were  conducted,  during  his  ad- 
ministration, iu  such  a manner  as  to  secure  the  indorsement  of  all  who  had 
the  real  interests  of  the  city  at  heart.  Frequent  tributes  were  paid  to  his 
integrity  and  ability,  and'  by  the  time  the  State  Democratic  Convention 
assembled  to  select  a candidate  for  Governor,  in  September,  1882,  his  reputa- 
tion had  greatly  helped  to  bring  about  his  nomination  on  the  third  ballot.  The 
Republican  candidate  running  against  him,  Charles  J.  Folger,  at  that  time 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was  overwhelmingly  defeated — Cleveland  receiv- 
ing a plurality  of  192,854,  and  a majority  over  all  of  151,742. 

An  extract  from  his  letter  of  acceptance,  now  a famous  document,  will 
be  of  interest  at  this  present  time,  in  the  light  of  current  events:  “Public 
officers  are  the  servants  and  agents  of  the  people,  to  execute  the  law  which 
the  people  have  made,  and  within  the  limits  of  a constitution  which  they 
have  established.” 

Governor  Cleveland  removed  from  Buffalo  to  Albany  on  the  last  day  of 
December,  1882,  and  took  the  oath  of  office  on  the  following  day.  It  had 
been  usual  with  previous  governors  to  begin  their  term  of  office  by  parading 
through  the  streets  at  the  State  Capital:  this  the  new  governor  declined  to 
do,  merely  walking  with  a friend  without  escort  from  the  Executive  Man- 
sion to  the  State  Building.  Philip  Ripley,  in  describing  the  events  of  this 
period,  remarks  that  “the  very  beginning  of  his  administration  was  marked 
by  radical  reforms  in  the  Executive  Chamber.  Persons  having  business  with 
the  Governor  were  immediately  and  informally  admitted,  without  running  a 
gauntlet  of  clerks  and  doorkeepers.  Less  rich  than  many  former  governors, 
with  private  means  of  not  more  than  $50,000,  Governor  Cleveland  lived  upon 
and  within  his  official  salary,  simply  and  unostentatiously;  keeping  no  car- 
riage, and  daily  walking  to  and  from  his  duties  at  the  capitol. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Cleveland  was  vigorous,  one  of  its  prin- 
cipal features  being  the  careful  personal  examination  and  intelligent  perusal 
of  every  legislative  document  of  importance  submitted  for  his  signature  or 
approval.  Always  outspoken  and  fearless  in  advocacy  of  right  and  in  con- 
demnation of  wrong,  he  at  first  astonished  those  to  whom  such  methods  were 
entirely  foreign  and  in  some  cases  repugnant,  but,  in  course  of  time,  through 
persistent  effort  and  undaunted  resolution  it  was  found  that  astonishment 
and  repugnance  gave  way  to  admiration  for  and  hearty  appreciation  of  his 
courageous  conduct  of  affairs,  in  the  face  of  what  often  appeared  to  be  re- 
lentless and  insurmountable  opposition.  It  is  a matter  of  record  that  many 
men  who  were  in  those  days  his  bitter  enemies  are  now  his  most  steadfast 
friends,  and  this  apart  from  all  considerations  of  political  advantage,  either 
temporary  or  permanent. 

It  was  very  evident  that  what  Governor  Cleveland  said  and  did  was  ex- 
pressed earnestly  and  under  a stern  sense  of  duty,  not  with  a view  in  any  in- 
stance of  creating  a “good  impression.”  This  single-mindedness  and  firm 
resolve  on  his  part  to  do  his  whole  duty  without  fear  or  favor  has  been  the 
secret  of  his  phenomenal  success  in  public  life. 


12 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


“During  his  first  year  as  governor,”  says  a veil-known  writer,  “it  fell  to 
his  lot  to  make  a large  number  of  appointments  to  fill  vacancies  in  public 
offices.  He  undertook  to  apply  to  this  duty  the  same  principles  which  gov- 
erned his  conduct  iu  dealing  with  questions  more  strictly  financial  or  business 
in  {heir  scope.  He  gave  heed  to  the  demands  of  his  party,  recognizing  in 
general  that  it  is  neither  possible  nor  desirable  to  separate  important  or  re- 
sponsible places  from  accountability  to  the  sentiment  dominant  among  the 
people  of  a given  locality.  But  this  devotion  to  his  own  party  was  always 
accompanied  by  the  most  exacting  demands  of  fitness,  capacity,  and  charac- 
ter in  the  applicant.  Wherever  it  was  possible  to  do  so  he  recognized  the 
system  of  merit,  by  which  men  having  special  fitness,  or  experience  in  given 
lines,  were  promoted.  Pie  made  the  assistant  in  the  Insurance  Department 
its  chief;  he  appointed  a builder  of  character  as  Commissioner  of  the  Capitol, 
and  made  a business  man,  whose  qualifications  he  knew,  Superintendent  of 
the  same  building.  The  Superintendency  of  Public  Works,  a place  which 
had  often  been  filled  by  mere  partisans  with  little  regard  to  fitness,  was  given 
to  a man  whose  long  experience  in  the  management  of  the  canals  had  made 
him  practical  and  thorough.  The  Railroad  Commission,  the  appointment  of 
the  original  members  of  which  was  imposed  upon  Mr.  Cleveland  during  his 
first  year’s  service  as  governor,  was  selected  with  such  judgment  that  the 
choice  gave  general  party  and  public  satisfaction.” 

His  views  on  the  subject  of  labor  are  thus  expressed  iu  the  letter  of  ac- 
ceptance written  before  he  assumed  the  duties  of  State  Executive:  “The 
laboring  classes  constitute  the  main  part  of  our  population.  They  should  be 
protected  in  their  efforts  to  assert  their  rights  when  endangered  by  aggre- 
gated capital,  and  all  statutes  on  this  subject  should  recognize  the  care  of 
the  State  for  honest  toil,  and  be  framed  with  a view  of  improving  the  con- 
dition of  the  workingman.” 

Governor  Cleveland’s  conspicuous  individuality  in  course  of  time  made 
him  known  to,  and  esteemed  by,  the  wisest  and  most  far-sighted  leaders  of 
Democratic  thought  and  action  throughout  the  whole  country.  Gradually 
he  came  to  be  considered  as  the  most  available  man  to  lead  the  party  to  vic- 
tory in  a presidential  campaign,  and  as  a result  of  this  growth  of  favorable 
opinion  was  selected,  in  the  face  of  considerable  opposition  (in  certain  quar- 
ters), as  the  presidential  nominee  on  July  11,  1884.  The  contest  was  sharp, 
and  it  was  not  until  the  second  day’s  balloting  that  a decision  was  made  in 
his  favor.  The  first  ballot  showed:  Cleveland,  392;  Bayard,  170;  Thurman, 
88;  Randall,  78;  McDonald,  56;  Carlisle,  27;  Flower,  4;  Hoadley,  3;  Hen- 
dricks, 1;  Tilden,  1.  Under  the  two-thirds  rule,  547  votes  were  necessary  for 
a choice.  The  second  ballot  showed  Cleveland,  683;  Bayard,  81;  .;  Hen- 
dricks, 45)4;  Thurman,  4;  Randall,  4;  McDonald,  4.  Upon  a motion,  the 
nomination  of  Cleveland  was  made  unanimous.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of 
Indiana  was  selected  as  nominee  for  the  Vice-Presidency. 

In  his  letter  of  acceptance  he  said,  in  one  paragraph:  “If  I should  be 
called  to  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation  by  the  suffrages  of  my  fellow- 
citizens,  I will  assume  the  duties  of  that  high  office  with  a solemn  determina- 
tion to  dedicate  every  effort  to  the  country’s  good,  and  with  a humble  reli- 
ance upon  the  favor  and  support  of  the  Supreme  Being,  who  I believe  will 
always  bless  honest  human  endeavor  in  the  conscientious  discharge  of  public 
duty.” 

The  Republicans  selected  James  G.  Blaine  as  their  standard-bearer;  Gen- 
eral B.  F.  Butler  represented  the  People’s  party,  and  Mr.  St.  John  ran  in 
behalf  of  the  Prohibitionists.  The  popular  vote  gave  Cleveland  4,874,986; 
Blaine,  4,851,981;  Butler,  175,370;  St.  John,  150,369;  blank,  defective,  and 
scattering,  14,904.  The  total  vote  cast  was  10,067,610.  The  electoral  vote 
gave  Cleveland  a majority  of  37. 

The  inauguration  of  Grover  Cleveland  took  place  on  the  4th  of  March, 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


13 


1885,  and  was  followed  by  the  selection  of  a strong  Cabinet.  President 
Cleveland’s  administration  was  cordially  approved  by  a large  majority  of  the 
party,  and  found  favor  among  many  who  preferred  to  stand  aloof  from 
party  ties.  His  messages  to  Congress  were  well  written,  and  unequivocal  in 
their  expressions  on  the  various  subjects  dealt  with.  The  two  most  famous 
communications  are  those  relating  respectively  to  the  demand  of  the  Senate 
for  certain  papers  connected  with  the  suspension  of  officers,  and  expressing 
the  President’s  views  on  the  necessity  of  tariff  revision.  What  was  said  on 
this  latter  subject  may  be  found  in  the  appendix.  In  his  conflict  with  the 
Senate,  the  President  distinctly  refused  to  supply  the  papers  called  l'or,  giv- 
ing his  reasons  in  detail.  In  his  letter  referring  to  their  requests  for  informa- 
tion he  said,  among  other  things:  “ The  pledges  I have  made  were  made  to 
the  people,  to  whom  I am  responsible  for  the  manner  in  which  they  have 
been  redeemed.  I am  not  responsible  to  the  Senate,  and  I am  unwilling  to 

submit  my  action  and  official  conduct  to  them  for  judgment 

Neither  the  discontent  of  party  friends,  nor  the  allurements  constantly 
offered  of  confirmations  of  appointees,  conditioned  upon  the  avowal  that, 
suspensions  have  been  made  on  party  grounds  alone,  nor  the  threat  proposed 
in  the  resolutions  now  before  the  Senate,  that  no  confirmations  will  be  made 
unless  the  demands  of  that  body  are  complied  with,  are  sufficient  to  discour- 
age or  deter  me  from  following  in  the  way  which  I am  convinced  leads  to 
better  government  for  the  people.” 

Space  will  not  permit  of  a lengthy  review  in  this  place  of  President 
Cleveland’s  administration,  from  1885  until  his  successor  was  elected  and  in- 
augurated in  1888-1889.  It  is  possible,  however,  to  state  the  leading  facts 
and  to  give  briefly  his  opinions  on  the  various  public  issues  dealt  with  from 
time  to  time.  The  attitude  assumed  by  President  Cleveland  on  the  subject 
of  Civil  Service  Reform  made  for  him  many  friends  and  a multitude  of  ene- 
mies, these  latter  leaving  no  stone  unturned  to  embarrass  and  annoy  the 
Chief  Executive  in  promulgating  his  ideas.  In  his  first  inaugural  ad- 
dress his  views  were  definitely  stated:  “I  am  inclined  to  think,”  said  he, 
“ that  there  is  no  sentiment  more  general  in  the  minds  of  the  people  of  our 
country  than  a conviction  of  the  correctness  of  the  principle  upon  which  the 
law  enforcing  Civil  Service  reform  is  based.”  Farther  on  in  his  remarks  he 
said:  “ Parties  seem  to  be  necessary,  and  will  long  continue  to  exist;  nor  can 
it  be  denied  that  there  are  legitimate  advantages,  not  disconnected  with  office- 
holding, which  follow  party  supremacy.  While  partisanship  continues  bitter 
and  pronounced,  and  supplies  so  much  of  motive  to  sentiment  and  action  it  is 
not  fair  to  hold  public  officials,  in  charge  of  important  trusts,  responsible  for 
the  best  results  in  the  performance  of  their  duties,  and  yet  insist  that  they 
shall  rely,  in  confidential  and  important  places,  upon  the  work  of  those  not 
only  opposed  to  them  in  political  affiliation,  but  so  steeped  in  partisan  preju- 
dices and  rancor  that  they  have  no  loyalty  to  their  chiefs  and  no  desire  for 
their  success.  Civil  Service  reform  does  not  exact  this,  nor  does  it  require 
that  those  in  subordinate  positions  who  fail  in  yielding  their  best  service,  or 
who  are  incompetent,  should  be  retained  simply  because  they  are  in  place.” 

The  question  of  the  disposal  and  ownership  of  public  lands  was  fully  con- 
sidered by  President  Cleveland  during  his  tour  of  office.  He  thus  gives  his 
opinion : “It  is  not  for  the  ‘ common  benefit  of  the  United  States,’  that  a large 
area  of  the  public  lands  should  be  acquired,  directly  or  through  fraud,  in  the 
hands  of  a single  individual.  The  nation’s  strength  is  in  the  people.  The 
nation’s  prosperity  is  in  their  prosperity.  The  nation’s  glory  is  in  the  equality 
of  her  justice.  The  nation’s  perpetuity  is  in  the  patriotism  of  all  her  people. 
Hence,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  plan  adopted  in  the  disposal  of  the  public 
lands  should  have  in  view  the  original  policy,  which  encouraged  many  pur- 
chasers of  these  lands  for  homes,  and  discouraged  the  massing  of  large  areas.  ” 

In  1886  active  steps  were  taken  to  remove  some  of  the  abuses  connected 


14 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


with  the  possession  and  retention  of  large  sections  of  the  public  domain. 
Fences  were  ordered  to  he  removed  from  the  ranch  districts,  thus  throwing- 
open  to  settlers  an  immense  area  from  which  they  had  been  practically  barred 
out.  Nearly  20,000,000  acres,  held  as  indemnity,  were  thrown  open  to  set- 
tlement. 

During  the  second  session  of  the  Forty-ninth  Congress  the  Inter-State 
Commerce  Commission  was  established.  The  President,  in  his  first  mes- 
sage, having  drawn  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  law  relating  to  the 
Presidential  Succession,  practical  action  was  taken  in  Congress,  and  the  law 
amended.  Steps  were  also  taken  to  ensure,  whenever  possible,  the  peaceful 
arbitration  of  questions  and  disputes  arising  between  capital  and  labor. 
Many  other  important  measures  were  framed,  and  a large  number  became 
law,  often  originating  from  some  suggestion  made  in  a presidential  mes- 
sage. 

Concerning  the  Tariff,  some  of  his  most  famous  expressions,  as  contained 
in  a message  to  Congress,  Dec.  G,  1887,  may  aptly  be  quoted  here: — 

“ Our  progress  toward  a wise  conclusion  wdll  not  be  improved  by  dwelling 
upon  the  theories  of  protection  and  free-trade.  This  savors  too  much  of 
bandying  epithets. 

“ It  is  a condition  which  confronts  us — not  a theory. 

“ Relief  from  this  condition  may  involve  a slight  reduction  of  the  advan- 
tages which  we  award  our  home  productions,  but  the  entire  withdrawal  of 
such  advantages  should  not  be  contemplated. 

“The  question  of  free-trade  is  absolutely  irrelevant;  and  the  persistent 
claim  made  in  certain  quarters  that  all  efforts  to  relieve  the  people  from  un- 
just and  unnecessary  taxation  are  schemes  of  so-called  free-traders  is  mis- 
chievous and  far  removed  from  any  consideration  for  the  public  good. 

“ The  simple  and  plain  duty  which  we  owe  the  people  is  to  reduce  taxa- 
tion to  the  necessary  expenses  of  an  economical  operation  of  the  government.  ” 

His  views  on  the  Silver  Question,  more  recently  expressed,  are  clearly 
shown  in  the  following  lines: — 

“ It  surely  cannot  be  necessary  for  me  to  make  a formal  expression  of  my 
agreement  with  those  who  believe  that  the  greatest  peril  would  be  invited  by 
the  adoption  of  the  scheme  embraced  in  the  measure  now  pending  in  Con- 
gress for  the  unlimited  coinage  of  silver  at  our  mints. 

“ If  we  have  developed  an  unexpected  capacity  for  the  assimilation  of  a 
largely  increased  volume  of  this  currency,  and  even  if  we  have  demonstrated 
the  usefulness  of  such  an  increase,  other  conditions  fall  far  short  of  insuring 
us  against  disaster,  if  in  the  present  situation  we  enter  upon  the  dangerous, 
the  reckless  experiment  of  free,  unlimited,  and  independent  silver  coinage.” 

An  excellent  review  of  the  administration,  from  the  party  standpoint,  was 
given  by  Hon.  Patrick  A.  Collins,  Chairman  of  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention held  at  St.  Louis,  in  June,  1888.  In  his  opening  speech  he  said: 
“The  administration  of  President  Cleveland  has  triumphantly  justified  his 
election.  It  compels  the  respect,  confidence,  and  approval  of  the  country. 
The  prophets  of  evil  and  disaster  are  dumb.  What  the  people  see  is  the 
government  of  the  Union  restored  to  its  ancient  footing  of  justice,  peace, 
honesty,  and  impartial  enforcement  of  law.  They  see  the  demands  of  labor 
and  agriculture  met  so  far  as  government  can  meet  them  by  the  legislative 
enactments  for  their  encouragement  and  protection.  They  see  the  veterans 
of  the  Civil  War  granted  pensions  long  due  them  to  the  amount  of  more  than 
twice  in  number  and  three  times  in  value  of  those  granted  under  any  previous 
administration.  They  see  more  than  32,000,000  acres  of  land,  recklessly  and 
illegally  held  by  the  grantees  of  the  corrupt  Republican  regime,  restored  to 
the  public  domain  for  the  benefit  of  honest  settlers.  They  see  the  negro, 
whose  fears  of  Democratic  rule  were  played  upon  by  demagogues  four  years 
ago,  not  only  more  fully  protected  than  by  his  pretended  friends,  but  honored 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


15 


as  liis  race  was  never  honored  before.  They  see  a financial  policy  under 
which  reckless  speculation  has  practically  ceased  and  capital  is  freed  from 
distrust.  They  see  for  the  first  time  an  honest  observance  of  the  law  govern- 
ing the  civil  establishment  and  the  employees  of  the  people  rid,  at  last,  of 
the  political  highwaymen  with  a demand  for  tribute  in  one  hand  and  a letter 
of  dismissal  in  the  other.  They  see  useless  offices  abolished  and  expenses  of 
administration  reduced,  while  improved  methods  have  lifted  the  public  ser- 
vice to  high  efficiency.  They  see  tranquillity,  order,  security,  and  equal  jus- 
tice restored  in  the  land;  a watchful,  steady,  safe,  and  patriotic  administra- 
tion— the  solemn  promises  made  by  the  Democracy  faithfully  kept.  ” 

It  is  hardly  too  much  to  say  that  the  most  popular  event  during  Grover 
Cleveland's  administration  at  Washington  was  his  marriage,  on  June  2,  1886, 
to  Miss  Frances  Folsom,  the  only  child  and  daughter  of  Oscar  Folsom.  The 
marriage  ceremony  took  place  in  the  Blue  Room  of  the  White  House,  but 
was  not  made  a public  function,  only  a few  personal  friends  and  relatives 
with  the  cabinet  officers  and  their  wives  being  present.  Rev.  Dr.  Sunder- 
land officiated.  It  would  be  superfluous  to  mention  at  any  length  the  story 
of  the  courtship.  This  was  published  at  the  time  of  the  engagement,  and 
is  well  known  to  every  one.  Before  his  marriage,  his  sister,  Rose  Elizabeth 
Cleveland,  performed  in  an  admirable  manner  the  duties  of  mistress  of  the 
White  House.  The  marriage  has  been  a happy  one,  husband  and  wife  being 
to-day  as  sincerely  devoted  to  each  other  as  when  they  started  on  their  hon- 
eymoon, which  was  spent  at  Deer  Park,  Maryland,  amid  the  most  beautiful 
natural  surroundings,  and  made  more  delightful  by  the  constant  receipt  of 
hearty  good  wishes,  expressed  verbally,  in  writing,  and  by  telegram,  from 
prominent  persons  representing  all  grades  of  political  opinion  in  every  section 
of  the  country. 

The  four  years’  conduct  of  affairs  at  the  National  Capital  under  the 
presidency  of  Grover  Cleveland  proved  so  satisfactory  to  the  Democrats 
of  the  country  as  a whole  that,  when  the  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion assembled  at  St.  Louis  in  June,  1888,  this  esteemed  public  officer 
was  renominated  by  acclamation,  his  name  being  presented  by  Hon.  Daniel 
Dougherty.  Mr.  Dougherty’s  speech  included  this  now  famous  description 
of  the  man  and  his  work: 

“ He  is  the  man  for  the  people.  His  career  illustrates  the  glory  of  our 
institutions.  Eight  years  ago  unknown,  save  in  his  own  locality,  he  for  the 
last  four  years  has  stood  in  the  gaze  of  the  world,  discharging  the  most  exalt- 
ed duties  that  can  be  confided  to  a mortal.  . . . 

“He  lias  met  and  mastered  every  question  as  if  from  youth  trained  to 
statesmanship.  The  promises  of  his  lettter  of  acceptance  and  inaugural  ad- 
dress have  been  fulfilled.  His  fidelity  in  the  past  inspires  faith  in  the  future. 
He  is  not  a hope — he  is  a realization.” 

When  notified  on  June  26,  1888,  of  his  renomination,  President  Cleve- 
land in  his  reply  said:  “ I shall  not  dwell  upon  the  acts  and  the  policy  of  the 
administration  now  drawing  to  a close.  Its  record  is  open  to  every  citizen  in 
the  land;  and  yet  I will  not  be  denied  the  privilege  of  asserting  at  this  time 
that  in  the  increase  of  the  functions  of  the  high  trust  confided  to  me,  I have 
yielded  obedience  only  to  the  constitution  and  the  solemn  obligation  of  my 
oath  of  office.  I have  done  those  things  which,  in  the  light  of  the  understand- 
ing God  has  given  me,  seemed  most  conducive  to  the  welfare  of  my  coun- 
trymen and  the  promotion  of  good  government.  I would  not  if  I could,  for 
myself  nor  for  you,  avoid  a single  consequence  of  a fair  interpretation  of  my 
course.” 

At  the  election  which  ensued,  Gen.  Benjamin  Harrison  represented  the 
Republican  party;  Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk  accepted  the  nomination  in  behalf 
of  the  Prohibition  party;  Alson  .1.  Streeter  occupied  the  post  of  honor  as  cham- 
pion of  the  Union  Labor  party;  Robert  H.  Cowdrey  headed  the  United  La- 


16 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


bor  ticket  and  James  L.  Curtis  was  selected  to  represent  the  American  party, 
The  National  Equal  Rights  party  selected  Belva  Lockwood. 

The  popular  vote  cast  in  November,  1888,  gave  the  following  results: 
Cleveland,  5,538,233;  Harrison,  5,440,216;  Fisk,  249,907;  Streeter,  148,105; 
Cowdrey,  2,808;  Curtis,  1,591.  From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  Cleveland’s 
plurality  was  98,017.  The  vote  of  the  Electoral  college,  however,  gave  Har- 
rison 233  and  Cleveland  168,  or  a majority  of  65. 

On  March  4,  1889,  Grover  Cleveland  handed  over  the  reins  of  office  to 
Benjamin  Harrison,  and  from  that  time  up  to  the  present  he  has  followed  the 
practice  of  the  law  as  consulting  member  of  a well-known  legal  firm  in  New 
Y ork  city.  His  domestic  life  has  been  made  more  attractive  by  the  birth,  less  than 
a year  ago,  of  a daughter,  who  has  been  named  Ruth.  The  ex-President  has  made 
a number  of  speeches,  and  written  numerous  letters  in  reply  to  invitations,  po- 
litical and  otherwise,  “but,”  says  a prominent  New  York  morning  newspaper, 
“ he  has  not  made  an  address,  nor  written  a letter,  nor  performed  an  act  of 
any  kind  which  could  in  any  possible  way  be  fairly  coustrued  as  an  attempt 
to  persuade  the  Democratic  Party  that  it  should  nominate  him  again  for  Pres- 
ident. Placed  in  a position  far  more  trying  than  it  is  possible  to  conceive  of, 
he  has  carried  himself  with  such  dignity  that  even  the  few  enemies  that  he 
has  had  in  his  party  have  been  unable  to  point  to  him  as  one  seeking  his  own 
political  advancement. 

“ He  has  known  of  the  growth  of  the  popular  sentiment  in  his  behalf — he 
could  not  read  the  papers  without  knowing  it — but  he  has  done  nothing  to 
encourage  it  nor  refrained  from  doing  anything  for  fear  that  it  would  inter- 
fere with  it.  Only  a short  time  ago  he  did  a thing  known  at  the  time  only  to 
a few  of  his  intimate  friends,  the  story  of  which  fairly  exhibits  the  manner  in 
which  he  has  conducted  himself. 

“He  had  been  called  on  to  go  to  Rhode  Island  to  make  a political  address. 

“ ‘ I must  go,’  he  said. 

“ ‘ But  stop  a minute,  Mr.  Cleveland,’  protested  one  of  his  friends.  ‘ Con- 
sider what  will  be  said.  Rhode  Island  is  sure  to  go  against  us.  Now  what 
will  people  say  about  you  when  the  election  is  over  ? ’ 

“ ‘ I don’t  care  for  that,’  said  Mr.  Cleveland.  ‘ Send  them  word  that  I’ll 
be  there.’  ” 

The  National  Democratic  Convention,  1892,  assembled  at  Chicago  on  June 
21st  last.  The  name  of  Grover  Cleveland  was  presented  by  Governor  Ab- 
bett  of  New  Jersey.  The  number  of  votes  necessary  for  a choice  was  606. 
On  the  first  ballot  Cleveland  received  617%,  and  the  vote  of  the  convention 
was  subsequently  declared  unanimous  in  his  behalf.  The  vote  in  detail  by 
states  is  given  in  another  place,  with  the  proceedings  at  the  convention. 

Governor  Abbett,  in  presenting  the  name  of  Grover  Cleveland  to  the  del- 
egates, said: 

“Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  op  the  Convention:  In  presenting 
the  name  to  this  convention,  I speak  for  the  united  Democracy  of  the  State 
of  New  Jersey,  whose  loyalty  to  democratic  principles,  faithful  services  to 
the  party,  and  whose  contributions  to  the  success  entitle  it  to  the  respectful 
consideration  of  the  Democracy  of  the  United  States.  Its  Electoral  vote  has 
always  been  cast  in  support  of  Democratic  principles  and  Democratic  candi- 
dates. 

“ In  voicing  the  unanimous  wish  of  the  delegation  from  New  Jersey  I pre- 
sent as  their  candidate  for  the  suffrage  of  this  convention  the  name  of  a dis- 
tinguished Democratic  statesman,  born  upon  its  soil,  for  whom  in  the  two 
great  Presidential  contests,  the  State  of  New  Jersey  has  given  its  Electoral 
vote. 

“The  supreme  consideration  in  the  mind  of  the  Democracy  of  New  Jer- 
sey is  the  success  of  the  Democratic  Party  and  its  principles.  We  have  been 
in  the  past  and  will  be  in  the  future  ready  at  all  times  to  sacrifice  personal 


THE  PBESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


17 


preferences  in  defense  of  tlie  clear  expressions  of  the  will  of  the  Democracy 
of  the  Union.  It  is  because  this  name  will  awaken  throughout  our  State  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  Democracy  and  insure  success;  it  is  because  he  represents 
the  great  Democratic  principles  and  policy  upon  which  this  entire  convention 
is  a unit ; it  is  because  we  believe  that  with  him  as  a candidate  the  Democracy 
of  the  Union  will  sweep  the  country  and  establish  its  principles  throughout 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land  that  we  offer  to  the  convention  as  a nomi- 
nee the  choice  of  New  Jersey,  Grover  Cleveland. 

“ If  any  doubt  existed  in  the  minds  of  the  Democrats  of  New  Jersey  of 
his  ability  to  lead  the  great  Democratic  hosts  to  victory  they  would  not  tire- 
sent  his  name  to-day;  with  them  success  of  the  party  and  the  establishment 
of  its  principles  are  beyond  their  love  and  admiration  for  any  man.  We  feel 
certain  that  every  Democratic  State,  though  its  preferences  may  be  for  some 
other  distinguished  Democrat,  will  give  its  warm,  enthusiastic,  and  earnest 
support  to  the  nominee  of  this  convention. 

“ The  man  whom  we  present  will  rally  to  his  party  thousands  of  inde- 
pendent voters  whose  choice  is  determined  by  their  personal  conviction  that 
the  candidate  will  represent  principles  dear  to  them,  and  whose  public  life 
and  policy  give  assurance  that  if  chosen  by  the  people  they  will  secure  an 
honest,  pure  and  conservative  Administration  and  the  great  interests  of  the 
country  will  be  encouraged  and  protected.  The  time  will  come  when  other 
distinguished  Democrats  who  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  this 
nomination  will  receive  that  consideration  to  which  the  great  services  they 
have  rendered  their  party  entitle  them,  but  we  stand  to-day  in  the  presence 
of  the  fact  that  the  majority  of  the  Democratic  masses  throughout  the  coun- 
try, the  rank  and  tile,  the  millions  of  its  voters,  demand  the  nomination  of 
Grover  Cleveland. 

“ This  sentiment  is  so  strong  and  overpowering  that  it  has  affected  and 
controlled  the  actions  of  delegates  who  would  otherwise  present  the  name  of 
some  distinguished  leader  of  their  own  State  with  whom  they  feel  victory 
would  be  assured  and  in  whom  the  entire  country  would  feel  confidence,  but 
the  people  have  spoken,  and  favorite  sons  and  leaders  are  standing  aside  in 
obedience  to  their  will.  Shall  we  listen  to  the  voice  of  the  Democracy  of 
the  Union?  Shall  we  place  on  our  banner  the  man  of  our  choice;  the  man  in 
whom  they  believe,  or  shall  we,  for  any  consideration  of  policy  or  expediency, 
hesitate  to  obey  their  will? 

“ I have  sublime  faith  in  the  expression  of  the  people  when  it  is  clear  and 
decisive.  When  the  question  before  them  is  one  that  has  excited  discussion 
and  debate;  when  it  appears  to  their  interests  and  their  feelings  and  calls  for 
the  exercise  of  their  judgment  and  they  then  say,  ‘ We  want  this  man  and  we 
can  elect  him,’ we,  their  representatives,  must  not  disobey  nor  disappoint 
them.  It  is  incumbent  upon  us  to  obey  their  wishes  and  concur  in  their 
judgment;  then,  having  given  them  the  candidate  of  their  choice,  they  will 
give  us  their  best,  their  most  energetic  efforts  to  secure  success. 

“We  confidently  rely  upon  the  loyal  and  successful  work  of  the  Demo- 
cratic leaders  who  have  advocated  other  candidates.  We  know  that  in  the 
great  State  across  the  river  from  New  Jersey,  now  controlled  by  the  Demo- 
cratic Party,  there  is  no  Democrat  who  will  shirk  the  duty  of  making  every 
effort  to  secure  the  success  of  the  candidate  of  this  convention,  notwithstand- 
ing his  judgment  may  differ  from  that  of  the  majority.  The  Democracy  of 
New  York  and  its  great  leaders,  whose  efforts  and  splendid  generalship  have 
given  us  a Democratic  Senator  and  Governor,  will  always  be  true  to  the 
great  party  they  represent;  they  will  not  waver  nor  will  they  rest  in  the 
coming  canvass  until  they  have  achieved  success.  Their  grand  victories  of 
the  past,  their  natural  and  honorable  ambition,  their  unquestioned  Democ- 
racy, will  make  them  arise  and  fight  as  never  before,  and  with  those  that 
they  represent  and  lead  they  will  march  in  the  great  independent  vote  and 


18 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


will  again  secure  for  us  the  Democratic  victory  in  New  York.  The  grand 
Democrats  under  whose  leadership  the  City  and  State  of  New  York  are  now 
governed  will  give  to  the  cause  the  great  weight  of  their  organizations. 

‘ ‘ The  thundering  echoes  of  this  convention,  announcing  the  nomination 
of  Grover  Cleveland,  will  not  have  died  out  over  the  hills  and  through  the 
valleys  of  this  land  before  you  will  hear  and  see  all  our  leaders  rallying  to 
the  support  of  our  candidate.  They  will  begin  their  efforts  for  organization 
and  success  and  continue  their  work  until  victory  crowns  their  efforts.  All 
Democrats  will  fight  for  victory,  and  they  will  succeed,  because  the  principles 
of  the  party  enunciated  here  are  for  the  best  interests  of  the  country  at  large 
and  because  the  people  of  this  land  have  unquestioning  faith  that  Grover 
Cleveland  will  give  the  country  a pure,  honest,  and  stable  government  and 
an  Administration  in  which  the  great  business  interests  of  the  country  and 
the  agricultural  and  laboring  interests  of  the  masses  will  receive  proper  and 
due  consideration. 

“The  question  has  been  asked, ‘ Why  is  it  that  the  masses  of  the  party  de- 
mand the  nomination  of  Grover  Cleveland?  Why  is  it  that  this  man,  who 
has  no  offices  to  distribute,  no  wealth  to  command,  should  have  stirred  the 
spontaneous  support  of  the  great  body  of  the  Democracy?  Why  is  it  that 
with  all  that  has  been  urged  against  him  the  people  still  cry,  Give  us  Cleve- 
land? Why  is  it,  though  he  has  pronounced  in  honest,  clear  and  able  lan- 
guage his  views  upon  questions  upon  which  some  of  his  party  may  differ 
with  him,  that  he  is  still  near  and  dear  to  the  masses  ? ’ 

“ It  is  because  he  has  crystallized  into  a living  issue  the  great  principle  upon 
which  this  battle  is  to  be  fought  out.  If  he  did  not  create  tariff  reform  he 
made  it  a Presidential  issue;  lie  vitalized  it  and  presented  it  to  our  party  as 
the  issue  for  which  we  could  fight  and  continue  to  battle,  until  upon  it  vic- 
tory is  now  assured.  There  are  few  men  in  his  position  who  would  have  the 
courage  to  boldly  make  the  issue  and  present  it  so  clearly  and  forcibly  as  he 
did  in  his  great  message  of  1887. 

“I  believe  that  his  policy  then  was  to  force  a national  issue  which  would 
appeal  to  the  judgment  of  the  people.  We  must  honor  a man  who  is  honest 
enough  and  bold  enough  under  such  circumstances  to  proclaim  that  the  suc- 
cess of  the  party  upon  principle  is  better  than  evasion  or  shirking  of  true 
national  issues  for  temporary  success.  When  victory  is  obtained  upon  a 
principle  it  forms  the  solid  foundation  of  party  success  in  the  future.  It  is 
no  longer  the  question  of  a battle  to  be  won  on  the  mistakes  of  our  foes,  but 
it  is  a victory  to  be  accomplished  by  a charge  along  the  whole  line  under  the 
banner  of  principle. 

“There  is  an  another  reason  why  the  people  demand  his  nomination. 
They  feel  that  the  tariff  reform  views  of  President  Cleveland,  and  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  his  great  message,  whatever  its  temporary  effect  may  have 
been,  give  us  a live  and  vital  issue  to  fight  for,  which  has  made  the  great 
victories  since  1888  possible.  It  consolidated  in  one  solid  phalanx  the  De- 
mocracy of  the  nation.  In  every  State  of  this  Union  that  policy  has  been 
placed  in  Democratic  platforms,  and  our  battles  have  been  fought  upon  it, 
and  this  great  body  of  representative  Democrats  have  seen  its  good  results 
Every  man  in  this  convention  recognizes  the  policy  of  the  party.  In  Massa- 
chusetts it  gave  us  Russell;  in  Iowa  it  gave  us  Boies;  in  Wisconsin  it  gave 
us  Peck  for  Governor  and  Yilas  for  Senator;  in  Michigan  it  gave  us  Winans 
for  Governor,  and  gave  us  a Democratic  Legislature,  and  will  give  us  eight 
electoral  votes  for  President.  In  1889  in  Ohio  it  gave  us  James  Campbell 
for  Governor,  and  in  1891  to  defeat  him  it  required  the  power,  the  wealth, 
and  the  machinery  of  the  entire  Republican  party;  in  Pennsylvania  it  gave 
us  Robert  E.  Pattison. 

“In  Connecticut  it  gave  us  a Democratic  Governor,  who  was  kept  out 
of  office  by  the  infamous  conduct  of  the  Republican  party;  in  New  Hamp- 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


19 


shire  it  gave  us  a Legislature,  of  which  we  were  defrauded ; in  Illinois  it 
gave  us  Palmer  for  Senator,  and  in  Nebraska  it  gave  us  Boyd  for  Governor; 
in  the  great  Southern  States  it  has  continued  in  power  Democratic  Governors 
and  Democratic  Legislatures;  in  New  Jersey  the  power  of  the  Democracy 
has  been  strengthened,  and  the  Legislature  and  Executive  are  now  both 
Democratic;  in  the  great  State  of  New  York  it  gave  us  David  B.  Hill  for  Sen- 
ator and  Roswell  P.  Flower  for  Governor. 

“ With  all  these  glorious  achievements  it  is  the  wisest  and  best  party  pol- 
icy to  nominate  again  the  man  whose  policy  made  these  victories  possible. 
The  people  believe  that  these  victories,  which  gave  us  a Democratic  House 
of  Representatives  in  1890,  and  Democratic  Governors  and  Senators  in  Re- 
publican and  doubtful  states,  are  due  to  the  courage  and  wisdom  of  Grover 
Cleveland.  And  so  believing,  they  recognize  him  as  their  great  leader. 

“ In  presenting  his  name  to  the  convention,  it  is  no  reflection  upon  any  of 
them  as  the  leaders  of  the  party.  The  victories  which  have  been  obtained 
are  not  alone  the  heritage  of  these  States;  they  belong  to  the  whole  party. 
I feel  that  every  Democratic  State,  and  that  every  individual  Democrat  has 
reason  to  rejoice  and  be  proud  and  applaud  these  splendid  successes.  The 
candidacy  of  Grover  Cleveland  is  not  a reflection  upon  others,  it  is  not  antag- 
onistic to  any  great  Democratic  leader.  He  comes  before  this  convention 
not  as  the  candidate  of  any  one  State.  He  is  the  choice  of  the  great  ma- 
jority of  Democratic  voters. 

“The  Democracy  of  New  Jersey  therefore  presents  to  this  convention,  in 
this  the  people’s  year,  the  nominee  of  the  people,  the  plain,  blunt,  honest 
citizen,  the  idol  of  the  Democratic  masses — Grover  Cleveland.” 

News  of  his  nomination  reached  Ex-President  Cleveland  by  wire  at  “Gray 
Gables”  about  1:20  a.  m.  on  June  23d.  Before  retiring,  Mr.  Cleveland  gave 
out  the  following  statement: 

“I  should  certainly  be  chargeable  with  dense  insensibility  if  I were  not 
profoundly  touched  by  this  new  proof  of  the  confidence  and  trust  of  the 
great  party  to  which  I belong  and  whose  mandates  claim  my  legal  obedi- 
ence. I am  confident  that  our  fellow-countrymen  are  ready  to  receive  with 
approval  the  principles  of  true  Democracy,  and  I cannot  rid  myself  of  the 
belief  that  to  win  success  it  is  only  necessary  to  persistently  and  honestly  ad- 
vocate those  principles. 

‘ ‘ Differences  of  opinion  and  judgment  in  Democratic  conventions  are  by 
no  means  unwholesome  indications,  but  it  is  hardly  conceivable,  in  view  of  the 
importance  of  our  success  to  the  country  and  the  party,  that  there  should  be 
anywhere  among  Democrats  any  lack  of  harmonious  and  active  effort  to  win 
in  the  campaign  which  opens  before  us.  I have,  therefore,  no  concern  on 
that  subject.  It  will  certainly  be  my  constant  endeavor  to  deserve  the  sup- 
port of  every  Democrat.” 


2d 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  the  Democratic  nominee  for  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States,  chosen  by  unanimous  vote  at  Chicago,  June  23,  1892,  was 
horn  in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  on  October  23,  1835.  He  is  the  eldest  son 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  T.  Stevenson.  His  family  has  been  distinguished  in  the 
history  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  The  branch  to  which  he  belongs  came 
originally  from  North  Carolina.  The  early  education  of  the  man  who  has 
been  selected  to  occupy  second  place  on  the  Democratic  national  ticket  began 
when  he  was  but  live  years  of  age,  under  Dr.  T.  F.  Worrell,  in  one  of  the 
Christian  County  schools.  Later  on,  young  Stevenson  was  sent  to  college  at 
Danville.  Among  his  classmates  were  Senator  Blackburn,  wdio  now  so 
ably  represents  Kentucky  in  the  national  legislature;  Senator  Davidson  of 
Florida,  and  Governor  McCreery.  It  is  recorded  that  as  a student  Adlai 
Stevenson  was  fond  of  history,  and  always  showed  great  interest  in  political 
affairs.  “Asa  great  reader  and  a great  student  he  rapidly  came  to  the  front 
among  his  young  friends.” 

In  1852  the  family  moved  to  Illinois,  and  settled  at  Bloomington,  where 
he  entered  the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University.  Thence,  when  twenty-one 
years  of  age,  he  went  to  Center  College,  in  his  native  State,  returning  home, 
however,  in  1857,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  which  event  made  any  further 
study  at  Danville  inconvenient,  if  not  impracticable. 

Iiesolving  to  devote  his  life  to  the  study  and  practice  of  the  law,  and  lit- 
tle dreaming  of  the  prominent  part  he  would  one  day  take  in  politics,  Adlai 
soon  began  reading,  his  first  -work  being  done  in  the  office  of  Messrs.  Wil- 
liams & Packard,  afterward  Williams  & Burr.  In  1858,  when  in  his  twen- 
ty-third year,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  beginning  practice  in  Metamora, 
Woodford  County,  Illinois,  where  he  remained  ten  years,  holding  office  as 
Prosecuting  Attorney  twice  during  that  period.  From  1861  to  1865  he  held 
the  honorable  position  of  Master  in  Chancery,  under  the  appointment  of  the 
circuit  judge.  Whilst  at  Metamora  Mr.  Stevenson  gained  an  enviable  repu- 
tation as  a keen  and  learned  lawyer,  who  might  safely  be  entrusted  with  the 
most  difficult  and  complicated  cases  that  might  arise. 

In  1868  Mr.  Stevenson  again  took  up  legal  work  in  Bloomington,  and, 
with  his  partner  in  the  firm  of  Stevenson  & Ewing,  carried  on  an  extensive 
practice  in  the  State  and  Federal  courts.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  the 
citizens  of  the  Twenty-third  Judicial  District  became  so  favorably  impressed 
with  Mr.  Stevenson’s  conspicuous  ability  during  his  residence  at  Metamora 
that,  in  1864,  he  was  named  as  the  presidential  elector  for  the  district,  the 
highest  honor  possible  for  them  to  bestow. 

In  1867,  shortly  before  commencing  practice  at  Bloomington,  Mr.  Ste- 
venson married  Miss  Letitia  Green,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  William  Green,  his 
former  instructor  at  Center  College,  Danville.  There  were  four  children  by 
this  union,  i.  e.,  Louis  Green,  now  twenty-four  years  of  age;  Mary  E.,  nine- 
teen years;  Julia  Scott,  eighteen  years,  and  Letitia  Ewing,  now  in  her  six- 
teenth year. 

Mr.  Stevenson  has  always  been  known  as  a thoroughgoing  Democrat. 
His  political  career  may  be  said  to  have  commenced  when  he  was  chosen  as 
a presidential  elector  in  1864.  During  the  presidential  campaign  he  spoke 
in  behalf  of  General  McClellan  in  every  county  of  the  State.  In  1874,  in  a 

20 


Hon.  ADLAI  STEVENSON. 


THE  TICE-PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


21 


district  reliably  Republican  by  about  3,000  majority,  he  was  nominated  for 
Congress  and  defeated  General  John  McNulty,  the  Republican  nominee,  by 
1,285  majority.  He  made  a close  and  energetic  campaign,  the  victory  gained 
being  a genuine  surprise  to  his  friends  as  well  as  to  his  political  enemies.  In 
1876  his  party  renominated  him  for  Congress,  but  on  this  occasion  he  was 
not  successful.  Again  in  1878  his  name  was  placed  on  the  ticket,  and  for 
the  second  time  in  his  political  career  he  gained  a signal  triumph,  the  major- 
ity in  his  favor  reaching  2,000.  The  district  represented  by  him  gave  Hayes 
a plurality  of  2,000  in  1876,  and  placed  a similar  plurality  to  the  credit  of 
Garfield  in  1880. 

In  the  Congressional  contest  of  1880,  as  in  that  of  1876 — both  being  pres- 
idential years,  when  party  lines  are  closely  drawn — lie  lost  his  seat  in  the 
House  by  little  more  than  200  votes.  (In  1876  he  was  beaten  by  about  250.) 
Two  years  after  (1882),  contesting  a new  district  in  which  every  county  was 
Republican,  Mr.  Stevenson  came  within  350  votes  of  victory.  This  was  his 
last  candidacy  for  Congress.  In  the  next  election  his  old  opponent  was  re- 
elected by  more  than  2,700  majority. 

In  1884  Mr.  Stevenson  was  sent  as  a delegate  to  the  National  Convention. 
On  Grover  Cleveland’s  election  to  the  Presidency,  Mr.  Stevenson’s  friends 
successfully  urged  the  appointment  of  their  favorite,  who  has  so  bravely  won 
his  spurs,  as  First  Assistant  Postmaster-General.  The  appointment  was  con- 
sidered at  that  time  to  be  an  unsolicited  tribute  to  his  prominence  as  a Demo- 
crat and  his  abilities  as  a man.  The  duties  of  the  office  were  laborious  and 
exacting,  yet  the  record  made  showed  that  energy  and  zeal  were  not  wanting 
in  his  administration.  He  was  popular  in  Washington  with  men  of  all 
political  opinions,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  some  40,000  changes  were 
made  among  the  postmasters. 

At  the  close  of  the  Democratic  Presidential  term  Mr.  Stevenson  returned 
to  Bloomington  with  his  family.  Concerning  his  life  since  that  time  the 
Chicago  Tribune  says:  “Since  his  return  Mr.  Stevenson  has  not  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  extensive  business  of  the  firm  of  Stevenson  & Ewing,  of 
which  he  is  a member,  and  has  been  away  from  the  city  and  State  a great 
deal,  especially  on  business  with  the  World’s  Exposition  at  Chicago.  In  the 
interests  of  the  Fair  he  traveled  through  all  the  South  and  has  made  a num- 
ber of  diplomatic  journeys  to  Mexico  and  other  distant  points.  Mr.  Steven- 
son, two  years  ago,  was  elected  president  of  the  Inter-State  Building  and  Loan 
Association,  and  holds  that  office  at  present,  the  headquarters  being  in  Bloom- 
ington. He  has  for  many  years  been  a leading  stockholder  of  the  McLean 
County  Coal  Company,  whose  mines  are  in  this  city,  and  is  its  present  presi- 
dent. Upon  the  death  of  the  president,  Mr.  Mathew  T.  Scott,  Mr.  Steven- 
son’s brother-in-law,  some  months  ago,  Mr.  Stevenson  was  elected  president 
of  that  company.  The  McLean  County  Coal  Company  has  always  employed 
non-union  laboringmen,  and  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Scott  some  years 
ago  disputes  with  the  miners  were  frequent  and  strikes  not  uncommon. 
During  Mr.  Stevenson’s  presidency  he  has  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  active 
management  of  the  mines,  which  are  controlled  by  the  Scott  estate.  Mr. 
Stevenson  is  also  a stockholder  and  director  of  the  People’s  Bank  of  this 
city.  While  in  good  circumstances,  he  is  not  considered  a rich  man.  In 
private  life  and  in  his  associations  as  a citizen  Mr.  Stevenson  is  a charming 
man.  While  he  accomplishes  a great  deal,  he  always  has  time  to  chat  with 
his  friends,  to  meet  newspaper  interviewers  in  a courteous  way,  and  to  take 
part  in  social  gatherings,  in  which  he  is  a great  favorite.” 

In  1877  President  Hayes  appointed  Mr.  Stevenson  a member  of  the  board 
to  inspect  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 

The  Chicago  Herald  writes  thus  of  the  Vice-Presidential  nominee: 

“ Mr.  Stevenson  has  been  always  popular  with  the  Democracy  of  Illinois. 
His  popularity  extends  to  the  Republican  Party,  in  which  he  has  many  warm 


92 


THE  VICE-PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATE. 


and  close  friends,  as  was  demonstrated  by  his  election  to  Congress  twice  in  a 
strong  Republican  Congressional  district.  He  is  rated  among  the  very  best 
lawyers  of  the  State  and  is  a forcible  and  convincing  speaker,  his  oratory  being 
of  the  persuasive  character. 

“ While  taking  an  active  part  in  politics  in  the  interest  of  his  party, 
he  has  never  been  rated  as  a politician  in  the  general  acceptation  of  the 
word.” 

Congressman  Worthington  of  Illinois,  when  placing  the  name  of  Adlai  E. 
Stevenson  before  the  convention  at  Chicago  on  June  23,  1892,  said: 

“ Mr  Chairman  and  Fellow-Delegates:  Illinois  has  presented  no 
Presidential  candidate  to  this  convention.  It  has  within  its  borders  more 
than  one  favorite  son  whom  it  would  have  delighted  to  honor,  and  who  is 
worthy  of  all  the  political  honors  that  could  be  conferred  upon  him.  But 
here  in  this  great  City  of  Chicago,  in  this  great  commonwealth  of  Illinois, 
bordering  upon  the  lake  and  the  Mississippi,  in  the  centre  of  this  great  Re- 
public of  the  Democracy,  catching  the  vibrations  of  the  ground  swell  that 
came  from  the  South  and  the  East  and  the  West,  we  put  aside  our  favorite 
sons,  for  the  time  buried  our  State  pride,  and  with  Texas,  Connecticut,  and 
California,  with  48  votes  shouted  the  name  of  Grover  Cleveland. 

“But  for  the  Vice-Presidency,  for  the  second  highest  place  in  the  gift  of 
the  people,  it  has  a candidate  so  fully  equipped  by  nature  and  education  that 
it  feels  that  it  would  be  a political  fault  to  fail  to  urge  liis  name  for  nomina- 
tion before  you.  I stand  here,  then,  gentlemen,  to  name  as  a candidate  for 
that  position  a man  who  is  known  by  every  woman  and  child  and  voter  that 
ever  licked  a postage  stamp  in  any  village  or  hamlet  of  the  land. 

“ He  is  a big-bod jed,  big-hearted,  big-brained  man;  a man  of  command- 
ing presence,  of  dignified  mien;  a man  whose  courtesy  in  his  every-day  man- 
ners is  rarely  equaled  and  never  excelled;  a man  who  in  the  administration 
of  his  duties  in  the  last  Democratic  administration  was  the  beau-ideal  of  an 
honest,  honorable,  useful,  and  efficient  Democratic  office-holder,  like  his  great 
leader  who  bears  your  banner. 

“ He  believes  that  a ‘public  office  is  a public  trust,’  but  he  believes,  also, 
that  the  Democrats  are  the  best  trustees  of  this  public  trust.  Nor  can  the 
pride  of  office  make  him  proud  or  haughty.  I appeal  to  every  Senator  and 
Congressman  who  is  here  if  ever  he  found  the  haughtiness  of  office,  the  chill- 
ing indifference  of  a little  brief  authority,  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  room  of 
the  Assistant  Postmaster-General  during  Cleveland’s  administration. 

“ Gentlemen,  we  have  nailed  our  banner  to  the  mast.  A Democrat  never 
surrenders.  We  propose  to  make  true  what  our  Republican  friends  say  of 
us  — that  we  do  our  quarreling  before  the  convention,  and  our  fighting 
against  our  enemies  afterward.  We  believe  that  every  Democrat  will  put  on 
his  armor.  We  of  the  West  have  been  making  a magnificent  campaign  of 
late  years.  We  have  been  educating  the  people,  and  the  proud  results  are 
seen  in  Boyd  of  Nebraska,  Boies  of  Iowa,  and  Peck  of  Wisconsin. 

“They  are  seen  in  that  grand  old  man  who  represents  Illinois  in  the 
United  States  Senate;  they  are  seen  in  the  reduction  of  the  Republican  ma- 
jority from  60,000  to  13,000  in  Illinois;  they  are  seen  in  the  election  of  a Dem- 
ocratic Treasurer  and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  this  Ssate. 
We  propose  in  this  campaign  to  attack  the  last  citadel.  We  have  a governor 
that  we  are  going  to  elect. 

“Will  you  help  us  give  the  twenty-four  electoral  votes  to  Grover  Cleve- 
land? If  you  will  vote  for  the  man  whose  name  I now  present,  a man  who 
does  not  have  to  get  a certificate  from  a labor  organization  to  prove  that  he 
is  a friend  of  the  people,  a man  that  we  all  love — give  us  Adlai  E.  Stevenson 
of  Illinois.” 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  CON- 
VENTION, HELD  AT  CHICAGO,  ILL.,  JUNE  21 
TO  JUNE  24,  1892. 

The  Democratic  National  Convention  for  the  nomination  of  President 
and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  assembled  at  Chicago  on  June  21, 
1892,  and  was  opened  by  Chairman  Brice  of  the  National  Committee.  Prayer 
was  offered  by  Rev.  John  Rose.  The  Secretary  announced  that  the  tempo- 
rary organization  would  include  William  C.  Owens  of  Kentucky  as  chair- 
man and  Simon  P.  Sheerin  of  Indiana  as  secretary.  Mr.  Owens  in  his  open- 
ing speech  said : 

“ Two  great  dangers  menace  the  Democratic  party.  One  is  external,  the 
other  internal;  the  first  is  the  organized  machinery  of  organized  capital  sup- 
ported by  the  whole  power  of  the  government;  the  second  is  the  tendency 
among  Democrats  to  make  issues  among  themselves.  Two  needs  therefore 
stand  before  us  indispensable  to  success,  unity  and  harmony.  Of  the  one 
this  Chair  and  gavel  stand  representative;  it  remains  for  you  to  supply  the 
other. 

“ In  this  spirit  I greet  you,  fellow  Democrats,  as  the  advance  guard  of  a 
grand  army  sent  forward  to  blaze  a pathway  to  victory.  How  momentous 
is  your  responsibility  I need  not  tell  you.  If  you  work  in  wisdom,  the  mil- 
lions toiling  in  shop  and  mine  and  field  will  rise  and  call  you  blessed. 

The  roll-call  of  the  Republic  attests  that  its  heart  and  its  conscience  are 
with  us  in  our  war  with  the  representative  of  greed.  The  best  thought  of 
our  party  is  a platform  that  challenges  the  approbation  and  invites  the  sup- 
port of  the  people. 

“We  can  succeed ; we  must  do  more — we  must  deserve  success.  Above  the 
wreck,  if  need  be,  of  selfish  combinations,  we  must  rear  a temple  to  the  plain 
people  and  build  a shrine  so  broad  that  every  lover  of  his  kind  may  kneel. 
The  burden  must  he  lifted  from  the  hack  of  toil,  and  to  that  end  it  has  a 
right  to  demand  that  whoever  bears  our  banner  must  lift  it  above  the  smoke 
of  conflict  and  the  din  of  faction,  that  every  Democrat  of  the  Union  may 
follow  its  lead  in  exultant  and  irresistible  combat.  Let  us  not  mistake.  The 
gravity  of  the  situation  demands  the  broadest  patriotism  and  every  needful 
sacrifice.  Our  work  but  begins  here.  Under  the  suns  of  summer  and  the 
frosts  of  autumn  we  must  carry  it  forward  with  unfaltering  courage  to  a 
triumphant  close. 

“This,  again,  must  be  a campaign  of  education.  The  study  of  the  corn- 
field began  in  the  West  and  South  and  must  be  carried  into  every  hamlet  of 
the  East  and  North.  The  people  must  learn  their  true  relation  to  the  tax 
gatherer.  They  must  learn  that  no  railroad  presidents  champion  the  trib- 
unes of  the  people;  no  taskmasters  write  our  tariff  bills. 

“They  must  learn,  too,  that  for  personal  and  political  advantage  their 
country  was  menaced  by  the  threat  of  war,  and  they  will  learn  with  shame 
and  regret  that  on  the  day  the  warlike  message  of  the  President  was  read  in 
the  halls  of  Congress  the  peaceful  response  of  the  little  eight  by  ten  Repub- 
lic of  Chili,  accepting  the  terms  of  the  Presidential  ultimatum,  was  read  in 
every  capital  of  the  world.  Our  opponents  must  be  measured  by  their  deeds 
and  not  by  their  professions. 

“The  Fifty-first  Congress  wrote  the  blackest  page  in  our  legislative  his- 
tory and  became  a thing  of  the  past.  It  challenged  the  approval  of  the  peo- 

23 


24 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


pie,  and  they  responded  in  tones  so  portentous  that  it  seemed  the  voice  of 
God.  With  a unanimity  that  finds  no  parallel  in  the  history  of  popular  gov- 
ernment they  determined  that  a billion  of  dollars  was  far  too  much  to  pay  for 
such  a museum  of  freaks.  If  we  permit  it  they  will  stand  by  their  verdict. 

“That  our  cause  may  triumph  let  us  work  in  kindness.  In  the  heat  of 
contention  let  us  not  forget  that  our  political  brothers  may  be  just  as  honest 
and  perhaps  better  informed. 

“Impelled  by  one  purpose — the  public  good,  we  will  free  ourselves  from 
the  bickerings  and  heartburnings  that  characterized  the  Republican  party 
when  its  Marshal  Ney  went  down  at  Minneapolis  before  the  mailed  legions 
of  the  Bread  and  Butter  Brigade.” 

Then  came  the  calling  of  the  roll  for  the  constitution  of  the  committees 
on  Credentials,  on  Rules  and  Order  of  Business,  on  Permanent  Organizations 
and  on  Resolutions,  each  State  to  name  one  member  of  each  committee. 
The  committees  on  Credentials,  Resolutions  and  Permanent  Organization 
were  announced  by  States  and  Territories,  including  Alaska  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. Resolutions  having  reference  to  the  admission  of  all  ex-Union  sol- 
diers to  the  galleries  were  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions.  One  of 
the  delegates  from  Oregon  announced  the  receipt  of  a telegram  stating  that 
in  a vote  cast  at  Portland  the  majority  was  1,000  in  favor  of  the  Democrats 
instead  of  2,000  for  the  Republicans. 

A delegate  from  Illinois  (Mr.  Cable)  offered  a resolution  tendering  the 
profound  sympathy  of  the  Convention  to  James  G.  Blaine,  the  death  of 
whose  son  had  recently  been  made  known.  This  resolution  was  adopted 
unanimously.  A delegate  from  Maine  (Mr.  Swett)  in  behalf  of  the  Democ- 
racy of  Maine,  thanked  the  delegates  for  the  sympathy  thus  expressed.  An 
invitation  was  read  from  President  Baker,  of  the  World’s  Columbian 
Exposition,  inviting  the  delegates  to  visit  the  grounds.  On  motion  of  Gen. 
Bragg  of  Wisconsin,  the  convention  adjourned  until  11  o’clock  on  the  22d 
instr 

At  11:30  a.m.  on  the  22d,  Chairman  Owens  called  the  Convention  to 
order  for  the  second  day’s  session.  Prayer  was  offered  by  the  Rev.  Alfred 
Henry  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  The  Committee  on  Credentials  sent  word 
that  they  were  not  ready  to  report  and  could  not  do  so  until  2 o’clock.  A 
motion  was  made  and  adopted  to  extend  the  courtesies  of  the  convention  to 
Senators  John  M.  Palmer  and  Trumbull  of  Illinois.  A petition  asking  for  the 
admission  of  two  delegates  from  Alaska  was  referred  to  the  proper  commit- 
tee. While  the  delegates  were  awaiting  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Credentials,  Senator  Palmer  was  called  upon  to  address  the  convention  and 
did  so  briefly.  A similar  demand  was  made  on  John  R.  Fellows  of  New 
York,  who  responded  in  a few  words. 

By  this  time  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Credentials  was  made  complete 
and  presented.  This  report  was  followed  by  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Permanent  Organization,  which  announced,  amid  great  applause,  the  selec- 
tion of  Congressman  William  S.  Wilson  of  West  Virginia  as  permanent 
Chairman  of  the  Convention.  The  report  was  adopted,  and  a committee 
consisting  of  Don  Dickinson,  John  R.  Fellows  of  New  York,  Joseph  B. 
Knox  of  Alabama  and  Congressman  Martin  S.  Clardy  of  Missouri  was 
selected  to  escort  Mr.  Wilson  to  the  chair.  He  received  an  ovation  on  enter- 
ing upon  his  duties  and  then  spoke  as  follows: 

“Gentlemen  of  the  Convention: 

‘ ‘ I thank  you  most  heartily  for  this  honor.  I shall  try  to  meet  the  duties 
of  the  high  position  to  which  you  call  me  with  the  spirit  of  fairness  and 
equality  that  is  Democracy.  This  convention  has  a high  and  patriotic  work 
to  perform.  We  owe  much  to  our  party;  we  owe  much  to  our  country. 
The  mission  of  the  Democratic  party  is  to  fight  for  the  under  dog.  When 
that  party  is  out  of  power  we  may  be  sure  there  is  an  under  dog  to  fight  for, 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


25 


and  that  the  under  dog  is  generally  the  American  people.  When  that  party 
is  out  of  power,  we  may  he  sure  that  some  party  is  in  control  of  our  govern- 
ment that  represents  a section,  and  not  the  whole  country;  that  stands  for  a 
class,  and  not  the  whole  people. 

“Never  was  the  truth  brought  home  to  us  more  defiantly  than  by  the  re- 
cent convention  at  Minneapolis.  We  are  not  deceived  as  to  the  temper,  we 
are  not  in  doubt  as  to  the  purpose,  of  our  opponents.  Having  taxed  us  for 
years  without  excuse  and  without  mercy,  they  now  propose  to  disarm  us  of 
further  power  to  resist  their  exactions.  Republican  success  in  this  campaign, 
when  we  look  to  the  party  platform,  the  party  candidates,  or  the  utterances 
of  the  party  leaders,  means  that  the  people  are  to  be  stripped  of  their  franchise, 
through  Force  bills,  in  order  that  they  may  be  stripped  of  their  substance 
through  tariff  bills. 

“Free  government  is  self-government.  There  is  no  self-government 
when  the  people  do  not  control  their  own  elections  and  lay  their  own  taxes.  , 
When  either  of  these  rights  is  taken  away  or  diminished,  a breach  is  made, 
not  in  the  outer  defenses,  but  in  the  citadel  of  our  freedom.  For  years  we 
have  been  struggling  to  recover  the  lost  right  of  taxing  ourselves,  and  now 
we  are  threatened  with  the  loss  of  the  greater  right  of  governing  ourselves. 

“The  loss  of  the  one  follows  in  necessary  succession  the  loss  of  the  other. 
When  you  confer  on  government  the  power  of  dealing  out  wealth,  you  un- 
chain every  evil  that  can  prey  upon,  and  eventually  destroy,  free  institutions 
— excessive  taxation,  class  taxation,  billion-dollar  Congresses,  a corrupt  civil 
service,  a debauched  ballot-box,  and  purchased  elections.  In  every  campaign 
the  privilege  of  taxing  the  people  will  be  bartered  for  contributions,  to  cor- 
rupt them  at  the  polls.  After  every  victory  a new  McKinley  bill  to  repay 
these  contributions,  which  taxes  were  wrung  from  the  people.  For  every 
self-governing  people  there  can  be  no  more  momentous  question  than  the 
question  of  taxation.  It  is  the  question,  as  Mr.  Burke  truly  said,  around 
which  all  the  great  battles  of  freedom  have  been  fought.  It  is  the  question 
out  of  which  grow  all  the  issues  of  government.  Until  we  settle  this  ques- 
tion wisely,  permanently,  justly,  we  build  all  other  reforms  on  a foundation 
of  sand.  We  and  the  great  party  -we  represent  are  to-day  for  tariff  reform 
because  it  is  the  only  gateway  to  genuine  Democratic  government. 

“ The  distinguished  leader  who  presided  over  the  Republican  convention 
boasted  that  he  does  not  know  what  tariff  reform  is.  Whoever  said  that  he 
did?  Let  us  hope,  with  that  charity  that  endureth  all  things  and  believetk 
all  things,  that  he  is  truly  as  ignorant  as  he  vaunts  himself  to  be. 

“ Unfortunately  the  people  are  not  so  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  Protec- 
tion— at  least  of  the  protection  which  is  dealt  out  to  them  in  the  bill  that  bears 
his  name.  They  see  that  meaning  “writ  large ” to-day,  in  a prostrated  agri- 
culture, in  a shackled  commerce,  .in  stricken  industries,  in  the  compulsory 
idleness  of  labor,  in  law-made  wealth,  in  the  discontent  of  the  workingman 
and  the  despair  of  the  farmer.  They  know  by  hard  experience  that  protec- 
tion as  a system  of  taxation  is  but  the  old  crafty  scheme  by  which  the  rich 
compel  the  poor  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  government.  They  know  by  hard 
experience  that  protection  as  a system  of  tribute  is  but  the  old  crafty  scheme 
by  which  the  power  of  taxation  of  the  people  is  made  the  private  property  of 
a few  of  the  people. 

“Tariff  reform  means  to  readjust  this  system  of  taxation  and  to  purge 
away  this  system  of  tribute.  It  means  that  we  have  not  reached  the  goal  of 
perfect  freedom  so  long  as  any  citizen  is  forced  by  law  to  pay  tribute  to  any 
other  citizen,  and  until  our  taxes  are  proportioned  to  the  ability  and  duty  of 
the  tax-payer  rather  than  to  his  ignorance,  his  weakness,  and  his  patience. 

“Gov.  McKinley  further  charges  that  the  Democratic  party  believes  in 
taxing  ourselves.  I’m  afraid,  gentlemen,  we  must  admit  that  charge.  Wliat 
right  or  excuse  have  we  for  taxing  anybody  else  ? with  a continent  for  a 


26 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


country,  with  freedom  and  intelligence  as  the  instruments  for  its  develop- 
ment, we  stand  disgraced  in  the  eyes  of  mankind  if  we  can  not  and  if  we  do 
not  support  our  own  government.  We  can  throw  that  support  on  other 
people  only  by  beggary  or  by  force.  If  we  use  the  one  we  are  a pauper  na- 
tion; if  we  use  the  other  we  are  a pirate  nation. 

“ The  Democratic  Party  does  not  intend  that  we  should  he  either.  No 
more  does  it  intend  that  they  shall  falsely  call  it  taxing  other  people  to  trans- 
fer our  taxes  from  the  possessions  of  those  who  owu  the  property  of  the  coun- 
try to  the  bellies  and  backs  of  those  who  do  the  work  of  the  country.  It  be- 
lieves that  frugality  is  the  essential  virtue  of  free  government.  It  believes 
that  taxes  should  be  limited  to  public  needs  and  be  levied  by  the  plain  rule 
of  justice  and  economy. 

“But,  gentlemen,  we  are  confronted  with  a new  cry  in  this  campaign. 

‘ The  Republican  party,  ’ says  Gov.  McKinley,  ‘ now  stands  for  protection 
and  reciprocity.’  He  was  for  protection  alone  when  he  framed  his  bill  in  the 
House,  or  rather  permitted  his  beneficiaries  to  frame  it  for  him,  and  firmly 
resisted  all  efforts  of  the  statesman  from  Maine  to  annex  reciprocity  to  it. 
No  wonder  that  he  favors  the  reciprocity  added  by  the  Senate. 

“ You  may  explore  the  pages  of  burlesque  literature  for  anything  more 
supremely  ludicrous  than  the  so-called  reciprocity  of  the  McKinley  bill.  It 
is  not  reciprocity  at  all.  It  is  retaliation,  and,  worst  of  all,  retaliation  on  our 
own  people.  It  punishes  American  citizens  for  the  necessities  or  the  follies 
of  other  peoples.  It  says  to  a few  small  countries  south  of  it;  ‘ If  you  are 
forced  by  your  necessities  or  led  by  your  follies  to  make  bread  higher  and 
scarcer  to  your  people,  we  will  make  shoes  and  sugar  higher  and  scarcer  to 
our  people.’ 

‘ ‘ And  now  we  are  told  that  Reciprocity  is  to  be  their  battle-cry.  Already 
we  are  regaled  with  pictures  of  Benjamin  Harrison  clad  in  armor  and  going 
forth  to  battle  for  reciprocity  on  a plumed  steed.  Simple  Simon  fishing  for 
whales  in  his  mother’s  rain-barrel,  and  in  great  triumph  capturing  an  occa- 
sional wiggle-waggle,  is  the  only  true,  realistic  picture  of  the  reciprocity  of 
the  McKinley  bill. 

“ We  are  for  the  Protection  that  Protects  and  for  the  Reciprocity  that  Re- 
ciprocates. We  are  in  favor  of  protecting  every  man  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
fruit  of  his  labor,  diminished  only  by  his  proper  contribution  to  the  support 
of  the  government,  and  we  are  for  that  real  reciprocity,  not  through  dicker- 
ing diplomacy  and  Presidential  proclamations,  but  by  laws  of  Congress,  that 
removes  all  unnecessary  obstacles  between  the  American  producer  and  the 
markets  he  is  obliged  to  seek  for  his  products. 

“ But,  gentlemen,  I must  not  keep  you  from  the  work  that  is  before  you. 
Let  us  take  up  that  work  as  brothers,  as  patriots,  as  Democrats.  In  so  large 
a convention  as  this,  larger  in  numbers  than  any  previous  gathering  of  our 
party,  and  representing  a larger  constituency  than  ever  before  assembled  in 
any  convention,  it  would  be  strange,  ominously  strange,  if  there  were  not 
some  difference  of  opinion  on  matters  of  policy,  and  some  differences  of  judg- 
ment or  of  preference  as  to  the  choice  of  candidates. 

“It  is  a sign  of  a free  Democracy  that  it  is  many -voiced  and,  within  the 
limits  of  true  freedom,  tumultuous.  It  wears  no  collars;  it  serves  no  masters. 
We  can  not  shut  our  eyes  to  the  fact  that  many  who  have  heretofore  followed 
our  flag  with  enthusiasm  are  to-day  calling,  with  excusable  impatience,  for 
immediate  relief  from  the  evils  which  encompass  them.  Whatever  can  be 
done  to  relieve  the  burdens,  to  restore,  broaden,  and  increase  the  prosperity 
of  the  people  and  every  part  of  them  within  the  limits  and  according  to  the 
principles  of  free  government,  that  the  Democratic  Party  dares  to  promise 
that  it  will  do  with  all  its  might.  Whatever  is  beyond  this,  whatever  is  in- 
compatible with  free  government  and  our  historic  liberty,  it  dares  not  prom- 
ise to  any  one. 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


27 


“Inveterate  evils  in  the  body  politic  can  not  be  cured  in  a moment  any 
more  than  inveterate  diseases  of  the  human  system.  Whoever  professes  the 
power  to  do  so  is  himself  deceived  or  himself  deceiver.  Our  party  is  not  a 
quack  or  a worker  of  miracles. 

“It  is  not  for  me,  gentlemen,  the  impartial  servant  of  you  all,  to  attempt 
to  foreshadow  what  your  choice  should  be  or  ought  to  be  in  the  selection  of 
your  candidates.  You  will  make  that  selection  under  your  own  sense  of  re- 
sponsibility to  the  people  you  represent  and  to  your  country. 

“ One  thing  only  I venture  to  say.  Whoever  may  be  your  chosen  leader 
in  this  campaign,  no  telegram  will  flash  across  the  sea  from  the  castle  of  ab- 
sentee tariff  lords  to  congratulate  him.  But  from  the  home  of  labor,  from 
the  fireside  of  the  toiler,  from  the  hearts  of  all  who  love  justice  and  do  equity, 
who  wish  and  intend  that  our  matchless  heritage  of  freedom  shall  be  the 
common  wealth  of  all  our  people  and  the  common  opportunity  of  all  our 
youth,  will  come  up  prayers  for  his  success  and  recruits  for  the  great  Demo- 
cratic host  that  must  strike  down  the  beast  of  sectionalism  and  the  moloch  of 
monopoly  before  we  can  ever  again  have  a people’s  government  run  by  a 
people’s  faithful  representatives.” 

Mr.  Owens,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Clardy  of  Missouri,  received  the  thanks 
of  the . convention  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  conducted  the  business 
during  his  brief  term  of  office.  A delegate  from  Missouri  (Wm.  H.  Phelps) 
presented  the  convention  with  a zinc  gavel  bearing  the  inscription,  “We 
need  no  protection;  we  imported  2,000  tons  of  zinc  last  year.” 

William  E.  English  of  Indiana,  Chairman  of  the  Rules  Committee,  then 
made  his  report,  and  recommended  a method  of  procedure,  announcing  that 
the  rules  of  the  last  Democratic  convention  would  govern  the  present  con- 
vention. The  report  was  unanimously  adopted.  It  was  remarked  at  this 
point  that  James  S.  Clarkson  of  Iowa,  Chairman  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee  was  admitted  by  courtesy  to  a seat  on  the  platform.  While  the 
delegates  were  awaiting  arrival  of  a report  from  the  Committee  on  Resolu- 
tions, Ex-Governor  Campbell  of  Ohio  was  called  upon  for  a speech,  and  re- 
sponded, being  careful  not  to  give  offence  in  any  quarter.  It  having  been 
announced  at  this  stage  of  the  proceedings  that  the  report  of  the  Committee 
on  Resolutions  would  not  be  complete  for  at  least  two  hours,  a motion  was 
made  and  adopted  to  take  a recess  until  5 r.  m. 

The  convention  opened  at  5.30  p.  m.  It  was  6.20  p.  m.,  however,  before 
the  business  really  began.  At  that  time  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions,  and  the  platform  of  principles  for  presentation,  were  an- 
nounced ready.  This  platform  will  be  found  on  another  page,  together  with 
the  amendment  of  Delegate  R.  Neal  of  Ohio,  on  the  tariff  plank.  The  plat- 
form as  amended  was,  after  considerable  discussion,  adopted.  The  vote  on 
the  Neal  amendment  was  as  follows: 


28 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


States. 

No.  of 
Delegates. 

For. 

Aqainst. 

Alabama 

12 

10 

A rkansas 



16 

California *. 



18 

Colorado 

8 



Connecticut 

12 



12 

Delaware 

— 

6 

Florida 

8 

8 

5 

Georgia 

2G 

22 

4 

Idaho 

6 

6 

— 

Illinois 

48 

48 

— 

Indiana 

30 

15 

15 

Iowa 

26 

26 

— 

Kansas 

20 

— 

20 

Kentucky 

26 

26 

— 

Louisiana 

16 

8 

8 

Maine 

12 

— 

12 

Maryland 

16 

7 

9 

Massachusetts 

30 

26 

4 

Michigan 

28 

28 

— 

Minnesota 

18 

— 

18 

Mississippi. . . . .' 

18 

11 

6 

Missouri 

34 

34 

— 

Montana 

6 

6 

— 

Nebraska 

16 

16 

— 

Nevada 

6 

6 

— 

New  Hampshire 

8 

— 

8 

New  Jersey 

20 

— 

20 

New  York 

72 

72 

— 

North  Carolina 

22 

17 

5 

North  Dakota 

6 

6 

— 

Ohio 

46 

46 

— 

Oregon 

8 

7 

1 

Pennsylvania 

64 

— 

64 

Rhode  Island 

8 

— 

8 

South  Carolina 

18 

18 

— 

South  Dakota 

8 

1 

7 

Tennessee 

24 

5 

18 

Texas 

30 

30 

— 

Vermont 

8 

— 

8 

Virginia 

24 

11 

11 

Washington 

8 

8 

— 

West  Virginia 

12 

12 

r- 

Wisconsin 

24 

— 

24 

Wyoming 

6 

6 

— 

Arizona 

6 

6 

— 

Alaska 

2 

— 

2 

Indian  Territory 

2 

2 

— 

Oklahoma 

2 

2 

— 

New  Mexico 

6 

5 

1 

Utah 

2 

2 

— 

District  of  Columbia 

2 

— 

2 

Totals 

906 

564 

342 

CONTENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


29 


Next  in  the  order  of  business  came  the  presentation  of  candidates  for 
President  and  Vice-President.  The  name  of  Grover  Cleveland  was  pre- 
sented by  Governor  Abbett  of  New  Jersey.  His  speech  is  given  at  length 
in  the  article  on  the  presidential  nominee.  The  name  of  David  B.  Hill  was 
presented  by  William  C.  De  Witt  of  New  York.  The  name  of  Horace 
Boies  was  presented  by  Mr.  Dunseombe  of  Iowa. 

Air.  De  AVitt’s  speech,  advocating  the  nomination  of  David  B.  Hill  of 
New  York,  was  as  follows: 

“Ain.  President  and  Fellow-Delegates:  By  the  favor  of  my  col- 
leagues, I have  now  the  honor  to  speak  the  voice  of  tiie  State  of  New  York 
in  this  council  of  the  Democracy  of  the  nation.  Our  majestic  common- 
wealth needs  no  eulogy  here.  Gateway  of  commerce,  both  from  the  ocean 
and  the  lakes;  vast  arsenal  of  thought,  through  whose  press  the  intelligence 
of  the  world  is  gathered  and  scattered  throughout  the  land:  joined  to  the 
agricultural  regions  by  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Hudson,  the  Mohawk,  and 
the  Genesee,  and  opening  up  through  the  triple  city  seated  upon  its  bay  those 
greater,  higher,  affluent  relations  with  the  other  peoples  of  the  globe,  the 
fullest  development  of  which  will  be  the  source  of  our  best  prosperity,  the 
State  of  New  York  is  none  the  less  paramount  in  our  political  than  other 
national  affairs.  Her  great  city  is  the  life-giving  heart  of  the  Democratic 
party. 

“Her  electoral  vote  is  the  keystone  of  the  Federal  arch,  upon  which 
alone  we  can  rest  the  citadel  of  our  hopes.  She  realizes  in  her  present  re- 
lations with  the  Democratic  party  of  the  nation  what  was  said  of  the  Roman 
amphitheatre: 


“ 1 While  stands  the  coliseum.  Rome  shall  stand; 
When  falls  the  coliseum,  Rome  shall  fall; 

And  when  Rome  falls,  the  world.’ 


“In  view  of  this  critical  and  important  position  occupied  by  our  State  in 
the  impending  contest,  I take  great  pride,  while  speaking  for  its  regular 
organization  of  the  party,  in  pointing  to  our  past  triumphs.  In  1885  we  car- 
ried New  York  by  11,130  majority,  in  1886  by  7,707,  in  1887  by  17,077;  in 
1888  by  19,171,  in  1889  by  20,527;  and  in  1891  by  47,937.  So  that  the 
present  organization  speaks  not  only  for  the  State  indispensable  to  your  suc- 
cess in  the  Presidential  campaign,  but  speaks  for  that  State  organized  and 
arrayed  upon  the  lines  of  victory.  These  are  stubborn  facts,  which  hypoc- 
risy cannot  conceal  nor  detraction  obliterate. 

“So,  too,  at  the  outset,  this  convention  should  fully  understand  the  true 
nature  of  the  Democracy  of  the  people  of  New  York.  It  is  fundamental  and 
vital  in  character.  AVe  believe  in  the  brotherhood  of  man  and  in  all  the 
hearty  doctrines  of  equality  and  fraternity  which  arise  from  that  faith. 

“ The  supreme  evil  of  our  age  is  the  use  of  the  law-making  power  of  State 
and  nation  for  the  enrichment  of  the  few  at  the  expense  of  the  many.  In 
olden  times  the  bandit  armed  his  followers  and  descended  with  fire  and 
sword  upon  the  industrial  classes.  In  modern  times  the  same  spirit  of  rapine 
erects  a manufactory,  organizes  a corporation,  and  through  a clause  in  a tar- 
iff act,  a donation  of  the  public  domain,  or  the  acquisition  of  chartered 
privileges,  effects  the  same  result. 

“ Of  the  4,000  millionaires  in  the  country,  1,700  are  said  to  have  amassed 
their  fortunes  through  the  tariff,  and  an  equal  number  through  the  corpora- 
tions. Out  of  these  causes  all  the  features  of  an  aristocracy  have  arisen  in 
our  social  life.  Castes,  class  distinction,  profligacy,  and  splendor,  social 
dudes  and  political  ascetics  have  taken  the  place  of  the  plain,  honest  people 
of  former  generations. 

“The  money  power  dominates  the  land  and  subordinates  the  sovereignty 


30 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


of  the  people.  Patriotic  statesmanship  and  oratory  no  longer  enjoy  the 
honors  of  the  Republic,  and  the  apostles  of  truth,  justice,  and  liberty  are  sup- 
planted by  the  pliant  instruments  of  vast  pecuniary  and  political  combina- 
tions. 

“ In  such  a crisis  the  Democracy  of  New  York  wants  a revival  of  the 
fundamental  principles  of  the  party.  A leader  who  holds  that  corporations 
created  by  State  or  nation  are  not  amenable  to  the  control  of  their  creator, 
or  who  fails  to  sympathize  with  at  least  an  international  effort  to  enlarge  the 
currency  of  the  world  in  the  interest  of  productive  industry,  or  who  makes 
his  friends  and  counselors  among  the  plutocrats  of  the  laud,  lacks  the 
qualities  indispensable  to  a triumphant  standard-bearer  of  our  unterrified 
constituency.  Humanity  is  better  than  dogma,  and  the  love  of  man  is  the 
life  of  the  Republic.  Our  people  want  a leader  filled  with  the  instincts, 
aspirations,  shrewdness,  sagacity,  hopes,  fears,  joys,  and  sorrows  which 
crowd  their  struggle  for  life  and  happiness. 

“ We  therefore  present  for  your  suffrages  the  name  of  him  who,  having 
enjoyed  all  the  honors  of  our  State,  still  finds  his  highest  boast  in  the  senti- 
ment, ‘ I am  a Democrat.’  However  eminent  may  be  his  post  of  duty,  he  does 
not  descend  to  us  from  above,  but  in  the  roll-call  of  the  Democracy  he  steps 
proudly  from  the  ranks.  Do  you  ask  for  his  credentials?  We  point  you  to 
the  unbroken  series  of  victories  by  which  he  has  rendered  New  York  a veri 
table  Gibraltar  to  the  Democracy  of  the  Union.  When  with  all  the  power  and 
patronage  of  the  Federal  Government  at  his  command,  the  distinguished  ex- 
President  lost  the  State  of  New  York  by  a minority  of  14,000,  Gov.  Hill  car- 
ried it  by  a majority  of  over  19,000  votes,  and  at  every  election  during  the 
past  ten  years  he  and  his  friends  have  met  with  constantly  increasing  suc- 
cess. 

“ No  sane  man  can  reject  the  force  of  these  statistics,  and  in  pointing  the 
finger  of  destiny  it  must  outweigh  all  theory,  prophecy,  promises  and  dreams. 
The  experiences  of  the  past  must,  under  like  circumstances,  forecast  the 
events  of  the  future,  and  in  this  instance  the  conditions  remain  unchanged. 

“Mr.  Hill  never  had  ‘ any  allegiance  with  malcontents  nor  any  favor  in 
the  Republican  party.  The  class  of  men  from  our  State  who  so  violently 
oppose  his  nomination  to-day  have  uniformly  opposed  him  in  the  past.  He 
has  always  been  nominated  under  ar  shower  of  their  vituperation  and  abuse, 
and  he  has  always  emerged  from  the  conflict  with  the  increasing  commenda- 
tion of  the  people.  Beginning  public  life  as  an  associate  of  Samuel  ,T.  Tilden 
in  the  Legislature,  he  has  been  Mayor  of  the  city  of  his  home.  He  was 
elected  Lieutenant-Governor  by  the  largest  vote  ever  given  to  the  candidate 
of  any  party  in  the  State  of  New  York;  he  has  been  twice  elected  its  Gov- 
ernor, and  now  represents  it  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

“ It  is  not  essential  that  I should  embark  in  fulsome  eulogy.  His  signally 
successful  administration  of  these  great  trusts  establishes  liis  capacity,  and 
you  will  pardon  the  liberty  of  a friend  when  I say  that  the  fact  that  iie  is  a 
poor  man,  fully  and  absolutely  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  party,  is  worth 
a thousand  labored  eulogies  in  demonstrating  the  patriotism  and  integrity  of 
his  character.  He  is  a cavalier  rather  than  a roundhead. 

“In  opposition  to  sumptuary  laws,  in  persistent  advocacy  of  the  bill 
granting  freedom  of  religious  worship,  in  the  increase  of  public  holidays, 
Labor  Day,  and  half-holiday,  supporting  out  door  sports  and  pastimes  he 
has  done  more  than  any  public  man  of  his  time  to  foster  and  develop  general 
liberty  appropriate  to  modern  civilization.  For  these  services  he  encounters 
the  hostility  of  the  bigot  and  the  hypocrite. 

“He  is  a firm  adherent  to  the  principles  of  frugality  and  economy  in 
public  affairs,  so  long  characteristic  of  his  party.  During  his  administration 
as  Governor  our  State  debt  of  $7,000,000  was  reduced  virtually  to  nothing, 
while  the  property  and  interests  of  the  State  were  adequately  maintained 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


31 


and  improved.  These  things  speak  in  tones  of  thunder  against  the  villifica- 
tion  of  his  enemies. 

“ From  the  beginning  of  his  public  career  he  has  remained  the  faithful, 
efficient,  untiring  "friend  and  servant  of  the  laboring  classes,  and  they  have 
reciprocated  his  devotion  by  a loyalty  and  support  which  has  rendered  him 
invincible.  You  will  understand  how  a character  thus  radical  and  active 
should  stir  up  enmity  and  strife. 

“It  is  said  if  we  make  another  nomination  we  shall  have  a calm  election, 
our  dear  business  interests  will  not  be  disturbed,  and  the  people  will  be  quite 
indifferent  about  the  result.  If  it  indeed  be  true  that  politics  have  sunk  so 
low  that  no  man  can  serve  his  party  earnestly  without  personal  reproach;  if 
national  contentions  through  regular  organizations  have  indeed  become  per- 
nicious and  disreputable,  then  the  entire  system  of  popular  government  is  a 
failure.  Nothing  is  more  healthy  than  political  agitation,  and  nothing  is 
more  dangerous  than  political  stagnation.  Men  of  kindred  convictions  and 
emotions  naturally  combine  on  all  great  questions  of  civil  government  and 
where  population  is  immense  there  must  be  parties  governed  by  appropriate 
organizations. 

‘ • It  is  because  Mr.  Hill  awakens  party  feeling,  agitates  the  contending 
forces  to  the  very  dregs,  excites  the  wrath  of  the  Republican  and  the  enthu- 
siasm of  the  Democrat,  that  he  is  a healthy  and  successful  candidate.  Politic 
nominations,  made  to  placate  Republicans,  to  pander  to  men  who  esteem 
themselves  better  than  their  party,  or  to  suckle  and  support  the  heartless 
middlemen  of  the  times,  are  distasteful  to  our  people. 

“We  present  David  B.  Hill  as  the  candidate  of  an  unterrified  and  aggres- 
sive Democracy.  His  experience  teaches  us  that  such  is  the  way  to  succeed. 
We  love  him  not  merely  for  the  enemies  he  has  made,  but  for  the  enemies  he 
has  conquered.  He  has  never  been  defeated,  and,  having  just  entered  upon 
the  high  office  of  Senator  of  the  United  States,  if  he  entertained  the  slightest 
doubt  of  his  ability  to  carry  his  State  he  would  not  suffer  his  name  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  nomination. 

“Besides,  the  delegation  from  New  York  is  not  itself  unmindful  of  its  own 
responsibility  and  of  the  great  duty  of  truth  and  candor  it  owes  to  this  body. 
We  have  never  misled  you  in  presenting  a sterling  Democrat  to  your  favor. 
We  gave  you  Horatio  Seymour  and  our  people  indorsed  him  against  Gen. 
Grant.  We  gave  you  Samuel  J.  Tildenand,  in  turn,  our  State  indorsed  him. 
We  acquiesced;  we  did  not  advise  the  nomination  of  1888.  The  consequences 
are  known. 

“ Not  for  a single  instant  would  we  counsel  and  urge  this  convention  to 
nominate  David  B.  Hill,  were  we  not  sure,  from  careful  scrutiny  and  delibera- 
tion, fortified  by  the  tests  of  our  elections,  that  he  can  carry  the  State,  the 
vote  of  which  in  the  Electoral  College,  under  the  recent  apportionment,  is 
absolutely  indispensable  to  a Democratic  victory. 

“ Another  thought,  Mr.  President,  higher  and  deeper  than  any  mere  mat- 
ter of  individual  candidacy,  must  be  expressed  before  my  task  is  completed. 
In  this  national  household  of  the  Democratic  party,  a certain  comity  be- 
tween the  different  States  is  due  to  the  sovereignty  of  each  and  the  fraternity 
of  all. 

“The  delegates  from  New  York  were  elected  by  the  unanimous  votes  of 
a State  convention,  duly  called  under  the  authority  which  has  held  undis- 
puted sway  since  1848,  and  which  was  approved  by  the  party  at  the  last 
election  by  a majority  of  48,000  in  the  State.  Not  a dissenting  voice  marred 
the  harmonious  action  of  this  regularly  constituted  and  authoritative  body. 
Our  delegation  is  headed  by  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Governor,  freshly 
chosen  by  unprecedented  party  majorities,  and  it  is  filled  by  representatives 
from  the  various  districts,  many  of  whom  are  well  known  to  you  all. 

“For  no  earthly  reason  worthy  a moment’s  consideration,  other  than  that 


32 


CONTENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


this  State  Convention  preferred  the  leadership  of  Senator  Hill  and  this  dele- 
gation sympathized  with  that  preference,  a revolt  was  set  afoot  in  our  State, 
an  organization  was  formed,  an  attack  was  instigated  upon  us  through  an 
unfriendly  press,  a parcel  of  gentlemen  were  selected  to  come  here  to  con- 
test our  seats  and  nullify  our  influence,  and  thus  a distinguished  candidate 
for  the  Presidency,  whom  heretofore  we  had  assisted  in  becoming  Governor 
and  President,  was  put  upon  a war  footing  toward  the  regular  State  organi- 
zation of  the  party. 

“The  contesting  delegation  has  been  dismissed  from  your  doors,  and  now 
you  are  asked  not  merely  to  defeat  the  choice  of  our  State  for  the  nomination, 
hut,  in  addition,  to  force  upon  us  a candidate  from  our  own  homes  hostile  to 
our  organization.  Such  is  not  the  measure  of  courtesy  and  friendship  which 
we  of  New  York  should  think  due,  under  like  circumstances,  to  the  repre- 
sentatives of  a sister  State.  That  consideration  for  the  rights  and  sentiments 
of  others  which  is  the  source  of  all  gentility  is  indispensable  to  the  nobility  of 
this  body. 

“There  is  no  alloy  of  enmity  or  opposition  in  the  fraternal  affection  with 
which  the  delegation  from  New  York  greets  its  brethren  upon  this  floor.  No 
scaly  gauntlets  with  joints  of  steel  glove  our  hands.  Our  pulses  will  throb 
in  unison  with  our  brothers  from  any  State  whose  chosen  son  shall  be  pre- 
sented to  the  consideration  of  this  convention. 

“ We  salute  the  rising  leader  from  Iowa,  whose  home  victories  shine  upon 
our  arms  like  a sunburst  from  out  the  parting  clouds  of  his  far  Western  sky. 

“We  bow  to  the  venerable  sage  of  Illinois,  or  the  rugged  foe  of  the  tariff 
barons  who  stands  by  his  side. 

“We  appreciate  the  capacity  which  has  organized  victory  against  the 
overwhelming  odds  in  Pennsylvania. 

“We  are  at  home  with  our  friends  from  Indiana. 

“We  fully  sympathize  with  the  battle-stained  and  indomitable  leader  in 
Ohio. 

“We  watch  with  anxiety  and  affection  the  wonderful  power  for  organiza- 
tion and  triumph  which  characterizes  the  Senator  from  Maryland,  and  our 
hearts  burned  once  more  with  the  immortal  fires  of  the  sunny  land  when  he 
was  presented,  who,  in  the  forms  of  his  incomparable  genius  evoked  from  the 
humanity  of  his  character  and  the  elevation  of  his  oratory  and  statesmanship, 
towers  in  the  vanguard  of  our  thickening  hosts,  like  a pillar  of  cloud  by  day 
and  of  fire  by  night,  the  Senator  from  Kentucky. 

“Whomsoever  of  these  may  be  selected,  or  whatsoever  state  may  succeed 
in  this  convention,  we  shall  join  in  the  exultation  and  bear  our  end  to  the 
uttermost  in  the  ensuing  contest. 

“This  is  the  spirit  in  which  we  meet  our  brethren,  and  this  is  the  spirit  we 
expect  to  be  reciprocated.  In  no  other  way  can  the  harmony  and  dignity  of 
the  States  be  fostered  and  preserved  by  this  convention. 

“In  thus  presenting  and  conceding  the  force  and  strength  of  the  candi- 
dates of  the  various  States,  you  will  not  understand  us  as  abating  a single  jot 
from  our  own  preference  or  gainsaying  in  the  slightest  degree  our  unclouded 
conviction  that  the  fortunes  of  our  party  will  rest  most  safely  in  the  cus- 
tody of  our  chosen  leader  from  our  own  State.  Hill  heat  Harrison  in  New 
York  in  1888  under  conditions  less  encouraging  than  those  which  confront 
us  to-day,  and  he  can  repeat  the  triumph  with  redoubled  effect.  This  is  the 
conclusive  point.  Contemplate  the  ensuing  controversy  from  whatever  stand- 
point you  may  choose,  you  cannot  escape  the  fact  that  our  State  is  the  battle- 
ground of  the  campaign. 

“Ours  is  the  coign- of  vantage,  the  point  of  strategy,  the  very  spot  of 
victory  or  defeat.  We  appreciate  the  responsibility  of  our  position  and  would 
speak  to  you  like  men  whose  blood  flows  in  their  words.  The  common 
enemy  is  strongly  intrenched  in  the  capital.  You  are  the  generals  of  the 


CONTENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


33 


army  of  invasion  in  grand  council  assembled.  We  hail  from  Waterloo,  and 
we  fearlessly  proclaim  that  Hill  is  the  Blucher  who  can  drive  the  Republican 
chieftain  to  St.  Helena  in  November.” 

Mr.  Dunscombe,  in  presenting  the  name  of  Horace  Boies  of  Iowa,  said: 

“Mn.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention:  To-day  for 
the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  American  Republic,  the  name  of  a man 
whose  home  is  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  will  be  presented  to  a Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  for  nomination  to  the  exalted  position  of  President 
of  the  United  States.  Heretofore  the  Northern,  the  Southern,  the  Eastern, 
and  the  Middle  States  have  furnished  all  but  one  of  the  Presidential  nomi- 
nees of  the  Democratic  party. 

" For  thirty-five  years  the  Republican  party  has  chosen  all  but  one  of  its 
candidates  from  the  West,  and  the  Eastern  candidate  was  defeated.  For 
thirty-five  years  the  Democratic  party  has  chosen  all  of  its  candidates  from 
the  East,  and  during  that  time  only  one  Democratic  President  has  been  inau- 
gurated. For  over  a quarter  of  a century  no  man  residing  outside  of  the 
limits  of  the  Empire  State  has  had  the  honor  of  a Democratic  Presidential 
nomination. 

“If  the  Democracy  of  New  York  were  united  to-day  her  honored  states- 
men might  furnish  Presidential  candidates  for  a quarter  of  a century  to  come, 
and  the  Democracy  of  the  great  Northwest  and  the  great  Southwest  would 
not  complain  or  seek  to  pluck  one  honor  from  the  brilliant  stars  which  New 
York  has  placed  in  the  crown  of  the  Republic.  All  Democrats  deeply  regret 
that  there  is  dissension  within  her  borders,  which  they  fear,  if  a candidate 
should  be  nominated  from  New  York,  would  imperil  Democratic  success, 
and  they  know  that  there  is  a country  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  pur- 
chased and  made  part  of  the  Union  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  the  father  of  Dem- 
ocracy, where  there  is  but  one  Presidential  candidate;  a country  forever  hon- 
ored by  the  bravery  of  the  gallant  sons  of  the  South,  who  fought  in  its  de- 
fense under  the  lion-hearted  leader  of  Democracy,  Andrew  Jackson. 

“There  is  a land,  the  great  Empire  of  the  Gulf,  whose  brave  sons  made 
the  name  of  the  Lone  Star  State  immortal  in  their  heroic  straggle  for  liberty; 
where,  forever  enshrined  in  memory,  are  the  names  of  those  who  were  bap- 
tized in  blood  at  the  Alamo;  whose  deeds  stand  forth  above  the  bravest  acts 
of  men  like  mighty  mountains  on  the  plain. 

‘ ' There  is  a land,  fragrant  with  flowers  and  orange  groves,  where  the  gold- 
en rays  of  the  setting  sun  are  reflected  from  the  waves  of  the  Pacific.  There 
is  a land  where  the  glistening  snow-capped  mountain  peaks  of  Nevada,  Colo- 
rada.  Wyoming,  Idaho,  Montana,  and  the  Dakotas  sparkle  with  their  silver 
and  gold.  There  is  a land,  the  heart  of  America,  where  hundreds  of  millions 
of  bushels  of  wheat  and  corn  and  millions  of  cattle  furnish  food  for  our  fa- 
thers and  mothers  in  the  East;  a land  filled  with  schools,  colleges  and  uni- 
versities unsurpassed. 

“In  that  land,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  is  a State  larger  than  New  York, 
surrounded  by  her  elder  sisters,  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  her  younger  sisters, 
Nebraska  and  Minnesota;  a State  bordered  on  the  east  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Father  and  Mother  of  Waters  and  held  in  their  embrace;  a State  whose 
springs  and  brooks  and  rivers  flow  on  unceasingly  to  the  southern  gulf,  em- 
blematic of  the  eternal  love  which  should  forever  bind  in  unity  the  dwellers 
’n  the  great  Mississippi  Valley. 

“In  that  State  there  lives  a noble  son  of  New  York,  honored  by  an  elec- 
tion to  her  Legislature  over  a third  of  a aentury  ago,  a son  worthy  and  well 
qualified  for  the  highest  honor  which  this  great,  intelligent  convention  can 
place ‘upon  him,  a ^on  who,  bom  and  reared  in  poverty,  accustomed  to  hard 
labor,  has  thereby  learned  to  sympathize  with  the  poor  and  distressed,  with 
the  laborers  of  the  land. 

“The  name  of  that  noble  son  of  New  York  and  adopted  son  of  Iowa  is 


34 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


Horace  Boies.  In  the  clays  of  Lincoln  he  was  a Republican,  but  at  that  time 
and  until  1880  the  Republicans  of  Iowa  were  as  ardent  advocates  of  tariff 
reform  as  are  the  Democrats  of  to-day.  Year  after  year  they  met  in  their  State 
conventions  and  resolved  in  favor  of  a revenue  tariff,  but  never  before  that 
time  in  favor  of  a protective  tariff.  At  that  time  there  was  no  prominent 
Republican  in  Iowa  who  favored  a protective  tariff.  Grimes,  Kirkwood  and 
Allison  were  then  all  tariff-reformers. 

“When  the  Iowa  Republicans  in  1880  deserted  their  tariff-reform  prin- 
ciples and  Iowa  followed  the  worshipers  of  protection,  and  then  by  sumptu- 
ary legislation  confiscated  millions  of  dollars’  worth  of  property  without  any 
compensation,  our  candidate  refused  to  follow  his  party  and  united  with  the 
Democratic  party.  He  did  this  without  any  political  reward.  He  did  it 
when  the  Democratic  party  in  Iowa  had  been  defeated  by  a majority  for 
Garfield  of  over  78,000.  He  did  it  when  Iowa  was  the  banner  Republican 
State.  He  was  led  to  this  course  solely  by  the  courage  of  his  convictions,  by 
his  conscience,  and  his  innate  love  of  justice. 

“ From  that  time  he  has  fought  unceasingly  for  the  cause  of  Democracy. 
His  eminent  legal  talents  led  the  leaders  of  the  party  to  offer  him  the  nomi- 
nation as  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Iowa  and  his  name  has  been  fre- 
quently mentioned  for  offices,  but  since  he  came  to  Iowa,  and  until  1889,  he 
has  declined  to  accept  any  nomination,  and  only  consented  to  accept  the 
nomination  for  Governor  then  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  his  friends,  and 
when  chosen  by  acclamation. 

“ After  receiving  the  nomination  his  sincere,  logical,  powerful,  truthful  and 
convincing  arguments  brought  dismay  to  the  intolerant  bosses  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  all  over  Iowa.  He  abused  no  one,  but  was  the  subject  of  con- 
stant abuse.  He  kindled  the  smoldering  embers  of  Democracy  into  a blaze 
of  enthusiasm  on  every  hilltop  and  in  every  valley  in  the  State.  Hisscimetar 
flashed  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  Iowa  Democrats  who  had  fought  more  than 
thirty  battles,  to  be  overpowered  by  numbers,  but  never  conquered.  He  in- 
fused new  courage  into  the  hearts  of  all  his  followers,  and  the  Iowa  Democ- 
racy, by  the  aid  of  tariff-reformers  and  the  opponents  of  sumptuary  laws, 
who  have  since  become  Democrats,  routed  the  enemy  and  placed  the  laurel 
wreath  of  victory  upon  the  head  of  their  hero,  Horace  Boies. 

‘ ‘ Again,  in  1890,  his  voice  was  heard  rallying  the  forces  of  Democracy 
against  the  iniquities  of  the  obnoxious  McKinley  law;  against  intolerance; 
against  sumptuary  legislation;  against  paternal  government;  against  centrali- 
zation; against  that  tyrannical,  kingly  invention,  the  Force  bill,  and  again 
the  pennant,  of  Democracy  waved  aloft  in  victory. 

“In  1891  he  was  again,  by  acclamation,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Demo- 
cratic column  for  reelection ; and  in  the  most  stubbornly  fought  political  bat- 
tle that  Iowa  ever  witnessed,  when  22,000  more  votes  were  polled  than  had 
ever  been  polled  before  in  any  State  election,  and  nearly  that  number  more 
than  in  any  Presidential  election,  his  majority  for  Governor  was  increased 
from  6,523  to  8,216,  and  the  entire  Democratic  ticket  was  elected.  This  in- 
crease in  Democratic  votes  came,  not  from  the  residents  of  the  cities,  but 
from  the  farmers  of  Iowa,  who  were  tired  of  being  impoverished  by  constant- 
ly contributing  to  the  wealth  of  others  under  the  false  pretence  of  raising 
money  to  pay  the  burdens  of  governmental  taxation. 

“Under  his  administration  the  business  of  the  State  has  been  conducted 
systematically,  successfully,  honestly  and  satisfactorily.  He  lias  proved  his 
eminent  executive  ability.  He  has,  by  his  acts  silenced  the  vituperation  of 
his  political  traducers,  and  stands  to-day  at  the  head  of  a united  Democracy 
in  Iowa,  as  aggressive,  as  courageous,  and  as  heroic  as  the  noble  Democracy 
of  Texas,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  or  any  other  State. 

‘ ‘ Among  the  great  leaders  of  the  party  no  one  has  sounder  views  on  the 
tariff  or  on  any  other  political  question.  His  ideas  are  those  of  a plain,  old- 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


35 


fashioned  Jeffersonian  Democrat.  He  is  by  nature  Democratic  as  well  as  a 
Democrat  in  principle.  His  writings,  his  speeches,  and  his  messages  prove 
him  to  be  a statesman,  standing  at  the  very  head  of  the  list  of  eminent  men 
of  the  nation.  His  firmness,  his  judgment,  his  courage,  his  intelligence,  his 
honesty,  his  easy  assimilation  with  the  masses,  his  power  to  make  men  feel 
his  brotherly  affection,  his  power  to  give  confidence  to  all  his  followers,  well 
fit  him  as  a great  leader. 

“ Iowa  Democrats  love  him  for  the  friends  he  has  made  and  because  he 
has  led  them  through  the  wilderness  into  the  promised  land.  When  our 
Democratic  fathers  are  convincing  themselves  that  the  right  to  nominate  a 
Democratic  candidate  for  President  from  the  East  is  an  exclusive,  God-given 
right,  let  them  remember  that  their  Western  sons  are  of  age,  and  let  them  do 
justice  to  their  honored  names  by  doing  justice  to  their  sons. 

“ Our  candidate  has  no  one  to  fry  fat  from  lusty  protective  tariff  benefici- 
aries to  corrupt  voters,  but  around  his  head  beams  a bright  halo  of  honor,  of 
virtue  and  truth,  which  will,  like  a pillar  of  fire  in  the  nighttime  of  Repub- 
lican misrule,  lead  a united  host  of  Democrats  and  liberal  voters  to  the  glori- 
ous day  of  victory. 

“ If  nominated  as  a laborer  he  will  rally  the  laboring  men  of  the  country. 
As  a practical  fanner  he  will  rally  the  farmers  all  over  the  land.  His  con- 
servatism will  bring  to  his  standard  the  solid  business  men  of  the  nation. 
New-England,  Hew  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey,  as  they  study  the 
conservative  character  of  our  candidate,  and  Democrats  all  over  the  Union 
will  thank  God  that  under  our  leader  they  can  fight  the  battles  of  tariff  re- 
form unitedly. 

“In  moving  the  nomination  of  the  candidate  of  the  Iowa  Democracy  I 
plead  for  one  who,  if  nominated,  will  be  supported  by  every  Democrat  and 
thousands  of  independent  voters;  I plead  for  the  champion  of  labor,  the 
champion  of  the  farmers  of  the  nation.  I plead  for  the  rights  of  that  great 
country  west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  extent  over  one-half  of  the  nation,  that 
never  before  has  had  a Democratic  Presidential  candidate.  I plead  for  the 
Democracy  of  eighteen  States  and  Territories  of  that  vast  empire.  I plead 
for  the  gallant  men  of  Texas,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Missouri,  who  never 
falter  in  their  Democracy.  I plead  for  a candidate  whose  nomination  will 
insure  the  Electoral  vote  of  Iowa  to  the  Democracy.  I plead  for  harmony 
and  for  Democratic  victory. 

“ The  delegates  to  this  convention  will  make  an  irreparable  mistake  if  they 
forget  that  before  November  there  will  be  a calm  of  the  surging  billows  of 
this  great  ocean  of  enthusiasm,  during  which  calm  the  voters,  in  their  quiet 
homes,  at  their  firesides,  in  the  midst  of  their  families,  and  with  their  neigh- 
bors and  friends,  ■will  discuss  and  decide  the  Presidential  question;  during 
which  calm  every  voter  will  consider  who  is  nearest  his  own  heart;  who  is 
most  in  sympathy  with  his  own  condition,  and  who  will  best  fill  the  Executive 
office  in  that  plain,  honest,  old-fashioned  Democratic  way  which  the  people 
most  dearly  love. 

“But  this  convention  will  make  no  mistake  if  it  shall  select  as  a nominee 
that  man  of  correct  habits,  of  honest  purposes,  of  patriotic  motives,  of  clear, 
cultivated  mental  vision,  of  sterling  integrity,  of  calm  deliberation  and  judg- 
ment, of  manly  and  moral  courage,  of  deep  thought  and  study,  of  unflagging 
industry;  that  careful,  painstaking  man,  without  spot  or  blemish;  that  noble 
son  of  the  East  and  adopted  son  of  the  West  who  has  never  been  defeated, 
who  has  no  foes  in  his  own  party  to  conciliate,  who  lias  no  errors  to  correct 
and  no  explanations  or  apologies  to  make,  and  who  will,  if  nominated,  fill 
the  struggling,  fighting  Democracy  of  Iowa,  the  great  West,  and  the  entire 
Nation  with  unconquerable  courage;  that  born  peerless  leader  who  will,  in 
November,  if  nominated,  march  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  7,000,000  voters, 
with  50,000  waving  banners  under  the  triumphal  arch,  and  on  whose  brow 

3d 


36 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


will  again  be  placed  the  wreath  of  victory,  whom  Iowa  now  nominates — hon- 
est Horace  Boies.” 

The  nomination  of  Grover  Cleveland  was  seconded  by  Messrs.  McKenzie 
of  Kentucky  and  Collins  of  Massachusetts.  Messrs.  Watterson  of  Kentucky 
and  Kernan  of  Louisiana,  seconded  the  nomination  of  Horace  Boies.  Hon. 
Bourke  Cochran  of  New  York  seconded  the  nomination  of  David  B.  Hill  in 
an  eloquent  speech  of  nearly  an  hour’s  length.  At  the  conclusion  of  Mr. 
Cochran’s  speech,  efforts  were  made  by  several  delegates  to  secure  an  adjourn- 
ment, but  the  proposition  failed  to  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  convention. 
The  roll-call  of  the  States  was  then  proceeded  with.  At  3.22  a.  m.,  on  the 
23d,  the  fact  was  recognized  that  Cleveland  had  received  more  votes  than 
were  necessary  for  a choice  and  was  therefore  the  chosen  nominee.  The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  result  of  the  vote  by  states  and  territories: 


OFFICIAL  BALLOT  SHOWING  THE  NUMBER  OF  VOTES  GIVEN  BY  EACH 
DELEGATION  FOR  THE  VARIOUS  CANDIDATES. 


Delegates  j 

States 

Cleveland 

§ 

cn 

’o 

W 

| Morrison 

| Campbell 

d 

cd 

s 

o 

O 

Carlisle 

Stevenson 

c 

o 

.52 

Pn 

| Russell 

<U 

a 

2 

22 

Alabama 

14 

2 

i 

2 

2 

i 

16 

Arkansas 

16 

18 

California 

18 

8 

Colorado 

3 

5 

12 

Connecticut 

12 

6 

Delaware 

6 

8 

Florida 

5 

3 

26 

6 

Georgia 

17 

5 

6 

4 

48 

Illinois 

48 

30 

26 

Indiana 

30 

26 

20 

Kansas 

20 

26 

Kentucky 

18 

2 

6 

16 

Louisiana 

3 

„ i 

11 

1 

12 

Maine 

9 

l 

1 

i 

16 

Maryland 

6 

Si 

30 

Massachusetts 

24 

4 

i 

i 

28 

Michigan 

28 

18 

Minnesota 

18 

18 

Mississippi 

8 

3 

3 

4 

34 

Missouri 

34 

6 

Montana 

6 

16 

6 

Nebraska 

is 

"a 

1 

2 

8 

New  Hampshire 

8 

20 

72 

New  Jersey 

20 

72 

22 

North  Carolina 

k 

1 

1 

16§ 

6 

North  Dakota 

6 

46 

Ohio 

14 

6 

16 

5 

5 

8 

Oregon 

8 

64 

Pennsylvania 

64 

8 

Rhode  Island 

8 

18 

South  Carolina 

2 

3 

13 

8 

South  Dakota 

7 

1 

24 

Tennessee 

24 

30 

Texas 

23 

i 

6 

8 

Vermont 

8 

24 

Virginia 

12 

li 

1 

8 

Washington 

8 

12 

West  Virginia 

7 

l 

3 

i 

i 

i 

24 

Wisconsin 

24 

6 

Wyoming 

3 

3 

O 

Alaska . 

2 

6 

2 

Arizona 

District,  Columbia 

5 

1 

2 

Indian  Territory 

2 

6 

New  Mexico 

4 

1 

1 

2 

< iklalioma 

o 

2 

Utah 

2 

Totals 

617J 

114 

103 

3 

2 

361 

14 

16§ 

i 

2 

2 

CONTENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


37 


On  the  motion  of  Senator  Daniels  of  Virginia,  the  nomination  of  Cleve- 
land was  made  by  acclamation.  Hon.  Bourke  Cochran,  after  the  announce- 
ment was  formally  made,  spoke  from  his  place  in  the  hall,  informing  the 
delegates  that  on  the  motion  New  York  voted  “ Yes.”  The  decision  as  to 
the  nominee  for  the  presidency  having  been  reached,  the  Convention  ad- 
journed, to  assemble  again  during  the  afternoon. 

At  2.55  p.  si.  Chairman  Wilson  again  opened  the  proceedings.  Prayer 
was  offered  by  Rev.  Thomas  Greene  of  Iowa.  The  next  proceeding  in  the 
order  of  business  was  announced  as  the  nomination  of  a candidate  for  Vice- 
President.  The  roll-call  of  states  being  taken,  John  E.  Lamb  of  Indiana 
placed  before  the  convention  the  name  of  Ex-Governor  Isaac  P.  Gray.  In 
behalf  of  the  Illinois  delegation,  Nicholas  F.  Worthington  presented  the 
name  of  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  who  held  the  office  of  Assistant  Postmaster- 
General  during  President  Cleveland’s  administration. 

Messrs.  Vance  of  Connecticut,  Scott  of  Iowa,  J.  S.  Fielder  of  New  Mexico, 
and  others,  seconded  the  nomination  of  Isaac  P.  Gray.  Messrs.  John  S.  Rhea 
of  Kentucky  and  Elias  Kope  of  North  Carolina,  seconded  the  nomination  of 
Adlai  E.  Stevenson. 

Edward  F.  Uhl  of  Michigan  offered  the  name  of  Allen  B.  Morse,  Chief 
Justice  of  Michigan.  General  Edwin  S.  Bragg  placed  the  name  of  Hon. 
John  L.  Mitchelf  of  Wisconsin  before  the  Convention. 

Messrs  W.  F.  Vandivel  of  Georgia  and  J.  H.  King  of  Alabama  seconded 
the  nomination  of  Allen  B.  Morse. 

When  the  balloting  began,  Iowa  declared  for  Colonel  Henry  Watterson 
of  Kentucky.  The  names  of  Hon.  W.  Bourke  Cochran  of  New  York  and 
Judge  Lambert  Tree  of  Illinois  were  also  presented  when  Montana  was 
reached.  The  result  of  the  ballot  for  a Vice-Presidential  nominee  was  as 
follows: 


38 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


OFFICIAL  BALLOT  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATES. 


Delegates 

States 

Stevenson 

Gray 

Morse 

Mitchell 

J Watterson 

22 

Alabama 

22 

l(i 

Arkansas 

i6 

18 

California 

9 

9 

8 

Colorado 

8 

12 

Connecticut 

12 

6 

Delaware 

6 

8 

Florida 

6 

2 

26 

Georgia 

7 

9 

io 

6 

Idaho 

6 

48 

Illinois 

48 

30 

Indiana 

30 

20 

Iowa 

26 

20 

Kansas 

20 

26 

Kentucky 

i2 

12 

2 

10 

Louisiana 

16 

12 

Maine 

7 

4 

16 

Maryland 

4 

12 

30 

Massachusetts 

20 

5 

5 

88 

Michigan 

28 

18 

Minnesota 

is 

18 

Mississippi 

8 

9 

i 

34 

Missouri 

16 

10 

8 

*6 

Montana 

10 

Nebraska 

0 

5 

5 

6 

Nevada 

0 

8 

New  Hampshire 

8 

20 

New  Jersey 

1 

io 

72 

New  York 

72 

22 

North  Carolina 

22 

6 

North  Dakota 

6 

46 

Ohio 

38 

4 

4 

8 

Oregon  

8 

64 

Pennsylvania 

64 

8 

Rhode  Island 

8 

18 

South  Carolina 

18 

8 

South  Dakota 

4 

O 

2 

24 

Tennessee 

8 

14 

i 

30 

Texas 

26 

4 

8 

Vermont 

8 

24 

Virginia 

24 

8 

Washington 

8 

12 

West  Virginia 

4 

4 

4 

24 

Wisconsin 

24 

6 

Wyoming 

6 

2 

Alaska 

i 

1 

6 

Arizona 

5 

i 

2 

Indian  Territory 

2 

Oklahoma 

0 

New  Mexico 

1 

5 

2 

i 

i 

2 

District  Columbia 

i 

i 

Totals 

402 

343 

86 

CN 

26 

* Maine,  1 delegate  absent;  Montana  cast  5 votes  for  Cockran  and  1 for  Tree. 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS. 


39 


The  voting  did  not  produce  a chosen  nominee,  General  Stevenson  requir- 
ing 150.  The  delegates,  amid  great  confusion,  changed  their  votes  until  the 
candidate  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  (90S)  received  two-thirds.  The 
rules  were  then  suspended  and  the  nomination  made  unanimous. 

This  practically  ended  the  business  of  the  convention.  General  Patrick 
Collins  offered  a resolution  providing  that  the  Democratic  National  Commit- 
tee he  instructed  to  provide  in  the  next  National  Convention  the  accommoda- 
tions necessary  for  the  delegates,  the  alternates,  the  press,  the  National  Com- 
mittee and  none  others.  Confusion  in  the  hall  would  not  admit  of  action 
being  taken  by  delegates  in  this  matter  and  it  was  therefore  referred,  with  a 
favorable  recommendation,  to  the  National  Committee. 

At  5.30  p.  m.,  June  23,  1892,  the  Convention  adjourned  sine  die. 


THE  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 


The  Democratic  National  Committee  is  thus  constituted  so  far  as  reported  up  to 
June  22,  1892: 


Alabama Henry  D.  Clayton. 

Arkansas N.  M.'Rose. 

California 

Colorado Charles  S.  Thomas. 

Connecticut Charles  French. 

Delaware] Lewis  C.  Vandegrift. 

Florida.. Samuel  Pasco. 

Georgia Clark  Howell. 

Idaho, Frank  W.  Beane. 

Illinois B.  T.  Campbell. 

Indiana S.  P.  Sheerin. 

Iowa J J.  Richardson. 

Kansas Charles  W.  Blair. 

Kentucky Thomas  H.  Sherley. 

Louisiana James  Jeffries. 

Maine Arthur  Sewall. 

Maryland A.  P.  Gorman. 

Massachusetts Josiah  Quincy. 

Michigan D.  J.  Campau. 

Minnesota Michael  Doran. 

Mississippi C.  B.  Henry. 

Missouri  J.  G.  Prather. 

Montana A.  J.  Davidson. 

Nebraska Tobias  Castor. 

Nevada R.  M.  Clark. 

New  Hampshire A.  W.  Sulloway. 


New  Jersey Miles  Ross. 

New  York. . W.  F.  Sheehan. 

North  Carolina M.  W.  Ransom. 

North  Dakota W.  C.  Leistikow. 

Ohio Calvin  S.  Brice. 

Oregon E.  D.  McKee. 

Pennsylvania W.  F.  1 1 arrity. 

Rhode  Island S.  R.  Honey.' 

South  Carolina M.  I.  Donel'son. 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee Holmes  Cummings. 

Texas O.  T.  Holt. 

Vermont  B.  B.  Smalley. 

Virginia Basil  H.  Gordon. 

Washington H.  C.  Wallace. 

West  Virginia John  Sheridan. 

Wisconsin E.  C.  Wahl. 

Wyoming 

Arizona C.  M.  Shannon. 

New  Mexico H.  B.  Ferguson. 

Oklahoma T.  N.  Richardson. 

Utah Samuel  A.  Merritt. 

District  Columbia.  .James  L.  Morris. 

Indian  Territory 

Alaska A.  K.  Delaney. 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM,  1892,  ADOPTED  AT 
CHICAGO,  JUNE  24,  1892. 


I.  — The  representatives  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  United  States,  in 
National  Convention  assembled,  do  reaffirm  their  allegiance  to  the  principles 
of  the  party  as  formulated  by  Jefferson  and  exemplified  by  the  long  and 
illustrious  line  of  nine  of  his  successors  in  Democratic  leadership,  from  Mad- 
ison to  Cleveland;  we  believe  the  public  welfare  demands  that  these  princi- 
ples be  applied  to  the  conduct  of  the  Federal  government,  through  the  ac- 
cession to  power  of  the  party  that  advocates  them ; and  we  solemnly  declare 
that  the  need  of  a return  to  these  fundamental  principles  of  a free,  popular 
government,  based  on  home  rule  and  individual  liberty,  was  never  more 
urgent  than  now,  when  the  tendency  to  centralize  all  power  at  the  Federal 
Capitol  has  become  a menace  to  the  reserved  rights  of  the  States  that,  strikes 
at  the  very  roots  of  our  government  under  the  Constitution  as  framed  by  the 
fathers  of  the  Republic. 

II.  — We  warn  the  people  of  our  common  country,  jealous  for  the  preser- 
vation of  their  free  institutions,  that  the  policy  of  Federal  control  of  elections 
to  which  the  Republican  party  has  committed  itself  is  fraught  with  the  grav- 
est dangers,  scarcely  less  momentous  than  would  result  from  a revolution, 
practically  establishing  a monarchy  on  the  ruins  of  the  Republic.  It  strikes 
at  the  North  as  well  as  the  South,  and  injures  the  colored  citizen  even  more 
than  the  white;  it  means  a horde  of  deputy  marshals  at  every  polling-place, 
armed  with  Federal  power,  returning-boards  appointed  and  controlled  by 
Federal  authority;  the  outrage  of  the  electoral  rights  of  the  people  in  the 
several  States;  the  subjugation  of  the  colored  people  to  the  control  of  the 
party  in  power  and  the  reviving  of  race  antagonisms  now  happily  abated,  of 
the  utmost  peril  to  the  safety  and  happiness  of  all — a measure  deliberately 
and  justly  described  by  a leading  Republican  Senator  as  “the  most  infamous 
bill  that  ever  crossed  the  threshold  of  the  Senate.”  Such  a policy,  if  sanc- 
tioned by  law,  would  mean  the  dominance  of  a self-perpetuating  oligarchy 
of  office-holders,  and  the  party  first  entrusted  with  its  machinery  could  be 
dislodged  from  power  only  by  an  appeal  to  the  reserved  right  of  the  people 
to  resist  oppression  which  is  inherent  in  all  self-governing  communities.  Two 
years  ago  this  revolutionary  policy  was  emphatically  condemned  by  the  peo- 
ple at  the  polls;  but,  in  contempt  of  that  verdict,  the  Republican  party  has 
defiantly  declared,  in  its  latest  authoritative  utterance,  that  its  success  in  the 
coming  elections  will  mean  the  enactment  of  the  Force  bill  and  the  usurpa- 
tion of  despotic  control  over  elections  in  all  the  States. 

Believing  that  the  preservation  of  Republican  government  in  the  United 
States  is  dependent  upon  the  defeat  of  this  policy  of  legalized  force  and 
fraud,  we  invite  the  support  of  all  citizens  who  desire  to  see  the  Constitution 
maintained  in  its  integrity,  with  the  laws  pursuant  thereto,  which  have  given 
our  country  a hundred  years  of  unexampled  prosperity;  and  we  pledge  the 
Democratic  party,  if  it  be  intrusted  with  power,  not  only  to  the  defeat  of  the 
Force  bill,  but  also  to  relentless  opposition  to  the  Republican  policy  of  prof- 
ligate expenditure,  which,  in  the  short  space  of  two  years,  has  squandered 
an  enormous  surplus  and  emptied  an  overflowing  treasury,  after  piling  new 
burdens  of  taxation  upon  the  already  overtaxed  labor  of  the  country. 

III.  — We  denounce  Republican  protection  as  a fraud — as  a robbery  of  a 
great  majority  of  the  American  people  for  the  benefit  of  a few.  We  declare 

40 


Hon.  HORACE  BOIES. 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 


41 


it  to  be  a fundamental  principle  of  the  Democratic  party  that  the  government 
has  no  constitutional  power  to  impose  and  collect  a dollar  for  tax  except  for 
purposes  of  revenue  only,  and  demand  that  the  collection  of  such  taxes  be 
imposed  by  the  government  when  only  honestly  and  economically  adminis- 
tered. 

This  is  the  paragraph  finally  adopted.  The  part  for  which  it  was  substi- 
tuted is  as  follows,  inclosed  in  brackets : 

[III. — We  reiterate  the  oft-repeated  doctrines  of  the  Democratic  party 
that  the  necessity  of  the  government  is  the  only  justification  for  taxation, 
and  whenever  a tax  is  unnecessary  it  is  unjustifiable;  that  when  Custom 
House  taxation  is  levied  upon  articles  of  any  kind  produced  in  this  country, 
the  difference  between  the  cost  of  labor  here  and  labor  abroad,  when  such  a 
difference  exists,  fully  measures  any  possible  benefits  to  labor,  and  the  enor- 
mous additional  impositions  of  the  existing  tariff  fall  with  crushing  force 
upon  our  farmers  and  workingmen,  and,  for  the  mere  advantage  of  the  few 
whom  it  enriches,  exact  from  labor  a grossly  unjust  share  of  the  expenses  of 
the  government,  and  we  demand  such  a revision  of  the  tariff  laws  as  will 
remove  their  iniquitous  inequalities,  lighten  their  oppressions,  and  put  them 
on  a constitutional  and  equitable  basis. 

But  in  making  reduction  in  taxes  it  is  not  proposed  to  injure  any  domestic 
industries,  but  rather  to  promote  their  healthy  growth.  From  the  founda- 
tion of  this  government,  taxes  collected  at  the  Custom  House  have  been  the 
chief  source  of  Federal  revenue.  Such  they  must  continue  to  be.  Moreover, 
many  industries  have  come  to  rely  upon  legislation  for  successful  continu- 
ance, so  that  any  change  of  law  must  be  at  every  step  regardful  of  the  labor 
and  capital  thus  involved.  The  process  of  reform  must  be  subject  in  the 
execution  to  this  plain  dictate  of  justice.  ] 

We  denounce  the  McKinley  tariff  law  enacted  by  the  Fifty-first  Congress 
as  the  culminating  atrocity  of  class  legislation;  we  indorse  the  efforts  made 
by  the  Democrats  of  the  present  Congress  to  modify  its  most  oppressive  feat- 
ures in  the  direction  of  free  raw  materials  and  cheaper  manufactured  goods 
that  enter  into  general  consumption;  and  we  promise  its  repeal  as  one  of  the 
beneficent  results  that  will  follow  the  action  of  the  people  in  intrusting  pow- 
er to  the  Democratic  party.  Since  the  McKinley  tariff  went  into  operation 
there  have  been  ten  reductions  of  the  wages  of  laboring  men  to  one  increase. 
We  deny  that  there  has  been  any  increase  of  prosperity  to  the  country  since 
that  tariff  went  into  operation,  and  we  point  to  the  dullness  and  distress,  the 
wage  reductions  and  strikes  in  the  iron  trade,  as  the  best  possible  evidence 
that  no  such  prosperity  has  resulted  from  the  McKinley  act. 

We  call  the  attention  of  thoughtful  Americans  to  the  fact  that  after 
thirty  years  of  restrictive  taxes  against  the  importation  of  foreign  wealth  in 
exchange  for  our  agricultural  surplus  the  homes  and  farms  of  the  country 
have  become  burdened  with  a real  estate  mortgage  debt  of  over  $2,500,000,- 
000,  exclusive  of  all  other  forms  of  indebtedness;  that  in  one  of  the  chief 
agricultural  States  of  the  West  there  appears  a real  estate  mortgage  debt 
averaging  $165  per  capita  of  the  total  population,  and  that  similar  conditions 
and  tendencies  are  shown  to  exist  in  the  other  agricultural  exporting  States. 
We  denounce  a policy  which  fosters  no  industry  so  much  as  it  does  that  of 
the  Sheriff. 

IV. — Trade  interchange  on  the  basis  of  reciprocal  advantages  to  the 
countries  participating  is  a time-honored  doctrine  of  the  Democratic  faith, 
but  we  denounce  the  sham  reciprocity  which  juggles  with  the  people’s 
desire  for  enlarged  foreign  markets  and  freer  exchanges  by  pretending  to 
establish  closer  trade  relations  for  a country  whose  articles  of  export  are 
almost  exclusively  agricultural  products  with  other  countries  that  are  also 
agricultural,  while  erecting  a Custom  House  barrier  of  prohibitive  tariff 
taxes  against  the  richest  countries  of  the  world  that  stand  ready  to  take  our 


42 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 


entire  surplus  of  products  and  to  exchange  therefor  commodities  which  are 
necessaries  and  comforts  of  life  among  our  own  people. 

V- — We  recognize  in  the  trusts  and  combinations  which  are  designed  to 
enable  capital  to  secure  more  than  its  just  share  of  the  joint  product  of  capi- 
tal and  labor  a natural  consequence  of  the  prohibitive  taxes  which  prevent 
the  tree  competition  which  is  the  life  of  honest  trade,  but  we  believe  their 
worst  evils  can  be  abated  by  law,  and  we  demand  the  rigid  enforcement  of 
the  laws  made  to  prevent  and  control  them,  together  with  such  further  leg- 
islation in  restraint  of  their  abuses  as  experience  may  show  to  be  necessary? 

VI.  — The  Republican  party,  while  professing  a policy  of  reserving  the 
public  land  for  small  holdings  by  actual  settlers,  has  given  away  the  people’s 
heritage,  till  now  a few  railroads  and  non-resident  aliens,  individual  and  cor- 
porate, possess  a larger  area  than  that  of  all  our  farms  between  the  two  seas. 
The  last  Democratic  administration  reversed  the  improvident  and  unwise 
policy  of  the  Republican  party  touching  the  public  domain,  and  reclaimed 
from  corporations  and  syndicates,  alien  and  domestic,  and  restored  to  the 
people  nearly  100,000,000  acres  of  valuable  land,  to  be  sacredly  held  as  home- 
steads for  our  citizens,  and  we  pledge  ourselves  to  continue  this  policy  until 
every  acre  of  land  so  unlawfully  held  shall  be  reclaimed  and  restored  to  the 
people. 

VII.  — We  denounce  the  Republican  legislation  known  as  the  Sherman 
act  of  1890  as  a cowardly  makeshift,  fraught  with  possibilities  of  danger  in 
the  future,  which  should  make  all  of  its  supporters,  as  well  as  its  author, 
anxious  for  its  speedy  repeal.  We  hold  to  the  use  of  both  gold  and  silver  as 
the  standard  money  of  the  country,  and  to  the  coinage  of  both  gold  and  silver, 
without  discriminating  against  either  metal  or  charge  for  mintage,  but  the 
dollar  unit  of  coinage  of  both  metals  must  be  of  equal  intrinsic  and  exchange- 
able value,  or  be  adjusted  through  international  agreement  or  by  such  safe- 
guards of  legislation  as  shall  insure  the  maintenance  of  the  parity  of  the  two 
metals,  and  the  equal  power  of  every  dollar  at  all  times  in  the  markets  and 
in  the  payment  of  debts,  and  we  demand  that  all  paper  currency  shall  be 
kept  at  par  with  and  redeemable  in  such  coin.  We  insist  upon  this  policy  as 
especially  necessary  for  the  protection  of  the  farmers  and  laboring  classes, 
the  first  and  most  defenseless  victims  of  unstable  money  and  a fluctuating 
currency. 

VIII.  — We  recommend  that  the  prohibitory  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State 
bank  issues  be  repealed. 

IX.  — Public  office  is  a public  trust.  We  reaffirm  the  declaration  of  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  of  1876  for  the  reform  of  the  civil  service, 
and  we  call  for  the  honest  enforcement  of  all  laws  regulating  the  same.  The 
nomination  of  a President,  as  in  the  recent  Republican  convention,  by  dele- 
gations composed  largely  of  his  appointees,  holding  office  at  his  pleasure,  is  a 
scandalous  satire  upon  free  popular  institutions,  and  a startling  illustration  of 
the  methods  by  which  a President  may  gratify  his  ambition.  We  denounce 
a policy  under  which  Federal  office-holders  usurp  control  of  party  conven- 
tions in  the  States,  and  we  pledge  the  Democratic  party  to  the  reform  of 
these  and  all  other  abuses  which  threaten  individual  liberty  and  local  self- 
government. 

X.  — The  Democratic  party  is  the  only  party  that  has  ever  given  the  coun- 
try a foreign  policy  consistent  and  vigorous,  compelling  respect  abroad  and 
inspiring  confidence  at  home.  While  avoiding  entangling  alliances,  it  has 
aimed  to  cultivate  friendly  relations  with  other  nations,  and  especially  with 
our  neighbors  on  the  American  Continent,  whose  destiny  is  closely  linked 
with  our  own,  and  we  view  with  alarm  the  tendency  to  a policy  of  irritation 
and  bluster  which  is  liable  at  any  time  to  confront  us  with  the  alternative  of 
humiliation  or  war.  We  favor  the  maintenance  of  a navy  strong  enough  for 
all  purposes  of  national  defense,  and  to  properly  maintain  the  honor  and 
dignity  of  the  country  abroad. 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 


43 


XL — This  country  has  always  been  the  refuge  of  the  oppressed  from  every 
land — exiles  for  conscience  sake — and  in  the  spirit  of  the  founders  of  our  govern- 
ment we  condemn  the  oppression  practiced  by  the  Russian  government  upon 
its  Lutheran  and  Jewish  subjects,  and  we  call  upon  our  national  govern- 
ment, in  the  interest  of  justice  and  humanity,  by  all  just  and  proper  means, 
to  use  its  prompt  and  best  efforts  to  bring  about  a cessation  of  these  cruel 
persecutions  in  the  dominions  of  the  Czar,  and  to  secure  to  the  oppressed 
equal  rights. 

We  tender  our  profound  and  earnest  sympathy  to  those  lovers  of  freedom 
who  are  struggling  for  home  rule  and  the  great  cause  of  local  self-government 
in  Ireland. 

XII.  — We  heartily  approve  all  legitimate  efforts  to  prevent  the  United 
States  from  being  used  as  the  dumping-ground  for  the  known  criminals  and 
professional  paupers  of  Europe,  and  we  demand  the  rigid  enforcement  of  the 
laws  against  Chinese  immigration,  or  the  importation  of  foreign  workmen 
under  contract,  to  degrade  American  labor  and  lessen  its  wages,  but  we  con- 
demn and  denounce  any  and  all  attempts  to  restrict  the  immigration  of  the 
industrious  and  worthy  of  foreign  lands. 

XIII.  — This  convention  hereby  renews  the  expression  of  appreciation  of 
the  patriotism  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  Union  in  the  war  for  its  pres- 
ervation, and  we  favor  just  and  liberal  pensions  for  all  disabled  Union  sol- 
diers, their  widows,  and  dependents,  but  we  demand  that  the  work  of  the 
Pension  Office  shall  be  done  industriously,  impartially,  and  honestly.  We 
denounce  the  present  administration  of  that  office  as  incompetent,  corrupt, 
disgraceful,  and  dishonest. 

XIV.  — The  Federal  government  should  care  for  and  improve  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  other  great  waterways  of  the  Republic,  so  as  to  secure  for 
the  interior  States  easy  and  cheap  transportation  to  the  tidewater.  When 
any  waterway  of  the  Republic  is  of  sufficient  importance  to  demand  the  aid 
of  the  government,  such  aid  should  be  extended  on  a definite  plan  of  con- 
tinuous work  until  permanent  improvement  is  secured. 

XV. — For  purposes  of  national  defense  and  the  promotion  of  commerce 
between  the  States,  we  recognize  the  early  construction  of  the  Nicaragua 
Canal  and  its  protection  against  foreign  control  as  of  great  importance  to  the 
United  States. 

XVI.  — Recognizing  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  as  a national 
undertaking  of  vast  importance,  in  which  the  general  government  has  in- 
vited the  cooperation  of  all  the  powers  of  the  world,  and  appreciating  the 
acceptance  by  many  of  such  powers  of  the  invitation  so  extended,  and  the 
broad  and  liberal  efforts  being  made  by  them  to  contribute  to  the  grandeur 
of  the  undertaking,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  Congress  should  make  such 
necessary  financial  provision  as  shall  be  requisite  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
national  honor  and  public  faith. 

XVII.  — Popular  education  being  the  only  safe  basis  of  popular  suffrage, 
we  recommend  to  the  several  States  most  liberal  appropriations  for  the  pub- 
lic schools.  Free  common  schools  are  the  nursery  of  good  government,  and 
they  have  always  received  the  fostering  care  of  the  Democratic  Party,  which 
favors  every  means  of  increasing  intelligence.  Freedom  of  education,  being 
an  essential  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  as  well  as  a necessity  for  the  develop- 
ment of  intelligence,  must  not  be  interfered  with  under  any  pretext  whatever 
We  are  opposed  to  State  interference  with  parental  rights  and  rights  of  con 
science  in  the  education  of  children,  as  an  infringement  of  the  fundamental 
Democratic  doctrine  that  the  largest  individual  liberty  consistent  with  the 
rights  of  others  insures  the  highest  type  of  American  citizenship  and  the  best 
government. 

XVIII. — We  approve  the  action  of  the  present  House  of  Representatives 
in  passing  bills  for  the  admission  into  the  Union  as  States,  of  the  Territories 


44 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 


of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  we  favor  tire  early  admission  of  all  the 
Territories  having  necessary  population  and  resources  to  admit  them  to  State- 
hood; and  while  they  remain  Territories  we  hold  that  the  officials  appointed 
to  administer  the  Government  of  any  Territory,  together  with  the  Districts 
of  Columbia  and  Alaska,  should  be  bona-fide  residents  of  the  Territory  or 
District  in  which  their  duties  are  to  be  performed.  The  Democratic  party 
believes  in  home  rule,  and  the  control  of  their  own  affairs  by  the  people  of 
the  vicinage. 

XIX.  — We  favor  legislation  by  Congress  and  State  Legislatures  to  pro- 
tect the  lives  and  limbs  of  railway  employes,  and  those  of  other  hazardous 
transportation  companies,  and  denounce  the  inactivity  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  particularly  the  Republican  Senate,  for  causing  the  defeat  of 
measures  beneficial  and  protective  to  this  class  of  wage-workers. 

XX. — We  are  in  favor  of  the  enactment  by  the  States  of  laws  for  abol- 
ishing the  notorious  sweating  system ; for  abolishing  contract  convict  labor, 
and  for  prohibiting  the  employment  in  factories  of  children  under  fifteen 
years  of  age. 

XXI.  — We  are  opposed  to  all  sumptuary  laws  as  an  interference  with  the 
individual  rights  of  the  citizen. 

XXII.  — tjpon  this  statement  of  principles  and  policies  the  Democratic 
party  asks  the  intelligent  judgment  of  the  American  people.  It  asks  a change 
of  administration  and  a change  of  party,  in  order  that  there  maybe  a change 
of  system  and  a change  of  methods,  thus  assuring  the  maintenance,  unim- 
paired, of  institutions  under  which  the  Republic  has  grown  great  and  pow- 
erful. 


PART  II. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY. 


The  history  of  the  Democratic  party,  in  the  broader  sense,  dates  from 
the  foundation  of  the  United  States.  Before  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
there  had  sprung  up  an  organization,  more  or  less  compact,  opposed  to  any 
plan  of  Union  which  involved  the  creation  of  a central  power  to  usurp  or 
absorb  the  rights  and  privileges  originally  possessed  by  the  several  States 
separately.  It  was  known  as  the  Democratic-Republican  party,  though  the 
title  sometimes  appears  in  historical  writings  as  the  Democratic  and  some- 
times as  the  Republican  party  simply. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  conservative  element  in 
American  politics  generally  at  that  day,  stood  forth  as  the  chief  opponent  of 
centralization,  which  found  its  leading  exponent  in  Alexander  Hamilton,  and 
its  support  in  the  Federal  party,  which  Hamilton  originated.  As  long  as 
Hamilton  lived,  and  for  a few  years  after  his  death,  the  Democratic  party 
gathered  into  its  ranks  all  the  people  who  for  any  cause  refused  to  accept  his 
theory  of  the  rights  and  powers  of  the  Federal  government.  It  elected  Jef- 
ferson, Madison  and  Monroe  successively  to  the  Presidency,  each  for  two 
terms,  by  popular  choice. 

In  the  meantime  the  Federal  party  had  died,  and  the  remnants  of  it  united 
with  all  the  other  elements  opposed  to  Democracy  in  a coalition  with  John 
Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  for  its  perpetual  candidate.  At  the  next 
election— that  of  1824 — Andrew  Jackson,  though  having  a plurality  of  fif- 
teen electoral  votes,  was  opposed  by  factional  leaders  within  his  own  party 
and  kept  out  of  a clear  majority,  and  the  election  was  thrown  into  the 
House  of  Representatives,  which  chose  Adams  President. 

In  the  next  two  campaigns  Jackson  was  victorious,  each  time  by  a largely 
increased  vote;  but,  during  the  interval,  the  defection  of  Henry' Clay,  and 
his  adoption  of  a policy  of  protection  to  home  industries  and  extensive  public 
improvements  at  the  expense  of  the  Federal  government,  resulted  in  the  or- 
ganization of  a powerful  party,  composed  of  all  the  discontented  politicians 
in  the  country,  who  styled  themselves  Whigs  in  imitation  of  the  English 
party  which  seemed  nearest  to  theirs  in  character. 

Jackson  was  the  first  Democrat  to  drop  the  word  Republican.  This  was 
in  1828,  and  hence  a good  many  historians  mistakenly  date  the  rise  of  the 
Democratic  party  from  that  year.  Even  to  the  present  day,  however,  some 
of  the  older  political  clubs  and  orders  cling  to  the  double  title,  Democratic- 
Republican,  in  their  literature,  banners,  etc.,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  bulk 
of  the  Democratic  party  have  followed  the  lead  of  Jackson  and  discarded 
that  title. 

The  now  universal  custom  of  holding  popular  conventions  for  the  nomina- 
tion of  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President,  instead  of  leaving  those 
nominations  to  Congress  and  the  State  Legislatures,  had  its  origin  with  a 
short-lived  organization  known  as  the  Anti-Masonic  party,  in  1830."  The  idea 
impressed  Jackson’s  friends  favorably,  as  there  was  a cabal  in  Congress 
pledged  to  continue  Jackson’s  bitterest  foe,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Caro- 
lina, as  Vice-President.  So  the  first  regular  political  party  convention,  as 
we  know  it,  was  called  together  by  the  Jackson  Democrats  in  1832,  and 
nominated  Martin  Van  Buren  for  second  place  on  the  ticket  of  that  year. 
Van  Buren  was  thus  enabled,  with  Jackson’s  aid,  to  pave  the  way  for  his 
own  election  to  the  Presidency  as  Jackson’s  successor  in  1836. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY. 


Van  Burcu’s  second  run  for  President,  in  1840,  was  disastrous;  his  Whig 
competitor,  General  Harrison,  obtained  234  electoral  votes  to  his  60;  but  the 
Democrats  recovered  their  ground  in  1844  under  the  leadership  of  James  K. 
Polk,  who  was  nominated  by  a combination  against  Van  Buren  after  a 
stormy  session  of  three  days  at  Baltimore.  It  may  be  noted  in  passing  that, 
although  the  rule  of  the  party,  requiring  a two-thirds  vote  to  nominate  it, 
had  been  in  force  steadily  since  1832,  this  was  the  first  instance  in  which  it 
materially  affected  the  result;  Van  Buren  entered  the  struggle  with  146 
votes  against  116  of  the  combined  opposition,  but  this  fell  just  far  enough 
short  of  the  fatal  fraction  to  doom  him  to  defeat. 

Polk  was  not  renominated,  and  both  Lewis  Cass,  who  headed  the  regular 
Democratic  ticket  in  1848,  and  Van  Buren,  who  led  a revolt  of  Democratic 
objectors  to  the  extension  of  slavery,  were  beaten  by  the  Whig  candidate, 
Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  fresh  from  his  military  successes  in  Mexico. 

The  Presidential  year  of  1852  was  one  of  great  uncertainty  and  discomfort 
in  political  circles.  The  movement  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  had  become 
too  formidable  to  be  longer  ignored,  and  the  leaders  of  both  the  old  parties, 
which  were  practically  a unit  on  this  question,  were  alarmed  at  the  prospect 
of  a contest  with  the  unknown  political  quantity.  It  might,  for  all  they 
knew,  hold  the  balance  of  power  and  be  influenced  in  its  use  by  even  so  small 
a consideration  as  the  personal  popularity  of  the  respective  candidates.  In 
the  Democratic  convention  it  took  forty-nine  ballots  to  nominate  Franklin 
Pierce  of  New  Hampshire.  The  Whigs  consumed  four  days  in  ineffectual 
efforts  to  find  an  acceptable  candidate,  and  finally  settled  on  Gen.  Winfield 
Scott.  There  was  also  a convention  of  the  Free-Soil  Democracy,  which 
sought  to  nullify  the  effect  of  the  regular  convention  by  choosing  a candidate 
from  the  same  State  as  Pierce — Senator  John  P.  Hale.  Pierce  won  a sweep- 
ing victory,  however,  carrying  twenty-seven  States  to  Scott’s  four,  while 
Hale  had  nothing  at  all  to  show  for  his  fight. 

By  the  time  the  campaign  of  1856  opened,  the  anti-slavery  element  had 
formed  itself  into  a solid  party,  and  selected  for  a candidate  the  popular  hero 
of  the  hour,  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont.  The  Whig  party,  having  by  its  ingrati- 
tude driven  Clay  and  Webster  to  their  graves  with  broken  hearts,  and  having 
exhausted  its  stock  of  military  idols,  had  gone  to  pieces,  and  most  of  its 
strongest  men  in  the  North  had  drifted  into  the  new  Republican  party.  The 
lines  between  the  parties  began  now  to  be  drawn  with  some  strictness  on  sec- 
tional boundaries.  The  Democratic  platform  of  this  year  abandoned  all 
equivocal  and  conciliatory  devices,  and  planted  the  party  fair  and  square  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  Kansas- Nebraska  bill — non-interference  by  Congress  with 
the  domestic  concerns  of  the  States,  including  slavery;  on  this  James  Bu- 
chanan of  Pennsylvania  was  nominated.  The  American,  or  Know-Nothing 
party,  was  headed  by  Millard  Fillmore,  who  had  already  served  for  the  larger 
part  of  a term  in  the  Presidential  chair,  succeeding,  as  Vice-President,  to  the 
seat  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Taylor.  Representing  the  sentiment  opposed 
to  foreign  immigration,  it  was  a target  for  much  ridicule  and  contempt  dur- 
ing the  campaign,  and  passed  out  of  sight  after  election  day.  The  Demo- 
cratic ticket  carried  nineteen  States  and  the  Republican  eleven. 

The  anti-slavery  movement  was  given  more  of  an  impulse  by  this  show- 
ing of  Republican  strength  than  it  had  ever  received  from  any  other  source, 
and  the  ranks  of  the  new  party  swelled  almost  daily  with  recruits.  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  of  Illinois,  tried  to  stem  the  tide  by  assuming  an  attitude  of  op- 
position on  the  one  hand  to  aggressive  Abolitionism,  and  on  the  other  to  the 
secession  agitation  in  the  South.  The  “irrepressible  conflict,”  however,  came 
in  spite  of  him.  The  opening  of  the  campaign  of  1860  found  four  tickets  in  the 
field.  The  Democratic  convention  had  nominated  Douglas  himself ; a group  of 
bolting  Democrats  had  put  forward  John  C.  Breckenridge  of  Kentucky  to 
represent  their  unqualified  pro-slavery  sentiment;  and  a new  party,  called  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY. 


3 


Constitutional  Union,  had  tried  to  heal  the  sectional  breach  by  making  a 
ticket  with  John  Bell  of  Tennessee  for  President,  and  Edward  Everett  of 
Massachusetts  for  Vice-President.  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  “Rail-splitter” 
from  Illinois,  was  pitted  as  the  Republican  candidate  against  ‘ ‘ Little  Giant  ” 
Douglas,  the  two  men  about  equally  sharing  the  popular  affection  in  their 
part  of  the  growing  West.  With  a divided  enemy,  Lincoln,  though  actually 
polling  a minority  of  the  votes  cast  by  the  people — only  1,866,352  out  of 
2,810,501 — carried  the  election  by  winning  17  electoral  votes  against  16  for 
all  the  other  candidates  combined,  and  the  Democratic  party  went  into 
retirement  for  nearly  a quarter  of  a century. 

One  Presidential  election  occurred  during  the  Civil  War.  In  1864  Lin- 
coln was  renominated,  and  Gen.  George  B.  McClellan,  U.  S.  A.,  was  chosen 
by  the  Democrats,  on  a platform  urging  the  peaceful  reunion  of  the  States, 
to  oppose  him.  The  eleven  States  in  secession,  which  would  ordinarily  have 
given  Democratic  majorities,  of  course  did  not  vote.  The  Republicans; 
moreover,  had  control  of  the  election  machinery  for  the  soldiers  in  the  field, 
who  were  in  many  instances  strongly  attached  to  McClellan.  The  Republi- 
can ticket  won  by  a popular  majority  of  only  about  400,000,  in  a total  vote 
of  1,000,000,  but  this  majority  was  so  distributed  that  it  carried  with  it  212 
electoral  votes  against  only  21  cast  for  the  Democratic  ticket. 

The  next  Presidential  election  found  only  three  States  still  disfranchised 
for  rebellion;  and  Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  carried  twenty-six  of  the  remainder 
for  the  Republicans,  against  eight  which  gave  majorities  for  Horatio  Sey- 
mour of  New  York,  the  Democratic  candidate.  Grant  made  himself  so 
unpopular  with  a large  part  of  his  party  during  the  first  four  years  of  his 
rule,  that  in  1872  a new  organization  was  -formed  from  the  malcontent  ele- 
ment, called  the  Liberal  Republican  party,  which  united  with  the  Demo- 
crats against  his  renomination,  and  the  coalition  named  Horace  Greeley  of 
New  York  for  its  standard-bearer.  The  straight-out  Democrats,  however, 
who  could  not  brook  the  thought  of  voting  for  this  life-long  Republican  and 
Abolitionist,  came  together  and  nominated  Charles  O’Conor  of  New  York. 
The  temperance  advocates  also  put  a ticket  in  the  field,  headed  by  James 
Black  of  Pennsylvania,  which  drew  only  5,608  votes  from  all  parts  of  the 
Union.  Grant  swept  the  country,  and  Greeley  died  a victim  of  disappointed 
ambition  before  the  electors  met. 

In  1876,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  process  of  reconstruction  had  left 
South  Carolina,  Florida  and  Louisiana  in  the  hands  of  the  “ Carpet-bag  ” 
Republicans,  backed  up  by  United  States  troops,  Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  New 
York,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  President,  succeeded  in  winning  a popu- 
lar majority  of  about  160,000  over  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  Republican,  Peter 
Cooper,  Greenbacker,  and  Green  Clay  Smith,  Prohibitionist,  combined.  He 
also  carried  the  three  Southern  States  referred  to;  but  a dispute  having  arisen 
over  the  counting  of  their  votes,  Congress  passed  a law  constituting  a com- 
mission to  hear  the  legal  arguments  and  pass  upon  the  questions  in  contro- 
versy. This  Commission  decided  that  the  votes  of  Florida’s  electors  should 
be  counted  for  Hayes;  and  the  latter  being  thus  given  one  more  vote  than 
Tilden,  was  awarded  the  Presidency.  The  Democratic  party  did  not  then 
regard  the  decision  as  fair,  and  has  never  changed  its  opinion;  but,  rather 
than  plunge  the  country  afresh  into  civil  war,  it  patriotically  accepted  the 
result  and  trusted  to  time  to  set  it  right, 

James  A.  Garfield  of  Ohio  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  President 
in  1880,  against  Gen.  Winfield  S.  Hancock,  U.  S.  A.,  and  won  by  a small 
popular  plurality  and  59  electoral  votes.  The  Greenbackers  with  James  B. 
Weaver  of  Ohio,  the  Prohibitionists  with  Neal  Dow  of  Maine,  and  a new 
American  party  with  John  W.  Phelps  of  Vermont,  drew  away  some  320,000 
votes  between  them. 

In  1884  the  Democrats  came  back  into  power  under  the  lead  of  Grover 


4 


HISTORY  OP  THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY. 


Cleveland  of  New  York,  who  defeated  James  G.  Blaine  of  Maine,  both  on 
the  popular  vote  and  in  the  Electoral  College.  John  P.  St.  John  of  Kansas, 
the  Prohibitionists’  candidate,  and  Benjamin  F.  Butler  of  Massachusetts, 
who  stood  for  the  Greenback-Labor  party,  about  neutralized  each  other,  the 
former  drawing  most  of  his  151,809  votes  from  the  Republican  side,  and  the 
latter  his  133,825  from  the  Democratic. 

President  Cleveland  signalized  his  administration  by  issuing  a message  to 
Congress  in  1887,  in  which  he  placed  the  question  of  tariff  reform  at  the  top 
of  the  list  of  living  issues,  and  on  this  record  his  party  renominated  him  in 
1888  on  the  strongest  kind  of  a tariff  reform  platform.  The  Republicans 
took  fright  at  once,  and  made  a desperate  tight  in  the  manufacturing  States, 
where  the  doctrine  of  protection  to  American  industries  had  a strong  hold. 
They  elected  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Indiana,  President,  although  by  a mi- 
nority of  the  popular  vote.  In  this  election  Alson  J.  Streeter  of  Illinois, 
candidate  of  the  Union-Labor  party,  received  147,521  votes,  and  Clinton  B. 
Fisk  of  New  Jersey,  Prohibitionist,  247,937. 

The  same  upheaval  which  resulted  in  Harrison’s  election  brought  into 
the  lower  house  of  Congress  a feeble  Republican  majority.  Several  Demo- 
cratic members  were  unseated.  Republicans  taking  their  places.  Thomas  B. 
Reed  of  Maine  was  elected  Speaker,  and  proceeded  to  expedite  public  busi- 
ness by  applying  “gag-law”  to  the  Democrats  whenever  they  attempted  to 
filibuster  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  the  attention  of  the  country  to  what 
they  regarded  as  particularly  extravagant  or  otherwise  obnoxious  piece  of 
threatened  legislation.  By  this  means,  it  is  contended,  the  McKinley  tariff 
act  was  passed,  and  appropriations  made  which  ran  the  expenditures  of  the 
Congress  up  to  a grand  total  of  a billion  of  dollars. 

At  the  next  general  election  in  1890,  a “tidal  wave”  swept  through  the 
country,  resulting  in  the  choice  of  the  present  House  of  Representatives, 
with  an  anti-Republican  majority  of  nearly  150  members.  This  House 
elected  Charles  F.  Crisp  of  Georgia,  Speaker,  and  has  done  away,  as  far  as 
possible,  with  all  traces  of  the  regime  adopted  under  Speaker  Reed. 


THE  FARMERS’  ALLIANCE. 


The  Farmers’  Alliance  and  Industrial  Union  is  one  of  many  unions  of 
farmers  which  have  come  into  being  within  the  last  twenty  years.  The 
National  Grange  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry  for  a time  made  itself  felt  in  poli- 
tics. This  now  has  twenty-six  thousand  subordinate  granges  in  the  States 
and  Territories.  The  Farmers’  Mutual  Benefit  Association  claims  half  a 
million  members.  The  society  known  as  Patrons  of  Industry  is  strong  in 
the  Northwest.  The  National  Colored  Farmers’  Alliance  and  Cooperative 
Union  has  its  strength  in  the  Southern  States.  The  National  Farmers’  Alli- 
ance has  branches  in  some  fifteen  States. 

These  organizations,  existing  as  they  do  side  by  side,  have  many  mem- 
bers in  common.  The  Grange  especially  has  become  almost  wholly  a social 
and  beneficiary  organization  and  the  majority  of  its  members  also  belong  to 
the  Farmers’  Alliance  and  Industrial  Union,  which  is  the  strongest,  and,  polit- 
ically, the  most  powerful  of  the  societies.  How  powerful  it  is  may  be  im- 
agined from  the  fact  that  it  counts  over  a million  and  a half  members. 

In  the  year  1876  the  farmers  of  Lampasas  County,  Texas,  combined  in  an 
alliance  against  land  and  cattle  thieves.  The  association  gathered  strength 
and  found  agitation  for  a “no  fence”  law  and  other  issues  which  appealed 
to  all  the  farmers  of  the  State,  strength  which  was  shown  in  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  alliance.  In  1886  the  Farmers’  State  Alliance  was  formed.  In  its 
platform  it  shadowed  forth  the  strong  stand  it  was  to  take  in  politics  by  de- 
claring that  one  of  its  objects  was  “ education  of  the  agricultural  classes  in 
the  science  of  economical  government  in  a strictly  non-partisan  spirit.” 

But  other  States  had  followed  the  lead  of  the  Texas  farmers.  The  Wheel 
had  been  organized  in  a schoolhouse  in  western  Arkansas  in  1882,  and  the 
farmers  of  Louisiana  had  united  in  the  Farmers’  Union.  Delegates  from  the 
Texas  Alliance  and  the  Louisiana  Union  met  in  1887  at  Waco,  Texas,  and 
formed  the  National  Farmers’  Alliance  and  Cooperative  Union  of  America. 
In  the  following  year  a convention  was  held  at  Meridian,  Miss. , of  delegates 
from  this  and  from  the  National  Agricultural  Wheel.  The  two  bodies  united 
under  the  name  of  the  Farmers’  and  Laborers’  Union  of  America.  In  De- 
cember, 1889,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  National  Farmers’  Alliance  and 
Industrial  Union,  and  this  name  has  not  been  changed.  It  was  at  this  con- 
vention, held  in  St.  Louis,  that  the  first  of  those  “ demands  ” were  formulated 
which  have  since  then  become  such  a feature  of  the  organization. 

The  Farmers’  Alliance  has  three  departments  of  government,  the  legisla- 
tive, the  executive,  and  the  judicial.  The  first  is  known  as  the  Supreme 
Council  of  the  order,  and  is  supreme  in  authority.  The  second  is  composed 
of  the  duly  elected  officers,  and  the  third  consists  of  three  judges  whose  duty 
it  is  to  decide  all  grievances  and  appeals  affecting  the  Council,  and  to  try  ap- 
peals from  State  bodies.  The  qualifications  for  membership  are  that  the  ap- 
plicant shall  be  white  and  over  sixteen  years  of  age,  shall  be  a believer  in  a 
Supreme  Being,  shall  have  resided  in  the  State  six  months,  and  shall  follow 
one  of  the  following  occupations:  a farmer,  a farm  laborer,  a mechanic,  a 
country  preacher,  a country  school-teacher,  a country  doctor  or  the  editor  of 
an  agricultural  newspaper.  The  right  to  change  the  color  requirement  is 
given  to  States  or  Territories,  but  none  but  whites  can  be  elected  as  delegates 
to  the  Supi'eme  Council  as  the  National  Convention  is  called. 

The  “demands”  as  they  are  called,  formulated  by  the  Supreme  Council, 
have  been  the  subject  of  much  comment.  The  meeting  at  Ocala,  Florida,  in 

1b  5 


G 


THE  FARMERS’  ALLIANCE. 


December,  1890,  put  forth  the  following,  which  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
whole  country:  It  demanded  the  abolition  of  National  banks,  the  establish- 
ment of  sub-treasuries  to  loan  money  on  farm  products  and  land  at  2 per 
cent,  or  less,  the  increase  of  the  circulating  medium  to  $50  per  capita,  laws 
against  dealing  in  futures  in  agricultural  products,  free  and  unlimited  coin- 
age of  silver,  laws  against  alien  ownership  of  land,  resumption  by  Congress; 
of  all  land  granted  to  railroads  in  excess  of  that  actually  used  by  those  roads, 
reduction  of  the  tariff,  an  income  tax,  national  control  of  railroads  and  tele- 
graph or  government  ownership  of  them,  and  election  of  United  States  sena- 
tors by  direct  vote  of  the  people.  The  platform  of  demands  is  given  in  full 
at  the  end  of  this  review  of  the  general  subject,  together  with  the  sub-treas- 
ury warehouse  scheme  and  other  details. 

“Demands”  such  as  these  were  sufficiently  radical  in  their  nature  to  call 
forth  the  sharpest  criticism.  Among  those  who  opposed  them  were  a num- 
ber of  members  of  the  Alliance  itself,  led  by  President  Hall  of  the  Missouri 
State  Alliance,  who  couched  his  opposition  in  no  uncertain  terms. 

Of  these  “demands,”  that  referring  to  the  sub-treasuries  and  providing 
for  the  loans,  aroused  the  greatest  interest.  As  set  forth  in  the  bill  introduced 
into  the  Senate  by  Senator  Vance  of  North  Carolina,  and  into  the  House  of 
Representatives  by  Mr.  Pickier  of  South  Dakota,  it  was  sufficiently  startling. 
It  authorized  the  appropriation  of  $50,000,000  to  carry  out  the  scheme. 
Warehouses  were  to  be  built  in  counties  whose  sales  of  products  had  amounted 
to  $500,000  in  any  one  year,  and  sub-treasurers  in  charge  of  them  were  to  be 
elected  by  the  people.  Any  owner  of  cotton,  wheat,  corn,  oats  or  tobacco 
was  to  be  at  liberty  to  deposit  his  crop  in  these  warehouses  and  receive  there- 
for treasury  notes  to  the  extent  of  80  per  cent,  of  their  market  value.  Treas- 
ury notes  issued  for  these  crops  were  to  be  legal  tender,  and  to  be  receivable 
for  customs  duties,  and  all  debts,  public  and  private  Warehouse  receipts, 
transferable  by  indorsement,  wTerc  to  be  issued  stating  the  value  of  the  crop 
deposited,  the  insurance  and  hauling  charges.  The  interest  on  the  money 
advanced  by  the  government  was  to  be  1 per  cent.  The  crops  deposited 
were  to  be  redeemed  by  the  surrender  of  the  warehouse  receipt  and  the  pay- 
ment of  the  advance  together  with  the  interest  and  charges.  All  money 
paid  to  redeem  the  crops  was  to  be  destroyed.  The  warehouse  receipts  could 
be  delivered  and  the  crops  redeemed  at  any  sub-treasury. 

The  objections  raised  to  this  scheme  by  those  who  opposed  it,  are,  first, 
that  it  would  force  the  government  to  become  the  greatest  dealer  in  farm 
products  the  world  ever  saw  since  Pharoah  ou  the  advice  of  Joseph  cornered 
the  corn  of  Egypt;  second,  dealing  in  farm  products  is  not  a legitimate  func- 
tion of  government;  third,  if  the  government  advanced  money  on  farm  prod- 
ucts, there  is  no  logical  reason  why  it  should  not  advance  money  ou  all  kinds 
of  manufactures;  fourth,  if  the  price  fell  below  the  80  per  cent,  advanced, 
the  government  would  lose  money;  fifth,  no  clause  was  introduced  to  per- 
mit the  government  to  foreclose  if  the  depositor  did  not  keep  his  margin 
good;  sixth,  the  government  would  be  forced  to  deal  in  agricultural  products 
without  the  power  to  refuse;  seventh,  the  scheme  is  the  purest  or  impurest 
form  of  class  legislation;  eighth,  the  bill  is  unconstitutional  in  that  it  forces 
the  people  to  advance  money  for  the  special  benefit  of  a section  of  the  popu- 
lation; ninth,  the  notes  printed  and  secured  on  these  farm  products  being 
legal  tender,  in  case  of  the  destruction  of  the  security,  would  have  to  be  paid 
in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  people;  tenth,  the  government  is  not  and  cannot 
be  a pawnbroker. 

The  Farmers’  Alliance  has  made  itself  felt  in  politics.  In  the  Congress 
of  1892-93  it  has  the  following  representatives: 

Senators,  William  Alfred  Peffer,  Kansas,  and  James  II.  Kyle,  South  Da- 
kota. Representatives,  Charles  L.  Moses,  L.  F.  Livingston,  R.  W.  Everett, 
Georgia;  B.  H.  Clover,  John  G.  Otis,  John  M.  Davis,  William  Baker,  Jerry 


THE  FARMERS’  ALLIANCE. 


7 


Simpson,  Kansas;  Kittel  Halvorsen,  Minnesota;  John  C.  Kyle,  Joseph  H. 
Beeman,  3Iississippi ; W.  A.  McKeaghan,  O.  M.  Kem,  Nebraska,  and  George 
W.  Shell,  South  Carolina. 

THE  PLATFORM  OF  DEMANDS. 

A platform  was  adopted  at  St.  Louis,  hut  this  was  superseded  by  the 
Ocala  platform  of  the  following  year,  which  ran  thus: 

First.  We  demand  the  abolition  of  National  banks;  we  demand  that  the 
government  shall  establish  sub-treasuries  or  depositories  in  the  several  States, 
which  shall  loan  money  direct  to  the  people  at  a low  rate  of  interest,  not  to 
exceed  2 per  cent,  per  annum,  on  non-perishable  farm  products  and  also  up- 
on real  estate,  with  proper  limitations  upon  the  quantity  of  land  and  amount 
of  money.  We  demand  that  the  amount  of  the  circulating  medium  be  speed- 
ily increased  to  not  less  than  $50  per  capita. 

Second.  We  demand  that  Congress  shall  pass  such  laws  as  shall  effectually 
prevent  the  dealing  in  futures  on  all  agricultural  and  mechanical  productions, 
preserving  a stringent  system  of  procedure  in  trials  such  as  shall  secure  the 
prompt  conviction,  and  imposition  of  such  penalties  as  shall  secure  the  most 
perfect  compliance  with  the  law. 

Third.  We  condemn  the  Silver  hill  recently  passed  by  Congress,  and  de- 
mand, in  lieu  thereof,  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver. 

Fourth.  We  demand  the  passage  of  the  laws  prohibiting  alien  ownership 
of  land,  and  that  Congress  take  prompt  action  to  devise  some  plan  to  obtain 
all  lands  now  owned  by  aliens  and  foreign  syndicates,  and  that  all  lands  now 
held  by  railroads  and  other  corporations  in  excess  of  such  as  is  actually  used 
and  needed  by  them,  be  reclaimed  by  the  government  and  held  for  actual 
settlers  only. 

Fifth.  Believing  in  the  doctrine  of  “equal  rights  to  all  and  special  privi- 
leges to  none,”  we  demand  that  our  national  legislation  shall  be  so  framed  in 
the  future  as  not  to  build  up  one  industry  at  the  expense  of  another;  and  we 
further  demand  a removal  of  the  existing  heavy  tariff  tax  from  the  neces- 
sities of  life  that  the  poor  of  our  land  must  have;  we  further  demand  a just 
and  equitable  system  of  graduated  tax  on  incomes;  we  believe  that  the  money 
of  the  country  should  be  kept  as  much  as  possible  in  the  hands  of  the 
people,  and  hence  we  demand  that  all  national  and  State  revenues  shall  be 
limited  to  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  government  economically  and  hon- 
estly administered. 

Sixth.  We  demand  the  most  rigid,  honest  and  just  State  and  National 
governmental  control  and  supervision  of  the  means  of  public  communication 
and  transportation,  and  if  this  control  and  supervision  does  not  remove  the 
abuse  now  existing,  we  demand  the  government  ownership  of  such  means  of 
communication  and  transportation. 

Seventh.  We  demand  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  submit  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  providing  for  the  election  of  United  States 
Senators  by  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  each  State. 

The  following  additional  plank  in  the  platform  was  proposed,  at  the  Oca- 
la meeting,  by  Mr.  Davie,  of  Kentucky,  and  was  the  subject  of  a spirited 
debate : 

Whereas,  There  is  now  a bill  known  as  the  Sub-Treasury  bill  in  the  hands 
of  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  which 
should  have  been  reported  and  acted  upon  at  the  last  session,  and  which,  if 
enacted  into  law,  would  bring  the  financial  relief  so  much  needed  by  all  classes 
and  industries; 

Therefore,  Be  it  resolved  that  this  National  Convention  of  the  Farmers’ 
Alliance  and  Industrial  Union,  do  most  respectfully  and  earnestly  ask  that 
said  bill  be  enacted  into  law  as  soon  as  possible,  or  some  other  measure  that 
will  carry  out  these  principles  and  meet  the  necessities  of  the  toiling  masses.* 

* For  most  recent  developments  concerning  the  Farmers’  Alliance,  up  to  the  mo- 
ment of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda,  preceding  Index. 


THE  SUB-TREASURY  WAREHOUSE  SCHEME. 


The  following  is  the  full  text  of  the  “Sub-Treasury  bill.”  It  was  intro- 
duced in  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Vance,  of  North  Carolina,  and  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  by  Mr.  Pickier,  of  South  Dakota: — 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  there  may  be  es- 
tablished in  each  of  the  counties  of  each  of  the  States  of  this  United  States  a 
branch  of  the  Treasury  Department  of  the  United  States,  to  be  known  and 
designated  as  a sub-treasury,  as  hereinafter  provided,  when  one  hundred  or 
more  citizens  of  any  county  in  any  State  shall  petition  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  requesting  the  location  of  a sub-treasury  in  such  county,  and  shall, 

1.  Present  written  evidence,  duly  authenticated  by  oatli  or  affirmation  of 
county  clerk  and  sheriff,  showing  that  the  average  gross  amount  per  annum 
of  cotton,  wheat,  oats,  corn  and  tobacco  produced  and  sold  in  that  county 
for  the  last  preceding  two  years  exceeds  the  sum  of  $500,000,  at  current 
prices  in  said  county  at  that  time;  and, 

2.  Present  a good  and  sufficient  bond  for  title  to  a suitable  and  adequate 
amount  of  land  to  be  donated  to  the  government  of  the  United  States  for  the 
location  of  the  sub-treasury  buildings;  and, 

3.  A certificate  of  election  showing  that  the  site  for  the  location  of  such 
sub-treasury  has  been  chosen  by  a popular  vote  of  the  citizens  of  that  county, 
and  also  naming  the  manager  of  the  sub-treasury  elected  at  said  election  for 
the  purpose  of  taking  charge  of  said  sub-treasury  under  such  regulations  as 
may  be  prescribed.  It  shall  in  that  case  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  to  proceed  without  delay  to  establish  a sub-treasury  department  in 
such  county  as  hereinafter  provided. 

DEPOSITS  OP  CHOPS. 

Sec.  2.  That  any  owner  of  cotton,  wheat,  corn,  oats  or  tobacco  may  de- 
posit the  same  in  the  sub-treasury  nearest  the  point  of  its  production,  and 
receive  therefor  Treasury  notes,  hereinafter  provided  for,  equal  at  the  date 
of  deposit  to  80  per  centum  of  the  net  value  of  such  products  at  the  market 
price,  said  price  to  be  determined  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  under 
rules  and  regulations  prescribed,  based  upon  the  price  current  in  the  leading 
cotton,  tobacco  or  grain  markets  of  the  United  States;  but  no  deposit  consist- 
ing in  whole  or  in  part  of  cotton,  tobacco  or  grain  imported  into  this  country 
shall  be  received  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

ISSUE  OF  TREASURY  NOTES. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  cause  to  be  prepared 
Treasury  notes  in  such  amounts  as  may  be  required  for  the  purpose  of  the 
above  section  and  in  such  form  and  denominations  as  he  may  prescribe,  pro- 
vided that  no  note  shall  be  of  a denomination  of  less  than  $1,  or  more  than 
$1,000. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  Treasury  notes  issued  under  this  act  shall  be  receivable 
for  customs,  and  shall  be  a full  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  both  public  and 
private,  and  such  notes  when  held  by  any  national  banking  association  shall 
be  counted  as  part  of  its  lawful  reserve. 

8 


THE  SUB-TREASURY  WAREHOUSE  SCHEME. 


9 


WAREHOUSE  RECEIPTS. 

Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  manager  of  the  sub-treasury  when  cot- 
ton, grain  or  tobacco  is  received  by  him  on  deposit,  as  above  provided,  to 
give  a warehouse  receipt  showing  the  amount  and  grade  or  quality  of  such 
cotton,  tobacco  or  grain,  and  its  value  at  date  of  deposit;  the  amount  of 
Treasury  notes  the  sub-treasury  has  advanced  on  the  product;  that  the  inter- 
est on  the  money  so  advanced  is  at  the  rate  of  1 per  centum  per  annum;  ex- 
pressly stating  the  amount  of  insurance,  weighing,  classing,  warehousing  and 
other  charges  that  will  run  against  such  deposit  of  cotton,  grain  or  tobacco. 
All  such  warehouse  receipts  shall  be  negotiable  by  endorsement. 

REDEMPTION  OP  DEPOSITS. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  cotton,  grain  or  tobacco  deposited  in  the  sub-treasury 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  may  be  redeemed  by  the  holder  of  the  ware- 
house receipt  herein  provided  for,  either  at  the  sub-treasury  in  which  the 
product  is  deposited,  or  at  any  other  sub-treasury,  by  the  surrender  of  such 
warehouse  receipt  and  the  payment  in  lawful  money  of  the  United  States  of 
the  same  amount  originally  advanced  by  the  sub-treasury  against  the  product, 
and  such  further  amount  as  may  be  necessary  to  discharge  all  interest  that 
may  have  accrued  against  the  advance  of  money  made  on  the  deposit  of  prod- 
uce, and  all  insurance,  warehouse  and  other  charges  that  attach  to  the  prod- 
uct for  warehousing  and  handling.  All  lawful  money  received  at  the  sub- 
treasury as  a return  of  the  actual  amount  of  money  advanced  by  the  govern- 
ment against  farm  products  as  above  specified,  shall  be  returned,  with  a full 
report  of  the  transaction,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who  shall  make 
record  of  the  transaction,  and  cancel  and  destroy  the  money  so  returned.  A 
sub-treasury  that  receives  a warehouse  receipt  as  above  provided,  together 
with  the  return  of  the  proper  amount  of  lawful  money  and  all  charges  as 
herein  provided,  when  the  product  for  which  it  is  given  is  stored  in  some 
other  sub-treasury,  shall  give  an  order  on  such  other  sub-treasury  for  the  de- 
livery of  the  cotton,  grain  or  tobacco,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  shall  provide  for  the  adjustment  between  sub-treasuries  of 
all  charges. 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICIALS. 

Sec.  7.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe  such  rules  and  reg- 
ulations as  are  necessary  for  governing  the  details  of  the  management  of  the 
sub-treasuries,  fixing  the  salary,  bond  and  responsibility  of  each  of  the  man- 
agers of  sub -treasuries  (provided  that  the  salary  of  any  manager  of  a sub- 
treasury shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $1,500  per  annum),  holding  the  man- 
agers of  sub-treasuries  personally  responsible  on  their  bonds  for  weights  and 
classifications  of  all  produce,  providing  for  the  rejection  of  unmerchantable 
grades  of  cotton,  grain  or  tobacco,  or  for  such  as  may  be  in  bad  condition ; 
and  shall  provide  rules  for  the  sale  at  public  auction  of  all  cotton,  corn,  oats, 
wheat  or  tobacco  that  has  been  placed  on  deposit  for  a longer  period  than 
twelve  months,  after  due  notice  published.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  such 
product  shall  be  applied,  first,  to  the  reimbursement  to  the  sub-treasury  of 
the  amount  originally  advanced,  together  with  all  charges,  and,  second,  the 
balance  shall  be  held  on  deposit  for  the  benefit  of  the  holder  of  the  ware- 
house receipt,  who  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  the  same  on  the  surrender  of 
his  warehouse  receipt.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  also  provide 
rules  for  the  duplication  of  any  papers  in  case  of  loss  or  destruction. 

BUILDING  TO  BE  ERECTED. 

Sec.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  when  Sec- 
tion 1 of  this  act  shall  have  been  complied  willi,  to  cause  to  be  erected,  ac- 


10 


THE  SUB-TREASURY  WAREHOUSE  SCHEME. 


cording  to  the  laws  and  customs  governing  the  construction  of  government 
buildings,  a suitable  sub-treasury  building,  with  such  warehouse  or  elevator 
facilities  as  the  character  and  amount  of  the  products  of  that  section  may  in- 
dicate as  necessary.  Such  buildings  shall  be  supplied  with  all  modern  con- 
veniences for  handling  and  safely  storing  and  preserving  the  products  likely 
to  be  deposited. 

Sec.  9.  That  any  gain  arising  from  the  charges  for  insurance,  weighing, 
storing,  classing,  holding,  shipping,  interest  or  other  charges,  after  paying 
all  expenses  of  conducting  the  sub-treasury,  shall  be  accounted  for  and  paid 
into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  10.  The  term  of  office  of  a manager  of  a sub-treasury  shall  be  two 
years,  and  the  regular  election  to  fill  such  office  shall  be  at,  the  same  time  as 
the  election  for  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States.  In  case  of  a vacancy  in  the  office  of  manager  of  the  sub- 
treasury by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
shall  have  power  to  appoint  a manager  for  the  unexpired  term. 


FIFTY  MILLION  DOLLARS  APPROPRIATED. 

Sec.  11.  The  sum  of  $50,000,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  found 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  is  hereby  appropriated  out 
of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  12.  That  so  much  of  any  or  all  other  acts  as  are  in  conflict  with  the 
provisions  of  this  act  is  hereby  repealed. 

The  annual  salaries  of  the  officers  of  the  national  organization  are  fixed 
by  the  statutory  laws  as  follows:  President,  $3,000,  office  and  traveling  ex- 
penses, and  $900  for  stenographer;  secretary,  $2,000  and  office  expenses; 
treasurer,  $500;  lecturer,  $2,000  and  actual  traveling  expenses;  members  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  $500  each  and  traveling  expenses  when  in  actual 
service,  except  that  the  chairman  shall  have  $2,000.  A per  capita  tax  of  5 
per  cent,  on  members  must  be  paid  into  the  national  treasury  annually  to  de- 
fray expenses. 

The  National  Farmers’  Alliance  and  Industrial  Union  has  its  headquarters 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  is  strongest  in  numbers  of  any  organization  of 
the  kind  in  the  Southern  States.  It  is  also  represented  in  some  of  the  cen- 
tral Western  States.  The  officers  of  the  National  Farmers’  Alliance  are  as 
follows: 

President Col.  L.  L.  Polk,  North  Carolina. 

Vice-President B.  II.  Clover,  Kansas. 

Secretary-Treasurer J.  PI.  Turner,  Georgia. 

Lecturer J.  F.  Willetts,  Kansas. 

Executive  Board:  Chairman,  C.  W.  Macune;  A.  Wardall,  J.  F.  Tillman. 
Judiciary  Department:  Chairman,  R.  C.  Patty;  Isaac  McCracken,  A.  E. 
Cole.  Legislative  Committee:  C.  W.  Macune  and  A.  Wardall. 

The  President,  Secretary  and  Chairman  of  Executive  Board  have  their 
headquarters  at  239  North  Capitol  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 


THE  LABOR  PARTY. 


The  first  strike  in  the  United  States  occurred  in  New  York  city  in  1803, 
when  a number  of  sailors  struck  for  higher  wages.  In  1827  the  Working- 
men’s Party  appeared  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities. 
At  the  State  election  in  New  York,  in  1829,  the  Workingmen’s  Party  elected 
one  candidate  to  the  legislature,  Ebenezer  Ford,  of  New  York.  In  1831  the 
New  England  Association  of  Farmers,  Mechanics,  and  Workingmen  was 
formed,  and  in  1834  a mechanics’  convention  met  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  pro- 
tested against  convict  labor. 

The  first  National  Labor  Congress  met  at  Baltimore,  Aug.  20,  1866.  The 
Knights  of  Labor  were  organized  in  Philadelphia,  in  1869.  From  1870  to  the 
present  time,  the  labor  movement  has  grown  to  a large  extent  in  the  increase 
in  its  trades  union  membership.  It  has,  by  its  strikes,  lockouts,  and  settle- 
ments by  arbitration,  had  considerable  influence  in  the  direction  of  labor  legis- 
lation in  political  campaigns. 

President  Van  Buren  established  the  system  of  the  ten-hour  movement 
in  the  government  navy -yards  in  1840,  and  President  Johnson  signed  the  first 
eight-hour  law  for  the  benefit  of  government  laborers,  in  1866.  Congress 
created  a National  Bureau  of  Labor  in  1884,  which  became  an  independent 
part  of  the  government  in  1888. 

The  Trades  Union  organizations  of  the  United  States  held  a convention 
at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  December,  1886,  when  a national  organization  was 
formed  and  a constitution  adopted.  The  title  taken  by  the  organization  was 
that  of  The  American  Federation  of  Labor,  which,  together  with  the  Order 
of  Knights  of  Labor  of  America,  are  the  two  principal  national  labor  organ- 
izations of  the  United  States.  A new  National  Industrial  Organization  was 
formed  at  a convention  held  at  St.  Louis,  in  February,  1892. 

Commissioner  Wright,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor,  reports 
the  eight-hour  law  as  prevailing  in  the  following  States: — California,  Con- 
necticut, Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Missouri,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin  and  Wyoming.  In  California,  in  the  case  of  drivers, 
conductors,  and  grip-men  of  street  cars,  a day’s  work  consists  of  twelve  hours. 
In  Illinois,  the  eight-hour  law  does  not  apply  to  farm  work,  nor  does  it  prevent 
contracts  for  longer  hours  during  the  day,  week,  or  month.  In  New  Mexico, 
eight  hours  is  a legal  day’s  work  upon  mining  claims.  In  New  York,  the  law 
does  not  include  farm  labor  or  domestic  work,  and  overwork  for  extra  pay  is 
permitted.  In  Pennsylvania  the  law  does  not  apply  to  farm  work,  nor  to  ser- 
vice by  the  month,  year,  etc.  In  Wisconsin  the  law  does  not  apply  to  con- 
tracts for  labor  by  the  week,  month,  or  year. 

Boycotting  by  labor  organizations  is  practically  prohibited  by  law  in  Ala- 
bama, Connecticut,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Missouri,  Montana,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Oregon, 
Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Vermont,  and  Wisconsin.  Blacklisting 
is  practically  prohibited  by  law  in  Colorado,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  New  Hampshire,  New.York,  Oregon,  North 
Dakota,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island.  South  Dakota,  Texas,  and  Wisconsin. 
Both  blacklisting  and  boycotting  are  prohibited  by  law  in  Dakota,  Iowa,  Kan- 
sas, Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  Nevada,  New  York,  Tennessee, 
Utah,  and  Wisconsin. 

In  regard  to  employees  joining  organizations,  it  may  be  said,  that  in  New 
York,  itpon  any  one  applying  for  a situation,  it  is  a misdemeanor  for  any  em- 
ployer to  exact  an  agreement,  either  written  or  verbal,  from  such  party,  that 
he  will  not  join  one  or  the  other  of  such  organizations. 

According  to  the  last  reports,  the  National  Trades  Unions  have  the  follow- 
ing membership.  (The  membership  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  is  about  200, 000. ) 

11 


12 


THE  LABOR  PARTY. 


AMERICAN  FEDERATION. 


TITLE  OF  ORGANIZATIONS.  MEMBER- 
SHIP. 

Axe  and  Edge  Tool-makers'  Na- 
tional Union 1200 

Journeymen  Bakers’  National  ’ 

Union 17,500 

Nat  ional  Union  of  Barbers l 200 

Blacksmiths’ National  Union 1,100 

International  Brotherhood  of  Iron 

Shipbuilders 10,000 

Federation  of  Book-keepers s’ooo 

Box  Sawyers’  and  Nailers’  Union . . 1,500 

Brewery  Workmen’s  National 

Union 9,500 

Druggists’  Ware  Glass  - blowers’ 

League,  East 3,500 

Druggists’  Ware  Glass  - blowers’ 

League,  West 4,500 

Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen  16,000 
Inter.  Bricklayers’  ami  Stonema- 
sons’ Union 35,000 

Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and 

Joiners  of  America 65,000 

Amalgamated  Society  of  Carpen- 
ters and  Joiners 2,800 

Cigar-makers’  International  Union  27,000 
Carriage  and  Wagon-mak’rs’  Union  2,000 
Clerks’  National  Protective  Asso- 
ciation   1,500 

National  Union  of  Coopers  of  the 

United  States 2,500 

United  Mine  Workers  of  America.  20,000 

Order  of  Railroad  Conductors 10,000 

Amalgamated  Society  of  Engineers  3,500 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engin- 
eers  30,000 

Brotherhood  of  Stationary  Engin- 
eers  6,000 

Electrical  Workers’  Union 2,000 

Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Fire- 
men   23,317 

Furniture-workers’  Union  of  Amer.  8,000 
United  Garment -workers  of  Amer.  4,000 
Glass  - employes’  Association  of 

America..  '. 750 

Flint  Glass-workers’Union  of  North 

America 7,000 

Green  Glass  Pressers’  Union 3,000 

Glass  Packers’  and  Sorters’  Protec- 
tive Union  1,500 

Table  Knife  Grinders’  National 

Union 1.000 

Granite-cutters’  National  Union. . . 20,000 
Hat-finishers’  International  Asso- 
ciation of  North  America 5,500 

Hat  - makers’  International  Asso- 
ciation of  North  America 3,500 

Silk  Hatters’ Association 1,000 

Wool  Hatters’  Association 2,000 


TITLE  OF  ORGANIZATIONS.  MEMBER- 
SHIP. 

Hair-spinners’  National  Union  of 

America 1,000 

Saddle  and  Harness-makers’  N.  F. 

of  America 2,000 

Horseshoers’  Associat  ion 5,000 

Horse-collar-makers’  Union 3,000 

Iron  - moulders’  Union  of  North 

America 41,000 

S^eet  - iron  and  Cornice  - workers’ 

Inter.  Union 3,000 

Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron 

and  Steel-workers 60,000 

Building  Laborers’  and  Hod-car- 
riers’ National  Union 12,000 

National  Association  of  Machinists  10,000 
Machinists’ International  Union  ..  2,700 

Musicians’ National  League 11,000 

National  Pattern-makers’  League.  11,000 
Brotherhood  of  Painters  and  Dec- 
orators of  America 16,000 

Piano-makers’  Union  6,000 

Operative  Plasterers' Inter.  Union.  14,000 
Journeymen  Plumbers’  and  Gaslit- 

ters’  Union 7,000 

International  Typographical  Union  28,000 
German-American  Typographia. . . 3,400 

Quarrymen’s  National  Union  of 

America 2,500 

Atlantic  Coast  International  Union  3,600 

Lasters’  Protective  Union  12,000 

Boot  and  Shoemakers’  Interna- 
tional Union 10,000 

Nat.  Federation  of  Silk-workers. . . 1,500 

Mulespinners’  Union 9,000 

Stereotypers’  Union,  New  York  and 

Vicinity 700 

Stone-cutters 1,400 

Switchmen’s  Mutual  Aid  Associa- 
tion   7,000 

Tack-makers’  Union 400 

Journeymen  Tailors’  Union  of 

America 17,000 

United  Brotherhood  of  Tanners 

and  Curriers  of  America 900 

Brotherhood  of  Telegraphers 800 

Textile-workers’  Progressive  Union 

of  America 9,000 

Mosaic  and  Encaustic  Tile-makers’ 

National  Union 3,000 

Waiters’  and  Bartenders’  National 

Union 750 

Elastic  Web-weavers 300 

Wood-carvers’  National  Union  ....  800 

Machine  - workers’  International 
Union 2,200 


Total 675,117 


LABOR  VOTE  CAST  AT  RECENT  ELECTIONS. 


State. 

Year. 

Office. 

Labor 

Vote. 

Total 

vote. 

. . 1890 . . 

Governor 

*85,181 

209 

106,267 

135,298 

360.673 
113,824 

321.673 
397,779 

..1890.. 

..1889.. 

5,579 

1,298 

1,429 

13,198 

25,114 

+14,651 

1,048 

5,447 

..1890.. 

. .1891. . 

..1890.. 

..1890.. 

Justice  Supreme  Court  . . . 

464,336 

1,162,853 

775,721 

..1891.. 

..1889.. 

Wisconsin 

..1890.. 

Governor 

309,149 

’‘’Including  Republican  vote  for  Labor  ticket. 
tSocialist  vote. 


THE  PROHIBITION  MOVEMENT. 


For  over  half  a century  the  prohibition  movement  has  been  agitated  in 
this  country,  and  for  over  forty  years  it  has  been  a political  issue  in  some  of 
the  States. ' Its  agitation  is  as  old  as  that  of  the  slavery  question.  In  Massa- 
chusetts from  1835  to  1838,  the  local  option  law  had  become  prohibition  in 
nearly  all  the  counties;  that  is,  the  law  prohibited  the  sale  of  less  than 
fifteen  gallons  of  liquors  at  one  time,  but  this  act  was  repealed  the  next  year. 
In  1852  a prohibitory  law  was  passed  and  remained  in  force  with  many 
amendments  until  1875,  except  that  a license  law  took  its  place  for  a year  in 
1868.  In  1875  a license  law  was  passed  and  has  since  remained  in  force,  not- 
withstanding the  annual  efforts  to  renew  prohibition.  The  Maine  law — an 
“act  to  prohibit  drinking  houses  and  tippling  shops,”  was  passed  in  1851 
and  has  since  been  the  law  of  the  State,  except  for  the  two  years,  1856-57, 
when  a stringent  license  law  took  its  place.  Vermont  passed  the  Maine  law 
in  1852,  and  has  since  enforced  it.  New  Hampshire  passed  it  in  1855,  and 
although  retaining  it  since,  has  not  entirely  enforced  it.  Rhode  Island 
passed  it  in  1852,  and  substituted  license  and  local  option  in  1863-65,  passed 
the  Maine  law  again  in  1874  and  returned  to  license  the  next  year.  Connect- 
icut passed  the  Maine  law  in  1854,  never  enforced  it,  and  repealed  it  in 
1872.  New  York  passed  the  Maine  law  in  1855  and  repealed  it  in  1857. 
The  Ohio  constitution  forbids  the  passage  of  any  license  law  by  the  Legisla- 
ture— that  is,  the  sale  of  liquor  must  he  free  or  prohibited.  The  “Scott 
Law  ” for  taking  sales  of  liquor  was  passed  and  pronounced  constitutional  in 
1882-83.  In  Michigan  the  Maine  law  was  passed  in  1855  and  repealed  in 
1875;  in  1876  the  no-license  clause  of  the  constitution  was  repealed.  Iowa 
passed  the  Maine  law  in  1855.  In  1882  a prohibitory  amendment  to  the 
State  constitution,  having  been  passed  by  two  Legislatures,  was  ratified  by 
the  people  by  a large  majority.  Kansas  adopted  a prohibitory  amendment 
in  1880,  and  in  1881  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  to  enforce  it.  In  1882  Gov- 
ernor St.  John,  the  leader  of  the  Prohibitionists,  was  renominated  by  the 
Republicans.  About  16,000  of  his  party  voted  against  him,  and  he  was  the 
only  Republican  candidate  defeated.  In  North  Carolina  in  1881,  a prohibitory 
law  proposed  for  popular  ratification  by  the  Legislature,  was  defeated  by  a 
vote  of  166,325  to  48,370.  In  Nebraska  at  the  election  in  1891  for  a Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  Post,  the  Republican  candidate,  polled  76,447  votes, 
Edgerton,  the  Independent  candidate,  72,311  votes,  and  Bittenbender,  the 
Prohibition  candidate,  7,322  votes.  At  the  election  for  Governor  in  1890, 
Paine,  the  Prohibition  candidate,  polled  3,676  votes.  Nebraska  is  still  a 
high  license  State,  although  strenuous  efforts  have  been  made  to  have  a pro- 
hibition act  passed  by  its  Legislature.  In  the  election  contest,  1891,  for  Chief 
Justice,  Colorado,  Croxton,  the  Prohibition  candidate,  received  6,384  votes, 
the  Democratic  vote  being  over  30,000  and  the  Republican  vote  more  than 
40,900.  Augur,  the  Prohibition  candidate  for  Governor  of  Connecticut, 
1890,  polled  3,413  votes,  the  total  vote  cast  being  135,298.  Link,  Prohibition 
candidate  for  Treasurer,  Illinois,  1890,  received  22,306  votes,  the  total  vote 
cast  being  676,133.  In  Indiana,  Blount,  the  Prohibition  candidate  for  Sec- 
retary of  State,  1890,  received  12,106  votes,  out  of  a total  vote  of  477,643. 
During  the  contest  for  governor,  1891,  Iowa,  Gibson,  Prohibition  candidate, 
received  919  votes  out  of  a total  of  420,152.  Harris,  nominee  of  the  party  in 
Kentucky,  for  governor,  1891,  polled  3,293,  the  total  for  the  State  being 
289,176.  In  Maine,  Clark,  running  for  the  governorship,  was  credited  with 
2,981  votes,  the  total  cast  being  113,824.  The  states  recording  a Prohibition 
vote  of  more  than  10,000  at  the  last  State  election,  in  addition  to  Illinois 
and  Indiana,  are  New  York  (30,353);  Ohio  (20,190);  Pennsylvania  (18,429); 
Tennessee  (11,082)  and  Wisconsin  (11,246). 

13 


WOMAN!  SUFFRAGE. 


Tiie  question  of  Woman  Suffrage,  like  that  of  Prohibition,  has  been 
agitated  for  many  years  by  that  school  of  women  of  which  Susan  B. 
Anthony  is  the  leading  champion.  This  lady  has  often  presided  at  Woman 
Suffrage  conventions  held  in  various  portions  of  the  United  States,  and  she 
has,  with  woman’s  wit  and  woman’s  logic,  impressed  more  than  one  Con- 
gressman of  the  righteousness  of  the  cause  for  which  she  lias  so  long  and 
ably  labored.  She  has,  like  other  distinguished  exponents  of  special  issues 
that  have  arisen  since  the  foundation  of  the  Republic,  met  with  both  suc- 
cesses and  reverses,  and  now,  venerable  in  age,  she  is  still  pressing  onward 
to  the  goal  of  her  ambition  “universal  woman  suffrage,”  with  unimpaired 
vigor,  and  ever  sanguine  of  her  ultimate  triumph. 

Agitation  against  slavery  in  the  United  States  gave  prominence  to  the 
question  of  “ Natural  rights.”  The  first  Woman’s  Rights  Convention  was  held 
at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1848.  It  based  the  claims  of  woman  on  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  demanded  equal  rights.  The  first  National 
Woman’s  Rights  Convention  was  held  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct.  23,  1850. 

Its  advocates  argued  that  it  is  a natural  right  and  that  ‘ ‘ the  consent  of 
the  governed”  is  not  “the  governed  property  holders  nor  the  governed 
voting  men,  nor  the  governed  married  men,  but  all  the  governed  men  and 
women;”  that  taxation  without  representation  is  tyranny;  that  the  voting  of 
males  is  no  longer  conditional  upon  military  service;  that  no  class  is  as  safe  a 
guardian  of  the  interests  of  another  class  as  that  other  class  itself,  and  that 
woman  needs  a vote  to  adequately  protect  and  advance  her  interests. 

In  1866  the  American  Equal  Rights  Association  presented  the  first  peti- 
tion ever  laid  before  Congress  for  Woman  Suffrage.  In  1868  the  New  Eng- 
land Woman  Suffrage  Association  was  formed  and  the  first  systematic  effort 
begun  for  memorializing  Legislatures  and  Congress,  obtaining  hearings 
before  these  bodies,  holding  conventions,  publishing  and  distributing  tracts 
and  documents,  and  securing  lecturers.  In  Massachusetts,  in  1870,  Lucy 
Stone  and  Mary  A.  Livermore  were  admitted  as  regular  accredited  delegates 
to  the  Republican  convention.  The  Massachusetts  Republican  State  Con- 
vention of  1871  endorsed  Woman  Suffrage,  and  the  National  Republican 
Convention  of  1872  and  1876  resolved  that  the  subject  “should  be  treated 
with  respectful  consideration.” 

Since  1870,  women  have  voted  in  this  country.  In  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  February  7,  1889,  a select  committee  reported  in  favor  of 
amending  the  Federal  Constitution  so  as  to  forbid  States  to  make  sex  a cause 
of  disfranchisement.  Congress  adjourned,  March  4,  without  reaching  the 
subject. 

Twenty-nine  States  and  Territories  have  given  women  some  form  of 
suffrage.  In  Arkansas,  women  vote  (by  signing  or  refusing  to  sign  petitions) 
on  granting  liquor  licenses.  In  Delaware,  a law  for  school  suffrage  for 
women  was  enacted  in  1889;  and  in  some  places  municipal  suffrage  is  exer- 
cised. In  Kansas,  women  have  suffrage  with  men  in  all  municipal  elections. 
In  Missouri,  women  vote  (by  signing  or  refusing  to  sign  petitions)  on  liquor 
licenses.  In  Montana,  the  new  State  Constitution  guarantees  women  the 
power  to  vote  on  local  taxation.  In  New  York,  women  vote  at  school 
elections,  at  water-works  elections,  and  on  questions  of  paving,  grading, 

14 


WOMAN  SUFFRAGE. 


15 


drainage,  street  lighting  and  other  local  improvements;  47  women  voted  at 
the  State  election  in  1887,  and  were  not  punished.  In  Pennsylvania,  a law 
was  passed  in  1889,  under  which  women  vote  on  local  improvements  (paving, 
etc.)  by  signing  or  refusing  to  sign  petitions  therefor.  In  Utah,  women 
voted  in  the  Territory  until  excluded  by  the  Edmunds  law.  They  have 
organized  in  large  numbers  to  demand  the  repeal  of  this  law.  In  Washing- 
ton, women  voted  in  the  Territory  for  five  years  and  until  excluded  from 
the  suffrage  by  a decision  of  the  Territorial  Supreme  Court.  In  adopting  a 
State  Constitution,  the  question  of  allowing  women  to  vote  was  submitted 
separately  to  the  vote  of  the  men.  It  was  not  carried.  In  some  places 
women  were  excluded  from  voting  for  members  of  the  constitutional  con- 
vention, or  on  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  and  the  suffrage  clause. 
Many  women  claim  that  they  were  illegally  excluded  and  will  appeal  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  In  Wyoming,  Women  have  voted  on 
the  same  terms  with  men  since  1870.  The  convention  in  1889  to  form  a 
State  Constitution  unanimously  inserted  a provision  securing  them  suffrage. 
The  Constitution  was  ratified  by  the  voters  at  a special  election  by  about  a 
three-fourths  majority.  Congress  refused  to  require  the  disfranchisement  of 
the  women,  and  admitted  the  State,  July  10,  1890. 


REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  AND  STATE  COMMITTEES. 


CALL  FOR  THE  REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  CONVENTION. 


On  November  24,  1891,  the  Republican  National  Committee  called  the 
next  National  Convention,  to  meet  at  Minneapolis  on  June  7,  1892.  The  call 
announces  that  each  State  will  be  entitled  to  four  delegates-at-large,  and  for 
each  Representative  in  Congress-at-large,  two  delegates;  and  each  Congres- 
sional District,  each  Territory  and  the  D.  C.,  two  delegates.  The  delegates- 
at-large  are  to  be  chosen  by  State  conventions,  called  on  not  less  than  twenty 
days’  public  notice,  and  not  less  than  thirty  days  before  the  National  Conven- 
tion; the  Congressional  District  delegates  at  conventions  called  by  the  Con- 
gressional Committee  of  each  district  in  the  same  manner  as  the  nomination 
for  a Representative  iu  Congress  is  made  in  the  district;  provided  that  in  any 
Congressional  District  where  there  is  no  Republican  Congressional  Commit- 
tee, owing  to  the  rcdistricting  of  the  State  under  the  next  Congressional  ap- 
portionment, the  Republican  State  Committee  shall  appoint  from  the  resi- 
dents of  the  district  a committee  to  call  a district  convention  to  elect  district 
delegates.  “ The  Territorial  delegates  are  to  be  chosen  as  the  nomination  of  a 
delegate  in  Congress  is  made,  and  the  delegates  of  the  D.  C.  at  a convention 
constituted  of  members  elected  in  primary  district  assemblies  held  under  the 
call  and  direction  of  the  Republican  Central  Committee  of  the  D.  C.,  which 
committee  is  to  be  chosen,  one  from  each  Assembly  District,  on  the  first  Tues- 
day of  January,  1892,  at  7 p.  m.,  at  a place  of  meeting  in  each  Assembly 
District,  to  be  designated  by  a joint  call  with  not  less  than  ten  days’  notice, 
signed  by  the  member  of  the  National  Committee  for  the  D.  C.,  and  the 
chairman  of  the  Republican  Central  Committee  of  the  district.  Alternate 
delegates  are  to  be  elected  in  the  same  manner  and  at  the  same  time  as  the 
delegates.  ” 

REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  AND  STATE  COMMITTEES. 


Chairman . . . 
Secretary . . . 
Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California. . . 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 

Dakota 

Delaware. . . . 
Dist.  of  Col. . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana . . . 

Maine 

Maryland 

Mass 

Michigan 


REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 


J. S.  Clarkson 
J.S.  Fassett. 

V.  Young- 
blood   

Geo.  Christ . . 
P.  Clayton. . . 
M.  H.  De 
Young 

W.  A.  Hamill 
S.  Fessenden. 
A.  C.  Mellette 
D.  J.  Layton. 
P.  II.  Carson . 
J.  K.  Russell. 

F.  F.  Putney. 

G.  L.  Shoup  . 

W.  J.  Camp- 
bell   

J.  C.  New 

J.  S.  Clarkson 
C.  Leland,  jr. 
W.O.  Bradley 
P.  B.  S.Pinch- 

back 

J.  M.  Haynes 
J.  A.  Gary. . . 

H.  S.  Hyde  . . 
J.  P.  Sanborn 


Des  Moines, la 
Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Birmingham 

EurekaSpr’gs 

Nogales 

S.  Francisco 

Georgetown 

Stamford 

Watertown 

Georgetown 

Washington 

Olustee 

Hardaway 

Salmon  City 

Chicago 
London,  Eng. 
Washington 
Troy 

Lancaster 

New  Orleans 
Augusta 
Baltimore 
Springfield 
Pt.  Huron 


Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

N.  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey  . . . 
New  Mexico.  . . 

New  York 

N.  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island.. 
So.  Carolina. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington. . . 

W.  Virginia  . . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


R. G.  Evans. . 
James  Hill.. 
C.  I.  Filley... 
C.  S.  Warren. 
W.  M.  Robin- 
son   

E.  Williams. . 
P.  C.  Cheney. 
G.  A.  Hobart. 
W.L.Ryerson 
J.  S.  Fassett. 
W.  P.  Cana- 

day 

A.  L.  Conger. 

J.  Bourne 

L.  E.  Watres. 
T.  W.  Chace. 
E.  M.Brayton 
W.W.  Murray 
N.  W.  Cuney . 
J.  R.  McBride 
G.  W.  Hooker 
J.  D.  Brady.. 
T.  PI.  Cava- 

nagh 

N.  B.  Scott  . . 
II . C.  Payne. 
J.  M.  Carey. . 


Minneapolis 
Jackson 
St.  Louis 
Butte  City 

Madison 
Virginia  City 
Concord 
Paterson 
Las  Cruces 
Elmira 

Wilmington 

Akron 

Portland 

Harrisburg 

Providence 

Columbia 

Huntington 

Galveston 

Salt  Lake  C’y 

Brattleboro 

Petersburg 

Olympia 

Wheeling 

Milwaukee 

Cheyenne 


* For  changes  in  names,  if  any,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda , 
preceding  Index.  This  note  applies  to  all  committee  and  similar  lists,  which  are  liable 
to  constant  alteration 


16 


REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  AND  STATE  COMMITTEES. 


17 


REPUBLICAN  STATE  COMMITTEES. 


Chairmen  and  Secretaries  of  the 
State  (and  Territorial)  Conventions: 

Alabama. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Robert  A. 
Moseley,  Jr.,  Montgomery,  Chairman  ; 
Harvey  A.  Wilson,  Birmingham,  Secre- 
tary. 

Arkansas. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Henry  M. 
Cooper,  Little  Rock,  Chairman;  M.  W. 
Gibbs,  Little  Rock,  Secretary. 

California. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
Irwin  C.  Stump,  San  Francisco,  Chair- 
man; Chas.  F.  Bassett,  San  Francisco, 
Secretary. 

Colorado.— Rep.  State  Com.,  E.  M.  Ash- 
ley, Denver,  Chairman;  N.  H.  Meldrum, 
Denver,  Secretary. 

Connecticut. — Rep. State  Central  Com., 
Erastus  S.  Day,  Colchester,  Chairman; 
R.  Jay  Walsh,  Greenwich,  Secretary. 

Delaware. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
John  Pilling,  Newark,  Chairman  ; J. 
Frank  Bacon)  Georgetown,  Secretary. 

Florida.  — Rep.  State  Com.,  Dennis 
Eagan,  Jacksonville,  Chairman;  Joseph 
E.  Lee,  Jacksonville,  Secretary. 

Georgia. — State  Central  Com.,  Alfred 
E.  Buck,  Atlanta,  Chairman. 

Idaho.— Rep.  State  Central  Com.,  Jo- 
seph Pinkham,  Boise  City,  Chairman; 
Sam‘1  J.  Pritchard,  Boise  City,  Secretary. 

Illinois. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
A.  H.  Jones,  Warren,  Chairman;  Daniel 
Shepard,  Chicago,  Secretary. 

Indiana.  — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
John  K.  Goudy,  Rushville,  Chairman; 
Frank  M.  Milliken,  Indianapolis,  Secre- 
tary. 

Iowa. — Rep.  State  Central  Com.,  Edgar 
E.  Mack,  Storm  Lake,  Chairman;  E.  D. 
Chassell,  Des  Moines,  Secretary. 

Kansas.  — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
Henry  Booth,  Lamed,  Chairman ; BionS. 
Hutchins,  Hutchinson,  Secretary. 

Kentucky. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
John  W.  Yerkes,  Danville,  Chairman;  W. 
E.  Riley,  Louisville,  Secretary. 

Louisiana. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
P.  F.  Herwig,  New-Orleans,  Chairman; 
William  Vigers,  New-Orleans,  Corres- 
ponding Secretary. 

Maine. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Joseph  H. 
Manley,  Augusta,  Chairman;  Frank  E. 
Southard,  Augusta,  Secretary. 

Maryland.— Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
H.  M.  Clabaugh,  Westminster,  Chairman; 

H.  Clay  Naill,  Baltimore,  Secretary. 
Massachusetts. — Rep.  State  Coin.,  Jo- 
seph O.  Burdette,  Hingham,  Chairman; 
J.  Otis  Wardwell,  Haverhill,  Secretary. 

Michigan.— Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
James  McMillan,  Detroit,  Chairman  ; 
Wm.  R.  Bates,  Detroit,  Secretary. 

Minnesota. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
Joel  P.  Heatwole,  Northfield;  James 
Bixby,  St.  Paul,  Secretary. 

Mississippi.  — Rep.  State  Executive 
Com.,  J.  M.  Matthews,  Winona,  Chair- 
man; William  H.  Gibbs,  Jackson,  Secre- 
tary. 

Missouri. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Chauneey 

I.  Filley,  St.  Louis,  Chairman;  James  T. 
Beach,  St.  Joseph,  Secretary. 

Montana. — Rep.  State  Coni.,  A.  J.  Selig- 
man,  Helena,  Chairman;  James  B.  Walk- 
er, Helena,  Secretary. 


Committees  appointed  by  the  last  Republican 

Nebraska. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
Dr.  S.  D.  Mercer,  Fremont,  Chairman; 
Walt  M.  Seeley,  Bennett,  Secretary. 

Nevada.— Rep.  State  Central  Com.,  E. 
D.  Boyle,  Virginia,  Chairman;  F.  C.  Lord, 
Virginia,  Secretary. 

New  Hampshire.— Rep.  State  Com.,  F. 
C.  Churchill,  Lebanon,  Chairman;  S.  S. 
Jewett,  Laconia,  Secretary. 

New  Jersey. — Rep.  State  Com.,  John 
Kean,  Jr.,  Elizabeth,  Chairman;  John  Y. 
Foster,  Jersey  City,  Secretary. 

New  Mexico. — Territorial  Rep.  Com., 
William  W.  Griffin,  Santa  F6,  Chairman; 
J.  D.  Woodyard,  Socorro,  Secretary. 

New  York. — Rep.  State  Com.,  William 
Brookfield,  New-York,  Chairman;  John 
S.  Kenyon,  Syracuse,  Secretary. 

North  Carolina.— Rep.  State  Execu- 
tive Com.,  John  Baxter  Eaves,  States- 
ville, Chairman;  F.  T.  Walser,  Asheville, 
Secretary . 

North'Dakota. — Rep.  State  Com.,  B.  F. 
Spaulding,  Fargo,  Chairman;  W.  B.  Pat- 
tin,  Fargo,  Secretary. 

Ohio.— Rep.  State  Central  Com.,  Will- 
iam M.  Hahn,  Mansfield,  Chairman;  W. 

S.  Matthews,  Columbus,  Secretary. 
Oregon. — Rep.  State  Central  Com.,  L. 

T.  Barin,  Oregon  City,  Chairman;  J.  T. 
Gregg,  Salem,  Secretary. 

Pennsylvania. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Louis 
A.  Watres,  Scranton,  Chairman;  Frank 
Willing  Leach,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Secre- 
tary. 

Rhode  Island.  — Rep.  State  Central 
Com.,  A.  K.  Goodwin,  Pawtucket,  Chair- 
man; Isaac  L.  Goff,  Providence,  Secre- 
tary. 

South  Carolina.— Rep.  State  Execu- 
tive Com.,  Ellery  M.  Brayton,  Columbia, 
Chairman;  John  A.  Barre,  Columbia, 
Secretary. 

South  Dakota.  — Rep.  State  Central 
Com.,  A.  E.  Clough,  Madison,  Chairman; 
W.  O.  Allen,  Groton,  Secretary. 

Tennessee. — Rep.  State  Com.,  J.  W. 
Baker,  Nashville,  Chairman;  J.  C.  Napier, 
Nashville,  Secretary. 

Texas.— Rep.  State  Executive  Com.,  J. 
C.  De  Gress,  Austin,  Chairman;  J.  E. 
Wiley,  Dallas,  Secretary. 

Vermont. — Rep.  State  Com.,  Frederick 
IV.  Baldwin,  Barton,  Chairman;  , Sec- 

retary. 

Virginia. — Rep.  State  Corn.,  William 
Mahone,  Petersburg,  Chairman;  Asa 
Rogers,  Petersburg,  Secretary. 

Washington.— Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
John  F.  Gowey,  Olympia,  Chairman;  O. 
A.  Bowen,  Olympia,  Secretary. 

West  Virginia.— Rep.  State  Executive 
Com.,  Augustus  Pollack,  Wheeling,  Chair- 
man ; G.  W.  Atkinson,  Wheeling,  Secre- 
tary. 

Wisconsin. — Rep.  State  Central  Com., 
Henry  C.  Payne,  Milwaukee,  Chairman; 
John  M.  Ewing,  Milwaukee,  Secretary. 

Wyoming. — Rep.  Central  Com.,  Joseph 
M.  Carey,  Cheyenne,  Chairman;  C.  N. 
Potter,  Cheyenne,  Secretary. 


REPUBLICAN  LEAGUE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Organized  at  Chickering  Hall,  New  York,  December  17,  1887.  Head- 
quarters 202  Fifth  avenue,  New  York. 

President,  James  S.  Clarkson,  Iowa;  secretary,  Andrew  B.  Humphrey, 
New  York ; treasurer,  Phineas  C.  Lounsbury,  Connecticut  ; chairman  sub- 
executive  committee,  James  A.  Blanchard,  New  York  ; national  organizer, 
Timothy  E.  Byrnes,  Minnesota.  Sub-executive  committee — Joseph  H.  Mau- 
ley, Maine;  J.  Henry  Gould,  Massachusetts;  James  A.  Blanchard,  New 
York  ; Edward  P.  Allen,  Michigan  ; William  E.  Chamberlain,  California  ; 
Stephen  B.  Elkins,  West  Virginia ; E.  C.  Little,  Kansas;  R.  W Austin 
Alabama ; Horace  M.  Deal,  Ohio  ; W.  W.  Tracy,  Illinois ; T.  E.  Byrnes) 
Minnesota  ; AY.  A.  Hamill,  Colorado ; J.  S.  Clarkson,  president,  and  A.  b! 
Humphrey,  secretary,  ex  officio. 


States. 

Executive  members. 

V ice-Presidents. 

Presidents 

State  Leagues. 

Alabama 

R.  W.  Austin 

A.  W.  McCullough 

Arkansas 

♦California 

W.  H.  Chamberlain. . . 

♦Colorado 

W.  A.  Hamill 

Connecticut 

Ed.  W.  W.  Linsley 

J.  W.  Lowe 

E.  L.  Linsley 

Delaware 

J.  F.  Bacon 

E.  Mitchell,  Jr 

Florida 

Philip  Walter 

H.  S.  Chubb 

Georgia 

R.  D."  Locke 

Idaho 

Ct.  H.  Roberts 

Calvin  Cobb 

Illinois 

I.  C.  Edwards 

Judson  Going 

W.  W.  Tracy. 

Indiana 

G.  W.  Patched 

Iowa 

F.  D.  Jackson 

Kansas 

E.  C.  Little 

R.  W.  Blue 

W.  J.  Bailey. . 

Kentucky 

IV.  D.  Riley 

Louisiana 

E.  C.  L.  Herwig 

C.  A.  Bourgeoise 

H.  Herman  Blunt 

Maine 

Maryland 

G.  L.  Wellington 

W.  B.  Baker 

Massachusetts 

J.  Henry  Gould 

James  Gill 

E.  P.  Allen 

Minnesota 

T.  E.  Byrnes 

J.  E.  Doak 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

C.  E.  Pierce 

Montana 

J.  H.  McCall 

Nevada 

M.  J.  Pratt 

C.  H.  Bartlett 

New  Jersey 

L.  T.  Derousse 

J.  H.  Gaskill 

J.  H.  Gaskill 

New  York 

J.  A.  Blanchard 

R.  R.  Hell'ord 

E.  A.  McAlpin 

W.  B.  Allen 

H.  E.  Tiepke 

South  Dakota 

Chas.  M.  Harrison 

G.  A.  Matthews 

T.  G.  Or  

H.  C.  Evans 

♦Texas 

L>.  M.  Angle 

S.  L.  Plain' 

J.  P.  Newcome 

Vermont 

H.  S.  Peck 

G.  A.  Davis 

Josiah  Grout 

Virginia 

A.  W.  Harris 

A.  P.  Funkhouser 

11.  DeB.  Clay 

Washington 

B.  C.  Van  Houten 

S.  T.  Armstrong 

T.  H.  Cavanaugh 

John  T.  Kelly 

New  Mexico 

A.  J.  Fountain 

B.  M.  Read 

A.  L.  Morrison 

Utah 

*Pro  tem, 


18 


SECRETARIES  OF  REPUBLICAN  STATE  LEAGUES. 


State. 

Secretary. 

Post-office. 

Alabama.. . 

E.  P.  Jennings. . . 

Jennings. 

Samuel  J.  Bryant 
Theo.  Townsend. 
Philip  Walter  . . . 

West  Haven. 

Milford. 

Jacksonville. 

Delaware .. 
Florida 

Illinois 

Indiana 

J.  N.  Patterson.. 
Otto  Gresham. . . 

C.  M.  Junkon 

J.  W.  Butterfield. 
W.  W.  Huffman. 
B.  F.  Moseley 

Springfield. 

Indianapolis 

Fairfield. 

Topeka. 

Lexington. 

New  Orleans. 

Kansas 

Kentucky. . 
Louisiana. . 

Maryland. . 

Mass 

Michigan . . 
Minnesota.. 
Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana. . . 

Sam’l  Whiteside. 

Baltimore. 

Somerville. 

Charlotte. 

St.  Paul. 

C.  E.  Baxter 

F.  C.  Stevens 

L.  M.  Hall 

St.  Louis. 

Nebraska . . 

Brad.  Slaughter. 

Omaha. 

State. 

Secretary. 

Post-office. 

N.  H 

N.  Jersey. . 
New  York . 
N.  Carolina 
N.  Dakota. 

E.  N.  Pearson 

E.  W.  Sanderson. 
Job  E.  Hodges. . 

Concord. 

Newark. 

N.  Y.  City. 

Ohio 

Oregon  

John  J.  Chester. 
Mert  E.  Dimmick 
William  Linn  ... 
H.  A.  L.  Potter.. 

V.  P.  Clayton 

Chas.F.liackett. 

Columbus. 

Portland. 

Philadelphia. 

Providence. 

Columbia. 

Pierre. 

R.  I 

S.  Carolina. 
S.  Dakota.. 

Texas 

Vermont. . . 

C.  J.  McPherson. 
Chas.  S.  Forbes.. 

Houston. 

St.  Albans. 

Wash 

W.  Virginia 
Wisconsin.. 

E.  G.  Kreider 

Robt.  Alexander 
W.  J.  McEh-oy  . . 

Olympia. 

Parkersburg. 

Milwaukee. 

N.  Mexico.. 
Oklahoma. 

R.  E.  Twitchell. . 

Santa  Fe. 

Harmel  Pratt . . . 

S't  Lake  City 

D.  C 

19 


DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  AND  STATE  COMMITTEES 


The  Democratic  National  Committee  met  at  Washington  during  Jan- 
uary, 1893,  to  appoint  a time  and  place  for  holding  the  next  National 
Convention. 

DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 


Chairman . . . 
Secretary . . . 
Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California. . . 

Colorado 

Connecticut 
Delaware  . . . 
Dist.  of  Col. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky  . . . 
Louisiana  . . . 

Maine 

Maryland  . . . 

Mass 

Michigan 

Minnesota  . . 
Mississippi  . . 


C.  S.  Brice. . . 
S.  P.  Sheerin . 
H.  D.  Clay- 
ton, jr 

J.  C. Herndon 
S.  P.  Hughes. 
M.F.  Tarpey. 
C.  S.  Thomas 
C.  French  . . . 
J.  H.  Rodney 
W.  Dickson.'. 

S.  Pasco 

J.  H.  Estill  .. 
J.  W.  Jones. . 
E.  M.  Phelps. 
S.  P.  Sheerin . 
J.  J.  Richard- 
son   

C.  W.  Blair.. 
H.Watterson 
J.  Jeffries... 
A.  Sewall  . . . 
A.  P.  Gorman 
C.  D.  Lewis. . 
O.  M.  Barnes. 

M.  Doran 

C.  A.  John- 
ston   


New  York  C’y 
Indianapolis' 

Eufaula 

Prescott 

Little  Rock 

Alameda 

Denver 

Seymour 

Wilmington 

Washington 

Monticello 

Savannah 

Boise  City 

Chicago 

Indianapolis 

Davenport 

Leavenworth 

Louisville 

Boyce 

Bath 

Laurel 

S.  Fram’gh’m 
Lansing 
St.  Paul 

Columbus 


Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada  

N.  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey  . . . 
New  Mexico  . . 
New  York 

No.  Carolina.. 

No.  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island. 
So.  Carolina. . . 

So.  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington . . . 
W.  Virginia... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


J.  G.  Prather 
A.H.  Mitchell 
Jas.  E.  Boyd. 

R.  P.  Keating 
A.  W.  Sullo- 

way 

Miles  Ross. . . 
Neill  B.  Field. 
W.  F.  Shee- 
han   

M.W.Ransom 
W.  R.  Purcell 
C.  S.  Brice.. . 
A.  Noltuer. . . 
Vacant 

S.  R.  Honey. 
J.  C.  Haskell. 
W.  R.  Steele. 
R.  F. Looney. 
O.  T.  Holt... 
Wm.  F.  Ferry 
HiramAtkins 
J.  S.  Barbour 
J.  A.  Kuhn  .. 
J.  M. Camden 
J.  L.  Mitchell 
W.  L.  Kuy- 
kendall... . 


St,  Louis 
Deer  Lodge 
Omaha 
Virginia  City 

Franklin 
N.  Brunswick 
Albuquerque 

Buffalo 
Weldon 
Walipeton 
New  York  C’y 
Portland 


Newport 

Columbia 

Dead wood 

Memphis 

Houston 

Park  City 

Montpelier 

Alexandria 

Pt.  Townsend 

Parkersburg 

Milwaukee 

Cheyenne 


DEMOCRATIC  STATE  COMMITTEES. 

Chairmen  and  Secretaries  of  the  Committees  appointed  by  the  last  Democratic 


State  (and  Territorial)  Conventions : 

Alabama. — State  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Democratic  and  Conservative  par- 
ty, Henry  C.  Tompkins,  Montgomery, 
Chairman;  Reuben  C.  Shorter,  Mont- 
gomery, Secretary. 

Arizona. — Democratic  Territorial  Cen- 
tral Committee,  L.  M.  Jacobs,  Tucson, 
Chairman;  J.  E.  Walker,  Phoenix,  Secre- 
tary. 

Arkansas. — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  J.  E.  Williams,  Little  Rock, 
Chairman;  W.  J.  Terry,  Little  Rock, 
Secretary. 

California.  — Democratic  State  Cen- 
tral Committee,  Russell  J.  Wilson,  San 
Francisco,  Chairman;  A.  T.  Spotts,  San 
Francisco,  Secretary. 

Colorado.— Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Frank  P.  Arbuckle,  Denver, 
Chairman;  Rod  S.  King,  Leadville,  Sec- 
retary. 

Connecticut.— Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee, Clinton  B.  Davis,  Higganum, 
Chairman;  J.  H.  Swartwout,  New'  Haven, 
Secretary. 

Delaware. — Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee, W.  H.  Stevens,  Seaford,  Chair- 
man; R.  H.  Taylor,  Wilmington,  Sec- 
retary. 

District  of  Columbia.  — Democratic 
Central  Committee,  John  Boyle,  Wash- 
ington, Chairman;  James  F.  Brown, 
Washington,  Secretary. 


Florida. — Democratic  State  Executive 
Committee,  James  P.  Taliaferro,  Jack- 
sonville, Chairman;  L.  B.  Wombwell, 
Tallahassee,  Secretary. 

Georgia. — Democratic  State  Commit- 
tee, W.  Y.  Atkinson,  Newman,  Chairman. 

Idaho.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  George  Ainslee,  Boise  City, 
Chairman;  Jas.  H.  Wickersham,  Boise 
City,  Secretary. 

Illinois.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Delos  P.  Phelps,  Monmouth, 
Chairman;  George  M.  Haynes,  Chicago, 
Secretary. 

Indiana.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Chas.  L.  Jewett,  New  Alba- 
ny, Chairman;  Joseph  L.  Reilly,  Indian- 
apolis, Secretary. 

Iowa. — Democratic  State  Central  Com- 
mittee, Chas.  D.  Fallen,  Fairfield,  Chair- 
man; Thos.  H.  Lee,  Red  Oak,  Secretary. 

Kansas.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee — W . C.  Jones,  Iola,  Chair- 
man; Charles  Howard,  Hays  City,  Secre- 
tary. 

Kentucky. — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  John  B.  Castleman,  Louis- 
ville, Chairman;  W.  B.  Haldeman,  Louis- 
ville, Secretary. 

Louisiana. — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  John  S.  Lanier, Baton  Rouge, 
Chairman;  Geo.  W.  Flynn,  New  Orleans, 
Secretary. 


* For  change  in  names,  if  any,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda , 
preceding  Index.  This  note  applies  to  all  committee  and  similar  lists,  which  are  liable 
to  constant  alteration. 


20 


DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  AND  STATE  COMMITTEES. 


21 


democratic  state  committees.— (Continued.) 


Maine. — Democratic  State  Committee, 
John  R Dunovan, Chairman;  F.  E.  Beane, 
Hallo  we  11,  Secretary. 

Maryland. —Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Barnes  Compton,  Laurel, 
Chairman;  Murray  Vandiver,  Havre  de 
Grace,  Secretary. 

Massachusetts.  — Democratic  State 
Committee,  John  W.  Corcoran,  Clinton, 
Chairman;  TV.  J.  Dale,  Jr.,  North  Ando- 
ver, Secretary. 

Michigan.— Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Daniel  J.  Campan,  Detroit, 
Chairman;  Alfred  J.  Murphy,  Detroit, 
Secretary. 

Minnesota. — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  TV.  M.  Campbell,  St.  Paul, 
Chairman;  P.  J.  Smalley,  St.  Paul,  Sec- 
retary. 

Mississippi. — Democratic  State  Execu- 
tive Committee,  R.  H.  Thompson,  Brook- 
haven,  Chairman;  Robert  E.  Wilson, 
Jackson,  Secretary. 

Missouri. — State'  Democratic  Commit- 
tee, C.  C.  Maffit,  St.  Louis,  Chairman; 
Robert  Frank  Walker,  St.  Louis,  Secre- 
tary. 

Montana. — Democratic  Central  Com- 
mittee, Timothy  E.  Collins,  Great  Falls, 
Chairman;  Leon  A.  La  Croix,  Helena, 
Secretary. 

Nebraska. — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  Chas.  Ogden,  Omaha,  Chair- 
man; Carroll  S.  Montgomery,  Omaha, 
Secretary. 

Nevada.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  John  H.  Dennis,  Virginia 
City,  Chairman;  P.  J.  Dunne,  Secretary. 

New  Hampshire.  — Democratic  State 
Committee,  John  P.  Bartlett,  Manches- 
ter, Chairman;  James  R.  Jackson,  Lit- 
tleton, Secretary. 

New  Jersey.— Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee, Allan  L.  McDermott,  Trenton, 
Chairman;  Willard  C.  Fisk,  Jersey  City, 
Secretary. 

New  Mexico. — Democratic  Territorial 
Central  Committee,  TV.  B.  Childers,  Al- 
buquerque, Chairman;  Felix  Martinez, 
Las  Vegas,  Secretary. 

New  York.  — Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee, Edward  Murphy,  Jr.,  Troy,  Chair- 
man; Samuel  A.  Beardsley,  Utica,  Secre- 
tary; William  B.  Kirk,  Treasurer. 

Executive  Committee,  Daniel  G.  Grif- 
fin, Watertown,  Chairman;  Charles  R. 
De  Freest,  Troy,  Clerk. 

North  Carolina.  — Democratic  State 
Executive  Committee,  Ed.  Chambers 
Smith,  Raleigh,  Chairman;  R.  C.  Beck- 
with, Raleigh,  Secretary. 

North  Dakota.  — Democratic  State 
Committee,  Daniel  TV.  Marratta,  Fargo, 
Chairman;  R.  TV.  Cutts,  Grand  Forks, 
Secretary. 

Ohio.— Democratic  State  Central  Com- 
mittee, James  E.  Neal,  Hamilton,  Chair- 
man; L.  C.  Cole,  Bowling  Green,  Secre- 
tary. 

Oklahoma. — Democratic  Central  Com- 
mittee, E.  J.  Simpson,  Guthrie,  Chair- 
man; J.  l.  Vanderwerter,  Oklahoma 
City,  Secretary. 

2b 


Oregon.  — Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  B.  Goldsmith,  Portland, 
Chairman;  George  A.  Brodie,  Portland, 
Secretary. 

Pennsylvania. — Democratic  State  Cen- 
tral Committee,  James  Kerr,  Clearfield, 
Chairman;  Benjamin  M.  Nead,  Harris- 
burg, Secretary. 

Rhode  Island. — Democratic  State  Cen- 
tral Committee, Franklin  P.  Owen,  Provi- 
dence, Chairman;  Elisha  TV.  Bucklin, 
Pawtucket,  Secretary. 

South  Carolina.  — S t a t e Executive 
Committee  of  the  Democratic  Party,  J. 
L.  M.  Irby,  Laurens,  Chairman;  G.  Dun- 
can Bellinger,  Barnwell,  Secretary. 

South  Dakota.— Democratic  State  Cen- 
tral Committee,  Otto  Peemiller,  Yank- 
ton, Chairman;  E.  M.  O’Brien,  Yankton, 
Secretary. 

Tennessee.  — Democratic  Executive 
Committee,  T.  M.  McDonnell,  Chattanoo- 
ga, Chairman;  E.  B.  Wade,  Murfrees- 
boro, Secretary. 

Texas. — Democratic  State  Executive 
Committee,  N.TVebb  Finley,  Tyler,  Chair- 
man; Ed.  Kauffman,  Austin,  Secretary. 

Utah. — Democratic  Territorial  Central 
Committee,  Samuel  A.  Merritt,  Salt.  Lake 
City,  Chairman:  A.  G.  Norrell,  Salt  Lake 
City,  Secretary. 

Vermont. — Democratic  State  Commit- 
tee, Hiram  Atkins,  Montpelier,  Chair- 
man; John  H.  Senter, Warren,  Secretary. 

Virginia.— Democratic  State  Commit- 
tee, J.  Taylor  Ellyson,  Richmond,  Chair- 
man; James  R.  Fisher,  Richmond,  Secre- 
tary. 

Washington. — State  Democratic  Com- 
mittee, Daniel  H.  Gilman,  Seattle,  Chair- 
man; George  Hazzard,  Tacoma,  Secre- 
tary. 

West  Virginia.— Democratic  State  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  Thomas  S.  Riley, 
Wheeling,  Chairman;  B.  H.  Oxley, 
Charleston,  Secretary. 

Wisconsin.— Democratic  State  Central 
Committee,  E.  C.  Wall,  Milwaukee,  Chair- 
man; TV.  A.  Anderson,  La  Crosse,  Secre- 
tary. 

Wyoming. — Democratic  Central  Com- 
mittee, Colin  Hunter,  Cheyenne,  Chair- 
man; TV.  L.  Kuykendall,  Cheyenne,  Sec- 
retary. 

national  association  op  democratic 

CLUBS. 

President,  Chauncey  F.  Black,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Treasurer,  Roswell  P.  Flower, 
New  York.  Secretary,  Lawrence  Gard- 
ner, Washington,  D.  C.  Executive  Com- 
mittee, William  L.  Wilson,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Chairman;  Robert  Grier  Monroe, 
New- York;  Alexander  T.  Ankeny,  Minne- 
sota; Chauncey  F.  Black,  Pennsylvania; 
Harvey  N.  Coll'ison,  Massachusetts;  Ros- 
well P.  Flower,  New  York;  Lawrence 
Gardner,  District  of  Columbia;  George 
H.  Lambert,  New  Jersey;  Chas.  Ogden, 
Nebraska:  Harry  Wells  Rusk,  Maryland; 
Bradley  G.  Schley,  Wisconsin;  Edward 
B.  Whitney,  New  York.  Headquarters, 
Metropolitan  Hotel,  Washington,  D.  C. 


PROHIBITION  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 


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23 


THE  AUSTRALIAN  BALLOT.  * 


The  advantages  -which  are  claimed  for  the  Australian  Ballot  System,  as 
set  forth  hy  the  Rhode  Island  Ballot  Reform  Association,  are:  1.' A secret 
ballot,  cast  as  proposed  in  this  plan,  interposes  the  most  effectual  prevent- 
ive of  the  bribery  of  the  voter  ever  devised.  2.  A secret  ballot  secures  the 
voter  against  coercion  or  undue  solicitation  of  others,  and  enables  the  most 
dependent  elector  to  vote  as  his  conscience  dictates,  in  perfect  freedom. 
3.  Excuse  for  assessment  of  candidates  is  taken  away.  A poor  man  is  placed 
on  an  equality  with  a rich  man  as  a candidate.  Money  will  be  less  of  a fac- 
tor in  politics.  4.  The  voter  will  be  “ alone  with  his  country,  his  conscience 
and  his  God,”  and  elections  will  be  more  than  ever  the  intelligent  and  con- 
scientious registering  of  the  popular  will.  5.  The  method  of  ballot  reform 
has  been  much  discussed  in  the  United  States  for  several  years,  and  lias 
received  general  favor,  being  recognized,  after  careful  scrutiny,  as  a practi- 
cal and  salutary  measure! 

A marked  feature  of  the  ballot  practice  in  New  South  Wales  is  that  the 
names  of  all  the  candidates  being  on  one  list,  the  names  of  persons  for  whom 
the  voter  does  not  wish  to  vole  must  be  crossed  off,  a blue  pencil  being  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose  by  the  authorities,  while  there  are  clearly  printed  on 
the  ticket,  in  red  ink,  directions  as  to  how  many  candidates  must  be  voted 
for.  If  more  than  the  limit  are  voted  for,  the  ballot  is  informal. 

The  Australian  Ballot  System  was  practically  introduced  in  the  United 
States  in  1888  by  its  adoption  by  law  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts  and  the 
city  of  Louisville,  Ivy.  The  principle  of  the  system  was  embodied  in  the 
Saxton  bill  which  passed  the  New'  York  Legislature  in  the  sessions  of  1888-89, 
and  was  vetoed  both  times  by  Governor  Hill.  The  grounds  of  the  Governor’s 
vetoes  were  the  unconstitutionality  of  the  bill  in  that  it  would  embarrass, 
hinder  and  impede  voters  in  exercising  the  suffrage,  and  w'ould,  for  one  class 
of  voters — the  blind  and  illiterate — destroy  the  secrecy  of  the  ballot  by  com- 
pelling an  avowal  of  their  votes  as  a condition  of  exercising  the  right.  At 
the  instance  of  Governor  Hill  a reformed  ballot  bill,  or  modification  of  the 
Saxton  bill,  was  introduced  in  the  Legislature  in  the  session  of  1889,  but  was 
not  passed;  but  another  bill,  a compromise  of  the  Hill  and  Saxton  plans,  met 
with  success  in  1890.  Law's  adopting  the  new  system  of  voting,  and  follow- 
ing the  example  of  Massachusetts,  were  passed  in  1889  by  t he  Legislatures  of 
Indiana,  Montana,  Rhode  Island,  Wisconsin,  Tennessee,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Michigan  and  Connecticut,  in  the  order  given.  Most  of  the  laws  passed 
adhered  closely  to  the  Massachusetts  form.  The  Connecticut  form  varied 
from  it  more  than  the  others.  In  1890  laws  which  are  more  or  less  modifica- 
tions of  the  Australian  system  were  adopted  by  the  Legislatures  of  Wash- 
ington, New'  York,  Maryland,  New'  Jersey  and  Vermont.  In  1891  the 
Legislatures  of  the  States  of  Arkansas,  California,  Colorado,  Delaw  are,  Idaho, 
Illinois,  Maine,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  North  Dakota,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  South  Dakota  and  West  Virginia,  and  the  Territory  of  Arizona, 
adopted  laws  based  on  the  Australian  system. 

This  leaves  Iow'a,  Kansas,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  and  the  Territories  of 
Utah  and  New  Mexico.  In  Kansas  a reformed  ballot  bill  has  passed  one 
branch  of  the  Legislature. 

“ There  are  two  methods  of  grouping  the  names  on  the  tickets,  and  both 
have  been  tried.  The  first  of  these  is  the  English,  or  original  Australian  style 
of  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  names  of  the  candidates  under  the  title  of 
the  office.  This  is  used  by  the  following  States:  California,  Kentucky,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Minnesota,  Montana,  Nebraska,  New'  Hampshire,  Oregon,  Rhode 
Island,  Tennessee,  Vermont,  Washington  and  Wyoming. 

“The  second  is  know'n  as  the  Belgian  system,  and  consists  of  grouping  all 
nominations  and  offices  by  parties.  It  is  used  in  Missouri,  Ohio,  Wisconsin, 
Delaware,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Maine,  Maryland  and  Oklahoma  Territory.” 


* For  any  f urther  developments,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda. 
preceding  Index. 


24 


Hon.  DAVID  B.  HILL. 


GERRYMANDERING. 


This  is  a political  terra,  which  came  into  use  in  1811.  The  dominant  party 
in  Massachusetts,  having  a majority  in  the  Legislature,  determined  to  district 
the  State  anew.  The  work  was  sanctioned  and  became  a law  by  the  signa- 
ture of  Elbridge  Gerry,  the  Governor  of  the  State  at  that  time.  The  result 
was  that  the  party  in  power  carried  everything  and  tilled  eveiy  office  in  the 
State,  although  it  is  alleged  that  the  returns  showed  that  two-thirds  of  the 
votes  were  those  of  persons  holding  opposite  views. 

During  the  process  of  re-districting,  Elbridge  Gerry  contrived  a scheme 
which  gave  the  district  embracing  Essex  county,  in  its  relation  to  districts  and 
towns,  a shape  like  that  of  a lizard.  Gilbert  Stuart,  a well-known  artist,  enter- 
ing the  room  of  Russell,  the  veteran  editor  of  the  “ Boston  Sentinel,”  who  had 
a map  of  the  new  districts  hanging  on  the  wall  over  his  desk,  observed: 

“ Why,  this  district  looks  like  a salamander,”  and  put  in  the  claws  and  eyes 
of  the  creature  with  his  pencil.  “Say,  rather,  a Gerrymander,”  the  editor 
replied,  facetiously,  and  the  term  became  of  general  use  in  similar  cases. 

The  aim  of  gerrymandering  is  so  to  lay  out  the  one  numbered  districts  as 
to  secure,  in  the  greatest  possible  number  of  them,  a majority  for  the  party 
which  conducts  the  operation.  This  is  done  sometimes  by  throwing  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  hostile  voters  into  a district  which  is  certain  to  be 
hostile,  sometimes  by  adding  to  a district  where  parties  are  equally  divided 
a place  in  which  the  majority  of  friendly  voters  is  sufficient  to  turn  the  scale.  ' 
The  so-called  Shoe-string  district  of  Mississippi,  500  miles  long  by  forty 
broad,  is  an  example  of  this  system. 

In  Missouri  a district  has  been  contrived  longer,  if  measured  along  its 
windings,  than  the  State  itself,  in  which  as  large  iT  number  as  possible  of  the 
negro  voters  have  been  thrown.  Hon.  Harvey  Watterson,  after  canvassing 
a certain  district  of  Tennessee,  stretching  across  mountains  and  rivers  the 
whole  length  of  that  State,  for  the  Confederate  Congress,  when  asked  what 
success  he  had  met  with,  replied,  he  had  “made  but  few  votes,  but  learned 
a great  deal  of  geography.  ” By  this  process  counties  adjacent  only  by  a 
stretch  of  imagination  are  included  in  these  straggling  districts,  often  divided 
by  water,  so  that,  as  Hon.  Roswell  G.  Horr  said  of  the  division  of  South  Car- 
olina, “a  connection  can  be  effected  only  by  tunneling  under.” 

The  following  States  have  been  re-districted  under  the  Apportionment 
law  of  1890: 


Districts, 

1880. 

Districts, 

1890. 

Increase  in 
Districts. 

Alabama 

8 

9 

1 

Arkansas 

5 

6 

1 

California 

6 

1 

1 

Colorado 

1 

9 

Georgia 

10 

11 

1 

Illinois 

20 

09 

2 

Kansas 

8 

1 

Massachusetts 

12 

13 

1 

Michigan 

11 

12 

1 

Minnesota 

5 

2 

Missouri 

14 

15 

1 

Nebraska 

3 

6 

3 

New  Jersey 

8 

1 

Oregon...'.  

1 

2 

1 

Pennsylvania 

28 

30 

2 

Texas. 

11 

13 

2 

Wisconsin 

9 

10 

i 

In  several  States  the  districts  have  been  changed,  1891,  the  number  remaining 
the  same. 

25 


HISTORY  OF  TARIFF  LEGISLATION. 


At  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  power  to  regulate  trade  and 
commerce  with  foreign  nations  was  granted  to  Congress. 

The  first  Tariff  Act  was  signed  by  President  Washington,  July  4, 1789.  It 
was  a measure  suggested  by  Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
and  introduced  in  Congress  by  Mr.  Madison,  of  Virginia,  April  8,  1789, 
which  imposed  specific  duties  on  forty-seven  articles,  and  ad  valorem  rates  of 
73A,  10,  12 ancl  15  per  cent,  on  four  commodities.  The  unenumerated  bills 
were  compelled  to  pay  5 per  cent. 

The  second  Tariff  Act  passed  the  House  by  a large  majority,  and  the  Sen- 
ate without  division.  It  was  approved  by  President  Washington,  August  10, 
1790.  In  this  Act  the  scale  of  duties  was  higher.  The  third  Tariff  Act,  of 
May  2,  1792,  which  became  effective  in  the  following  July,  raised  the  duty 
on  unenumerated  merchandise  to  7l4  per  cent.,  and  that  on  numerous  articles 
paying  7y2  to  10  per  cent. 

The  fourth  Tariff  bill,  was  passed  June  7,  1794,  and  went  into  effect  on 
July  1.  It  imposed  numerous  rates  in  addition  to  those  already  payable,  some 
of  them  specific,  and  others  214  and  5 per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Other  Tariff  measures  were  enacted  on  March  3 and  July  8,  1797,  and  on 
May  13,  1800.  These  acts  imposed  additional  rates,  and  there  was  a further 
increase  of  214  per  cent,  on  March  26,  1804,  on  all  imports  then  paying  ad  va- 
lorem rates. 

What  is  now  known  as  a protective  tariff  was  looked  upon  in  an  entirely 
different  point  of  view  by  Alexander  Hamilton.  He  considered  a tariff  an 
instrument  of  compensation  and  retaliation,  and  a like  stand  was  taken  by 
Jefferson  in  1793,  when  he  advocated  countervailing  foreign  restrictions  in 
case  they  could  not  be  removed  by  negotiation.  The  greater  number  of  re- 
strictions upon  commerce,  however,  which  existed  during  Hamilton’s  time, 
have  been  removed. 

A more  liberal  system  of  commerce  prevailed  during  the  wars  in  Europe, 
which  was  largely  beneficial  to  the  merchants  of  the  United  States.  From 
time  to  time  moderate  increase  in  the  rates  of  duties  were  granted,  but  no  real 
demand  for  protection  until  the  return  of  peace  in  1801,  when  the  old  restrict- 
ive system  was  reenacted  by  Europe.  The  commerce  of  the  country  was  so 
involved  by  the  resumption  of  hostilities  as  to  create  a demand  for  retaliation. 
Iu  1805  the  importation  of  British  manufactures  was  prohibited.  Later  on, 
the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  of  Napoleon,  followed  by  the  English  Orders  in 
Council,  closed  the  ports  of  Europe  to  neutral  vessels,  and  caused  much  suf- 
fering among  American  ship-owners.  Mr.  Jefferson’s  administration  retali- 
ated for  the  outrages  on  our  commerce  by  the  embargo  law  passed  in  Decem- 
ber, 1807.  The  result  of  this  was,  that  the  American  people,  prevented  from 
obtaining  their  usual  supplies  from  Europe,  began  to  manufacture  on  their 
own  account  , rendered  sure  of  a market  by  the  war,  and  also  by  a doubling  in 
all  tariff  duties,  which  was  done  in  1812  as  a war  measure. 

The  “Tariff  of  1812  ” passed  the  House  of  Representatives  by  a vote  of  76 
to  48,  and  the  Senate  by  a vote  of  20  to  9.  Amendments  to  it  were  adopted 
on  February  25,  and  again  on  July  29,  1813.  On  February  15,  1816,  the  ad- 
ditional duties  imposed  by  the  Act  of  1812,  were  repealed,  and  additional  du- 
ties of  42  per  cent,  to  take  effect  on  July  1,  were  substituted,  but  the  law  did 
not  go  into  operation.  From  1812  to  1816  the  average  rates  on  all  imports 
was  32. 73  per  cent. 

The  first  of  the  protective  tariffs,  known  as  the  Lowndes-Calliouu  bill,  was 


HISTORY  OF  TARIFF  LEGISLATION. 


27 


approved  April  27,  1816,  and  took  effect  the  following  July.  It  was  not  alto- 
gether set  aside  until  the  administration  of  Mr.  Polk  in  1842,  The  ad  valo- 
rem duties  under  it  ranged  from  734  to  33  per  cent.  The  unenumerated 
goods  paid  15  per  cent.,  the  manufactures  of  iron  and  other  metals  generally 
15  per  cent.,  the  majority  of  woolen  goods  25  per  cent.,  with  clauses  estab- 
lishing “ minimu ms,”  that  is,  in  reckoning  duties,  25  cents  per  square  yard  was 
to  be  deemed  the  minimum  cost  of  cotton  cloth;  unbleached  and  uucolored 
yarn,  60  cents,  and  bleached  or  colored  yarn,  75  cents  per  pound.  These  rates 
became  prohibitory  on  the  cheaper  goods.  The  law  was  amended  April  20, 
1818,  and  on  March  3,  1819.  It  had  the  support  of  New  England  and  the 
Middle  States,  but  the  South  was  opposed  to  it.  From  1817  to  1820,  the  av- 
erage rates  on  imports  was  26.52  per  cent.,  from  1821  to  1824,  35.02  per  cent., 
and  from  1821  to  1824  on  dutiable  goods  only  36.88  per  cent.  The  necessity 
for  providing  for  the  interests  on  the  heavy  debt  incurred  by  the  second  war 
with  England  was  due  to  the  general  increase  of  duties. 

The  general  tariff  measure  of  Mr.  Clay  received  the  President’s  signature 
May  22,  1824,  and  went  into  effect  July  1,  ensuing.  It  passed  both  the  House 
and  Senate  by  a close  vote.  It  could  not  be  regarded  as  a political  measure 
nor  yet  as  a party  question.  Adams,  Clay  and  Jackson  all  voted  for  it. 
Both  the  Southern  and  New  England  States  were  dissatisfied  with  the  result, 
but  as  iron,  wool,  hemp  and  sugar  received  protection,  a combination  of  the 
Western  and  Middle  States  received  sufficient  support  to  pass  the  bill.  The 
average  rale  of  duties  under  the  law  of  May  '22,  1824,  was  37  per  cent. 

The  financial  crisis  of  1825  caused  by  a great  expansion  in  the  paper  cir- 
culation, and  precipitated  by  extensive  failures  in  London,  gave  the  protec- 
tionists an  opportunity  to  attribute  the  distress  to  the  operation  of  the  tariff  of 
1824.  New  England  had  heretofore  opposed  protection  as  hostile  to  her  com- 
mercial interests.  Manufactures  were  springing  up  in  those  States,  and  had 
made  such  progress  as  to  create  an  entire  change  in  public  sentiment.  In 
1826  a petition  came  from  Boston  praying  for  higher  duties  on  woolen  goods 
in  order  to  protect  this  industry  in  New  England.  In  1827  a bill  to  increase 
the  duties  on  woolens  passed  the  House  but  failed  to  become  a law.  A con- 
vention of  wool  growers  and  manufacturers  was  held  at  Harrisburg  in  July, 
1827,  at  which  the  wool,  woolen,  hemp,  flax,  iron,  glass  and  wood  industries 
were  represented  and  asked  to  be  recognized  in  any  scheme  of  protection. 
The  tariff  was  made  a leading  issue  in  the  presidential  election  of  1828. 

The  planters  of  the  South  sought  to  resist  a policy  which  they  claimed  as 
benefiting  the  North  at  their  expense,  and  the  North  and  East  became  more 
earnest  in  demanding  a continuance  of  a system  which,  they  alleged,  had 
prompted  them  to  put  their  capital  into  investments  which  must  inevitably  be 
ruined,  unless  the  protective  policy  was  maintained.  As  an  outcome  of  the 
contention,  a tariff  bill  drawn  by  Silas  Wright,  of  New  York,  was  passed  by 
a vote  of  105  to  74,  the  protective  features  of  which  he  said  were  that  “ it  was 
intended  to  turn  the  manufacturing  capital  of  the  country  to  the  working  up 
of  domestic  raw  material,  and  not  foreign  raw  material.” 

The  tariff  act  of  1828  was  known  as  the  “Tariff  of  Abominations.”  It 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  nullification  movement.  South  Carolina  pro- 
tested against  it  as  a “ violation  of  State  rights  and  one  grossly  unequal  and  op- 
pressive.” North  Carolina  also  protested  against  the  law,  and  Alabama  and 
Georgia  denied  the  power  of  Congress  to  lay  duties  for  protection.  The 
tariff  of  1828  had  special  reference  to  iron  and  wool  and  manufacture  of  wool. 
The  duty  on  wool  was  4 cents  per  pound  and  40  per  cent,  for  one  year;  then 
4 cents  and  45  per  cent,  for  one  year,  then  4 cents  and  50  per  cent.  The  av- 
erage duty  on  all  goods  from  1829  to  1832  was  47.81  per  cent,  and  on  all  du- 
tiable goods  51.55  per  cent. 

The  tariff  measure  passed  July  14,  1832,  maintained  all  of  the  protective 
features  of  the  tariff  of  1828,  whiie  reducing  or  abolishing  many  of  the  reve- 


28 


HISTORY  OF  TARIFF  LEGISLATIONS'. 


nue  taxes.  The  tax  on  iron  was  reduced,  that  on  cotton  was  unchanged,  and 
that  on  woolens  was  increased, while  some  of  the  raw  wools  were  made  free  of 
duty.  It  was  known  as  “The  Modifying  Tariff.”  It  was  passed  by  the 
Whigs,  and  approved  March  3,  1883.  Vote  in  the  House,  132  to  66;  in  the 
Senate,  32  to  16. 

The  Compromise  Tariff  of  1833  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Clay.  It  was  in- 
tended as  a substitute  for  all  bills  pending,  and  looked  toward  a gradual  re- 
duction in  duties;  of  all  duties  which  were  over  20  per  cent,  by  the  act  of 
1832,  one-tenth  of  the  excess  over  20  per  cent,  was  to  be  struck  off  after  1835, 
and  one-tenth  each  alternate  year  thereafter  until  1841. 

A Provisional  Tariff  bill  by  which  the  operations  of  the  existing  tariff 
were  to  be  continued  until  August,  1842,  passed  the  House  but  was  amended 
in  the  Senate  by  a proviso  postponing  the  distribution  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
public  lands  until  the  same  date.  The  bill  was  vetoed  by  the  President  on 
the  grounds  that  the  bill  united  two  incongruous  subjects;  that  the  bill  pro- 
posed to  give  away  a fruitful  source  of  revenue,  and  that  it  was  in  violation 
of  what  was  intended  to  be  inviolable  as  a compromise  in  relation  to  the  tariff 
system.  A general  tariff  act  was  passed  without  the  obnoxious  clause. 

The  Tariff  of  1842  was  a Whig  party  measure,  and  one  of  protection.  It 
became  operative  on  August  30, 1842,  and  changed  all  existing  rates.  1 1 was 
amended  in  March,  1843,  and  became  extinct  December  1,  1846.  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  States  strongly  supported  it.  The  South  opposed  it,  aud 
the  West  was  a tie.  The  average  rate  of  all  imports  under  it  was  26.92  per 
cent.,  and  on  dutiable  articles  33.47  percent. 

The  Polk-Walker  Tariff  of  1846,  was  approved  by  President  Polk  on  July 
30  of  that  year.  Robert  J.  Walker  of  Mississippi,  who  was  President  Polk’s 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  advanced  the  principles  that  “No  more  money 
should  be  collected  than  is  needed  for  economical  administration”;  “the  duty 
on  no  articles  should  exceed  the  lowest  rate  which  will  yield  the  largest  reve- 
nue “ below  such  rate  discrimination  may  be  made,  or  for  imperative  rea- 
sons an  article  may  be  made  free  “ luxuries  should  be  taxed  on  the  mini- 
mum rate  for  revenue  ”;  duties  should  be  all  ad  valorem  and  never  specific  ”; 

‘ ‘ duties  should  be  so  imposed  as  to  operate  as  equally  as  possible  throughout 
the  Union  without  respect  to  class  or  section.”  The  bill  passed  the  House 
by  114  to  95.  In  the  Senate  it  was  a tie,  Vice-President  Dallas  giving  the 
casting  vote  in  the  affirmative,  but  on  its  final  passage  the  Senate  stood  28  to 
27.  The  West  and  the  South  supported  and  the  East  opposed  the  bill.  The 
average  duty  on  all  imports  was,  from  1847  to  1857,  23.20  per  cent.,  and  on 
dutiable  articles  26.22  per  cent. 

The  Tariff  of  1857  was  approved  on  March  3 of  that  year.  It  made  a 
still  further  reduction  in  duties  and  remained  in  force  until  April  1,  1861.  It 
passed  the  House  by  a vote  of  123  to  72,  and  the  Senate  33  to  12.  New  Eng- 
land and  the  South  united  in  securing  its  passage.  The  average  duty  on  all 
goods  from  1858  to  1861,  was  15.66  per  cent.,  and  on  dutiable  articles  20.72 
per  cent. 

The  Morrill  Tariff  of  1861  was  dissimilar  to  all  previous  bills,  in  that  it 
made  a distinction  between  goods  imported  from  different  parts  of  the  world, 
and  provided  for  a general  system  of  compound  and  differential  duties,  spe- 
cific and  ad  valorem.  It  passed  the  House  May  11,  1860,  by  a vote  of  105  to 
64,  and  the  Senate  on  February  20,  1861,  by  a vote  of  25  to  14.  It  was  an 
out  and  out  protective  tariff.  It  was  several  times  changed  during  the  war, 
from  1861  to  1865.  Every  year  produced  some  revisions,  and  in  1879  there 
was  a general  modification  of  rates.  Tea  and  coffee,  taxed  since  1861,  were 
put  upon  the  free  list;  the  duties  on  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  wool,  iron, 
paper,  glass  and  leather  were  lowered  about  20  per  cent.  The  free  list  was 
enlarged,  but  the  reduction  was  rescinded  by  the  Act  of  March,  1875.  The 
duty  on  quinine  was  abolished  July  1,  1879.  The  average  duty  on  all  im- 


HISTORY  OF  TARIFF  LEGISLATION. 


29 


ports  from  1862  to  1883  was  34.16  per  cent..,  and  on  all  dutiable  articles  42.74 
per  cent. 

The  Commission  Tariff  was  passed  by  the  Senate  March  2,  1883,  and  the 
House  March  3,  1883.  The  vote  in  the  Senate  was  32  to  31,  and  in  the  House 
152  to  116.  This  tariff  act  remained  in  force  until  October  6,  1890,  when  it 
was  superseded,  except  as  to  tobacco  and  tin  plate,  by  the  McKinley  Tariff 
bill. 

The  McKinley  Tariff  bill  passed  the  House  by  a vote  of  152  to  81,  and 
the  Senate  by  a vote  of  33  to  27.  Under  it  Senator  Aldrich  computed  the 
average  at  45.13  per  cent.,  and  Senator  Carlisle  computed  the  average  at  60 
per  cent. — the  highest  in  the  history  of  the  government. 

The  tariff  averages  are  as  follows:  From  1791  to  1812,  19.58  per  cent. ; 
from  1812  to  1817,  32.73  percent.;  from  1817  to  1825,  26.o2  per  cent.;  from 
1825  to  1829,  47.17  per  cent.;  from  1829  to  1832,  47.81  per  cent.;  from  1832 
to  1834,  28.99  per  cent.;  from  1834  to  1843,  19.25  per  cent.;  from  1843  to 
1847,  26.92  per  cent.;  from  1847  to  1858,  23.20  per  cent.;  from  1858  to  1862, 
15.06  per  cent.;  from  1862  to  1884,  34.16  per  cent.;  from  1884  to  1890,  45.50 
per  cent.;  from  1890,  about  60  per  cent.* 

* For  Cleveland’s  Tariff  Message,  text  of  the  Mills  and  McKinley  Bills,  and  further 
developments  of  Tariff  legislation,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Appendices 
and  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  IMPORTED,  GIVING  RATE  OF  TAXATION  AT  ENTRY  BY 
THE  NEW  TARIFF  COMPARED  WITH  TARIFF  OF  1883. 

The  articles  covered  by  the  Tariff  Act  of  1890  number  many  thousands.  The  fol- 
lowing table  embraces  about  300  selected  articles,  being  mainly  those  in  most  general 
use  in  the  United  States.  * Indicates  “When  not  otherwise  provided  for.” 


Articles. 


Old  Tariff  (1883)  Rate. 


New  Tariff  (McKinley) 
1890. 


Alcohol 

Aluminium,  unmanufactured 

Aniline  colors  or  dyes 

Animals  for  breeding 

Bagging  for  cotton 

Bags,  grain 

Barley 

Beads,  ornamental 

Beef,  mutton,  and  pork 

Beer,  ale,  not  in  bottles 

Beer,  porter,  and  ale,  in  bottles 

Bindings,  cotton 

Bindings,  flax 

Bindings,  wool 

Blankets,  value  not  over  30c  per  lb 

Blankets,  value  30e  to  40c 

Blankets,  value  40c  to  60c 

Blankets,  value  60c  to  80c 

Blankets,  value  over  80c  per  lb 

Bonnets,  silk 

Bonnets,  straw 

Books,  charts,  maps 

Books,  over  20  yrs.  old  or  for  pub.  lib 

Bronze,  manufactures  of 

Brushes 

Building  stone,  rough 

Building  stone,  dressed 

Butter,  and  substitutes  for 

Buttons,  pearl 

Buttons,  sleeve  and  collar,  gilt 

Buttons,  wool,  hair,  etc 

Canvas  for  sails 

Caps,  cotton 

Caps,  fur  and  leather 

Carpets,  treble  ingrain 

Carpets,  two-ply 

Carpets,  tapestry  Brussels 

Carpets,  Wilton  and  Axminster 

Carpets,  Brussels 

Carpets,  velvet 

Cheese,  all  kinds 

Cigars  and  cigarettes 

Clocks*  

Clothing,  ready-made,  cotton* 

Clothing,  ready-made,  linen 

Clothing,  ready-made,  silk 

Clothing,  ready-made,  woolen 

Coal,  anthracite 

Coal,  bituminous 

Coffee 

Confectionery,  all  sugar 

Copper,  manufactures  of 

Cotton  trimmings 

Cotton  galloons  and  gimps 

Cotton  gloves 


10  per  ct.  ad  valorem. 

Free 

35  per  cent 

Free 

1 ViC.  per  lb 

40  per  cent 

10c  per  bushel  

50  per  cent 

lc  per  lb 

20c  per  gallon 

35c  “ 

35  per  cent 

35  “ 

30c  lb.  and  50  per  ct 

10c  “ “35  “ .... 

12c  “ “ 35  “ .... 

18c  “ “35  “ .... 

24c  “ “ 35  “ .... 

35c  “ “40  “ .... 

30  per  cent 

30  “ 

25  “ 

Free 

45  per  cent 

30  “ 

$1  per  ton 

20  per  cent 

4c  per  lb 

25  per  cent 

25  “ 

30c  lb.  and  50  per  ct. . . 

30  per  cent 

35  “ 

30  “ 

12c  sq.  yd.  and  30  per  ct. 
8c  “ “ 30  “ 

20c  “ “ 30  “ 

45c  “ “ 30  “ 

30c  “ “ 30 

25c  “ “ 30  “ 

4c  per  lb 

$2.50  lb.  and  25  per  ct. . 

30  per  cent 

35  “ 

40  “ 

50  “ 

40c  lb.  and  35  per  cent. 

Free 

75c  per  ton 

Free 

5c  per  lb 

45  per  cent 

40  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 


10  per  ct.  ad  valorem 
15c  per  lb. 

35  per  cent. 

Free. 

1 ,6c  and  1.8c  lb. 

2c  per  lb. 

30c  per  bushel. 

10  per  cent. 

2c  per  lb. 

20c  per  gallon. 

40c  “ 

40  per  cent  . 

50 

60c  a lb.  and  60  per  ct. 

16He  “ “ 30 

22c  “ “ 35 

33c  “ “ 35  “ 

38Ke  “ “ 40 

38  He  “ “ 40 

60  per  cent. 

30 

25  “ 

Free. 

45  per  cent. 

40 

11c  per  cubic  foot. 

40  per  cent. 

6c  per  lb. 

2}£c  line  and  25  per  ct. 
50  per  cent. 

60c  a lb.  and  60  per  ct 
50  per  cent. 

50 

35 

19c  sq.yd.  and  40  per  ct . 
14c  “ “ 40 

28c  “ “ 40 

60c  “ “ 40  “ 

44c  “ “ 40 

40c  “ “ .40 

6c  per  lb. 

$4.50  lb.  and  25  per  ct 
45  per  cent. 

50 

55  “ 

60 

49J4c  lb.  and  60  per  ct. 
Free. 

75c  per  ton. 

Free. 

5c  per  lb. 

45  per  cent. 

60 

40 

50 


30 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 


31 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES.— Continued. 


Articles. 


Cotton  handkerchiefs 

Cotton  hosiery  valued  at  more  than  60c 
and  not  more  than  $2  per  doz.  pairs. . . 
Cotton  hosiery,  $2  to  $4  per  doz.  pairs. . . 

Cotton  hosiery,  more  than  §4  per  doz 

Cotton  shirts  and  drawers,  value  $3  to  §5 

Cotton  plushes,  velvets,  etc 

Cotton  Swiss  muslin 

Cotton  webbing 

Cotton  curtains 

Cutlery — 

Pocket-knives,  value  under  50c  per  doz. 

50c  to  $2  per  doz 

$1.50  to  $3  per  doz 

Over  $3  per  doz 

Razors,  less  than  $4  per  doz 

Razors,  more  than  $4  per  doz 

Table-knives  not  more  than  $1  per  doz. 

Table-knives,  $1  to  $2  per  doz 

Table-knives,  $2  to  $3  per  doz 

Table-knives,  $3  to  $8  per  doz 

Table-knives,  more  than  $8  per  doz 

Diamonds,  uncut  (free),  cut  and  set 

Diamonds,  cut  but  not  set  

Drugs,  crude 

Drugs,  not  crude 

Earthenware,  common 

Earthenware,  china,  porcelain,  etc 

Earthenware,  decorated 

Eggs 

Engravings 

Extracts,Alyes,  and  logwoods 

Extracts,  meat 

Fans,  palm  leaf,  with  handles 

Felt,  hats 

Felt,  shoes 

Fertilizers,  guanos,  manures 

Fire-arms,  double-barreled,  breech-load- 
ing, value  not  over  $6 

Fire-arms,  value  $6  to  $12 

Fire-arms,  value  over  $12 

Fire-arms,  single-barreled 

Fire-arms,  pistols,  value  over  $1.50 

Fish,  American  fisheries 

Fish,  smoked,  dried,  salted,  pickled... 

Flannels,  under  30c  per  lb 

Flannels,  value  30c  to  40c 

Flannels,  value  40c  to  50c 

Flax,  manufactures  of 

Flowers,  artificial 

Fruits,  preserved  in  juice 

Fruits,  apples 

Fruits,  oranges  and  lemons* 

Fur  manufactures 

Furniture,  wood 

Glassware,  plain  and  cut 

Glass,  lamp  chimneys 

Glass,  polished  plate,  not  over  16  x 24. . 

Glass,  silvered,  not  over  16  x 24 

Glass,  Bohemian 

Glass  discs  for  optical  instruments 

Gloves,  kid,  men’s,  plain 

Gloves,  embroidered 

Gloves,  lined 

Gloves,  pique,  lined 

Gloves,  pique,  lined  and  embroidered. 
Gloves,  ladies’  and  children’s  plain. . . . 

Gloves,  ladies’  lined 

Gloves,  lined  and  embroidered 


Old  Tariff  (1883)  Rate. 


35  per  cent . 

40 

40 

40 

40 

35 

35  “ 

35 

35 


New  Tariff  (McKinley) 
1890. 


50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

25  “ 

10  “ 

Free 

10  per  cent 

25  “ 

55  “ 

60  “ 

Free 

25  per  cent 

10  “ 

20  “ 

Free 

per  cent 

40c  lb.  and  35  per  ct. . 
Free 


50  per  cent. 

50c  doz.  and  30  per  ct. 
75c  “ 40 

“ 40 

$1.25  “ 40 

10c  sq.  yd.  & 20  “ 

60  per  cent. 

40 

60 


35  per  cent 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

Free 

Kc  per  lb 

10c  lb.  and  35  per  cent 
12c  “ “ 35 

18c  “ “ 35 

35  per  cent 

50  “ 

20  “ 

Free 

25c  per  box 

30  per  cent 

30  and  35  per  cent 

40  per  cent 

40  “ 

5c  per  sq.  foot 

6c  “ “ 

45  per  cent 

45  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ 

50  “ ....' 

50  “ 

50  “ 


12c  doz.  and 
50c 
$1 
$2 
$1 

$1.75 
10c 
35c 
40c 
$1 
$2 

50  per  cent. 
10 

Free. 

10  per  cent. 

25 

55 

60 

5c  per  doz. 
25  per  cent. 
%c  per  lb. 
35c  “ 

30  per  cent 
55 


50  per  ct. 
50 

50  “ 

50 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 


55  u 

49>£c  lb.  and  60  per  ct. 
Free. 

$1.50  ea.  and  35  per  ct. 


35 

35 

35 

35 


Free. 

per  lb. 

16Ke  lb.  and  30  per  ct. 
22c  “ 35 

33c  “ 35 

50  per  cent. 

50 

30 

25c  per  bushel. 

13c  box  and  30  per  ct. 
35  per  cent. 

35 

60 

60  “ 

5c  per  sq.  foot. 

6c 

60  per  cent. 

60 

$1  dz.  not  less  tlian  50p.c. 


$1.50 

$2.50 

$2.50 

$3 

$1.75 

$2.75 

$3.25 


50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 


32 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES— Continued. 


Articles. 


Old  Tariff  (1883)  Rate. 


New  Tariff  (McKinley) 
1890. 


Gloves,  su&des  and  scmaschen,  emb’d . . . 

Gloves,  sutldes,  lined 

Gloves,  suedes,  lined  and  embroidered. . . 

Glucose 

Glue,  value  not  over  7c  per  lb 

Gold,  manufactures  of,  not  jewelry 

Hair  of  hog's  curled  for  mattresses 

Hair  manufactures* 

Hair  braids  and  ornaments 

Hair,  human,  unmanufactured 

Hams 

Handkerchiefs,  linen 

Handkerchiefs,  silk 

Hay 

Hemp  cordage,  untarred 

Hemp  cordage,  tarred 

Hides,  raw,  dried,  salted,  pickled 

Hogs 

Honey 

Hoops,  iron  or  steel,  for  baling  purposes. 

Hops 

Horn,  manufactures  of 

Horses,  mules,  value  under  $150 

Horses,  mules,  value  over  $150 

India-rubber,  manufactures 

India-rubber,  vulcanized 

India-rubber,  wearing  apparel 

Instruments,  philosophical,  metal 

Iron,  manufactures  of* 

Iron  screws,  % inch  or  less  in  length 

Iron  tinned  plates 

Ivory,  manufactures* 

Jewelry 

Jute,  burlaps 

Jute,  cotton  bagging 

Jute,  other  bagging. 

Knit  Goods— 

Wearing  apparel,  value  not  over  30c  lb. 

Wearing  apparel,  value  30c  to  40c 

Wearing  apparel,  value  40c  to  60c 

Wearing  apparel,  value  GOc  to  80c 

Wearing  apparel,  value  over  80c  lb 

Silk 

Knives,  carving 

Laces,  cotton 

Laces,  linen 

Lard 

Lead,  pigs,  bars 

Lead,  type  metal  

Leather  manufactures* 

Lime 

Linen  manufactures* 

Linen,  wearing  apparel 

Linen  thread 

Linseed  oil 

Macaroni 

Malt 

Matches,  friction,  boxed 

Mats,  cocoa  and  rattan 

Matting,  jute 

Mathematical  instruments,  glass 

Meerschaum  pipes 

Mica,  ground 

Milk,  fresh 

Milk,  condensed 

Molasses 

Muffs,  fur 

Musical  instruments,  metal 

Music  boxes 


50  per  cent. . . 
50 

50  “ 

20  “ 

20 

45  “ 

25  “ 

30  “ 

20 

30 

2c  per  lb 

35  per  cent. . . 
.50 

$2  per  ton 

3c  per  lb 

3 Ac  “ 

Free 

20  per  cent 

20c  per  gallon 

35  per  cent 

8c per  lb 

30  per  cent . . . 
20 
20 

30  “ 

30 

35 

35 

45  “ 

12c  per  lb 

lc  “ 

30  per  cent 

25  “ . . . . 

30 

1 Ac  per  lb 

40  per  cent 


10c  lb.  and  35  per  ct. 
12c  “ “ 35  “ . 

18c  “ “ 35  “ . 

24c  “ “ 35  “ . 

35c  “ “40  “ . 

50  per  cent 

35  “ 

40  “ 

30  “ 

2c  per  lb 

2c  “ 

20  per  cent 

30  “ 

10  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  ‘‘  

25c  per  gallon 

Free. 

20c  per  bushel 

35  per  cent 

20  “ 

20  “ 

45  “ 

70  “ 

10  “ 

10  “ 

20  “ 

4c  and  8c  per  gallon. 
30  per  cent 


25 


50c  dz.  not  less  than  50  p.c. 
$1  “ “ 50  “ 

$1.50  “ “ 50  “ 

%c  per  lb. 

IKe  “ 

45  per  cent. 

15  “ 

33c  a lb.  and  40  per  ct. 
60c  “ “ 60 

20  per  cent. 

5c  per  lb. 

55  per  cent. 

60  “ 

$4  per  ton. 

2Ac  per  lb. 

3c  “ 

Free. 

$1.50  per  head. 

20c  per  gallon. 

1.3c  per  lb. 

15c  per  lb. 

30  per  cent. 

$30  per  head. 

30  per  cent. 

30 

35  “ 

50c  a lb.  and  50  per  ct. 
45  per  cent. 

45 

14c  per  lb. 

2.2c  “ 

40  per  cent. 

50 

1/sC  per  lb. 

1.6c  and  1.8c  per  lb. 

2c.  per  lb. 

33c  a lb.  and  40  per  ct. 

38Kc  “ “ 40 

44c  “ “ 50  “ 

44c  “ “ 50 

44c  “ “ 50  “ 

60  per  cent. 

$1  to  $5  doz.  & 30  per  ct 
60  per  cent. 

60 

2c  per  lb. 

2c  “ 

lAc  “ 

35  per  cent. 

6c  per  100  lbs. 

50  per  cent. 

55 

45  “ 

32c  per  gallon. 

2c  per  lb. 

45c  per  bushel. 

10c  per  gross. 

8c  per  sq.  ft. 

6c  per  sq.  yd. 

60  per  cent. 

70 

35  “ 

5e  per  gallon. 

3c  per  lb. 

Free  (after  Apr.  1,’91). 
35  per  cent. 

45 

45 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 


33 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES.— Continued. 


Articles. 


Old  Tariff  (1883)  Rate. 


New  Tariff  (McKinley) 
1890. 


Nails,  cut 

Nails,  horseshoe 

Needles,  sewing 

Newspapers,  periodicals 

Oatmeal 

Oil-cloths  for  floors,  value  over  25c  sq.  yd. 

Oil,  olive 

Oil,  whale  and  seal 

Onions 

Opium,  liquid  preparat  ions 

Organs 

Paintings,  by  American  artists 

Paintings,  by  foreign  artists 

Paper  manufactures 

Paper  stock,  crude 

Pepper,  cayenne,  unground 

Perfumery,  alcoholic 

Personal  effects  (see  note) 

Phosphorus 

Photograph  Albums . 

Photograph  Slides 

Pianofortes 

Pickles 

Pins,  metallic 

Pipes  of  clay,  common 

Plants*  . . 

Poultry,  dressed 

Potatoes 

Pulp,  wood,  paper-makers’  use,  ground. . . 

Quicksilver 

Quilts,  cotton 

Quinine,  sulphate  and  salts 

Railroad  ties,  cedar  

Robes,  buffalo,  made  up 

Roofing  tiles,  plain 

Rope,  bale,  of  hemp 

Rope,  bale,  of  cotton 

Rugs,  oriental 

Salmon,  dried  or  smoked 

Salmon,  pickled  and  salted 

Salt,  in  bulk 

Salt,  in  bags 

Sauces* 

Sausages,  Bologna 

Sausages,  all  others  

Sealskin  sacques 

Seeds,  garden 

Sheetings,  linen 

Shirts,  in  whole  or  part  linen 

Shoe-laces,  cotton 

Shoe-laces,  leather 

Shoes,  leather 

Shoes,  India-rubber 

Silk,  raw 

Silk,  spun  in  skeins 

Silk,  laces,  embroideries,  handkerchiefs, 

and  all  wearing  apparel 

Skins,  uncured,  raw 

Skins,  tanned  and  dressed 

Slates,  porcelain,  plain 

Smokers’  articles,  except  clay  pipes 

Snuff 

Soap,  Castile 

Spelter  in  blocks 

Spirits,  except  bay  rum 

Statuary,  marble. 

Steel  ingots — 

Slabs,  etc.,  value  7c  to  10c  per  lb 

Slabs,  etc.,  value  10c  to  13c  per  lb 


IMe  per  lb 

4c  “ 

25c  “ 

Free 

Me  per  lb 

40  per  cent. . 
25 

25  “ 

10 

40 

25  “ 

Free 

30  per  cent . . . 
15 

Free 

Free 

$2  per  gallon 


10c  per  lb . 

30  per  cent 

45  “ 

35  “ 

30  “ 

35  “ 

Free 

10c  per  lb 

15c  per  bushel 

10  per  cent 

10c  per  lb 

35  per  cent 

Free 

Free 

20  per  cent 

20  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

40  “ 

lc  per  lb 

25  per  cent 

8c  per  100  lbs 

12c  “ “ 

35  per  cent 

Free 

25  per  cent 

30  “ 

20  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

35  “ 

30  “ 

30  “ 

25  “ 

Free 

30  per  cent 

50  “ 

Free 

20  per  cent 

55  “ 

70  “ 

50c  per  lb 

20  per  cent 

1 Me  per  lb 

$2  per  proof  gallon 

30  per  cent 

2%c  per  lb  

3 Me.  “ 


lc  per  lb. 

4c  “ 

Free. 

Free, 
lc  per  lb. 

15c  sq.  yd.  & 30  per  ct. 
35c  per  gallon. 

8c  “ 

40c  per  bushel. 

40  per  cent. 

45 

Free. 

15  per  cent. 

25 

Free. 

2Mc  per  lb. 

$2.50  gal.  and  50  per  ct. 


20c  per  lb. 

35  per  cent. 

60 

45 

45  “ 

30 

15c  per  gross. 

20  per  cent. 

5c  per  lb. 

25c  per  bushel. 

$2.50  per  ton,  dry  wt. 
10c  per  lb. 

45  per  cent. 

Free. 

20  per  cent. 

35 

25 

50 

40 

60c  sq.  yd.  & 40  per  ct. 
lc  per  lb. 

30  per  cent. 

8c  per  100  lbs. 

12c 

45  per  cent. 

Free. 

25  per  cent. 

35 

20 

50 

55  “ 

40 

35 

25  “ 

30 

Free. 

35  per  cent. 

60  “ 

Free. 

20  per  cent. 

60 

70 

50c  per  lb. 
lMc  “ 
lKc  “ 

$2.50  per  proof  gallon. 
15  per  cent. 

2.8c  per  lb. 

3Mc  “ 


34 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 


UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS  DUTIES.— Continued. 


Articles. 


Slabs,  etc.,  value  13c  to  16c  per  lb. . 

Slabs,  etc.,  value  above  16c  per  lb.. 

Stereoscopic  Views,  glass 

Straw  manufactures* 

Sugars,  not  above  16  Dutch  standard 

Sugars,  above  16  Dutch  standard 

Sumac,  ground 

Tea 

Telegraph  poles,  cedar 

Telescopes 

Thermometers 

Thread — 


Old  Tariff  (1883)  Rate. 


New  Tariff'  (McKinley) 
1890. 


3Xc  per  lb . 
3'4c  “ . 

45  per  cent 
30 


4.3c  per  lb. 
7c 

60  per  cent, 
30 


1 2-5  min.  per  lb 

3-3 y,  c per  lb 

3-10c  “ .... 

Free 

Free 

45  per  cent 

45  “ 


Free  (after  Apr.  1,  ’91). 
He  per  lb. 

4-10c  “ 

Free. 


20  per  cent. 

60 

60 


Cotton,  value  from  25c  to  40c  per  lb 

40c  to  50c  per  lb  ( 

50c  to  60c  per  lb 

Flax  or  linen,  value  not  over  13c  per  lb. 

Over  13c  per  lb 

Tin,  ore  or  metal  (after  July  1,  1891) 

Tin  plates  (after  July  1,  1891) 

Tobacco,  cigar  wrappers,  not  stemmed. . . 

Tobacco,  if  stemmed 

Tobacco,  all  other  leaf,  if  stemmed 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured,  not  stemmed. 

Tooth-brushes.. 

Trees,  nursery  stock 

Trimmings,  cotton,  linen  and  lace 

Trimmings,  wool,  worsted,  etc 

Towels,  linen  damask 

Umbrellas,  silk  or  alpaca 

Vegetables,  natural* 

Vegetables,  prepared  or  preserved 

Velvets,  silk 

Violins 

Watches,  and  parts  of 

Water-colors,  for  artists 

Wearing  apparel  (see  note) 

Whips,  rawhide  and  leather.  

Wheat 

Wicks  and  wicking,  cotton 

Willow  for  basket-makers 

Willow  hats  and  bonnets 

Willow  manufactures* 

Wines — 

Champagne,  in  % pint  bottles  or  less. . . 
Champagne,  H pint  and  not  over  1 pint 
Champagne,  1 pint  and  not  over  1 quart 

Champagne,  over  one  quart 

Still  in  casks 

Woods,  cabinet,  sawed  

Wool,  first  and  second  class 

Wool,  third-class* 

Wool  or  worsted  yarns— 

Value  not  over  30c  per  lb 

Value  over  30c  and  not  over  40c  per  lb. . 

Value  over  40c  per  lb 

Woolen  and  worsted  clothing 

Woolen  manufactures* — 

Value  not  over  30c  per  lb 

Value  30c  and  not  over  40c  per  lb 

Value  40c  and  not  over  60c  per  lb 

Value  60c  and  not  over  80c  per  lb 

Value  over  80c  per  lb 


15c  per  lb . . 
20c  “ . . 

25c  “ 

35  per  cent 
35 

Free 

lc  per  lb 

75c  “ — 

*1  “ . . . . 


18c  per  lb. 

23c 

28c 

6c  “ 

45  per  cent. 
4c  per  lb. 
2.2c  “ 


40c  “ 

35  per  cent 

30  “ 

Free 

40  per  cent 

30c  lb.  and  50  per  cent. 

30  per  cent 

50  “ 

10  “ 

30  “ 

50  “ 

25  “ 


50c 

35c 

40  per  cent. 

20 

60 


60c  a lb.  and  60  per  ct. 
50  per  cent. 

55 

25 

45 

$3.50  lb.  & 15  per  ct.  but 
not  less  than  50  per  ct. 
35  per  cent. 


25 

25 


25 

30 


30  per  cent . . . 
20c  per  bushel 

35  per  cent 

25  “ 


30 

20 


35  per  cent. 

25c  per  bushel. 
40  per  cent. 

30 

40 

40 


$1.75  per  doz 

$3.50  “ 

$7  “ 

$7  doz.  and  $2.25  gal . . 

50c  per  gallon. .... 

Free 

10c  and  12c  per  lb 

5c  per  lb 


$2  per  doz. 
“ 


$8  and  $2.50  per  gal. 
50c  per.gallon. 

15  per  cent. 

11c  and  12c  per  lb. 

50  per  cent. 


10c  lb. 

and  35  per  cent. 

27 He  lb. 

and  35  per  ct. 

12c  “ 

“ 35  “ 

33c  “ 

“ 35 

18c  “ 

“ 35 

38  H “ 

“ 40 

40c  “ 

“ 35 

49  X “ 

“ 60 

10c  “ 

“ &5 

33c  “ 

“ 40  “ 

12c  “ 

“ 35 

38  Xc  “ 

“ 40 

18c  “ 

“ 35 

44c  “ 

“ 40  “ 

24c  “ 

“ 35 

44c  “ 

“ 50 

35c  “ 

“ 40 

44c  “ 

“ 50  “ 

Note. — Personal  or  household  effects  of  persons  arriving  in  the  United  States,  in 
use  over  one  year,  or  of  American  citizens  dying  abroad,  free.  Duty  must  be  paid  on 
all  watches  but  one.  Articles  and  tools  of  trade,  when  in  actual  use,  free. 


TARIFF  REFORM  VOTES,  1865-1890. 

HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES— BY  STATES. 


STATE. 

March  3,1 
1865. 

July  28, 
1866. 

July  14, 
1870. 

June  2, 
1872. 

Feb.  8, 
1875. 

March  3, 
1875. 

March  3, 
1883. 

How  Cast — 

ainst. 

CO 

d 

ainst. 

in 

d 

ainst. 

ainst. 

in 

d 

o 

be 

o 

be 

o 

bo 

o 

bo 

o 

be 

o 

be 

bo 

In 

-a) 

In 

-4 

In 

<1 

In 

< 

In 

< 

In 

< 

In 

North  Atlantic  Division. 
Maine 

3 

3 

4 

4 

2 

3 

4 

i 

New  Hampshire 

2 

1 

3 

— 

2 

— 

3 

— 

2 

i 

2 

i 

3 

— 

Vermont 

3 

— 

3 

— 

3 

— 

— 

2 

2 

— 

i 

i 

3 

— 

Massachusetts 

7 

— 

10 

— 

8 

— 

7 

1 

7 



8 

i 

9 



Rhode  Island 

2 

— 

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2 

i 



1 



2 



Connecticut 

2 

1 

2 

— 

3 

— 

3 

i 

3 

— 

2 

2 

3 



New  York 

10 

12 

16 

5 

16 

10 

18 

5 

15 

8 

13 

6 

21 

8 

New  Jersey 

— 

4 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

1 

5 

2 

7 

— 

Pennsylvania 

19 

1 

19 

2 

19 

4 

3 

20 

18 

5 

21 

5 

20 

5 

South  Atlantic  Division. 

Delaware 

1 

_ 

4§ 

_ 

— 

— 

1 

— 

1 



— 





1 

Maryland 

2 

— 

i 

4 

— 

3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

— 

6 

Virginia 

— 

— 

— 

— 

5 

1 

6 

— 

3 

4 

1 

7 

4 

4 

West  Virginia 

2 

— 

3 

— 

2 

— 

3 

— 

— 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

North  Carolina 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

5 

— 

1 

5 

— 

4 

1 

6 

South  Carolina 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

2 

1 

4 

1 

4 

— 

2 

3 

Georgia 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

6 

— 

2 

5 

1 

5 

1 

7 

Florida 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

1 

1 

North  Central  Division. 

Ohio 

3 

9 

15 

3 

13 

2 

5 

11 

13 

8 

10 

10 

7 

11 

Indiana 

2 

4 

— 

7 

5 

3 

11 

— 

10 

3 

4 

5 

8 

5 

Illinois 

4 

5 

— 

12 

11 

2 

13 

— 

7 

7 

2 

12 

43 

6 

Michigan 

3 

1 

4 

— 

5 

— 

2 

4 

7 

— 

8 

1 

8 

1 

Wisconsin 

3 

2 

2 

— 

5 

1 

4 

2 

5 

1 

6 

1 

6 

2 

Minnesota 

1 

— 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

— 

Iowa 

5 

— 

2 

3 

5 

— 

6 

— 

5 

2 

5 

3 

7 

1 

Missouri 

6 

1 

2 

3 

8 

— 

9 

— 

— 

13 

2 

11 

4 

8 

North  Dakota 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

i 

— 

1 

— 

Kansas 

1 

1 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

— 

South  Central  Division. 

Kentucky 

— 

2 

1 

6 

5 

1 

6 

3 

— 

10 

— 

10 

1 

8 

Tennessee 

— 

— 

— 

— 

8 

— 

7 

1 

4 

6 

4 

5 

3 

7 

Alabama 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

4 

5 

— 

1 

3 

3 

3 

1 

4 

Mississippi 

— 

— 

— 

— 

4 

— 

2 

3 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

4 

Louisiana 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2 

— 

2 

— 

— 

5 

— 

— 

5 

Texas 

— 

— 

— 

— 

3 

1 

4 

— 

— 

6 

— 

6 

— 

5 

Arkansas 

— 

— 

— 

— 

3 

— 

— 

— 

3 

1 

1 

1 

— 

3 

Western  Division. 

Montana 

1 

Colorado 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

Nevada  

— 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

1 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

Washington 

Oregon  

1 

— 

2 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

California 

3 

— 

1 

— 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

— 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Total 

85 

43 

95 

49 

152 

35 

149 

61 

136 

99 

123 

114 

152 

116 

1890. 


164 


142 


35 


Against. 


RECIPROCITY. 


The  protective  tariff  in  this  country  has,  since  the  time  it  first  made  its 
appearance  as  a part  of  our  national  policy,  acted  as  a check  to  the  free  im- 
portation of  raw  material  or  of  manufactured  goods  from  other  countries. 
The  Republican  party,  having  from  the  first  identified  itself  with  a high  pro- 
tective tariff,  has  urged  as  its  reason  for  this  the  necessity  of  building  up 
manufactures  and  enabling  Americans  to  make  the  articles  they  use  in  the 
place  of  being  dependent  on  the  manufacturers  in  England  and  Europe. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  a protective  tariff  on  any  article  stim- 
ulates the  production  of  that  article  in  the  country  levying  the  duty.  As 
good  an  illustration  of  the  result  of  the  tariff  as  may  be  asked  is  to  be  found 
in  the  history  of  the  attempt  to  make  watches  in  Massachusetts.  Three 
times,  prior  to  the  war,  did  a watch  company  start  at  Waltham  only  to  fail. 
It  was  found  impossible  to  compete  with  the  watch  manufacturers  of  Eng- 
land and  the  Continent.  But  with  the  duty  levied  soon  after  the  civil  war 
broke  out,  a fourth  attempt  was  made.  The  result  was,  not  only  that  a 
Waltham  watch  took  the  gold  medal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  the  seventies 
as  against  all  competitors,  but  the  American  watches  can  to-day  be  sold  in 
London  and  in  Switzerland.  The  manufacture  of  them  has  reached  a point 
where  a duty  is  no  longer  necessary,  and  it  has  also  reached  a point  where 
foreign  markets  are  invaded. 

The  lesson  of  this  is  obvious.  A protective  tariff  makes  the  manufacture 
of  a particular  article  possible,  but  it  also  stimulates  that  manufacture  until 
the  men  engaged  in  it  so  develop  it  as  to  make  it  possible  to  compete  with 
their  rivals  in  other  countries.  There  also  comes  a time  in  the  history  of 
every  manufacturing  country  when  the  home  market  is  outgrown,  when— 
unless  new  markets  may  be  found — there  is  a surplus  of  manufactures. 

It  is  an  economic  law  that  there  may  be  no  exports  from  a country  unless 
there  are  imports  also.  The  money  of  the  world  is  used,  so  far  as  commerce 
is  concerned,  only  to  pay  balances.  This  may  be  shown  in  a very  simple 
way.  The  total  amount  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  United  States  in  Novem- 
ber. 1890,  was  $1,004,200,553.  The  total  value  of  imports  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  1,  1890,  was  $823,286,735.  Had  this  country  paid  in  cash  for 
those  imports  there  would  have  been  only  $180,913,818  left,  or  enough  to 
pay  for  imports  for  about  a month  and  a half  longer;  at  the  end  of  which 
time  we  would  have  had  no  more  money.  But  as  the  value  of  the  exports 
during  that  year  was  $881,076,017,  we  had  only  the  balance  of  $57,789,282 
to  pay. 

This  law,  which  makes  it  impossible  for  a country  to  export  unless  it  im- 
ports as  well,  makes  the  protective  tariff  operate  against  the  manufacturer 
so  soon  as  the  time  comes  when  he  is  obliged  to  seek  a foreign  market  or 
limit  his  production. 

The  election  of  General  Harrison  to  the  presidency  stamped  the  Repub- 
lican policy  of  protection  with  the  people’s  seal  of  approval.  Thus  encour- 
aged, Congress  was  enabled  to  pass  the  McKinley  bill,  in  which  the  protective 
tariff  was  carried  to  a higher  point  than  before.  But  by  this  time,  under  the 
stimulus  of  the  tariff,  the  manufacturers  of  the  country  had  reached  the 
position  where  for  many  of  them  a foreign  market  was  necessary  if  they 
would  still  develop.  Mr.  James  G.  Blaine  saw  that  the  natural  markets  of 

36 


RECIPROCITY. 


3 


the  United  States  were  to  be  found  in  the  Spanish  American  countries  of 
Central  and  South  America.  He  had  long  been  leading  up  to  a closer  union, 
commercial  and  friendly,  between  the  Republics  of  the  two  Americas,  and 
he  had  driven  his  scheme  of  a Pan-American  Congress  to  a successful 
ending. 

He  caused  to  be  introduced  in  Congress  what  was  called  the  Reciprocity 
amendment  to  the  McKinley  bill.  Under  this  section  the  President,  when 
he  becomes  convinced  that  any  country  which  produces  sugar,  molasses, 
coffee,  tea  or  hides,  is  imposing  duties  on  agricultural  products  or  manu- 
factured articles  produced  in  the  United  States,  has  the  power  to  suspend 
the  operation  of  the  McKinley  bill  so  far  as  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea  or 
hides  imported  from  such  country  are  concerned.  In  other  words,  this  gives 
the  President  the  power  to  lessen  the  duty  paid  on  these  specified  articles 
when  he  sees  fit  to  do  so.  This  in  turn  means  that  if  Brazil  will  reduce  her 
duties  levied  on  agricultural  products  and  manufactures  of  the  United 
States,  the  President  will  reduce  our  duties  on  coffee,  sugar  and  hides  from 
Brazil. 

The  working  of  this  amendment  is  almost  apparent  when  one  reads  it. 
It  is  bringing  the  old  principle  of  mutual  concessions  into  international  trade 
in  order  to  increase  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  and  in  turn,  that  of 
the  country  to  which  the  concession  is  made.  In  effect,  reciprocity  is  free 
trade  with  this  limitation:  It  trades  off  the  reduction  of  duties  at  this  end 
of  the  line  for  similar  reductions  at  the  other,  and  it  is  a form  of  free  trade 
especially  designed  to  foster  the  trade  with  a particular  country.  It  provides 
a market  for  those  manufactures  which  have  outgrown  the  home  demand, 
and  it  increases  the  market  for  the  farmers.  It  is  easy  to  see,  from  what  has 
been  written,  that  reciprocity  is  the  natural  outcome  of  a protective  tariff. 
The  tariff  has  fostered  and  stimulated  American  manufactures  until  the 
home  market  is  no  longer  sufficient,  and  therefore  a new  market  had  to  be 
found. 

The  introduction  into  Congress  of  the  Reciprocity  resolution  produced 
some  excitement.  Senator  Mitchell  was  the  first  to  advocate  it,  but  he  was 
speedily  followed  by  all  the  Republican  Senators.  The  New  York  Produce 
Exchange  held  a meeting  and  passed  resolutions  in  favor  of  the  scheme, 
which  action  was  repeated  by  nearly  all  the  commercial  bodies  in  the  coun- 
try. A vigorous  fight  was  made  against  it  in  the  House  by  Major  McKinley 
and  Speaker  Reed,  but  when  it  became  apparent  that  public  sentiment  was 
strongly  in  favor  of  it,  the  amendment  passed.  Since  then  a number  of 
treaties  have  been  begun,  and  some  have  been  concluded,  looking  towards 
putting  the  plan  into  active  operation.  During  the  debate  on  the  measure, 
an  effort  was  made  to  enlarge  the  scheme  sufficiently  to  bring  Canada  in, 
but  this  was  defeated  owing  to  the  opposition  of  Representatives  and  Senators 
from  the  States  along  the  Northern  border. 

TEXT  OP  THE  RECIPROCITY  SECTION  OF  THE  MCKINLEY  BILL. 

Section  3.  That  with  a view  to  secure  reciprocal  trade  with  countries 
producing  the  following  articles,  and  for  this  purpose,  on  and  after  the  first 
day  of  July,  1892,  whenever,  and  so  often  as  the  President  shall  be  satisfied 
that  the  government  of  any  country  producing  and  exporting  sugars,  molas- 
ses, coffee,  tea  and  hides,  raw  and  uncured,  or  any  of  such  articles,  imposes 
duties  or  other  exactions  upon  the  agricultural  or  other  products  of  the  United 
States,  which  in  view  of  the  free  introduction  of  such  sugar,  molasses,  coffee, 
tea,  and  hides  into  the  United  States  he  may  deem  to  be  reciprocally  unequal 
and  unreasonable,  he  shall  have  the  power  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  suspend, 
by  proclamation  to  that  effect,  the  provisions  of  this  act  relating  to  the  free 
introduction  of  such  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  the  production  of 

3b 


38 


RECIPROCITY. 


such  country,  for  such  time  as  he  shall  deem  just,  and  in  such  case  and  dur- 
ing such  suspension,  duties  shall  he  levied,  collected,  and  paid  upon  sugar, 
molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  the  product  of  or  exported  from  such  desig- 
nated country,  as  follows,  namely: 

All  sugars  not  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  pay 
duty  on  their  polariscopic  tests  as  follows,  namely: 

All  sugars  not  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color,  all  tank 
bottoms,  syrups  of  cane  juice  or  of  beet  juice,  melada,  concentrated  melada, 
concrete  and  concentrated  molasses,  testing  by  the  polariscope  not  above  75 
degrees,  seven-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  and  for  every  additional  degree 
or  fraction  of  a degree  shown  by  the  polariscopic  test,  two-hundredths  of  one 
cent  per  pound  additional. 

All  sugars  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  be  classi- 
fied by  the  Dutch  standard  of  color,  and  pay  duty  as  follows,  namely:  All 
sugar  above  number  thirteen  and  not  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard 
of  color,  one  and  three-eighth  cents  per  pound. 

All  sugar  above  number  sixteen  and  not  above  number  twenty  Dutch 
standard  of  color,  one  and  five-eighth  cents  per  pound. 

All  sugars  above  number  twenty  Dutch  standard  of  color,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

Molasses  testing  above  fifty-six  degrees,  four  cents  per  gallon. 

Sugar  drainings  and  sugar  sweepings  shall  be  subject  to  duty  either  as 
molasses  or  sugar,  as  the  case  may  be,  according  to  polariscopic  test. 

On  coffee,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  tea,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

Hides,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted,  or  pickled,  Angora  goat- 
skins, raw,  without  the  wool,  unmanufactured,  asses’  skins,  raw  or  unmanu- 
factured, and  skins,  except  sheepskins  with  the  wool  on,  one  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound.* 

* For  most  recent  developments  as  to  Reciprocity  treaties,  up  to  the  moment  of 
going  to  press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


THE  SILVER  QUESTION. 


The  silver  question  in  this  country  to-day  is  the  result  of  a demand  on 
the  part  of  many  people  for  more  money  in  circulation,  stimulated  doubtless 
by  the  desire  of  the  owners  of  silver  mines  to  find  a market  for  their  product. 
As  the  law  stands  now,  gold  may  be  taken  in  unlimited  quantities  to  the  United 
States  mints  and  there  coined  into  money.  The  director  of  the  mint  has  no 
power,  acting  as  the  agent  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  refuse  to  re- 
ceive the  metal  or  to  pay  for  it,  either  in  gold  coin  or  in  United  States  notes, 
which  are,  of  course,  gold  coin  in  another  form. 

When  England  demonetized  silver,  France  was  left  as  the  great  bi-metallic 
country  of  the  world.  At  that  time  (1792  to  1834)  the  United  States  was 
coining  silver  and  gold  at  the  ratio  of  15  to  1.  France  was  coining  at  the 
rate  of  lo1^  to  1,  and  as  a result  the  United  States  was  stripped  of  its  gold 
coin.  In  1834  the  United  States  raised  the  ratio  from  15  to  1 to  16  to  1,  and 
there  being  3 per  cent,  profit  in  the  transaction,  the  silver  left  this  country 
and  gold  came  in.  Then  the  United  States,  in  order  to  keep  its  subsidiary 
coinage,  depreciated  it  and  thus  stopped  the  drain. 

When  the  war  broke  out,  all  questions  of  metallic  coinage  were  speedily 
swallowed  up  in  the  flood  of  “greenbacks”  and  “ shinplasters.”  When, 
however,  we  renewed  specie  payment,  things  went  on  as  before.  In  1873 
France  stopped  the  free  coinage  of  silver  in  order  to  escape  from  the  flood  of 
German  silver  which  was  draining  the  country  of  its  gold.  Coincident  with 
this  came  the  enormous  development  of  silver-mining  in  this  country,  follow- 
ing the  discovery  of  the  “Bonanza”  deposit  in  the  Comstock  in  Nevada. 
All  the  silver  of  the  world  rushed  in  here  and  the  United  States  was  forced 
to  demonetize  the  metal. 

The  demand  for  more  money  in  circulation,  which  naturally  followed  the 
great  development  of  the  country  during  the  seventies  and  eighties,  brought 
with  it  the  greenback  movement.  This  was  a demand  made  by  a large  sec- 
tion of  the  people  for  the  issue  by  the  government  of  an  unlimited  and  irre- 
deemable currency.  The  greenback  advocates  were  defeated  and  so  thor- 
oughly beaten  that  as  a party  in  politics  they  practically  ceased  to  exist. 
The  nation  realized  that  greenbacks  were  the  notes  of  hand  issued  by  the 
government  and  obtaining  their  value  from  the  government’s  credit.  It  was 
as  absurd  to  say  that  a government  note  should  never  he  redeemed  as  it  was 
to  say  that  the  note  of  an  individual  could  be  circulated  in  business  if  there 
was  no  redemption  provided  for  it. 

But  while  the  common  sense  of  the  nation  rejected  the  irredeemable 
greenback  project,  this  did  not  in  the  least  affect  the  demand  for  more  money 
in  circulation.  It  was  apparent  to  all  men  that  when  the  time  came  to  move 
the  wheat  crop,  all  other  enterprises  felt  the  need  of  money  greatly.  It  took 
about  all  the  money  in  the  country  for  the  wheat.  Consequently  there  came 
a time  every  year  when  business  generally  languished,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  money,  which  is  the  life-blood  of  business,  was  withdrawn  from  it.  Nor 
was  this  all.  The  scarcity  of  money  brought  with  it  a high  price  for  its  use, 
and  the  interest  demanded  on  mortgages  was  such  that  the  net  profit  derived 
from  the  cultivation  of  the  ground  would  not,  except  under  exceptional  cir- 
cumstances, pay  this  interest. 

Men  who  were  confronted  with  this  situation,  and  especially  the  farmers, 
who  feel  the  bite  the  most  keenly,  looked  at  the  vast  mass  of  silver  in  the 

39 


40 


THE  SILVER  QUESTION. 


country  with  longing  eyes.  They  declared  that  silver  was  as  good  a basis  as 
gold  on  which  to  rest  a currency,  and  they  demanded  that  the  United  States 
once  more  go  back  to  the  bi-metallic  standard.  They  urged  that,  were  there 
unlimited  coinage  of  silver;  were  silver  put  on  the  same  basis  as  gold  in  this 
regard,  the  dearth  of  money  would  cease  at  once  and  interest  would  fall.  As 
a result  of  this  feeling  the  Bland  bill  was  introduced  into  Congress  providing 
for  the  unlimited  coinage  of  the  white  metal. 

It  was  fiercely  opposed.  Many  able  men,  led  by  John  Sherman,  Ex-Sec- 
retary  of  the  Treasury,  argued  that,  were  the  United  States  to  adopt  the  bi- 
metallic standard  when  no  other  of  the  great  nations  would  do  the  same 
thing,  it  would  at  once  create  a market  for  the  silver  of  the  world,  and  that 
it  would  he  drained  of  its  gold.  This  would  result,  they  declared,  in  an  ad- 
vance in  the  price  of  gold,  and  as  all  balances  in  commerce  with  nations  hav- 
ing a gold  standard  would  have  to  be  paid  in  this  metal,  any  legislation  mak- 
ing gold  subject  to  fluctuations  in  price  would  result  disastrously  to  the  mer- 
chants and  manufacturers.  The  gist  of  their  argument  was  that  the  mone- 
tization of  silver  would  make  gold  a commodity  subject  to  changes  in  price 
and  to  all  the  evils  of  speculation. 

The  opposition  was  strong  enough  to  get  the  Allison  amendment  tacked 
on  to  the  Bland  bill.  By  this  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  must  buy  not  less 
than  two  millions  nor  more  than  four  millions  each  month.  This  measure 
has  resulted  in  making  silver  a commodity. 

During  the  last  two  years  the  party  in  favor  of  free  silver  and  a bi-metallic 
standard  has  grown  enormously  in  this  country.  The  gist  of  the  whole 
question  lies  in  the  ratio  given  to  silver  and  gold  in  any  law  making  both 
legal  tender  and  giving  both  free  coinage.  The  ratio  in  the  markets  of  the 
world  to-day  is,  generally  speaking,  one  of  gold  to  fifteen  and  a half  of  sil- 
ver. But  silver,  being  demonetized,  fluctuates  in  price.  Were  the  United 
States  to  adopt  this  ratio,  then  it  would  find  itself  alternately  a purchaser  and 
a seller  of  silver,  as  silver  went  down  or  up  abroad.  Whether  these  would 
be  equal  in  the  long  run  it  is  difficult  to  say. 

It  is  probable  that  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  free  coinage  for 
silver  have  been  exaggerated  somewhat  by  the  advocates  and  opponents  of 
the  measure.  There  remain  two  facts  after  all  the  froth  has  been  blown  away. 
First,  the  farming  and  other  interests  of  the  country  seriously  need  cheaper 
money;  second,  that  any  ratio  established  by  Congress  will  force  this  coun- 
try to  buy  or  sell  silver  in  accordance  with  the  price  elsewhere.* 

* For  most  recent  developments  as  to  silver  legislation,  etc.,  up  to  the  moment  of 
going  to  press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


THE  SINGLE  TAX  THEORY. 


There  is  a Single  Tax  National  League  of  tlie  United  States  of  which 
Henry  George,  of  New  York,  is  the  foremost  champion.  The  theory  of  the 
League  is  that  all  men  are  equally  entitled  to  the  use  and  enjoyment  of  what 
God  has  created  and  of  what  is  gained  by  the  general  growth  and  improve- 
ment of  the  community  of  which  they  are  a part.  That  no  one  should  be 
permitted  to  hold  natural  opportunities  without  a fair  return  to  all  for  any 
special  privileges  thus  accorded  to  him,  and  that  that  value  which  the  growth 
and  improvement  of  the  community  attaches  to  land  should  be  taken  for  the 
use  of  the  community:  that  each  is  entitled  to  all  that  his  labor  produces; 
therefore,  no  tax  should  be  levied  on  the  products  of  labor. 

The  League  is  in  favor  of  raising  all  public  revenues  for  national.  State, 
county  and  municipal  purposes  by  a single  tax  upon  land  values,  irrespec- 
tive of  improvements,  and  all  the  obligations  of  all  forms  of  direct  and  indi- 
rect taxation.  With  respect  to  monopolies  other  than  that  monopoly  of  land, 
the  League  hold  that  when  free  competition  becomes  impossible,  as  in  tele- 
graphs, railroads,  water  and  gas  supplies,  etc.,  such  business  becomes  a 
proper  social  function  which  should  be  controlled  and  managed  by  and  for 
the  whole  people  concerned,  through  their  proper  government,  local,  state 
or  national. 


THE  SINGLE  TAX  PLATFORM. 

Platform  Adopted  at  the  Conference  of  the  Single  Tax  Na- 
tional League  of  the  United  States,  at  Cooper  Union,  New 
York,  September  3,  1S90. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Single  Tax  National  League  of  the  United  States 
held  at  Cooper  Union,  New  York,  September  3,  1890,  Henry  George,  as  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Platform  and  Address,  reported  the  following, 
which  was  adopted: 

We  assert  as  our  fundamental  principle  the  self-evident  truth  enunciated 
in  the  Declaration  of  American  Independence,  that  all  men  are  created  equal 
and  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights. 

We  hold  that  all  men  are  equally  entitled  to  the  use  and  enjoyment  of 
what  God  has  created  and  of  what  is  gained  by  the  general  growth  and  im- 
provement of  the  community  of  which  they  are  a part.  Therefore,  no  one 
should  be  permitted  to  hold  natural  opportunities  without  a fair  return  to  all 
for  any  special  privilege  thus  accorded  to  him,  and  that  that  value  which  the 
growth  and  improvement  of  the  community  attaches  to  land  should  be  taken 
for  the  use  of  the  community;  that  each  is  entitled  to  all  that  his  labor  pro- 
duces; therefore,  no  tax  should  be  levied  on  the  products  of  labor. 

To  carry  out  these  principles,  we  are  in  favor  of  raising  all  public  reve- 
nues for  national,  State,  county  and  municipal  purposes  by  a single  tax  upon 
land  values,  irrespective  of  improvements,  and  all  the  obligations  of  all 
forms  of  direct  and  indirect  taxation. 

Since  in  all  our  States  we  now  levy  some  tax  on  the  value  of  land,  the 
single  tax  can  be  instituted  by  the  simple  and  easy  way  of  abolishing,  one 
after  another,  all  other  taxes  now  levied,  and  commensurately  increasing  the 

41 


42 


THE  SINGLE  TAX  THEORY. 


tax  on  land  values  until  we  draw  upon  that,  one  source  for  all  expenses  of 
government,  the  revenue  being  divided  between  local  governments,  State 
government,  and  the  general  government,  as  the  revenue  from  direct  tax  is 
now  divided  between  the  local  and  State  governments,  or  by  a direct  assess- 
ment being  made  by  the  general  government  upon  the  States  and  paid  by 
them  from  revenues  collected  in  this  manner. 

The  single  tax  would: 

1st.  Take  the  weight  of  taxation  oil  the  agricultural  districts  when  land 
has  little  or  no  value  irrespective  of  improvements,  and  put  it  on  towns  and 
cities  where  bare  land  rises  to  a value  of  millions  of  dollars  per  acre. 

2d.  Dispense  with  a multiplicity  of  taxes  and  a horde  of  tax-gatherers, 
simplify  government  and  greatly  reduce  its  cost. 

3d.  Do  away  with  the  fraud,  corruption  and  gross  inequality  inseparable 
from  our  present  methods  of  taxation,  which  allow  the  rich  to  escape  while 
they  grind  the  poor. 

4th.  Give  us  with  all  the  world  as  perfect  freedom  of  trade  as  now  exists 
between  the  States  of  our  Union,  thus  enabling  our  people  to  share  through 
free  exchanges  in  all  the  advantages  which  nature  has  given  to  other  coun- 
tries, or  which  the  peculiar  skill  of  other  peoples  has  enabled  them  to  attain. 
It  would  destroy  the  trusts,  monopolies  and  corruptions,  which  are  the  out- 
growths of  the  tariff. 

5t,h.  It  would,  on  the  other  hand,  by  taking  for  public  use  that  value 
which  attaches  to  land  by  reason  of  the  growth  and  improvement  of  the  com- 
munity, make  the  holding  of  land  unprofitable  to  the  mere  owner,  and  profit- 
able only  to  the  user.  It  would  thus  make  it  impossible  for  speculators  and 
monopolists  to  hold  natural  opportunities  unused  or  only  half  used,  and  would 
throw  open  to  labor  the  illimitable  field  of  employment  which  the  earth  offers 
to  man.  It  would  thus  solve  the  labor  problem,  do  away  with  involuntary 
poverty,  raise  wages  in  all  occupations  to  the  full  earnings  of  labor,  make 
overproduction  impossible  until  all  human  wants  are  satisfied,  render  labor- 
saving  inventions  a blessing  to  all,  and  cause  such  an  enormous  production 
and  such  an  equitable  distribution  of  wealth  as  -would  give  to  all  comfort, 
leisure  and  participation  in  the  advantages  of  an  advancing  civilization. 

With  respect  to  monopolies  other  than  monopoly  of  land,  we  hold  that 
when  free  competition  becomes  impossible,  as  in  telegraphs,  railroads,  water 
and  gas  supplies,  etc.,  such  business  becomes  a proper  social  function  which 
should  be  controlled  and  managed  by  and  for  the  whole  people  concerned 
through  their  proper  government,  local,  State  or  national,  as  may  be. 

The  following  are  the  officers  of  the  Single  Tax  League  of  the  United 
States:  Chairman,  Louis  F.  Post;  Treasurer,  August  Lewis;  Secretary, 
George  St.  John  Leavens,  42  University  Place,  New  York.* 

*For  most  recent  developments  of  the  Single  Tax  theory,  up  to  the  moment  ol 
going  to  press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


PART  III. 


l'rom  The  Chautauquan,”  By  permission. 

THE  SURRENDER  OF  CORNWALLIS. 


INTRODUCTION 


DECLARATION  OP  INDEPENDENCE. 


The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  first  considered  at  a Congress  of  the 
thirteen  united  British  colonies,  held  in  Philadelphia  on  the  5th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1774.  An  Act  of  Parliament  had  been  passed  which  closed  the  port  of 
Boston  on  account  of  destruction  of  tea,  and  which  removed  the  custom- 
house to  Salem.  This  act  gave  offence  to  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  who 
considered  that  their  chartered  and  constitutional  rights  had  been  violated. 

When  the  first  Congress  adjourned,  it  did  so  after  a resolution  had  been 
adopted  providing  for  the  assembling  of  a second  Congress,  which  also  met 
at  Philadelphia,  May  10,  1775. 

Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  President  for  the  second  time, 
but  oii  account  of  being  called  home  on  urgent  business,  John  Hancock,  of 
Massachusetts,  was  selected  to  take  his  place.  Congress  declared  that  in  de- 
fense of  their  freedom  and  rights,  they  would  take  up  arms,  and  troops  were 
raised  with  George  Washington  in  command. 

As  early  as  January,  1776,  Massachusetts  instructed  her  delegates  in  Con- 
gress to  vote  for  independence,  and  was  followed  later  on  by  all  the  States, 
with  the  exception  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  An  adjustment  of  the 
trouble  was  then  thought  likely  by  these  States,  but  they  eventually  fell  into 
line  and  added  the  illustrious  names  of  their  delegates,  as  two  of  the  original 
thirteen  States  of  the  Union  contributing  to  complete  the  memorable  docu- 
ment that  made  the  Union  free  and  independent  of  British  dominion  and  rule. 

On  June  11,  1776,  a resolution  to  the  effect  that  “the  united  colonies 
ought  to  be  free  and  independent,”  was  offered  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of 
Virginia,  and  adopted.  A committee,  consisting  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  John  Adams,  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  and  others,  was 
then  appointed  to  draft  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  History  tells  how 
well  and  wisely  they  labored  during  the  production  of  that  instrument. 

On  the  28th  of  June,  1776,  the  committee  made  their  report  to  Congress. 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  had  not,  up  to  that  time,  instructed  their dele- 
gates, and  action  upon  the  report  was  deferred  in  consequence. 

On  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  a day  ever  memorable  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States,  the  report  of  these  two  colonies  was  received  and  adopted,  and 
the  independence  of  America  was  proclaimed  throughout  the  world  with 
salvos  of  artillery  and  the  ringing  of  the  old  State  Bell.  The  Declaration  of 
Independence  received  the  unanimous  vote  of  all  the  delegates  in  Congress, 
and  was  voted  upon  and  adopted  by  all  the  'colonies. 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

In  Congress,  July  4,  1776. 

By  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled. 

W hen,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for  one  people 
to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and 
to  assume  among  the  powers  of  the  earth  the  separate  and  equal  station  to 
which  the.  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature’s  God  entitle  them,  a decent  respect 
to  the  opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes 
which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created  equal; 

1 


2 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights;  that 
among  these  are  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That  to  secure 
these  rights  governments  are  instituted  among  men,  deriviug  their  just  pow 
ers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  govern- 
ment becomes  destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter 
or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a new  government.,  laying  its  foundation  on 
such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem 
most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dic- 
tate that  governments  long  established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and 
transient  causes;  and,  accordingly,  all  experience  hath  shown  that  mankind 
are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves 
by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But,  when  a long 
train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces 
a design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their 
duty,  to  throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  fu- 
ture security.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  Colonies,  and 
such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems 
of  government.  The  history  of  the  present  King  of  Great  Britain  is  a history 
of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having,  in  direct  object,  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these  States.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be 
submitted  to  a candid  world: 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and  necessary  for 
the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and  pressing 
importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his  assent  should  be  ob- 
tained; and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large  districts 
of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in 
the  Legislature;  a right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncomfortable, 
and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  Representative  Houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing,  with 
manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause  others  to 
be  elected;  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  re- 
turned to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise,  the  State  remaining,  in  the 
meantime,  exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  without  and  convul- 
sions within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States;  for  that  pur- 
pose, obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreigners;  refusing  to  pass 
others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions  of  new 
appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his  assent,  to 
laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  Judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for  the  tenure  of  their 
offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms  of  offi- 
cers to  harass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies,  without  the 
consent  of  our  Legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  superior  to, 
the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a jurisdiction  foreign  to  our 
Constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws,  giving  his  assent  to  their 
acts  of  pretended  legislation : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us: 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


3 


For  protecting  them,  by  a mock  trial,  from  punishment  for  any  murders 
which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  States: 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent: 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  trial  by  jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  he  tried  for  pretended  offences: 

For  abolishing  the  free'  system  of  English  Laws  in  a neighboring  province, 
establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries, 
so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  introducing  the 
same  absolute  rule  into  these  Colonies: 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws,  and 
altering,  fundamentally,  the  forms  of  our  governments: 

Foir suspending  our  own  Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested 
with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  protection, 
and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns,  and  des- 
troved  the  lives  of  our  people. 

'He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries 
to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny,  already  begun,  with 
circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbar- 
ous ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high  seas,  to 
bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their  friends 
and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  endeavored  to 
bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian  savages, whose 
known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and 
conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  redress  in  the 
most  humble  terms;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered  only  by  re- 
peated injury.  A Prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act 
which  may  define  a tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren.  We 
have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by  their  Legis- 
lature to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded 
them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We 
have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  con- 
jured them,  by  the  ties  of  our  common  kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpa- 
tions, which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connections  and  correspondence. 
They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinit}r.  We 
must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which  denounces  our  separation,  and 
hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in  war;  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in 
General  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world 
for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name,  and  hv  the  authority 
of  the  good  people  of  these  Colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  that 
these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent 
States;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  Crown,  and 
that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is, 
and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved;  and  that,  as  free  and  independent  States, 
they  have  full  power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  estab- 
lish commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  Independent  States 
may  of  right  do.  And,  for  the  support  of  this  Declaration,  with  a firm  reli- 
ance on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each 
other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

Signed  by  order  and  in  behalf  of  Congress. 


SIGNERS  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


Name. 

From  Colony. 

1 John  Adams 

Massachusetts  Bay .... 

o 

Samuel  Adams 

Massachusetts  Bay 

3 Josiali  Bartlett 

4 Carter  Braxton 

Virginia. . * 

5 Charles  Carroll 

Maryland 

6 Samuel  Chase 

Maryland 

7 

Abraham  Clark .... 

New"  Jersey 

8 

George  Clvmer 

Pennsylvania 

9 

William  Ellery 

Rhode  Island,  etc. . . 

10 

William  Floyd 

New  York. 

11 

Benjamin  Franklin 

12 

Elbridge  Gerry 

Massachusetts  Bay 

13 

Button  Gwinnett 

14 

Lyman  Hall 

15 

John  Hancock 

Massachusetts  Bay 

16 

Benjamin  Harrison 

17 

John  Hart 

18 

Joseph  Hewes 

19 

Thomas  Heyward,  Jr 

South  Carolina 

20 

William  Hooper 

21 

Stephen  Hopldns 

22 

Francis  Hopkinson 

New  Jersey 

23 

Samuel  Huntinsrton 

Connecticut 

24 gliomas  Jefferson 

Virginia 

25'Francis  Lightfoot  Lee 

26  Richard  Henry  Lee 

27|Francis  Lewis' 

28|Philip  Livingston 

New  York 

29  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr 

SOlThomas  McKean 

31 

Arthur  Middleton 

South  Carolina. . . . 

32 

Lewis  Morris 

33 

Robert  Morris 

34 

John  Morton 

35 

Thomas  Nelson,  Jr 

36 

William  Paca.. 

37 

Robert  Treat  Paine 

Massachusetts  Bay 

38 

John  Penn 

39 

George  Read 

Delaware 

40 

Ceesar  Rodney 

41 

George  Ross 

Pennsylvania 

42 

Pennsylvania 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania 

46  Richard  Stockton 

New  Jersey 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania 

New  Hampshire 

Georgia 

New  Hampshire 

52, 

56  George  Wythe 

Virginia 

Occupation. 

Born. 

Died 

Lawyer 

1735 

1826 

Merchant 

1722 

1803 

Physician 

1729 

1795 

Pkinter 

1736 

1797 

Lawyer 

1737 

1832 

Lawyer 

1741 

1811 

Lawyer 

1726 

1794 

Merchant 

1739 

1813 

Lawyer 

1727 

1820 

Farmer 

1734 

1821 

Printer 

1706 

1790 

Merchant 

1744 

1814 

Merchant 

1732 

1777 

Physician 

1725 

1790 

Merchant, 

1737 

1793 

Farmer 

1740 

1791 

Farmer 

1708 

1780 

Merchant 

1730 

1779 

Lawyer 

1746 

1809 

Lawyer 

1742 

1790 

Farmer 

1707 

1785 

Lawyer 

1737 

1791 

LawVer 

1731 

1796 

Lawyer 

1743 

1826 

Farmer 

1734 

1797 

Statesman 

1732 

1794 

Merchant 

1713 

1803 

Merchant 

1716 

1778 

Lawyer 

1749 

1779 

Lawyer 

1734 

1817 

Planter 

1743 

1787 

Farmer 

1726 

1798 

Merchant 

1733 

1806 

Surveyor 

1724 

1777 

Statesman 

1738 

1789 

Lawyer 

1740 

1799 

Lawyer 

1731 

1814 

Lawyer 

1741 

1788 

Lawyer 

1733 

1798 

General 

1730 

1783 

Lawyer 

1730 

1779 

Physician 

1746 

1813 

Lawyer 

1749 

1800 

Shoemaker 

1721 

1793 

Lawyer 

1719 

1806 

Lawyer 

1730 

1781 

Lawyer 

1743 

1787 

Foundry  man 

1710 

1781 

Physician 

1714 

1803 

Lawyer 

1740 

1804 

Sailor 

1730 

1785 

Statesman 

1731 

1811 

Lawyer 

1742 

1798 

Educator 

1722 

1794 

Soldier 

1726 

1797 

Lawyer 

1726 

1806 

A Convention  was  held  at  Charlotte,  Mecklenburgli  County,  N.  C„  May  20th,  1775, 
which  announced  a Declaration  of  Independence  severing  the  people,  represented  by 
the  Convention,  from  their  allegiance  to  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain.  It  was  not  until 
the  early  part  of  the  year  1776  that  the  idea  of  independence  was  seriously  entertained 
throughout  the  Colonies.  In  Congress,  Friday,  June  7th,  1776,  Richard  Henry  Lee 
moved  that  “ these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  indepen- 
dent. States,  * * * and  that  a plan  of  confederation  be  prepared  and  transmitted 
to  the  respective  Colonies  for  their  consideration  and  approval.”  This  was  adopted 
June  11th.  The  Committee  to  prepare  the  Declaration  of  Independence  were:  Thos. 
Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benj.  Franklin,  Roger  Sherman  and  Robert  B.  Livingston. 
They  reported  June28th,  and  the  Declaration  was  adopted  unanimously  July  4th,  1776. 


4 


INTRODUCTION 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


On  the  14th  of  May,  1787,  the  Federal  Convention  assembled  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  took  up  for  revision  and  amendment  the  first  Constitution  of  the 
U nited  States,  which  had  been  previously  adopted.  The  convention,  presided 
over  by  George  Washington,  was  in  session  from  May  14th  to  September  17th, 
inclusive.  Congress  had  been  urged  by  appeals  from  the  several  States  to 
adopt  a resolution  calling  for  such  a convention,  the  first  Constitution  not 
being  considered  broad  enough  in  its  provisions  to  serve  the  purposes  of  the 
government  and  the  people. 

At  this  convention,  composed  as  it  was  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  country, 
each  of  the  thirteen  original  States  were  represented,  with  the  exception  of 
Rhode  Island.  Congress  approved  the  Constitution,  and  it  was  adopted  and 
ratified  by  eleven  of  the  States  before  the  close  of  1788.  Later  on  North 
Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  signified  their  approval.  As  a State  paper  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  has  always  been  looked  upon  by  other  na- 
tions as  one  of  the  wisest,  soundest  and  most  practical  efforts  ever  made  to 
form  a basis  of  government  both  for  the  nation  and  for  the  people. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


We,  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a more  per- 
fect Union,  establish  .justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  pro- 
vide FOR  THE  COMMON  DEFENCE,  PROMOTE  THE  GENERAL  WELFARE,  AND 
SECURE  THE  BLESSINGS  OF  LIBERTY  TO  OURSELVES  AND  OUR  POSTERITY, 
DO  ORDAIN  AND  ESTABLISH  THIS  CONSTITUTION  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 
of  America. 

Article  I. 

Section  I.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

Sec.  II. — 1 . The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  electors 
in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age 
of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he  shall 
be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  sev- 
eral States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  re 
spective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number 
of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a term  of  years,  and  ex- 
cluding Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual 
enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years, 
in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of  representatives 

5 


6 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at 
least  one  representative;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  mane,  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three;  Massachusetts,  eight; 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  one;  Connecticut,  live;  New  York,' 
six;  New  Jersey,  four;  Pennsylvania,  eight;  Delaware,  one;  Maryland,  six; 
Virginia,  ten;  North  Carolina,  five;  South  Carolina,  five;  and  Georgia, three. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State,  the 
executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

__  5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and  other 
officers;  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

Sec.  III. — 1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  years;  and 
each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The 
seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the 
second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of 
the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  other- 
wise, during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  Slate,  the  executive  thereof 
may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  Legislature, 
which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of 
thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall 
not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the 
Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a president  pro 
tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the 
President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside;  and 
no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of 
honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punish- 
ment, according  to  law. 

Sec.  IV.— L The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  sen- 
ators and  representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  the  State  by  the  Legislature 
thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such  regu- 
lations, except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year;  and  such 
meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall,  by  law, 
appoint  a different  day. 

Sec.  V. — 1.  Each  House  shall  be  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  do  business;  but  a smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day, 
and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such 
manner,  and  under  such  penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its 
members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds, 
expel  a member. 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  House  on  any  ques- 
tion sliall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall, without  the  con- 
sent of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sec.  VI. — 1.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a compensa- 
tion for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and 
breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the 
session  of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  or  returning  from  the  same; 
and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in 
any  other  place. 

2.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have 
been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States  shall  be  a member  of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in 
office. 

Sec.  VII. — 1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House 
of  Representatives;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments, 
as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  becomes  a law.  be  presented  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States;  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider 
it.  If  after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass 
the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by 
which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that 
House,  it  shall  become  a law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses 
shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays;  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting 
for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  House,  re- 
spectively. If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall 
be  a law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their 
adjournment  prevent  its  return;  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a question  of 
adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States;  and 
before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or,  being  dis- 
approved by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case 
of  a bill. 

Sec.  VIII. — The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 
and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  United 
States;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
United  States; 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes; 

4.  To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on 
the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States; 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and 
fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures; 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and 
current  coin  of  the  United  States; 


8 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


7.  To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads; 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing  for 
limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries; 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court; 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations; 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that 
use  shall  be  for  a longer  term  than  two  years; 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a navy; 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces; 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions; 

16.  To  provide  foj  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appointment  of  the 
officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline 
prescribed  by  Congress; 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  States, 
and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,' and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the 
consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful  build- 
ings; and 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this 
Constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department  or 
officer  thereof. 

Sec.  IX.— 1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of 
the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited 
by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight; 
but  a tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten 
dollars  for  each  person. 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  re- 
quire it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4.  No  captation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion 
to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  rev- 
enue to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound 
to  or  from  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  consequence  of 
appropriations  made  by  law:  and  a regular  statement  and  account  of  the  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to 
time. 

8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States;  and  no 
person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of 
any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

Sec.  X. — 1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confeder- 
ation; grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit ; 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


9 


make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a tender  in  payment  of  debts;  pass 
any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  imposts 
or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for 
executing  its  inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts, 
laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and 
control  of  the  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of  ton- 
nage, keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agree- 
ment or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a foreign  power,  or  engage  in 
war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit 
of  delay. 

Article  II. 


Sec.  I. — 1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a President  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be 
elected  as  follows: 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof 
may  direct,  a number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and 
representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress;  but  no 
senator  or  representative,  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under 
the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  bal- 
lot for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of 
the  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a list  of  all  the 
persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which  list  they 
shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted. 
The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President, 
if  such  number  be  a majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed; 
and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an 
equal  number  of  votes,  then  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  imme- 
diately choose  by  ballot  one  of  them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have 
a majority,  then  from  the  live  highest  on  the  list  the  said  House  shall  in 
like  manner  choose  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having 
one  vote;  a quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a member  or  mem- 
bers from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a majority  of  all  the  States  shall 
be  necessary  to  a choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  Pres- 
ident, the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors 
shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more 
who  have  equal  votes,  the  Senate. shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the 
Vice-President. 

4.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors,*  and 
the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes;  which  day  shall  be  the  same 
throughout  the  United  States,  f 

5.  No  person  except  a natural-born  citizen,  or  a citizen  of  the  United 
States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President;  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall 


* The  time  for  choosing  the  electors  is  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
November. 

t The  time  for  the  meeting  of  the  electors  is  the  first  Wednesday  in  December. 

Lb 


10  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a res- 
ident within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death, 
resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office, 
the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President;  and  the  Congress  may  by  law 
provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  Pres- 

' ident,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  he  removed, 
or  a President  shall  he  elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a com- 
pensation, which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period 
for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected;  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that 
period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  fol- 
lowing oath  or  affirmation : 

“ I do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I will  faithfully  execute  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  pre- 
serve, protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.” 

Sec.  II. — 1.  The  President  shall  he  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he  may  require  the  opin- 
ion, in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments, 
upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices;  and  he  shall 
have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United 
States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Sen- 
ate, to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur;  and 
he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appoint- 
ments are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established 
by  law;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior 
officers  as  they  think  proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or 
in  the  heads  of  departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  hap- 
pen during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall 
expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

Sec.  III. — He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  of 
the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures 
as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ; he  may,  on  extraordinary  occa- 
sions, convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement 
between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them 
to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors,  and 
other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted; and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  IV. — The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  convic- 
tion of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

Article  III. 

Sec.  I. — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  Slates  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may,  from  time 
to  time,  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior 
courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated 
times,  receive  for  their  services  a compensation,  which  shall  not  be  dimin- 
ished during  their  continuance  in  office. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA.  11 


Sec.  II. — 1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and 
equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority;  to  all  cases 
affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of 
admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United 
States  shall  be  a party;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  States;  between 
a State  and  citizens  of  another  State;  between  citizens  of  different  States; 
between  citizens  of  the  same  State,  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different 
States;  and  between  a State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  cit- 
izens, or  subjects. 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  con- 
suls, and  those  in  which  a State  shall  be  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such 
exceptions,  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by 
jury;  and  such  trial  shall  beheld  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall 
have  been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the  trial 
shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Sec.  III. — 1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in 
levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on  the  testi- 
mony of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason; 
but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture  ex- 
cept during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Article  IV. 

Sec.  I. — Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Con- 
gress may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records, 
and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sec.  II. — 1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges 
and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime, 
who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and'be  found  in  another  State,’  shall,  on  demand 
of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  tied,  be  delivered  up, 
to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  there- 
of, escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law,  or  regulation 
therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up 
on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  III. — 1.  New  States  maybe  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this 
Union;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  any  other  State;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States 
concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to 
the  United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as 
to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

Sec  IV. — The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union 
a republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against 
invasion,  and,  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when 
the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 


12  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


Article  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  neces- 
sary, shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of 
the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a convention  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures 
of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  or  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the 
Congress;  provided,  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  aud  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the 
first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Sen- 
ate. 

Article  VI. 

1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  entered  into,  before  the  adop- 
tion of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this 
Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be 
made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby;  anything  in  the 
constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or 
affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be 
required  as  a qualification  to  any  oftice  or  public  trust  under  the  United 
States. 

Article  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for 
the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the 
same. 

Done  in  convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present,  the 
seventeenth  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our 
names. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 

President,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

John  Langdon,  Nicholas  Gilman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel  Gorham,  Rufus  King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm.  Samuel  Johnson,  Roger  Sherman. 

NEW  YORK. 

Alexander  Hamilton. 

DELAWARE. 

George  Read,  Gunning  Bedford,  Jr.,  John  Dickinson, 

Richard  Bassett,  Jacob  Broom. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA.  13 


NEW  JERSEY. 

William  Livingston,  David  Brearley, 

William  Patterson,  Jonathan  Dayton. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

William  Blount,  Rich’d  Dobbs  Spaight,  Hugh  Williamson. 


Benjamin  Franklin, 
George  Clymer, 

James  Wilson, 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Thomas  Mifflin,  Robert  Morris, 

Thomas  Fitzsimons,  _ Jared  Ingersoll, 
Go  U VERNE  UR  MORRIS. 

MARYLAND. 


James  McHenry,  Dan.  of  St.  Tho.  Jenifer,  Daniel  Carroll. 


VIRGINIA. 

John  Blair,  James  Madison,  Jr. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

John  Rutledge,  Charles  C.  Pinckney, 

Charles  Pinckney,  Pierce  Butler. 

GEORGIA. 

William  Few,  Abraham  Baldwin. 

Attest,  William  Jackson,  Secretary. 


The  following  named  delegates  from  other  States  were  present,  hut  did 
not  sign  the  Constitution  : 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

, Elbridge  Gerry,  Caleb  Strong. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Wm.  C.  Houston,  George  Wythe,  James  McClurg. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Oliver  Ellsworth 

NEW  YORK. 

John  Lansing,  Jr.,  Robert  Yates. 

MARYLAND. 

John  Francis  Mercer,  Luther  Martin. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Alexander  Martin,  Wm.  R Davie 

VIRGINIA. 

Edmund  Randolph,  George  Mason. 

GEORGIA. 

Wm.  Pierce,  Wm.  Houston. 


Of  the  63  delegates  originally  appointed  ten  did  not  attend,  two  of  which 
vacancies  were  filled.  Of  those  attending,  39  signed  and  16  did  not. 

The  Constitution  was  adopted  by  the  Convention  on  the  17th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1787,  appointed  in  pursuance  of  the  Resolution  of  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  21st  of  February,  1787,  and  ratified  by  the  Conventions 
of  the  several  States,  as  follows  : 


14  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


Delaware,  December  7th,  1787,  unanimously. 

Pennsylvania,  December  12th,  1787,  by  a vote  of  46  to  23. 

New  Jersey,  December  18th,  17S7,  unanimously. 

Georgia,  January  2d,  1788,  unanimously. 

Connecticut,  January  9th,  1788,  by  a vote  of  128  to  40. 

Massachusetts,  February  6th,  1788,  by  a vote  of  187  to  168. 

Maryland,  April  28th,  1788,  by  a vote  of  63  to  12. 

South  Carolina,  May  23d,  1788,  by  a vote  of  149  to  73. 

New  Hampshire,  June  21st,  1788,  by  a vote  of  57  to  47. 

Virginia,  June  25tli,  1788,  by  a vote  of  89  to  79. 

New  York,  July  26th,  1788,  by  a vote  of  30  to  25. 

North  Carolina,  November  21st,  1789,  by  a vote  193  to  75. 

Rhode  Island,  May  29th,  1790,  by  a majority  of  2. 

Vermont,  January  10th,  1791,  by  a vote  of  105  to  4. 

Declared  ratified  by  resolution  of  the  old  Congress,  September  13th,  1788. 

The  adoption  of  the  Constitution  was  opposed  by  many  who  believed  that 
the  extensive  powers  granted  by  it  to  Congress  and  the  executive  would  be 
dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  the  people.  It  was,  however,  finally  adopted 
chiefly  through  the  exertions  and  writings  of  James  Madison,  John  Jay,  and 
Alexander  Hamilton.  Virginia  ratified  the  Constitution  with  the  declaration 
that  she  was  at  liberty  to  withdraw  from  the  Union  whenever  its  powers  were 
used  for  oppression;  and  New  York,  after  Hamilton  had  declared  that  no 
State  should  ever  be  coerced  by  an  armed  force.  There  were  two  great  parties: 
The  Federalists,  in  favor  of  a strong,  centralized  government,  and  the  Anti- 
Federalists,  supporters  of  States’  rights.  Washington  and  Adams,  Federalist 
leaders,  were  elected,  and  the  government  was  organized  with  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, Secretary  of  State;  Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury; 
Henry  Knox,  Secretary  of  War;  and  John  Jay,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


Article  I.* 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or 
prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or 
of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition 
the  government  for  a redress  of  grievances. 

* Twelve  amendments  were  proposed  by  Congress,  September  25th,  1789;  the  last 
ten  were  adopted,  which  are  the  first  ten  as  shown  above,  and  were  proclaimed  to  be 
in  force  December  15tli,  1791. 

The  rejected  Articles  were  as  follows  : 

I.  After  the  first  enumeration  required  by  the  First  Article  of  the  Constitution 
there  shall  be  one  Representative  for  every '30, 000  persons,  until  the  number  shall 
amount  to  one  hundred;  after  which,  the  proportion  shall  be  so  regulated  by  Con- 
gress, that  there  shall  not  be  less  than  one  hundred  Representatives  for  every  40,000 
persons, until  the  number  of  Representatives  shall  amount  to  two  hundred ; after  which 
the  proportion  shall  be  so  regulated  by  Congress,  that  there  shall  not  be  less  than  two 
hundred  Representatives,  nor  more  than  one  Representative  for  every  50,000  persons. 

II.  No  law  varying  the  compensation  for  the  services  of  the  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives shall  take  effect  until  an  election  of  Representatives  shall  have  intervened. 

The  twelve  proposed  amendments  were  acted  upon  by  the  States  as  follows  : 

All  ratified  by  Kentucky,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Vermont  and  Virginia — 7. 

All,  excepting  Art.  I.,  ratified  by  Delaware— 1. 

All,  excepting  Art.  II.,  ratified  by  Pennsylvania— 1. 

All,  excepting  Arts.  I.  and  II.,  ratified  by  New  Hampshire,  New  York  and  Rhode 
Island— 3. 

All  rejected  by  Connecticut,  Georgia  and  Massachusetts— 3. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


15 


Article  II. 

A well  regulated  militia  being  necessaiy  to  the  security  of  a free  State,  the 
right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

Article  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the 
consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a manner  to  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

Article  IY. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and 
effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated;  and 
no  warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirma- 
tion, and  particularly  describing  the  place  Jo  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or 
things  to  be  seized. 

Article  Y. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a capital  or  otherwise  infamous 
crime,  unless  on  a presentment  or  indictment  of  a grand  jury,  except  in  cases 
arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service,  in 
time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same 
offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in 
any  criminal  case  to  be  witness  against  himself;  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  lib- 
erty, or  property,  without  due  process  of  law ; nor  shall  private  property  be 
taken  for  public  use  without  just  compensation. 

Article  YI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a speedy 
and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the 
crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusa- 
tion; to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory 
process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor;  and  to  have  the  assistance  of 
counsel  for  his  defence. 

Article  YII. 

In  suits  of  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved;  and  no  fact  tried 
by  a jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States, 
than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

Article  VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

Article  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be  con- 
strued to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

Article  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor 
prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to 
the  people. 

Article  XT.* 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend 
to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the 
United  States  by  citizens  of' another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 
foreign  state. 

* Article  XI.  was  proposed  by  Congress  March  12th,  1794,  and  declared  in  force  Jan- 
uary 8th,  1798. 


16 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


Article  XII.* * * § 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  f and  vote  by  ballot  for 
President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabi- 
tant of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
Vice-President;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as 
President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number 
of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  t ransmit,  sealed, 
to  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of 
the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted;  \ the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  Presi- 
dent shall  be  President,  if  such  number  be  a majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the 
persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediate- 
ly, by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall 
be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a 
quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a member  or  members  from  two- 
thirds  of  the  States,  and  a majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a 
choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a President, 
whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day 
of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  President. 
The  person  havingthe  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-President  shall  be  the 
Vice-President,  ii'  such  number  be  a majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors 
appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  a majority,  then  from  the  two  highest 
numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President;  a quorum  for 
the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and 
a majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a choice.  But  no  per- 
son constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to 
that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

Article  XIII. § 

SEC.  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a punishment 
for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist 
within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

Sec.  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  Article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

Article  XIV.  || 

Sec.  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject 
to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  State 

* Article  XII.  was  proposed  in  the  first  session  of  the  Eighth  Congress,  and  declared 
in  force  September  25tli,  1804.  , . 

+ Tlie  time  for  the  meeting  of  the  electors  is  the  first  Wednesday  m December. 

i The  time  for  counting  the  votes  is  the  second  Wednesday  in  February. 

§ Article  XIII.  was  proposed  by  Congress  February  1st,  1865,  and  declared  in  force 
December  18th,  1865.  . 

Ratified  by  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Michigan.  Minnesota, 
Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas, 
Vermont,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin — 34.  Ratified  conditionally  by  Ala- 
bama and  Mississippi.  Rejected  by  Delaware  and  Kentucky — 2. 

||  Article  XIV.  was  proposed  by  Congress  June  13th,  1866,  and  declared  in  force  July 
28th,  1868.  ^ . T11.  . 

Ratified  by  Alabama,  Arkansas,  % Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota.  Missis- 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


17 


wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall 
abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor 
shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property  without  due 
process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  pro- 
tection of  the  laws. 

Sec.  .2.  Representatives  shall  he  apportioned  among  the  several  States  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons 
in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at 
any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States,  representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers 
of  a State,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the 
male  inhabitants  of  such  State  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebel- 
lion or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the 
proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole 
number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a senator  or  representative  in  Congress,  or 
elector  of  President  and  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military, 
under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken 
an  oath  as  a member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as 
a member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of 
any  State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  en- 
gaged in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort 
to  the  enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a vote  of  two-thirds  of  each 
House,  remove  such  disability. 

Sec.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States  authorized 
by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for 
services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned. 
But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or 
obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  LTnited 
States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but  all  such 
debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

Sec.  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enfore,  by  appropriate  legisla- 
tion, the  provisions  of  this  Article. 

Article  XV.* * 

Sec.  1.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race, 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

Sec.  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  Article  by  appro- 
priate legislation. 

sippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North 
Carolina,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin— 33. 

Of  the  above,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Texas,  and  Virginia,  first  rejected  the  amendment  but  finally  ratified 
it.  New  Jersey  and  Ohio  rescinded  their  ratification. 

+ No  final  action  was  taken  by  California— 1. 

Rejected  by  Delaware,  Kentucky,  and  Maryland — 3. 

* Article  XV.  was  proposed  by  Congress  February  26tli,  1869,  and  declared  in  force 
March  30th,  1870. 

Ratified  by  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania, Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and 
Wisconsin — 30. 

Of  the  above,  Georgia  and  Ohio  at  first  rejected  but  finally  ratified.  New  York 
rescinded  her  ratification. 

Rejected  by  California,  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  New  Jersey  and  Ore- 
gon—6. 

No  final  action  was  taken  by  Tennessee — 1. 


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18 


From  Kind’s  Hand  Book  of  the  U.  S By  permission  Matthews-Northrup  Co. 


1.  Washington;  3.  J.  Adams;  3.  Jefferson:  4.  Madison;  5.  Monroe;  6.  J.  Q. 
Adams;  7.  Jackson:  8.  Van  Buren:  9.  W.  H.  Harrison:  10.  Tyler;  11.  Polk;  13. 
Taylor;  13.  Fillmore;  14.  Pierce;  15.  Buchanan;  16.  Lincoln:'  17.  Johnson:  18. 
Grant;  19.  Hayes;  30.  Gartield;  31.  Arthur;  33.  Cleveland;  33.  B.  Harrison. 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


The  first  President  of  the  United  States  was  introduced  to  politics  in  the 
exciting  times  prior  to  the  Revolution,  when  all  men  in  the  colonies  were  in- 
terested in  the  questions  forced  on  them  by  the  attitude  of  Great  Britain  tow- 
ard her  American  dependencies.  Although  a member  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Burgesses  when  he  was  quite  young,  Washington  took  little  part  in  the 
proceedings.  It  is  not  in  record  that  he  made  any  speeches,  but  he  is  credited 
with  having  done  a great  deal  of  quiet  committee  work  in  behalf  of  the 
farming  interests.  He  indorsed  the  agitation  against  the  Stamp  Act,  and  was 
thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the  opposition  to  the  tea  tax  and  the  Boston 
port  bill,  the  two  measures  which  led  to  Bunker  Hill.  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  First  Continental  Congress,  and  to  the  Second,  which  elected  him  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  Continental  army. 

His  work  in  the  war  is  known  to  all  students  of  American  history.  Dur- 
ing the  long  struggle,  he  took  little  part  in  the  politics  of  the  time,  except  so 
far  as  he  showed  the  utmost  respect  for  all  commands  of  Congress.  When 
the  Revolution  ended  with  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  and  the  evacuation  of 
New  York,  Washington  came  out  in  favor  of  more  power  for  Congress,  and 
against  the  new  confederation  of  the  States.  During  his  term  as  President 
of  the  United  States,  he  opposed,  with  all  the  power  and  influence  he  pos- 
sessed, the  desire  of  many  people  to  take  part  in  the  war  between  England 
and  France.  His  action  at  this  time  laid  down,  as  a principle  in  American 
politics,  strict  neutrality  in  all  quarrels  between  nations  of  the  Old  World. 
Washington  saw,  with  perfect  clearness,  what  has  been  proved  beyond  doubt 
by  the  experience  of  the  United  States,  that  the  people  of  this  country  were 
not  and  could  not  be  interested  in  the  dynastic  or  other  wars  of  Europe. 
At  the  time  that  he  was  elected  President  the  connection  between  America 
and  England  had  been  too  recently  severed,  for  the  men  here  to  understand 
the  full  effects  of  the  Revolution.  They  had  been  accustomed  to  seeing  the 
quarrel  between  France  and  England  fought  out  on  this  continent,  and  they 
were  unable  to  understand  that  work  of  this  sort  was  at  an  end  forever. 

It  was  natural  for  Americans  to  imagine  they  could  cripple  England,  the 
country  they  were  most  afraid  of,  by  helping  France,  and  the  pressure 
brought  to  bear  on  Washington  in  this  direction  was  very  great.  He  was 
one  of  the  few  who  understood  that  England  was  the  natural  ally  of  the 
United  States,  and  he  also  understood  that  this  country  had  everything  to 
gain,  and  nothing  to  lose  by  remaining  neutral.  He,  therefore,  stood  firm, 
and  his  sendees  during  the  Revolution  were  paralleled  by  those  he  rendered  at 
this  period. 

The  presidency  of  Washington  was  not  a time  during  which  politics  were 
very  active.  The  country  had  just  emerged  from  a most  exhausting  war, 
and  the  one  thing  needed  was  peace.  It  was  the  duty  of  all  public  men  then 
to  bind  up  the  wounds,  and  to  devote  themselves  to  working  out  the  prob- 
lem of  self-government,  which  had  come  upon  them  demanding  a solution. 
All  was  new,  untried,  almost  in  a chaotic  state.  It  was  the  business  of  Wash- 
ington to  produce  the  precedents  under  which  the  new  government  was  to 
run — to  shape  what  was  practically  shapeless.  As  it  was,  a few  years  after, 

19 


20 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


to  be  the  glorious  task  of  John  Marshall,  as  the  great  chief  justice,  to  pro- 
duce the  law  which  would  govern  us,  so  it  was  the  task  of  the  first  President 
to  evolve  the  government.  No  one  in  the  United  States  was  more  fitted  for 
this  great  and  most  necessary  work.  Washington  combined  the  most  abso- 
lute reverence  for  Congress,  and  the  will  of  the  people  as  therein  expressed, 
with  the  full  ability  to  see  when  that  Congress  was  making  a mistake.  That 
the  Congress  should  make  mistakes  at  first  was  a foregone  conclusion.  Wash- 
ington was  peculiar  in  this:  he  could  recognize  the  error,  exert  his  influence 
to  correct  it,  assume  for  the  moment  almost  the  initiative  of  an  absolute 
monarch,  and  force  his  ideas  on  the  representatives  of  the  States;  and  yet, 
when  the  emergency  was  over,  he  could  return  to  the  position  of  the  first 
servant  of  the  people.  He  was  never  tempted  to  make  his  temporary  sover- 
eignty perpetual,  and  his  sure  judgment  enabled  him  to  understand  just 
when  and  where  it  was  necessary  to  assume  the  power. 

Although  the  Federalists  and  Republicans  began  to  show  themselves  dur- 
ing the  two  terms  of  Washington,  they  did  not  become  defined.  He  sym- 
pathized with  the  former  in  some  things,  but  for  the  most  part  he  kept  out 
of  politics.  It  is  not  necessary  here  to  go  into  the  many  little  political  ques- 
tions which  arose  at  this  time,  because  most  of  them,  with  the  issues  that 
produced  them,  have  been  forgotten,  and  could  not  be  understood  now  with- 
out a long  and  somewhat  tedious  explanation. 

Washington’s  great  ability,  his  marvelous  character,  and  his  extraordi- 
nary insight  into  the  conditions  that  surrounded  him,  were  best  shown  in  the 
manner  in  which  he  kept  his  government  out  of  politics.  He  gave  the  coun- 
try what  it  most  needed — rest;  and  he  fought  off  all  issues  that  would  have 
disturbed  it.  He  put  no  check  on  the  little  questions  which  came  up  from 
time  to  time,  feeling  that  t hey  were  of  just  enough  interest  to  assure  the  peo- 
ple, and  not  of  enough  importance  to  seriously  disturb  them.  He  believed 
in  keeping  quiet,  in  giving  the  government  time  to  work  out  its  own  methods, 
in  allowing  the  people  to  recover  from  the  struggle,  and  by  their  industry  to 
make  themselves  prosperous.  He  succeeded  in  all  this,  and  he  was  then,  as 
he  had  been  before,  emphatically  the  right  man  in  the  right  place.  The  debt 
which  the  American  people  owe  to  Washington  is  the  result  of  his  wisdom  as 
President,  as  much  as  his  courage  and  genius  as  a soldier. 


JOHN  ADAMS. 


As  others  of  the  men  of  the  Revolution,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts, 
the  second  President  of  the  United  States,  began  his  political  career  as  a 
“patriot  American.”  He  was  in  full  sympathy  with  everything  done  by  the 
men  of  his  State  against  the  British  power,  and  was  the  more  dangerous  op- 
ponent of  British  dominion,  because  of  his  singular  clearness  of  mental  vision. 
A man  who  was  never  extreme,  he  condemned  the  English  rule  on  the  most 
purely  logical  grounds.  A man,  also,  of  great  ability,  he  was  bound  to 
come  to  the  front  in  Revolutionary  times.  He  became  the  legal  adviser  of 
the  Patriot  party  in  his  State,  and  took  an  active  part  in  those  operations 
which  resulted  in  Massachusetts  taking  the  initiative  in  the  war. 

He  was  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  proposed  Washington 
as  commander-in-chief.  He  was  sent  to  France  with  Franklin  and  Routledge 
as  commissioners  during  the  war,  and ' he  went  from  there  to  the  Hague, 
where  he  secured  a recognition  of  the  United  States  from  the  Dutch.  He 
negotiated  the  treaty  of  peace  with  England  in  1783,  and,  coming  soon  after- 
ward to  this  country,  was  nominated  for  the  presidency.  Under  the  system 
then  in  force,  the  candidate  who  received  the  most  votes  became  President, 
and  he  who  tallied  the  next  lowest  vote  took  the  position  of  Vice-President. 


THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  FIRST  POLITICAL  PARTIES.  21 


Under  this  rule  John  Adams  became  Washington’s  Vice-President,  and  as 
presiding  officer  in  Congress  did  much  to  lay  down  the  rules  governing  that 
body  to  day. 

When  Washington  refused  a third  term,  Adams  was  elected  to  succeed 
him.  He  was  a strong  Federalist,  and  believed  in  increasing  the  power  of 
Congress  to  the  utmost.  Adams  was  a believer  in  the  aristocracy  of  birth, 
and  he  gave  great  offence  by  using  the  expression  “the  well-born”  in  one 
of  his  essays.  He  thought  that  all  men  should  be  free  and  equal  before  the 
law,  but  he  denied  absolutely  that  all  men  are  born  equal. 

During  Adams’s  term  of  office,  the  people  became  greatly  excited  over 
the  prospect  of  war  with  France.  Against  this  war  the  President  bent  the 
whole  power  of  his  office,  then  much  greater  than  now,  because  less  thor- 
oughly defined.  He  succeeded  in  keeping  the  country  out  of  the  war,  al- 
though he  brought  a perfect  storm  of  abuse  on  his  head  by  the  attitude  he 
assumed.  By  giving  out  to  the  public  the  letters  written  by  Prince  Talley- 
rand, in  which  that  astute  diplomat  had  apparently  tried  to  blackmail  the 
American  commissioners,  Adams  brought  such  a tempest  of  ridicule  and 
scorn  to  the  door  of  the  French  minister  that  he  was  forced  to  disavow  the 
demands,  and  France  had  to  withdraw  the  claims  so  obnoxious  to  America. 
This  put  an  end  to  the  war  cry. 

It  was  during  this  time  that  .Jefferson  became  the  avowed  leader  of  the 
Republicans,  and  as  such  took  the  position  of  the  great  antagonist  of  the 
President.  Adams  was  a Federalist,  because  he  believed  that  in  no  other  way 
could  the  country  be  governed.  But  during  his  term  of  office  the  party  sank 
into  insignificance,  and  ceased  to  be,  in  its  original  shape,  a factor  in  politics. 
Generally  speaking,  Adams  followed  the  lead  of  Washington  in  his  efforts 
to  prevent  war.  In  other  respects  he  kept  out  of  politics  as  much  as  possible. 


THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  FIRST  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

The  term  “ Federalist  ” is  unmeaningto  our  ears  now,  and  “Republican  ” 
has  greatly  changed  since  it  was  first  used.  When  -the  Revolutionary  War 
closed,  the  thirteen  colonies  became  the  thirteen  States,  still  symbolized  by  the 
stripes  in  the  flag.  They  were  at  that  time  bound  together  in  a confederation, 
as  were  the  Swiss  Cantons  a century  ago.  The  general  government  had  no 
power  at  all  over  individuals.  It  could  deal  only  with  the  States  in  their 
sovereign  capacity.  Congress  had  no  power  to  compel  anything.  Its  every 
action  had  to  be  ratified  by  the  State  Legislatures.  The  bundle  of  sticks 
was  tied  together,  it  is  true,  but  the  fastening  was  of  the  loosest  and  flimsiest 
description. 

. It  was  at  once  seen  by  the  men  who  came  face  to  face  with  this  condition 
of  things  that  two  courses  were  open  to  them.  The  power  of  the  general 
government  could  be  increased  and  a nation  could  be  formed,  or  it  could  be 
left  where  it  was  and  the  confederation  of  independent  sovereign  States  could 
continue.  Those  in  favor  of  making  the  nation  were  called  Federalists,  those 
who  prepared  the  confederation  were  termed  Republicans.  It  seems  a won- 
derful thing  to  us  to-day  that  there  could  have  been  any  dispute  as  to  the  safe 
course,  yet  the  disputes  were  very  bitter.  The  extreme  of  Federalists  were 
in  favor  of  a strong  government  such  as  was  then  the  government  of  Great 
Britain,  and  some  of  them  proposed  that  Washington  should  be  elected  or 
made  king.  They  were  willing  to  introduce  all  features  of  the  English  gov- 
ernment which  had  strength  in  them,  including  hereditary  nobility.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  extreme  Republicans  desired  no  government  whatever.  Al- 
though they  believed  in  individual  ownership  of  property,  they  were  very 
close  to  being  Anarchists.  They  founded  their  beliefs  on  the  ‘ ‘ Rights  of 


22  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  FIRST  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 


Man  ” and  the  doctrinaire  utterances  of  the  French  writers — such  as  Rousseau 
(in  his  Contrat  Civile),  who  preceded  the  French  Revolution.  Fortunately, 
France  was  allowed  to  work  these  theories  out  and  America  was  saved  from 
them. 

Washington  and  Adams  took  the  Federalist  side,  probably  as  much  from  • 
their  practical  experience  of  the  impossibility  of  carrying  on  a government 
without  power  of  any  kind  as  from  their  theoretical  disapproval  of  Republi- 
can ideas.  But  neither  Washington  nor  Adams  were  extreme  in  their  ideas, 
and  both  scouted  the  suggestion  of  a monarchy  with  an  indignation  not  un- 
mixed with  contempt.  They  were  in  favor  of  giving  Congress  sufficient 
power  to  govern  in  fact,  for  they  realized  the  position  in  which  Congress 
then  was — that  of  a body  which  could  only  suggest  legislation  to  the  States 
— to  be  little  less  than  ridiculous. 

At  this  time  the  question  of  States’  rights  was  not  even  raised.  It  seemed 
to  be  conceded  that  the  States  had  the  power  to  draw  out  of  the  confederation 
into  which  they  had  gone,  should  they  see  lit.  In  fact,  the  States  were  then 
everything  and  the  general  government  nothing.  This  should,  perhaps,  be 
modified  a little.  The  general  government  afforded  in  Congress  an  oppor- 
tunity for  consultation  between  the  representatives  of  the  States  on  matters  of 
interest  to  all.  It  then  became  the  duty  of  the  respective  Legislatures  to  in- 
dorse the  conclusions  arrived  at,  should  they  see  fit. 

The  practical  working  of  this  system  showed  within  the  first  year  or  two 
its  absurdity,  and  it  ranged  the  strongest  men  on  the  Federal  side.  But  in 
this  country  it  has  often  been  proved  that  we  arrive  at  a desired  point  some- 
what in  the  same  manner  as  does  a ship  when  the  wind  is  ahead.  We  run  to 
starboard  for  a while  and  then  tack  to  port.  In  other  words,  we  reach  the 
position  which  is  satisfactory  to  all,  by  trying  first  one  thing  and  then  another, 
always  moving  steadily  on,  even  when  we  seem  to  be  sailing  the  farthest 
away.  In  our  history  it  has  been  proved  time  and  again  that  neither  party 
has  all  the  right,  but  that  each  owns  and  clings  to  something  that  is  good. 

This  was  prominently  brought  out  in  the  struggle  between  the  Federalists 
and  the  Republicans.  The  Federalists  succeeded  under  Washington  and 
Adams  in  giving  some  strength  to  Congress  and  in  attaching  some  importance 
to  the  national  counsels.  Adams,  with  his  strong  bias  toward  a powerful 
central  government,  carried  the  Federalists  a little  too  far,  and  as  a result  he 
was  succeeded  by  Jefferson,  the  leader  of  the  Republicans.  But  the  good 
had  been  done — Congress  had  acquired  a power  and  dignity  it  was  never  to 
lose.  It  was  time  for  the  other  side  to  have  a chance — time  for  it  to  correct 
the  tendency  towards  extreme  Federalism  which  was  beginning  to  show  itself. 

A central  government  having  been  established,  the  Federalists  took  a new 
name  and  became  the  Whigs.  The  Whigs  were  those  who  were  in  favor  of 
a liberal  construction  of  the  powers  of  Congress.  Events,  in  modifying  the 
Federalists,  also  modified  their  opponents,  and  the  Republicans  became  the 
party  in  favor  of  a strict  construction  of  Congressional  powers.  The  former 
held  that  Congress  had  all  power  not  specifically  given  to  the  States,  the  latter 
believed  the  powers  of  Congress  were  confined  to  those  expressly  granted 
to  it.  To  the  former  the  nation  had  become  the  fountain  and  spring  of  power; 
to  the  latter  t he  power  resided  wholly  in  the  States,  except  so  far  as  they  had 
parted  with  it.  This  difference  of  opinion  was  destined  to  produce  in  time 
the  question  of  States’  rights.  It  was  inherent  in  the  American  people  that 
they  should  in  time  build  up  a nation,  but  in  the  transformation  necessary  for 
the  confederation  of  independent  States  to  the  nation  in  which  the  States  are 
enlarged  municipalities,  it  was  certain  that  two  parties  should  arise.  The  one 
would  be  anxious  to  build  the  nation  as  rapidly  as  possible;  the  other  would 
try  in  conservative  fashion  to  hold  the  people  back  and  delay  the  change. 
Surveying  the  history  of  the  United  States,  main  differences  between  the 
parties  have  had  their  rise  in  this  one  fact,  which  has  dominated  all  others. 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


23 


When  John  Adams  gave  up  the  reins  of  government  to  Jefferson  he  left 
a man  behind  who  was  to  do  more  to  establish  the  power  of  Congress  than 
any  other  man  ever  did.  This  was  John  Marshall,  the  great  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  The  chief  justice  defined  the  powers 
of  Congress  and  of  the  Constitution  in  a way  that  made  the  latter  the  supreme 
law  of  the  land,  and  he  made  it  plain  that  no  act  of  a State  could  stand 
when  in  conflict  with  it.  It  was  a foregone  conclusion  then  that  State  sov- 
ereignity should  gradually  disappear  and  that  the  nation  should  be  builded. 

The  names  of  parties  changed.  The  Federalists  became  the  Whigs,  and 
these  melted  into  the  Republicans.  The  original  Republicans  changed 
their  name  to  Democrats.  Although  there  were  small  parties  arising  from 
time  to  time,  these  were  they  which  continued. 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 

Thomas  Jefferson — he  who  wrote  the  first  draft  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  for  which  his  name  was  placed  among  those  proscribed  by 
the  government  of  George  the  Third — became  President  of  the  United  States 
as  the  leader  of  the  Republican  party.  Prior  to  the  Revolution  Jefferson  had 
been  a member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  in  Virginia,  and  in  1779  he  was 
elected  governor  of  his  State.  In  1782  he  went  to  France  as  the  American 
Minister,  and  in  the  following  year,  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Cur- 
rency in  Congress,  he  gave  this  country  the  decimal  coinage.  In  1784  he  went 
to  France  again,  and  while  there  studied  the  condition  of  the  French  people 
under  that  form  of  government  we  all  now  believe  to  have  been  the  worst  the 
world  ever  saw.  What  Jefferson  examined  day  after  day  produced  a pro- 
found impression  on  him,  and  when  he  came  back  to  this  country  in  1789  he 
came  as  the  most  firm  believer  in  the  rights  of  the  people. 

Jefferson  trusted  the  people  absolutely.  He  believed  that  while  they 
might  make  mistakes,  the  country  was  safer  in  their  hands  than  it  could  ever 
be  in  those  of  any  minority  who  were  not  elected  and  who  could  not  be  de- 
posed at  any  tijne.  He  imbibed  the  utmost  hatred  of  institutions,  such  as 
those  of  France  under  the  last  three  representatives  of  monarchies,  and  he  de- 
tested a privileged  class.  He  believed  the  existence  of  one  to  be  exceedingly 
dangerous,  and  he  was  opposed  to  any  form  of  centralization  of  power. 

As  Washington’s  Secretary  of  State,  Jefferson  made  his  exceedingly  acute 
mind  felt  in  all  the  foreign  relations  of  this  government.  When  John  Adams 
had  served  his  term  as  President,  Jefferson  succeed  him.  His  first  effort  was 
to  republicanize  the  government.  The  alien  and  sedition  laws  passed  by  the 
Federalists  were  believed  by  Jefferson  to  be  in  direct  opposition  to  the  Con- 
stitution, and  to  be  also  a step  toward  the  creation  of  a privileged  govern- 
ment. He  at  once  pardoned  all  those  who  had  been  convicted  under  these 
acts,  and  denounced  in  the  strongest  way  any  attempt  to  coerce  opinions. 
He  believed  in  the  fullest  personal  freedom,  and  in  politics  he  ranged  him- 
self on  this  side  always.  He  held  that  differences  of  opinion  in  politics  were 
not  cause  for  dismissal  from  office,  and  no  President  has  made  fewer  changes 
among  the  office-holders. 

He  divested  the  position  as  President  of  all  the  pomp  which  Washington 
and  Adams  had  permitted  to  grow  up  around  it.  He  abolished  the  weekly 
levees  and  .other  receptions,  as  savoring  too  much  of  royalty,  and  he  traveled 
always  as  a private  citizen.  In  fact,  he  believed  himself  to  be  nothing  more 
than  a private  citizen  temporarily  serving  the  people.  The  power  of  the 
President  to  pardon  those  convicted  of  offenses  against  tire  people  he  restricted 
in  practice  by  never  pardoning  any  one  unless  the  judge  who  sentenced  him 
joined  in  the  petition.  When  urged  to  prosecute  newspapers  that  attacked 


24 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


liim,  Jefferson  refused  on  the  ground  that  freedom  of  opinion  was  sacred, 
and  that  no  guardian  of  the  people’s  rights  was  equal  to  a free  press. 

His  terms  in  office  are  marked  as  those  in  which  the  freedom  of  the  indi- 
vidual in  his  opinions,  his  speech,  and  his  action  was  made  a part  of  the  un- 
written law  of  the  land.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  better  to  say  that  this  freedom 
became,  as  the  result  of  Jefferson’s  work,  one  of  the  traditionary  principles 
of  the  nation.  To  him  must  be  given  the  credit  of  creating  American  citi- 
zenship as  we  know  it,  and  of  putting  into  practical  and  enduring  shape  the 
dreams  of  countless  visionaries.  No  people  on  earth  are  as  free,  even  from 
the  domination  of  caste,  as  are  the  Americans,  and  this  great  privilege  they 
owe  to  Thomas  Jefferson. 

But  Jefferson  showed  he  thoroughly  understood  that  freedom  of  the  indi- 
vidual involves  the  resistance  to  oppression  from  any  quarter  by  the  com- 
munity. The  Barbary  pirates  had  tyrannized  over  European  nations,  as  rep- 
resented by  the  crews  of  their  ships,  for  centuries,  and  they  had  endured  the 
shame.  Jefferson  sent  Decatur  to  put  a stop  to  the  outrages,  so  far  as  Amer- 
icans were  concerned,  and  the  pirates  of  North  Africa  were  driven  out  of  the 
business.  The  President  had  a keen  eye  to  the  future,  and  when  Napoleon 
offered  to  sell  Louisiana — under  which  name  were  included  the  valleys  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri,  and  the  country  as  far  west  as  the  Rocky 
Mountains — he  promptly  availed  himself  of  the  opportunity,  more  than 
doubling  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  and  giving  us  that  which  we  were 
soon  to  need. 

Thomas  Jefferson  added  to  the  structure  which  was  slowly  being  built 
within  the  limits  of  this  country,  the  corner  stone  of  citizenship  with  all  that 
the  word  means  now.  On  it,  as  he  defined  it,  rests  nearly  everything  we 
have.  Had  he  done  nothing  else  his  name  would  live  so  long  as  the  flag  shall 
be  known  on  earth. 


JAMES  MADISON. 

James  Madison,  fourth  President  of  the  United  States,  began  his  polit- 
ical career  as  a member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Virginia,  where 
he  ranged  himself  on  the  side  of  individual  rights  as  expressed  in  that  instru- 
ment. In  1780  he  went  to  Congress,  and  he  was  struck  at  once  by  the  absurd 
position  in  which  the  Confederation  theory  had  placed  the  government.  As 
Congress  owned  nothing,  and  had  no  power  to  tax  individuals,  it  could  only 
raise  money  by  making  requisitions  on  the  States.  These  the  States  might 
honor  or  let  alone,  as  they  saw  fit,  and  it  more  than  once  happened  that  Leg- 
islatures adopted  the  latter  course.  Apart  from  the  absurdity  of  the  general 
government  making  requisitions  which  might  not  be  honored,  it  was  apparent 
that  the  government  could  not  go  on  without  money.  Madison  therefore 
identified  himself  with  the  Federalists  iu  advocating  the  impost  law,  which 
was  the  first  tax  levied  by  Congress. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  he  devised  the  celebrated  three-fifths  rule,  count- 
ing five  slaves  as  equal  to  three  individuals.  As  the  impost  was  levied  on 
the  population,  the  representatives  of  the  slaveholding  States  desired  to  have 
slaves  counted  as  chattels  only.  Madison’s  rule  was,  however,  adopted.  He 
opposed  any  support  of  the  Church  by  the  State,  opposed  the  issue  of  paper 
money  by  the  States,  and  was  in  favor  of  giving  the  control  of  foreign  com- 
merce to  the  general  government  in  order  to  increase  its  revenues  by  customs. 

Madison’s  fame  as  a statesman  will,  however,  rest  on  his  definition  of  the 
true  relation  between  the  general  government  and  the  States,  which  was  called 
the  “Virginia  plan  ” in  the  convention  which  drew  up  the  Constitution.  Prior 
to  the  passage  of  this  great  instrument,  the  States  alone  were  represented  in 
Congress;  the  general  government  had  no  direct  relations  with  the  people. 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


25 


Madison  devised  the  plan  of  having  Representatives  elected  by  the  people 
themselves  in  the  Congressional  districts,  while  the  States  continued  to  be 
represented  in  the  Senate.  The  value  of  this  became  apparent  at  once.  It 
gave  the  people  a voice  in  proportion  to  the  population,  and,  giving  them 
direct  control  over  national  legislation,  reconciled  them  to  government  taxes 
and  courts.  In  electing  the  Representatives  the  three-fifths  rule  was  applied 
to  the  slaveholding  States. 

When  Madison  was  elected  President  to  succeed  Jefferson,  he  was  chosen 
as  belonging  to  the  Republican  party.  While  he  believed  in  giving  the  nation 
more  power,  and  was  so  far  a Federalist,  he  also  believed  that  the  rights  of 
the  citizen  were  the  foundation  of  prosperity.  During  his  first  term  he  took 
the  position  that  if  England  or  France  would  repeat  the  embargo  against 
American  commerce,  he  would  revive  the  non-intercourse  act  against  the 
other  country.  France  took  advantage  of  the  offer,  and  the  President  declared 
non-intercourse  with  England.  This  resulted  in  hostilities  which  brought 
on  the  War  of  1812.  Although  the  war  was  popular,  Madison,  who  was 
essentially  a man  fitted  for  peaceful  times,  did  not  increase  his  reputation 
while  it  lasted.  As  is  always  the  case  during  a war,  the  parties  became 
merged  for  the  time  it  went  on,  so  that  it  is,  perhaps,  not  too  much  to  say 
that  during  Madison’s  second  term  there  were  no  politics. 


JAMES  MONROE. 


James  Monroe,  after  an  experience  in  the  army,  began  his  civil  life  as 
a member  of  the  Assembly  of  Virginia  in  1782.  He  served  as  a member  of 
the  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  sessions  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  opposed 
the  ratification  of  the  Constitution.  He  was,  however,  the  third  Senator 
elected  by  Virginia,  and  in  1794  went  to  France  as  an  envoy.  He  was  a 
strong  anti-Federalist,  and  one  of  the  bitterest  opponents  of  Washington. 
For  all  that,  the  President  sent  him  to  France  again.  When  he  appeared 
before  the  French  Convention  he  made  a speech  that  was  severely  criticised 
by  Randolph.  From  1799  to  1802  he  was  governor  of  Virginia.  Jefferson 
sent  him  to  France,  where  he  negotiated  'the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  and 
Madison  made  him  Secretary  of  State. 

When  Monroe  was  elected  President  in  1816  he  was  the  candidate  of  the 
Republicans.  His  whole  political  life  had  been  marked  by  the  most  bitter 
anti-Federalist  feelings.  The  subjects  which  engaged  his  attention  princi- 
pally were  the  defenses  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  internal  improvements 
of  this  country,  the  Seminole  war  and  the  acquisition  of  Florida,  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise,  and  resistance  to  foreign  interference  as  expressed  in  the 
Monroe  doctrine. 

He  believed  in  making  the  defenses  of  the  Atlantic  coast  as  complete  as 
possible,  and  he  urged  Congress  to  move  in  the  matter  again  and  again.  He 
was  very  much  interested  in  the  acquisition  of  Florida  from  Spain,  and  at 
last  succeeded  in  concluding  the  treaty.  The  Seminole  war  did  not  call  for 
much  attention  from  the  President.  He  took  little  part  in  the  fierce  contro- 
versy and  the  many  contests  which  rose  over  the  celebrated  “ Missouri  Com- 
promise.” He  felt  that  the  President  should  keep  out  of  such  purely  political 
issues.  He  was,  however,  very  much  interested  in  the  question  of  internal 
improvements,  but  he  laid  down,  in  his  message  vetoing  the  Cumberland 
road  bill,  the  principle  that  the  government  should  only  help  those  internal 
improvements  which  were  of  manifest  advantage  to  the  nation.  This  belief 
of  President  Monroe  was  brought  to  the  front  at  the  time  the  Union  and  Cen- 
tral Pacific  railroads  were  subsidized. 

The  fame  of  James  Monroe  will  rest  for  all  time  on  the  celebrated  “Monroe 
5b 


26 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


doctrine.”  The  words  of  this  famous  utterance  constitute  two  paragraphs  in 
the  message  sent  by  him  to  Congress  on  December  2,  1823.  In  the  first  of 
these  he  informs  Congress  that  the  governments  of  Russia  and  Great  Britain 
have  been  informed  that  the  American  continents  henceforth  are  not  to  be 
considered  subjects  for  future  colonization  by  any  European  power.  In  the 
second  paragraph  he  says  that  the  United  States  woidd  consider  any  attempt 
on  the  part  of  European  powers  to  extend  their  system  to  any  portion  of  this 
hemisphere  as  dangerous  to  our  peace  and  safety!  He  goes  further,  and  says 
that  if  the  governments  established  in  North  and  South  America,  who  have 
declared  their  independence  of  European  control,  should  be  interfered  with 
by  any  European  power,  this  interference  would  be  regarded  as  a manifesta- 
tion of  unfriendly  disposition  toward  the  United  States.  These  utterances  of 
President  Monroe  were  especially  addressed  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  but  they 
were  meant  to  be  understood  by  all  the  governments  of  Europe.  The  prin- 
ciple they  laid  down  had  been  vaguely  felt  by  all  the  governments  since  that 
of  Washington,  but  had  never  been  clearly  expressed  before. 

The  utterances  of  the  President  were  not  only  veiy  popular  at  the  time, 
but  they  have  increased  in  popularity  since.  During  the  Civil  War  Napoleon 
III.  challenged  the  Monroe  doctrine  when  he  sent  Maximilian  to  Mexico. 
His  action  was  sharply  commented  on  by  Mr.  Seward,  then  Secretary  of 
State,  and  he  was  plainly  told  that,  so  soon  as  the  Civil  War  ended,  steps  would 
be  taken  to  enforce  the  Monroe  doctrine. 

The  public  men  of  this  country  have  again  and  again  given  their  adherence 
to  this  doctrine.  It  will  probably  always  hold  its  place  as  one  of  the  cardinal 
principles  of  this  government. 

James  Monroe  was  the  exponent  of  the  idea  of  “America  for  the  Amer- 
icans; ” that  the  territory  of  the  United  States  should  be  enlarged,  and  that  no 
foreign  interference  would  be  permitted.  He  always  took  this  position  in 
his  speeches,  and  he  bent  his  whole  public  policy  to  agree  with  it. 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS. 


Of  John  Quincy  Adams,  the  son  of  John  Adams,  it  might  almost  be  said 
that  he  was  educated  in  statecraft  from  the  time  of  his  boyhood.  He  was  a 
man  of  the  most  severely  Puritan  character,  to  whom  the  idea  of  duty  was 
above  everything  else.  What  he  thought  was  right,  that  he  would  do  with- 
out thought  of  the  consequences  to  himself.  He  was  Minister  to  Holland,  to 
France,  and  to  Berlin,  the  latter  by  his  father’s  appointment  on  the  advice  of 
Washington.  As  Senator  from  Massachusetts  he  was  in  favor  of  the  War  of 
1812,  brought  on  by  the  intolerable  treatment  of  American  ships  by  England. 
He  was  sent  to  Russia  by  Madison,  and  from  there  to  England,  where  he 
negotiated  the  treaty  of  peace.  As  Monroe’s  Secretary  of  State  he  negotiated 
the  treaty  with  Spain  which  gave  Florida  to  this  country.  He  took  liis  first 
stand  in  opposition  to  slavery  when  the  Missouri  Compromise  was  being 
brought  about. 

When  elected  to  the  Presidency  to  succeed  Monroe,  Adams  came  out  in 
favor  of  national  banks,  internal  improvements,  and  a high  protective  tariff. 
By  this  time  the  Federalists  had  become  Whigs,  and  the  Republicans  had 
adopted  the  name  of  Democrats.  As  the  policy  which  included  these  fea- 
tures was  that  of  the  Whigs,  Adams  was  regarded  as  a Whig  President,  and 
he  was  most  bitterly  denounced  by  the  Democrats.  During  his  tenure  of 
office  he  lent  his  influence  to  all  these  measures. 

When  Adams  left  the  Presidential  chair  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  as  the  result  of  the  Anti-Masonic  excitement,  and  he  remained 
a representative  until  his  death.  It  was  during  this  period  of  his  life  that 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


27 


lie  made  some  very  strong  friends,  and  many  of  the  most  1 litter  enemies  any 
man  ever  had,  and  acquired  his  fame.  He  ranged  himself  on  the  Anti-Slavery 
side,  and  became  the  first  prominent  man  among  the  Abolitionists.  He  fought 
the  slaveholders,  session  after  session,  and  brought  on  his  head  a storm  of 
abuse  which  exceeded  in  virulence  and  ferocity  anything  ever  seen  in  this 
country.  Adams,  however,  did  not  quail ; the  man  was  never  afraid  of  any- 
thing in  his  life.  He  fought  the  gag  law,  which  forbade  Congress  receiving 
any  Anti-Slavery  petitions,  session  after  session,  until  he  succeeded  in  having 
it  repealed. 

As  a President,  Adams  was  not  remarkable,  but  as  a member  of  Congress, 
taking  the  side  of  freedom  for  the  slaves,  he  was  one  of-  the  greatest  men  in 
that  body. 


ANDREW  JACKSON. 

In  some  respects,  Andrew  Jackson,  the  seventh  president  of  the  United 
States,  was  the  most  extraordinary  man  that  ever  ruled  this  country.  Com- 
ing, as  he  did,  from  the  very  lowest  stratum  of  the  people,  so  far  as  educa- 
tion and  intelligence  were  concerned,  he  was  one  of  those  strong  characters 
fitted  to  rule  in  troublous  times.  He  was  an  ideal  soldier,  patient  and  wary, 
yet  able  to  seize  an  opportunity  in  the  most  brilliant  way;  almost  insensible 
to  fatigue,  with  the  ability  to  control  the  most  turbulent  of  men,  and  possess- 
ed of  a will  that  drove  him  ahead  to  the  end  he  had  marked  out  for  himself, 
in  spite  of  every  difficulty  and  every  danger. 

The  boy  was  a prisoner  of  war  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  As  he  grew  up, 
and  Tennessee  became  a territory,  he  went  to  Congress.  When  the  territory 
arrived  at  the  dignity  of  Statehood,  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  a place 
he  resigned  to  become  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  his  State. 
After  some  years  spent  as  a merchant,  he  entered  the  army  during  the  War 
of  1812,  and  was  sent  to  Hew  Orleans.  From  there  he  was  ordered  to  the 
command  of  the  troops  in  the  .war  with  Tecumseh,  and,  in  1814,  returned  to 
Hew  Orleans  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the  South.  He  won  the 
battle  of  Hew  Orleans  on  January  8,  1815,  and  after  that  his  name  alone 
was  sufficient  to  excite  the  people  to  enthusiasm.  He  commanded  in  the 
Seminole  War,  and  was  made  governor  of  Florida  in  1821,  when  the  territory 
was  purchased  from  Spain. 

In  1828  he  was  elected  President  as  a democrat.  He  was  the  first  to  in- 
troduce what  has  been  termed  the  “spoils  system”  into  national  politics. 
In  order  to  understand  Jackson  and  his  policy  it  is  necessary  to  remember  he 
looked  on  affairs  and  questions  of  state  as  a soldier  looks  on  them.  Those 
who  were  not  on  the  side  of  the  right — which,  with  Jackson,  was  his  side  al- 
ways— were  enemies,  and  must  he  dislodged  from  their  positions  of  vantage 
as  soon  as  possible.  He  was  an  autocrat  by  nature,  yet  he  was,  curiously 
enough,  personally  the  most  popular  President  the  United  States  ever  had. 
In  fact,  Jackson  thought  as  the  then  great  body  of  the  people  thought — he 
was  as  ignorant,  so  to  speak,  as  were  they. 

He  organized  what  was  called  his  “Kitchen  Cabinet,”  a body  of  men 
with  whom  he  consulted  over  all  his  measures,  and  who  might  be  compared 
to  his  personal  staff.  His  Cabinet  officers  he  used  as  he  would  the  colonels 
of  regiments  in  his  division.  He  gave  them  orders.  To  the  surprise  of  the 
Democrats,  Jackson  came  out  against  the  doctrine  of  nullification.  This  was 
the  form  in  which  States’  rights  showed  themselves,  and  was,  in  effect,  the 
right  of  a State  to  nullify  a tariff  imposed  by  Congress.  South  Carolina 
nullified  the  tariff  with  a threat  to  secede,  but  Jackson  declared  “no  State 
has  a right  to  secede  ” and  threatened  war.  The  result  was  a compromise  on 
the  tariff. 


28 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


The  feature  of  Jackson’s  administration  which  stands  out  more  promi- 
nently than  any  other  was  his  fight  with  the  United  States  Bank.  This 
great  institution  was  founded  on  the  lines  of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  was 
the  depository  of  the  United  States  fund.  Jackson  hated  Henry  Clay,  who 
was,  as  were  all  the  Whigs,  in  favor  of  the  bank,  and  he  also  had  all  the  dis- 
trust of  banks  felt  by  uneducated  mountaineers.  He  succeeded  in  securing 
a resolution  of  censure  from  Congress  for  the  part  the  hank  had  played  in 
politics.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  attacks  of  Jackson  had  forced  the 
hank  to  help  Clay,  its  only  defender,  and  that  it  was  no  part  of  the  bank’s 
policy  to  take  sides.  Having  done  this,  Jackson  demanded  that  his  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  withdraw  the  funds  of  the  government  from  the  custody  of 
the  hank.  The  then  Secretary  refused,  was  dismissed,  and  his  successor  ap- 
pointed. only  to  meet  the  same  fate  and  for  the  same  reason.  Then  Jackson 
found  Roger  E.  Tracey,  who  proved  more  pliable,  and  withdrew  the  money. 
Jackson’s  scheme  was  to  deposit  the  money  in  certain  specified  banks,  called 
“pet  banks.”  He  did  so,  but  soon  after  withdrew  it  in  order  to  return  the 
surplus  to  the  States. 

Jackson  knew  little  or  nothing  about  finance,  and  he  treated  the  banks  in 
the  same  way  he  might  have  treated  his  personal  creditors  when  in  business.  He 
could  never  understand  that  the  shifting  of  large  sums  of  money  about  would 
upset  the  whole  financial  system  of  the  country,  nor  could  he  ever  be  made 
to  realize  that  the  disastrous  panic  of  1837  was  in  great  part  his  own  work. 
No  President  has  cost  the  country  as  much,  and  no  President  did  the  country 
as  much  harm. 

In  the  foreign  relations  of  the  United  States,  Jackson  forced  France  to 
pay  the  $5,000,000  she  owed  the  United  States,  by  his  threat  of  seizing  Eu- 
ropeanErench  vessels  to  make  up  the  amount.  During  his  Presidency,  rail- 
roads and  steamship  lines  were  introduced,  and  there  was  an  enormous  ex- 
pansion of  the  business  of  the  country. 

In  hardly  any  sense  of  the  word  was  Jackson  a statesman.  He  was  an 
honest  man,  true  as  steel,  and  his  views  were  always  on  the  side  of  right  so 
far  as  he  could  see  it.  The  evil  he  did  was  the  result  of  a want  of  knowledge, 
but  the  good  he  did  in  the  nullification  business,  and  as  a soldier,  will  out- 
weigh that  evil.  He  was  a popular  hero,  followed  by  the  people  as  no  other 
man  has  been,  and  he  is,  to  this  day,  the  central  figure  in  many  traditions 
which  are  still  active  forces  in  our  politics. 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN. 

The  first  approach  to  what  we,  nowadays,  call  a ‘ ‘ machine  politician  ” 
ever  elected  to  the  presidential  chair  was  Martin  Van  Buren,  eighth  president 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  a Republican  when  young,  but,  following  the 
change  of  name  of  his  party,  was  elected  as  a Democrat.  He  had  played  an 
important  part  in  the  politics  of  New  York  before  he  went  to  Washington  as 
Senator  from  the  State.  He  was  in  favor  of  a strict  construction  of  the  Con- 
stitution, and  while  he  voted  for  a protective  tariff  was  really  in  favor  of  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only.  As  governor  of  New  York,  he  opposed  free  banking, 
and  became  a strong  supporter  of  Jackson.  Jackson  appointed  him  Secre- 
tary of  State,  in  which  position  he  was  able  to  settle  the  trouble  with  England 
oveF  the  West  Indian  commerce.  Nominated  as  Minister  to  England,  the 
Whig  Senate  refused  to  confirm  him,  on  which  his  popularity  increased  to 
the  point  that  he  was  elected  Vice-President  with  Jackson  for  the  second  term. 
He  sympathized  thoroughly  with  Jackson  in  the  war  on  the  United  States 
Bank. 

In  1836  Van  Buren  was  elected  President,  and  in  1837  the  crash  came. 


THE  NORTH  BEND  FARMER  and  HIS  VISITORS 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


29 


The  business  of  the  United  States  was  paralyzed,  and  commercial  credit  did 
not  exist.  Van  Buren  saw  that  the  power  of  affecting  the  business  of  the 
country  must  be  taken  away  from  the  administration,  and  he  advocated  suc- 
cessfully the  present  Treasury  system,  in  which  the  government  takes  care  of 
its  own  money.  This  was  the  principal  achievement  of  his  term  of  office. 

He  was  opposed  to  slavery,  but  in  other  respects  was  a faithful  member 
of  his  party.  He  thoroughly  believed  in  the  “spoils  system,”  so  far  as  the 
offices  were  concerned,  and  helped  to  make  that  a part  of  the  government 
policy.  During  the  last  part  of  his  administration  the  panic  of  1840  struck 
the  country,  which,  without  being  anything  like  as  bad  as  that  of  1837,  was 
yet  severe  enough  to  give  the  President  a good  deal  of  anxiety. 


WILLAM  HENRY  HARRISON. 


The  financial  distress  which  had  marked  the  administration  of  Van 
Buren  had  disgusted  the  people  with  the  Democrats,  and  a Whig  candidate 
was  demanded.  He  was  found  in  William  Henry  Harrison,  the  man  who 
had  won  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  and  that  of  the  Thames  in  Canada.  The 
record  of  the  candidate  was  that  of  a successful  soldier.  He  was  known  in 
politics  principally  as  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana.  His  campaign 
was  one  of  the  most  popular  ever  seen  in  this  country.  It  was  called  the 
‘ ‘ Log-Cabin  and  Hard  Cider  ” campaign,  owing  to  the  fact  that  people  be- 
lieved General  Harrison  lived  in  a log-cabin  and  drank  cider.  These  habits 
were  considered  to  be  American,  as  opposed  to  living  in  a frame  house  and 
drinking  wine,  which  were  English.  The  cry  of  the  campaign  was  ‘ ‘ Tippe- 
canoe and  Tyler  too,”  and  this  cry  won. 

General  Harrison  only  lived  for  one  month  after  his  inauguration.  Dur- 
ing his  period  of  office  the  opportunity  for  Presidential  action  of  a kind  open 
to  criticism  from  either  party  did  not  arise. 


JOHN  TYLER. 


The  first  demand  made  on  John  Tyler  (elected  as  the  Whig  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and,  through  the  death  of  General  Harrison,  the  Whig  President)  by 
the  members  of  his  party,  as  led  by  Henry  Clay,  was  a new  charter  for  the 
United  States  Bank.  But  Tyler  had  seen  that  Van  Buren  was  right;  that  the 
power  to  interfere  with  the  business  of  the  country  was  too  great  to  entrust 
to  any  administration.  He,  therefore,  steadily  refused  the  demand.  The 
Whigs  then  devised  a scheme  by  which  a Bank  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
should  be  chartered  by  the  government  to  have  branches  in  all  the  States. 
This  bill  passed  Congress,  but  was  vetoed  by  the  President  on  the  ground 
that  it  was  unconstitutional.  Tyler  held  that  the  government  could  not  go 
into  the  banking  business.  Prom  this  time  out  the  Whigs  would  have  noth- 
ing to  do  with  him,  and  the  Democrats  rallied  to  his  support. 

With  the  aid  of  the  President,  the  Democrats  were  able  to  pass  the  bill 
reducing  the  protective  tariff.  On  the  question  of  internal  improvements  the 
President  signed  the  bill  to  improve  the  Mississippi  River,  holding  this  to  be 
a national  measure,  but  vetoed  bills  relating  to  other  parts  of  the  country. 

During  Tyler’s  term  of  office,  the  Ashburton  treaty  with  England  was 
negotiated.  The  question  of  the  ownership  of  Oregon  was  raised,  as  was 
that  of  the  admission  of  Texas  as  a State.  The  President  was  in  favor  of  both. 


30 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


JAMES  KNOX  POLK. 


James  Knox  Polk  was  the  most  brilliant  stump-speaker  ever  elected 
President.  He  was  a Jeffersonian  Democrat,  and  was  in  favor  of  collecting 
only  such  revenue  as  was  needed  to  carry  on  the  government.  He  held  that 
a surplus  was  a robbery  of  the  people.  He  was  opposed  to  the  United  States 
Bank.  As  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  he  supported  Jackson 
and  Van  Buren.  Polk  was  elected  Governor  of  Tennessee  in  1839.  He  ex- 
pressed himself  in  favor  of  the  admission  of  Texas.  When  elected  President 
in  1844,  he  declared  he  would  not  accept  a second  term,  and  kept  his  word. 

One  of  his  first  acts  as  President  was  to  order  General  Taylor  to  march 
into  Mexico,  after  the  aggressive  acts  of  the  Mexicans.  General  Taylor 
fought  and  won  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto,  and  Texas  was  admitted  into  the 
Union. 

The  Oregon  question,  which  had  risen  in  Tyler’s  time,  turned  on  the 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  Americans  became 
greatly  exercised  over  it,  and  ‘ ‘Fifty-four  forty  (54  degrees,  40  minutes  of  north 
latitude)  or  fight  ” became  the  popular  cry.  President  Polk  was  able  to  set- 
tle this  question  in  a way  that  satisfied  all  parties  to  the  dispute.  One  result 
of  his  diplomacy  is  that  we  own  the  Columbia  River,  with  its  inexhaustible 
wealth  in  fish.  „ 

He  was  in  favor  of  a tariff  for  revenue  only,  and  he  exerted  all  his  influ- 
ence to  bring  it  about.  He  vetoed  the  river  and  harbor  bill  (brought  in  to 
make  internal  improvements),  on  the  ground  that  the  nation  had  no  right  to 
spend  money  for  improvements  which  were  purely  local  in  character.  "Dur- 
ing his  administration,  members  of  the  Slavery  party  in  Congress  were  very 
active,  and  President  Polk  was  strongly  on  their  side.  He  believed  slavery 
to  be  right,  and  he  looked  on  the  attacks  of  the  Abolitionists  as  being  not 
only  a violation  of  contract  as  between  the  States,  but  as  being  radically 
wrong. 

His  administration  was  a most  brilliant  one,  partly  because  the  country 
had  recovered  from  the  abyss  of  business  stagnation  into  which  it  had  been 
plunged  during  Jackson’s  administration,  and  partly  because  there  was  a 
series  of  diplomatic  negotiations,  which  culminated  with  good  results  during 
the  four  years  he  was  in  office. 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 

James  Buchanan  began  life  as  a Federalist,  but  while  in  Congress  he 
drifted  over  to  the  Democrats.  He  was  Jackson’s  Minister  to  Russia,  a Sen- 
ator from  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  State  for  Polk,  Minister  to  England 
under  Pierce,  and  President  of  the  United  States  in  1856. 

Buchanan’s  experience  until  the  question  of  slavery  began  when  the  right 
of  petitions  was  attacked  by  the  Pro-Slavery  men.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
slave  agitation,  the  members  of  the  Anti-Slavery  party  made  themselves  known 
by  petitions  to  the  government  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
The  Southern  men  held  that  all  such  petitions  should  be  laid  on  the  table. 
While  Buchanan  did  not  think  the  petitions  should  be  granted,  he  was 
strongly  opposed  to  any  interference  with  the  right  to  send  them  to  Congress. 

In  1856  the  one  question  before  the  country  was  the  extension  of  slavery 
to  the  territories.  The  Democrats,  who  favored  it,  nominated  Buchanan, 
and  the  Republicans  nominated  General  Fremont.  Buchanan  was  elected 
with  all  the  Southern  and  five  Northern  States  voting  for  him. 

His  foreign  policy  would  have  been  much  more  brilliant  than  it  was  could 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


31 


Congress  have  been  induced  to  attend  to  anything  outside  the  slavery  fight. 
As  it  was,  Buchanan  put  an  end  to  the  English  search  of  American  vessels  on 
the  ground  they  might  be  slavers,  by  sending  an  American  fleet  to  the  West 
Indies.  He  settled  the  Paraguay  claims  satisfactorily,  and  was  able  to  settle 
the  dispute  about  English  occupation  of  Central  America. 

Congress  having  recognized  the  Pro-Slavery  party  in  Kansas,  President 
Buchanan  was  forced  to  acknowledge  its  action.  But  he  absolutely  denied 
the  right  of  any  State  to  secede.  When  Lincoln  was  elected  and  South  Caro- 
lina set  the  example  of  secession,  the  President  refused  to  receive  her  com- 
missioners. He  urged  in  Congress  that  steps  should  be  taken  to  enable  the 
President  to  move,  but  Congress  was  dumb.  He  prepared  reinforcements  for 
Major  Anderson  at  Fort  Sumter,  but  Major  Anderson  declared  he  did  not 
need  them. 

No  man  has  ever  been  more  abused  than  Buchanan,  and  by  both  parties. 
The  truth  is  that  he  was  a man  fitted  for  times  of  peace  and  not  ,in  the  least 
able  to  cope  with  a condition  of  things  which  would  have  required  genius  to 
solve.  Buchanan  tried  to  hold  both  parties  back,  to  keep  men  at  peace  who 
knew  no  peace.  He  failed  as  any  man  would  have  failed  in  his  position. 

He  was  a wise,  careful  and  honest  man,  placed  in  a position  where  no  man 
could  have  done  anything,  and  forced  to  sit  quiet  while  the  two  parties  came 
nearer  and  nearer  to  the  actual  conflict.  The  outcry  against  him  was  as  un- 
just as  it  was  inevitable. 


FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 

The  fall  of  1852  found  the  Democratic  party  united  and  triumphant,  and 
the  Whigs  disunited  and  cast  down.  The  latter  nominated  General  Winfield 
Scott,  in  the  hope  that  with  another  Mexican  war  veteran  they  might  repeat 
their  success  with  General  Taylor.  General  Scott  carried  the  State  of  Mas- 
sachusetts only,  and  the  Whig  party  was  dead  for  all  time.  It  had  served  its 
purpose  and  had  contributed  to  the  building  of  the  nation;  it  went  down  be- 
cause it  was  not  based  on  convictions  strong  enough  to  carry  it  through  the 
fierce  battle  slavery  had  brought  on.  It  was  essentially  the  party  of  compro- 
mise, and  the  time  for  compromise  had  passed. 

The  Democrats  nominated  Franklin  Pierce  of  New  Hampshire.  He  had 
been  Speaker  of  his  State’s  Legislature,  a United  States  Senator,  had  led  a 
brigade  at  Conteras  in  the  Mexican  War,  had  been  President  of  New  Hamp- 
shire’s Constitutional  Convention,  was  one  of  the  greatest  orators  of  the  day, 
with  a voice  that  was  melody  itself,  and  had  been  in  favor  of  the  two  com- 
promise measures,  the  fugitive  slave  law  and  the  admission  of  California  as 
a free  State. 

He  carried  every  State  in  the  Union  except  one.  He  entered  on  his  term 
with  a strength  no  President  had  had  since  Washington’s  day.  The  impor- 
tant acts  of  his  government — important  enough  at  any  other  time — were  set- 
tling the  dispute  with  Mexico  over  the  boundary  by  arbitration,  concluding 
a reciprocity  treaty  with  England,  putting  a stop  to  the  recruiting  of  soldiers 
for  the  Crimea  in  this  country,  and  sending  the  English  Minister,  Mr.  Cramp- 
ton,  home  for  his  share  in  the  work;  vetoing  the  bills  for  public  works  and 
the  appropriation  of  public  lands  for  the  support  of  the  insane.  These  acts 
of  the  President  were  as  nothing  to  his  policy  in  regard  to  slavery,  for  slavery 
was  swallowing  up  everything  else. 

President  Pierce  believed  slavery  to  be  guaranteed  by  the  Constitution. 
The  opening  of  Kansas  to  the  slave-owners  was  endorsed  by  him,  and  his  gov- 
ernment recognized  the  State  Constitution  passed  by  the  temporary  colonists 
from  Missouri.  The  people  of  Kansas  held  a Constitutional  Convention  at 


32 


THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 


winch  they  passed  an  Anti-Slavery  Constitution,  confirmed  by  an  overwhelm- 
ing vote  of  the  people.  Under  this  Constitution  State  officers  were  elected 
only  to  be  treated  as  rebels  by  the  general  government.  The  Pro-Slavery 
men  had  won  a great  victory  when  they  passed  the  fugitive  slave  law  and 
secured  Fillmore's  signature,  hut  it  was  a victory  more  costly  than  defeat. 
It  aroused  the  Anti-Slavery  party  to  madness;  they  refused  all  compromise, 
and  the  actual  civil  war  in  Kansas  increased  the  trouble.  The  question  of 
slavery  had  become  the  one  thing  that  men  cared  about,  and  Pierce  as  a Pro- 
Slavery  President  only  cast  oil  on  the  flames. 

When  his  term  was  over,  and  when  the  “irresponsible  conflict ’’was  on 
us,  Pierce  supported  the  Union  in  the  strongest  way.  He  urged  men  to  go  to 
the  front,  and  proved  himself  loyal  to  the  Union  before  all  things. 


THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

Looking  back  now,  as  we  all  can  easily  enough,  it  is  possible  to  see  how 
much  right  there  was  on  both  sides  of  the  great  question  which  was  tearing 
the  Union  asunder. 

The  position  of  the  Abolitionists  or  Republicans  was  simple  and  logical  in 
the  extreme.  They  held  that  slavery  was  radically,  absolutely,  intrinsically 
wrong.  They  believed  that  the  color  of  a man’s  skin  had  absolutely  nothing 
to  do  with  his  right  to  own  himself,  to  be  at  liberty  to  support  himself  by 
such  means  as  he  saw  fit  to  adopt,  to  cleave  to  his  wife  and  to  own  his  own 
children.  It  would  probably  be  exceedingly  difficult  to  find  a thousand  men 
in  the  United  States  to-day  who  would  not  subscribe  to  this  doctrine,  and  it 
is  certain  it  is  believed  nowhere  more  profoundly  than  in  the  Southern  States. 
Holding  and  believing  as  the  Abolitionists  did,  they  went  to  the  logical  end 
and  said  the  slaves  must  be  set  free. 

The  Pro-Slavery  men  had  about  one-third,  roughly  speaking,  of  all  their 
property  in  slaves.  The  proposition  to  set  the  slaves  free  was  a proposition 
to  deprive  the  inhabitants  of  the  slaveholding  States  of  one-third  of  all  their 
property,  put  into  a different  form  of  words.  The  refusal  to  allow  slaves  in 
the  territories  meant  the  drawing  of  a line  around  the  slave  States  as  around  a 
section  afflicted  with  a fearful  disease.  It  made  it  impossible  for  a man  to 
emigrate  from  them  unless  at  a sacrifice  of  his  slaves  or  a forced  sale.  The 
forced  sale,  breaking  as  it  did  the  ties  between  the  slaves  and  the  families  to 
which  they  had  been  born,  was  intensely  repugnant  to  the  Southern  mind, 
then. 

The  feeling  in  the  South  was  precisely  that  which  would  be  felt  in  any 
State  or  city  or  town  to-day,  were  the  people  threatened  with  confiscation  of 
one-third  of  their  property.  Apart  from  the  frightful  financial  disaster 
which  such  confiscation  would  bring,  it  is  no  new  thing  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  to  fight  when  their  property  is  attacked.  The  ship-money  was  but 
a small  tax,  yet  the  ship-money  helped  to  bring  Charles  the  First  to  the  scaf- 
fold. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  men  of  the  days  of  Buchanan’s  Presi- 
dency were  for  the  most  part  innocent  so  far  as  slavery  was  concerned.  The 
slaves  represented  to  them  investment  as  the  result  of  effort,  inheritance, 
property  seizure  for  a just  debt.  They  were  not  responsible  for  the  system, 
for  it  was  inherited.  They  had  been  born  into  a community  whereof  slavery 
was  part  and  parcel.  This  property  they  were  asked  to  give  up  because  it 
represented  a wrong  to  men  and  women,  and  so  asked  by  men  and  women 
who  owned  not  one  dollar’s  worth  of  it.  To  ask  a race  to  give  up  one-third 
of  their  property,  to  ruin  themselves,  to  upset  every  industry  by  which  they 
live,  to  beggar  their  wives  and  children,  was  to  ask  much. 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


33 


No  movement  to  buy  the  slaves,  make  them  the  property  of  the  nation, 
and  set  them  free,  seems  to  have  been  seriously  considered.  This  is  the  more 
wonderful  because  this  is  what  England  had  done.  The  Abolitionists  would 
be  satisfied  with  nothing  less  than  confiscation,  the  Pro-Slavery  men  would 
hear  of  nothing  else  than  “Property  in  one  State  shall  be  property  in  all 
States,”  and  tins  the  fugitive  slave  law  gave  them.  Is  it  any  wonder,  then, 
that  war  was  the  only  way  out?  Both  sides  had  a part  of  the  right:  both 
were  determined  their  right  should  win.  Morally,  too,  the  Abolitionists 
were  right,  for  slavery  is  wrong.  Morally,  too,  the  Pro-Slavery  men  were 
right,  for  it  is  wrong  to  punish  a man  for  that  for  which  he  is  not  responsible. 

Now  the  heat  and  passion  has  passed  away,  buried  in  the  graves  of  those 
who  fought  so  gallantly  during  the  four  long  years.  Now  we  can  see  things 
as  they  were  in  reality,  and  we  can  accord  to  those  of  a generation  fast  pass- 
ing- away  equal  honesty  In  their  belief,  equal  heroism  in  their  support  of 
them.  The  question  is  settled  forever  in  this  country,  and  all  that  can  be 
said  is  that  it  had  to  be  fought  out.  Yet  when  one  thinks  of  what  it  cost  to 
North  and  South  alike,  one  can  but  sigh  over  “ the  pity  of  it!  ” 


ZACHARY  TAYLOR. 

General  Zachary  Taylor’s  career  before  he  became  the  twelfth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  was  that  of  an  officer  in  the  army.  In  1808  he  was 
commissioned  as  a lieutenant  in  the  Eighth  Infantry,  and  from  that  time  until 
he  took  part  in  the  Mexican  War  he  spent  his  days  fighting  Indians.  His 
first  independent  command  was  at  Port  Harrison,  in  1812,  when  he  success- 
fully defended  the  place  during  the  Black  Hawk  War.  He  won  the  battle  of 
Okechobee  in  Florida  against  the  Seminoles.  In  1845  Texas  was  annexed, 
and  as  Mexico  threatened  to  invade  the  new  territory  of  the  United  States, 
General  Taylor  was  sent  down  to  defend  the  border.  He  won  the  battle  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  at  which  time  he  said  to  the  council  of  war  that  recom- 
mended retreat,  “I  shall  go  to  Fort  Brown  or  stay  in  my  shoes.”  Under 
orders  from  the  President  he  invaded  Mexico,  and  won  the  battle  of  Monterey 
on  September  24,  1846.  Although  he  was  succeeded  in  his  command  by 
General  Scott,  he  fought  and  won  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  on  February  27, 
1847. 

The  Whigs  took  advantage  of  his  great  personal  popularity  in  the  country 
and  nominated  him  for  the  Presidency.  He  was  elected  in  November,  1848, 
and  he  died  in  the  White  House  in  1850.  During  his  term  of  office  President 
Taylor  showed  himself  exceedingly  conservative.  He  restrained  the  out- 
breaks of  the  slavery  question,  and  prevented  its  influence  with  the  action  of 
the  government.  During  his  term  the  gold  rush  to  California  began,  and 
the  President  was  forced  to  meet  the  strange  political  conditions  this  gave 
rise  to.  He  sent  Commodore  Perry  to  Japan,  and  the  Perry  treaty  was  con- 
cluded. Had  President  Taylor  lived  he  would  have  done  much;  as  it.  was,  he 
left  behind  him  the  memory  of  a good  man. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


When  Abraham  Lincoln  took  the  oath  of  office  “to  support  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,”  that  oath  which  he  kept  so  loyally  and  well,  he 
was  able  to  look  back  over  as  hard  a life  of  struggle  and  toil  as  that  passed 
over  by  any  American.  Born  among  the  poorest  of  the  poor,  self-educated 
and  self-taught,  he  had  begun  his  public  career  as  a member  of  the  Illinois 


34 


BIOGRAPHIES  OP  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  V.  S. 


Legislature.  In  1846  he  went  to  Congress,  where  he  was  particularly  notice- 
able for  his  urgent  desire  to  see  the  slaves  in  the  District  of  Columbia  eman- 
cipated. In  1854  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  brought  Lincoln  out 
in  debate,  and  his  speeches  marked  him  as  one  of  the  most  fiery  of  the  Anti- 
Slavery  orators.  When  the  Republican  party  was  formed  he  became,  natur- 
ally, its  head  in  Illinois,  and  during  1858  took  part  in  his  great  debates  with 
Senator  Douglass,  in  which  his  speeches  outlined  the  policy  of  the  Anti-Slavery 
men  for  all  time. 

In  1860,  Douglass  and  Breckinridge  being  his  two  opponents,  he  was 
nominated  and  elected  sixteenth  President  of  the  United  States.  Already 
States  had  seceded,  and  Lincoln  was,  from  the  first,  face  to  face  with  a 
disrupted  Union.  He  treated  secession  as  a nullity,  and  in  his  intense  de- 
sire to  find  some  way  out  of  the  difficulty  before  him,  proposed  that  Con- 
gress should  pay  for  the  slaves.  This  Congress  agreed  to  do,  but  the 
suggestion  had  come  too  late. 

The  war  issues  absorbed  everything,  and  although  there  were  politics  in 
the  country  still,  they  were  as  nothing.  Lincoln’s  course  from  first  to  last 
was  the  same.  With  him  the  Union  was  before  everything  else,  and  he 
woidd  listen  to  any  plan  which  even  looked  toward  its  restoration.  Even  the 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  was  only  forced  upon  him — near  as  was  the  meas- 
ure to  his  soul — by  the  exigencies  of  the  war.  The  history  of  the  war  is  alike 
too  well  known  and  too  long  to  be  even  summarized  here. 

The  President  returned  Slidell  and  Mason  to  England  and  bent  his  efforts 
toward  keeping  the  peace  between  this  country  and  France  as  well  as  Great 
Britain.  He  maintained  friendly  relations  with  President  Juarez  in  Mexico, 
and  he  welcomed  the  visit  of  the  Russian  fleet  gladly  and  warmly.  But,  in 
fact,  he  had  but  onethouglit,  the  war;  and  the  politics  and  the  foreign  rela- 
tions of  other  presidents  played  but  a small  part  in  the  gigantic  task  before 
him.  Still,  what  there  was  of  them  he  managed  with  great  wisdom. 

No  President  has  had  such  a responsibility  as  that  which  Lincoln  was 
called  upon  to  bear.  Even  Washington  had  no  such  war  to  manage,  no  such 
anxious  hours,  for  Washington’s  enemies  were  foreigners.  Calmly,  quietly, 
with  infinite  patience  and  almost  infinite  wisdom,  the  President  carried  on 
the  government  of  the  country  and  brought  the  war  to  an  end.  We  are  only 
beginning  to  learn  now  how  great  and  good  this  man  was:  we  will  never 
fully  realize  how  much  we  owe  to  him. 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 

Andrew  Johnson  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1843  and  to  the  Senate  in 
1857.  In  both  he  was  a bitter  opponent  to  slavery.  In  1862  Lincoln  made 
him  military  Governor  of  Tennessee,  where  he  was  successful  in  his  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  the  State. 

When  Lincoln  died  Johnson  became  President.  His  hatred  of  secession 
found  utterance  in  such  expressions  as  “ treason  is  a crime,”  and  for  a time  it 
was  feared  he  would  become  the  exponent  of  what  was  called  the  “ Party  of 
Vengeance  ” in  the  North.  Owing,  however,  to  the  influence  of  Secretary 
Seward,  Johnson  moderated  his  sentiments.  He  went  so  far  in  the  other  di- 
rection that  he  found  himself  in  conflict  with  Congress.  He  attempted  to 
nullify  various  acts  of  Congress,  and  was  impeached  by  the  House  before  the 
Senate.  He  was  acquitted  by  a vote  of  thirty-five  for  conviction  to  nineteen 
for  acquittal.  The  difference  of  one  vote  would  have  turned  the  tide.  For- 
tunately the  country  was  spared  the  scandal. 

The  remainder  of  his  time  in  the  White  House  Johnson  spent  in  fighting 
Congress.  During  his  term  there  were  no  politics  to  amount  to  anything,  the 


the  radical  party  on  a he  aw  grade 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


35 


country  being  fully  occupied  in  recovering  from  tbe  cliaos  of  the  war.  After 
his  term  had  ended  Johnson  was  elected  to  the  Senate  from  Tennessee. 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT. 

U.  S.  Grant — “ Uncle  Sam  ” Grant,  as  Lincoln  called  him  when  he  heard 
of  the  capture  of  Donelson — after  serving  through  the  Mexican  War  under 
General  Taylor  and  spending  a few  years  in  civil  life,  entered  the  service  of 
the  State  of  Illinois  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  as  mustering  officer.  He  was 
made  colonel  of  the  twenty-first  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  soon  after  received 
his  commission  as  brigadier-general.  He  captured  Fort  Donelson,  the  first 
capture  of  any  importance  made  by  the  Union  troops,  and  he  followed  this 
up  by  taking  Vicksburg.  Assuming  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac,' he  received  the  surrender  of  General  Lee  at  Appomattox,  which  act 
virtually  ended  the  war. 

General  Grant  appeared  prominently  in  politics  during  the  administration 
of  Johnson.  As  general  of  the  army,  a rank  revived  for  him  by  Congress, 
his  position  and  influence  were  alike  important  in  national  affairs.'  President 
Jolmson  had  committed  himself  to  the  policy  of  punishing  the  Confederate 
leaders,  and  the  work  was  begun  by  a persecution  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 
General  Lee  appealed  to  General  Grant,  and  the  latter,  who  firmly  believed 
the  war  was  over,  and  that  the  best  way  to  secure  its  fruits  was  to  simply  as- 
sume that  the  Confederates  had  been  punished  enough,  at  once  responded  to 
the  appeal.  He  declared  that  the  terms  on  which  he  had  paroled  General 
Lee  and  all  other  Southern  officers  must  be  respected,  and  that,  no  one  should 
be  punished.  Although  there  were  enough  hot-heads  in  Washington  to  have 
carried  the  policy  of  the  President  into  effect.  General  Grant’s  influence  was 
so  great  that  against  his  objections  nothing  could  be  done.  In  order  to  pre- 
vent the  President  using  the  army  officers  in  the  South  to  further  embitter 
the  people,  Congress  passed  an  act  declaring  that  no  orders  should  be  given 
to  the  army  except  through  its  general.  This,  in  effect,  placed  Grant  above 
the  President  in  the  administration  of  the  army,  a position  Johnson  vainly 
tried  to  get  out  of  by  sending  Grant  to  Mexico  as  the  U.  S.  Minister,  a posi- 
tion the  latter  refused. 

In  1868  he  was  unanimously  nominated  as  the  candidate  of  the  Republican 
party  for  the  presidency,  and  was  elected  by  a sweeping  majority.  In  his 
letter  of  acceptance  he  used  the  famous  phrase,  “Let  us  have  peace,”  and  it 
is  the  proud  record  of  the  man  who  carried  the  war  to  its  most  bloody  end, 
that  he  bent  the  whole  power  of  his  office  to  binding  up  the  wounds  and 
bringing  the  nation  back  once  more  to  Constitutional  government.  General 
Grant  believed  in  the  nation,  and  in  the  inherent  power  of  the  national  gov- 
ernment, as  he  believed  in  the  people  and  their  capacity  for  self-rule. 

One  of  the  distinguishing  features  of  his  government  was  his  desire  to  re- 
store the  finances  of  the  country  to  a sure  basis.  He  advocated  specie  pay- 
ment of  the  bonds  and  resumption  as  soon  as  possible.  He  was  warmly  in 
favor  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  as  he  believed  this 
would  secure  to  the  negro  race  the  full  benefits  of  the  war.  A request  for 
annexation  to  the  United  States  having  been  forwarded  by  the  government 
of  Santo  Domingo,  in  the  West  Indies,  President  Grant  did  his  best  to  secure 
the  passage  of  the  treaty,  but,  largely  owing  to  the  opposition  of  Charles 
Sumner,  failed  in  the  Senate.  The  necessity  which  is  apparent  now  for  some 
naval  station  to  the  south  of  us  makes  plain  the  wisdom  of  General  Grant  in 
his  views  of  this  matter. 

When  it  appeared  that  the  negroes  in  tbe  South  were  not  reaping  the 
benefit  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment,  and  were  being  oppressed  by  men  in  de- 


36 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


fiance  of  the  law,  Grant  took  prompt  measures,  and  by  a show  of  govern- 
ment troops  in  North  Carolina  put  a stop  to  the  whole  business  without  diffi- 
culty. The  consistent  and  firm  friendship  shown  by  the  President  for  the 
men  of  the  Southern  States  gave  him  an  influence  with  them  that  materially 
assisted  all  the  reconstruction  measures. 

A feature  of  Grant’s  administration,  which  will  always  redound  to  his 
credit,  was  his  success  with  the  treaty  of  Washington.  The  claims  for  dam- 
ages to  American  commerce  by  Confederate  vessels  which  had  been  built  and 
armed  in  England,  had  created  very  sore  feelings  between  the  Americans 
and  English.  War  talk  was  heard  often,  and  affairs  at  one  time  looked  dan- 
gerous. Grant’s  inflexible  desire  for  peace  curbed  those  of  the  angrier  sort, 
and  he  finally  had  these  and  other  American  claims  referred  to  arbitration. 
As  a result  of  the  Geneva  congress,  which  grew  out  of  the  treaty  of  Wash- 
ington, England  paid  the  “Alabama”  claims.  The  San  Juan  boundary 
question  was  decided  in  our  favor. 

During  Grant’s  second  term  the  so-called  “Whiskey  Ring  ” was  exposed, 
and  the  men  who  had  been  robbing  the  government  were  tried  and  pun- 
ished. The  President  vetoed  the  Currency  Inflation  Bill,  and  his  reasons 
were  so  good  that  the  measure  died. 

The  peculiar  glory  of  Grant’s  administration  is  to  be  found  in  his  firm 
and  unvarying  friendship  for  the  Southern  States.  While  he  made  it  plain 
that  he  would  cause  the  law  to  be  obeyed,  he  would  allow  nothing  to  be  done 
to  further  embitter  those  who  were  then  slowly  recovering  from  the  effects 
of  the  war.  No  President  ever  gave  utterance  to  a nobler  sentiment  than  ‘ ‘ Let 
us  have  peace, ’’and  to  this,  in  spirit  as  in  word,  Grant  acted  up.  His  wisdom 
in  this  regard  brought  the  country  together  much  sooner  than  it  otherwise 
would  have  come,  and  the  policy  he  stamped  on  the  government  survived 
him.  Unlearned  in  statecraft,  he  saw  this  part  of  his  duty  plainly,  and,  see- 
ing it,  he  was  not  found  lacking.  The  reunited  nation  of  to-day  should  hold 
Grant  in  higher  honor  for  this  than  is  due  to  him  from  the  North  for  his  vic- 
tories in  the  war. 


RUTHERFORD  BIRCHARD  HAYES. 


Ruthebford  B.  Hayes  won  his  rank  as  Major-General  by  brevet  for  his 
gallantry  in  the  war.  He  went  to  Congress  in  1865,  and  became  Governor 
of  Ohio  four  years  later.  He  made  for  himself,  from  his  entrance  into  pub- 
lic life,  a record  as  an  advocate  of  honest  money,  civil-service  reform,  and 
the  pacification  of  the  South.  When  he  became  President  in  1876  he  announced 
these  three  as  the  main  features  of  his  policy.  He  was  able  to  withdraw  the 
troops  which  had  been  kept  in  the  South,  an  act  which  did  much  to  soothe 
the  feelings  of  the  people  of  that  section.  He  attempted  to  inaugurate  civil- 
service  reform,  but  was  unable  to  bring  it  about.  He  vetoed  the  Silver  Cur- 
rency Bill  on  the  ground  that  silver  could  not  honestly  be  used  as  a legal  ten- 
der in  excess  of  its  market  value. 

It  is  a marked  feature  of  the  administration  of  President.  Hayes  that 
resumption  of  specie  payment  went  into  effect  on  January  1,  1879.  To  this 
end  the  President  had  worked  hard,  and  he  had  the  delight  of  seeing  it  an 
accomplished  fact.  The  dollar  of  the  United  States  government  once  more 
became  a dollar  in  fact. 

President  Hayes  made  himself  felt  in  the  scheme  of  a canal  to  join  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  He  took  the  ground  that  no  such  canal  could 
ever  be  built  unless  it  was  to  be  controlled  by  the  United  States,  and  this 
view  has  been  accepted  as  sound  American  policy  since  that  time. 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


37 


JAMES  ABRAM  GARFIELD. 


James  A.  Garfield  liad  a war  record  of-  no  small  glory  when  he  was 
elected  to  Congress.  There  he  came  to  the  front  as  a champion  of  specie 
payment.  He  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  of  finance  and  banking, 
and  his  speeches  laid  down  the  soundest  principles  of  national  finance.  He 
was  a member  of  the  electoral  commission  which  awarded  the  Presidency  to 
Mr.  Hayes,  and  he  fought  in  all  ways  the  attempts  of  his  political  opponents 
to  control  the  elections  unfairly.  He  was  elected  to  the  Presidency  as  a com- 
promise candidate  in  1880.  The  one  feature  of  his  life  in  the  White  House 
was  the  celebrated  patronage  fight. 

Garfield  held  out  for  the  power  and  dignity  of  his  office,  although  he  con- 
ceded the  national  patronage  to  the  Republican  leaders.  It  was  while  the 
quarrel  between  these  leaders  for  the  spoils  was  going  on  that  he  was  shot 
by  Guiteau,  and,  after  lingering  for  a few  weeks,  died.  His  administration 
was  not  old  enough  at  his  death  to  have  had  any  political  questions  of  mo- 
ment submitted  to  it. 


CHESTER  ALLAH  ARTHUR. 


As  Quartermaster-General  of  the  State  of  New  York  during  the  war, 
Arthur  showed  his  power  of  administration.  When  he  became  President  on 
the  death  of  Garfield,  he  set  himself  at  work  to  cpiiet  the  feuds  in  the  Repub- 
lican party,  and  in  this  he  succeeded  well.  His  administration  was  a tran- 
quil one,  there  being  no  great  questions  to  settle  and  no  great  political  issues 
to  be  fought  out.  He  appointed  that  Central  and  South  American  commis- 
sion which  finally  resulted  in  the  Pan-American  Congress.  He  made  a treaty 
with  Nicaragua  looking  forward  to  an  inter-oceanic  canal,  and  began  the 
work  of  erecting  defenses  for  the  coast,  which  has  gone  on  steadily  ever 
since.  The  new  navy  was  begun  during  his  term  of  office,  and  the  first  of 
those  ships  which  now  give  us  some  power  on  the  sea  were  designed  and 
built. 

The  great  problem  of  polygamy  in  Utah  was  grappled  with,  and  this  tenet 
of  the  Mormon  belief  was  done  away  with.  The  fight  was  long,  hut  the 
government  won.  The  foreign  relations  of  the  country  during  his  adminis- 
tration call  for  but  little  comment  in  any  way. 


GROVER  CLEVELAND. 


There  had  been  a long  lease  of  power  for  the  Republican  party — from 
1860  to  1884 — when  Grover  Cleveland  was  elected  President  on  the  Demo- 
cratic and  Independent-Republican  nomination.  His  career  in  politics  had 
been  almost  phenomenally  short.  Mayor  of  Buffalo  in  1881,  and  Governor 
of  New  York  in  1882,  he  was  chosen  to  carry  the  standard  of  the  Democracy. 
During  his  term  of  office  in  Albany  he  became  known  as  the  “ Veto  Gov- 
ernor,” and  he  earned  a similar  title'in  Washington. 

Mr.  Cleveland  had  from  the  first  ranged  himself  on  the  side  of  economy 
in  public  expenditures.  As  mayor  he  saved  Buffalo  $1,000,000  in  a year, 
and  as  Governor  he  refused  to  sign  bills  which  involved  heavy  expenditures 
for  the  State.  When  he  became  President  he  made  it  apparent  that  his  belief 


38 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


in  his  own  judgment  had  not  diminished.  In  two  years  he  had  vetoed  115 
out  of  987  bills  passed  by  Congress. 

Mr.  Cleveland  had  the  bitterest  fight  of  his  term  on  the  question  of  civil- 
service  reform.  His  party  demanded  that  all  Republicans  be  turned  out  of 
office  and  their  places  filled  with  Democrats.  This  demand  the  President 
refused  to  comply  with. 

During  his  term  he  took  steps  to  recover  the  public  lands  which  had  been 
unlawfully  seized.  He  promised  protection  to  the  Chinese  from  the  mobs 
that  had  attacked  them,  and  he  took  extremely  strong  ground  against  Canada 
as  the  result  of  outrages  on  American  fishermen.  The  Senate  attempted  to 
compel  him  to  give  the  reasons  for  such  removals  as  he  made  from  among 
the  office-holders,  and  this  the  President  resisted  strongly  and  won  the  fight. 

His  administration  was  marked  by  tranquillity  in  our  relations  with  other 
countries  and  prosperity  in  our  own. 


BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 


Benjamin  Harrison,  a grandson  of  President  Harrison,  was  elected  to 
many  local  offices  in  his  own  State  before  he  was  sent  to  the  Senate.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  President  on  the  nomination  of  the  Republicans. 

The  features  of  his  term  have  been  the  passage  of  the  McKinley  bill  to 
increase  the  tariff,  and  the  Pan-American  Congress.  At  the  latter,  repre- 
sentatives of  all  countries  in  North  and  South  America,  except  Canada,  met 
in  Washington  and  debated  subjects  of  common  interest.  From  this  it  is 
hoped  the  best  results  may,  in  time,  come. 

The  events  of  President  Harrison’s  term  of  office  are  too  recent  to  make 
it  necessary  to  allude  to  them  at  length  in  this  place. 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  SUCCESSION. 


An  Act  relative  to  the  Election  of  a President  and  Vice-Pres- 
ident, AND  DECLARING  THE  OFFICER  WHO  SHALL  ACT  AS  PRESIDENT 
IN  CASES  OF  VACANCIES,  APPROVED  MARCH  1,  1792,  PROVIDES  AS 
FOLLOWS: 

That  the  Electors  shall  meet  and  give  their  votes  on  the  first  Wednesday 
in  December,  at  such  place  in  each  State,  as  shall  be  directed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture thereof;  and  the  Electors  in  each  State  shall  make  and  sign  three  certifi- 
cates of  all  the  votes  by  them  given,  and  shall  seal  up  the  same,  certifying, 
on  each,  that  a list  of  the  votes  of  such  State,  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent, is  contained  therein;  and  shall,  by  writing,  under  their  hands,  or  under 
the  hands  of  a majority  of  them,  appoint  a person  to  take  charge  of,  and  de- 
liver to  the  President  of  the  Senate,  at  the  seat  of  government,  before  the 
first  Wednesday  in  January  then  next  ensuing,  one  of  the  said  certificates; 
and  the  said  Electors  shall  forthwith  forward,  by  the  post-office,  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  at  the  seat  of  government,  one  other  of  the  said  certifi- 
cates; and  shall,  forthwith,  cause  the  other  of  the  said  certificates  to  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  judge  of  that  district  in  which  the  said  Electors  shall  assemble. 

That  the  executive  authority  of  each  State  shall  cause  three  lists  of  the 
names  of  the  Electors  of  such  State  to  be  made,  and  certified,  and  to  be  de- 
livered to  the  Electors  on  or  before  the  said  first-  Wednesday  in  December; 
and  the  Electors  shall  annex  one  of  the  said  lists  to  each  of  the  lists  of  their 
votes. 

That  if  a list  of  votes  from  any  State  shall  not  have  been  received  at  the 
seat  of  government,  on  the  said  first  Wednesday  in  January,  then  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  shall  send  a special  messenger  to  the  district  judge  in  whose 
custody  such  list  shall  have  been  lodged,  who  shall  forthwith  transmit  the 
same  to  the  seat  of  government. 

That  Congress  shall  be  in  session  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  February, 
and  the  said  certificates,  or  so  many  of  them  as  shall  have  been  received, 
shall  then  be  opened,  the  votes  counted,  and  the  persons  who  shall  fill  the 
offices  of  President  and  Vice-President  ascertained  and  declared,  agreeably 
to  the  Constitution. 

That  in  case  there  shall  be  no  President  of  the  Senate  at  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment on  the  arrival  of  the  persons  intrusted  with  the  lists  of  the  votes  of 
the  Electors,  then  such  persons  shall  deliver  the  lists  of  votes  in  their  custody 
into  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  to  be  safely  kept  and  delivered  over, 
as  soon  as  may  be,  to  the  President  of  the  Senate. 

That  in  case  of  a removal,  death,  resignation  or  inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice-President,  the  President  of  the  Senate  pro  tempore , and  in 
case  there  shall  be  no  President  of  the  Senate,  then  the  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Bepresentatives,  for  the  time  being,  shall  act  as  President  of  the  United 
States,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a President  shall  be  elected. 

That  whenever  the  offices  of  President  and  Vice-President  shall  both  be- 
come vacant,  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  forthwith  cause  a notification  to  be 
made  to  the  executive  of  every  State,  and  shall  also  cause  the  same  to  be  pub- 
lished in  at  least  one  of  the  newspapers  printed  in  each  State,  specifying 
that  Electors  shall  be  appointed  or  chosen,  in  the  several  States,  within  thir- 
ty-four days  preceding  the  first  Wednesday  in  December  then  next  ensuing; 
Provided , There  shall  be  the  space  of  two  months  between  the  date  of  said 
notification,  and  the  said  first  Wednesday  in  December;  but  if  there  shall  not 
be  a space  of  two  months  between  the  date  of  such  notification  and  the  first 

39 


40 


THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE. 


Wednesday  in  December,  and  if  the  term  for  which  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  last  in  office  were  elected  shall  not  expire  on  the  third  day  of  March 
next  ensuing,  then  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  specify  in  his  notification,  that 
the  Electors  shall  be  appointed  within  thirty -four  days  preceding  the  fourth 
Wednesday  in  December  in  the  next  year  ensuing,  further  action  to  be  fol- 
lowed as  prescribed  by  law  for  elections  ordinarily. 

The  Presidential  Succession  Bill,  passed  at  the  first  session  of  the 
49th  Congress,  reads  as  follows:  Chap.  IV.— In  case  of  removal,  death,  res- 
ignation, or  inability  of  both  the  President  and  Vice-President,  a member  of 
the  Cabinet  shall,  in  the  following  order,  act  as  President  until  the  disability 
is  removed  or  a President  elected  : The  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Secretary  of  War,  Attorney-General,  Postmaster-General,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Provided,  That  whenever  the  powers 
and  duties  of  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States  shall  devolve  upon 
any  of  the  persons  named  herein,  if  Congress  be  not  then  in  session,  or  if  it 
would  not  meet  in  accordance  with  law  within  twenty  days  thereafter,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  person  upon  whom  said  powers  and  duties  shall  de- 
volve, to  issue  a proclamation  convening  Congress  in  extraordinary  session, 
giving  twenty  days’  notice  of  the  time  of  meeting. — [Approved  January  19, 
1886.  ] 


THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE. 


The  Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  are  chosen  by  Electors,  the  people  of 
each  State  voting  for  as  many  Electors  as  it  has  members  of  both  Houses  of 
Congress.  After  the  votes  are  cast  and  counted  in  the  several  districts  in 
each  State,  the  Electors  meet  at  a place  designated  in  the  State  law,  and  vote 
for  the  candidate  whom  they  have  been  elected  to  choose.  “By  this  plan 
the  electoral  vote  of  each  State  is  solid  for  one  candidate,  and  the  popular 
vote  for  the  minority  candidate  is  lost.  ” It  may  happen,  and  has  so  occurred, 
that  the  candidate  receiving  the  largest  number  of  popular  votes  has  not 
been  elected.  If  the  number  of  votes  cast  by  Electors  for  each  candidate  is 
equal,  the  House  of  Representatives  is  called  upon  to  choose  a President. 
This  has  happened  twice.  The  Representatives  vote,  in  such  a case,  by 
States,  each  delegation  representing  one  vote  for  or  against. 

The  plan  of  procedure  when  Electors  meet  is  not  generally  known,  and 
may  be  of  interest:  As  noted  above,  they  meet  on  a given  day  (Act  of  1845) 
after  the  election,  at  a place  designated  by  the  State  law.  No  particular  or- 
ganization for  business  is  called  for.  As  a rule,  however,  a chairman  is 
selected  when  the  Electors  assemble.  Then,  by  ballot,  they  vote  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President,  the  ballots  for  each  office  being  separate.  This 
done,  three  lists  are  made  of  the  persons  voted  for,  including  designation  of 
the  office  to  be  filled  and  number  of  votes  cast  for  each. 

Following  comes  the  preparation  and  signing  of  three  identical  certifi- 
cates (one  for  each  of  the  lists),  stating  that  “a  list  of  the  votes  for  President 
and  Vice-President  is  contained  herein.”  To  each  list  of  votes  is  added  a list 
of  the  names  of  the  Electors,  made  and  certified  by  the  Governor  of  the  State. 

The  next  step  is  to  seal  (separately)  the  certificates,  certifying  upon  each 
that  it  contains  a list  of  all  the  electoral  votes  of  the  State.  These  several 
documents  having  been  made  ready,  the  Electors  appoint  by  writing  a person 
to  deliver  one  certificate  to  the  President  of  the  Senate  at  Washington. 
Another  document  (duplicate)  is  forwarded  through  the  post-office,  also  to 
the  President  of  the  Senate  at  Washington.  The  third  (or  triplicate)  is  de- 
livered to  the  Federal  Judge  of  the  district  in  which  the  Electors  assemble. 

“ The  Electoral  College  is  then  dead  in  law,  whether  it  adjourns  tempora- 
rily or  permanently,  or  never  adjourns.  ” 


‘OLD  ABE”  OK  (jTT. 


ELECTORAL  VOTE  PRIOR  TO  1872. 


05 

:c 

Of 

05 

i- 

O 

05 

OC 

o 

CO 

CO 

o 

( C 

Of 

CO 

o 

00 

o 

w 

CO 

00 

00 

Of 

CO 

Of 

CO 

QO 

1836 

o 

Tf< 

CO 

1844  1 

1848 

1852 

o 

iO 

QC 

1860 

1864 

1868  | 

No.  of  States. . 

13 

15 

16 

16 

17 

17 

18 

19 

24 

24 

24 

24 

26 

26 

26 

30 

31 

31 

33 

36 

37 

3 

5 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

Connecticut . . . 

7 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

Delaware 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Georgia 

5 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

11 

11 

11 

io 

10 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

9 

9 

11 

11 

11 

16 

16 

3 

3 

5 

5 

9 

9 

9 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

12 

12 

12 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

Maryland 

8 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

ii 

ii 

a 

ii 

H 

10 

10 

10 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

Massachusetts 

10 

16 

16 

16 

19 

19 

22 

22 

15 

15 

15 

14 

14 

14 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

12 

12 

3 

3 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

8 

8 

4 

4 

4 

Mississippi 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

9 

9 

9 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

N.  Hampshire. 

5 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

New  Jersey  . . . 

6 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

New  York 

8 

12 

12 

12 

19 

19 

29 

29 

29 

36 

36 

42 

42 

42 

36 

.36 

35 

35 

35 

33 

33 

North  Carolina 

7 

12 

12 

12 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

11 

11 

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

3 

3 

8 

8 

8 

16 

16 

21 

21 

21 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

21 

21 

3 

3 

3 

Pennsylvania  . 

io 

15 

15 

15 

20 

20 

25 

25 

25 

28 

28 

30 

30 

30 

26 

26 

27 

27 

27 

26 

26 

Rhode'  Island . . 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

South  Carolina 

7 

8 

8 

8 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

3 

3 

5 

5 

8 

8 

8 

1J 

11 

15 

13 

13 

12 

12 

12 

10 

10 

4 

d 

4 

4 

6 

6 

Vermont 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Virginia 

12 

21 

21 

21 

24 

24 

25 

25 

25 

24 

24 

23 

23 

23 

17 

17 

15 

15 

15 

10 

10 

West  Virginia. 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

X 

8 

Total 

91 

135 

138 

138 

176 

176 

218 

221 

235 

261 

261 

288 

294 

294 

275 

290 

296 

296 

30.3 

314 

317 

6b 


41 


ELECTORAL  VOTE,  1872-1888. 


States. 

1888. 

1884. 

1880. 

t 1876. 

18 

72. 

Cleveland, 

Democrat. 

Harrison, 

Republic'n. 

Cleveland, 

Democrat. 

Blaine, 

Republic’ll. 

Garfield, 

Republic’n. 

Hancock, 

Democrat. 

Hayes, 

Republic’n. 

Tilden, 

Democrat. 

Grant, 

Republic’n. 

* Hendricks, 

Democrat,  j 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

6 

6 

8 

8 

1 

5 

6 

6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

12 

12 

11 

11 

22 

22 

21 

21 

21 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

13 

13 

11 

11 

11 

9 

9 

5 

5 

5 

13 

13 

12 

12 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

14 

14 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

11 

11 

11 

7 

5 

5 

5 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

10 

16 

15 

15 

6 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

36 

36 

35 

35 

35 

11 

ii 

10 

10 

10 

23 

23 

22 

22 

22 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

30 

30 

29 

29 

29 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

9 

9 

7 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

8 

8 

8 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

12 

12 

11 

11 

11 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

11 

11 

10 

10 

10 

Total 

168 

233 

219 

182 

214 

155 

185 

184 

286 

43 

* In  1872  Horace  Greeley,  Democratic  and  Liberal-Republican  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent, having  died  before' the  electoral  vote  was  cast,  the  Greeley  electors  voted  as 
above  for  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  in  five  states.  Kentucky,  Georgia,  and  Missouri  cast 
18  electoral  votes  for  B.  Gratz  Brown,  of  Missouri,  for  President;  Georgia,  2 votes  for 
C.  J.  Jenkins,  of  Georgia,  and  Missouri  1 vote  for  David  Davis  of  Illinois,  and  17  votes 
irregularly  cast  wei'e  not  counted  by  Congress,  t Count  of  the  Electoral  Commission. 


4: 


THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE,  1892. 

The  Electoral  College  in  1892,  based  upon  the  apportionment  bill,  will  contain  444 
votes,  requiring  223  to  elect  a President.  For  ordinary  purposes,  there  are  but  two 
doubtful  States,  New  York  and  Indiana.  New  Jersey  and  Connecticut  are  frequently 
included  in  the  doubtful  list,  but  they  are  more  reliably  Democratic  thau  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Rhode  Island  are  Republican.  There  are  really  but  two  doubtful  States, 
leaving  the  electoral  vote  in  1892  as  follows: 


Rep. 


Dem. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 


3 

4 
13 


24 


13  

10  

13 

8 


6 


15 

14 

9 


8 


9 

17 

3 


Doubt- 

ful. 


Rep. 

Dem. 

Doubt- 

ful. 

Nebraska 

8 

Nevada 

3 

New  Hampshire. . 

4 

New  Jersey 

10 

New  York.. 

36 

North  Carolina. . . 

11 

North  Dakota 

3 

Ohio 

23 

4 

32 

4 

9 

4 

12 

Texas 

15 

4 

12 

4 

6 

12 

3 

215 

178 

51 

“From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  if  the  other  States  vote  as  given,  the  Democrats 
must  carry  both  New  York  and  Indiana,  to  elect  a President,  while  either  State  would 
suffice  for  the  Republicans.  Or,  the  Republicans  could  lose  both  New  York  and 
Indiana,  and  still  win  by  carrying  New  Jersey.” 


This  table  is  based  upon  a Congressional  apportionment  of  356,  which  would  repre- 
sent the  States  as  follows: 


Alabama 9 

Arkansas 6 

California 7 

Colorado 2 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 1 

Florida 2 

Georgia 11 

Idaho 1 

Illinois 22 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 11 

Kansas 8 

Kentucky 11 

Louisiana 6 

The  following  States  gain 

Alabama 1 

Arkansas 1 

California 1 

Colorado 1 

Georgia 1 

Illinois 2 


Maine 4 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts  ... 13 

Michigan 12 

Minnesota 7 

Mississippi 7 

Missouri 15 

Montana 1 

Nebraska 6 

Nevada 1 

New  Hampshire 2 

New  Jersey 8 

New  York 34 

North  Dakota 9 

North  Carolina 1 

Representatives : 

Kansas 1 

Massachusetts 1 

Michigan 1 

Minnesota 2 

Missouri 1 

Nebraska 3 


Ohio  21 

Oregon 2 

Pennsylvania 30 

Rhode  Island 2 

South  Carolina 7 

South  Dakota 2 

Tennessee 10 

Texas 13 

Vermont 2 

Virginia 10 

Washington 2 

West  Virginia 4 

Wisconsin 10 

Wyoming 1 


New  Jersey 1 

Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 2 

Texas'. 2 

Washington 1 

Wisconsin 1 


43 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT  ELECTORAL  VOTE. 


States. 

Electoral 
votes  in 
the  next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 

States. 

Electoral 
votes  in 
the  next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 

States. 

Electoral 
votes  in 
the  next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 

11 

Maryland 

8 

32 

8 

4 

9 

14 

9 

4 

9 

4 

6 

9 

12 

3 

17 

15 

4 

3 

4 

13 

8 

12 

3 

3 

4 

24 

4 

6 

15 

10 

12 

13 

36 

3 

10 

11 

3 

13 

444 

8 

23 

Maine 

6 

Oregon 

4 

Electoral  votes  necessary  to  a choice,  223. 


44 


POPULAR  VOTE— PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATES,  1789-1888. 


Names  of  Candidates. 


State. 


George  Washington 

John  Adams 

George  Washington 

John  Adams 

John  Adams 

Thomas  Jefferson. 

Thomas  Jefferson 

Aaron  Burr 

Thomas  Jefferson 

C.  C.  Pinckney 

James  Madison 

C.  C.  Pinckney 

James  Madison 

DeWitt  Clinton 

James  Monroe 

Rufus  King 

James  Monroe 

John  Q.  Adams 

J.  Q.  Adams 

Andrew  Jackson 

Andrew  Jackson 

J.  Q.  Adams 

Andrew  Jackson 

Henry  Clay 

Martin  Van  Buren 

W.  H.  Harrison 

W.  H.  Harrison 

Martin  Van  Buren 

James  K.  Polk 

Henry  Clay 

Zachary  Taylor 

Lewis  Cass 

Frankiin  Pierce 

Winfield  Scott 

James  Buchanan 

John  C.  Fremont 

Abraham  Lincoln 

John  C.  Breckenridge. 

Abraham  Lincoln 

George  B.  McClellan.. 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  

Horatio  Seymour 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Horace  Greeley 

R.  B.  Hayes 

Samuel  J.  Tilden 

James  A.  Garfield 

W.  S.  Hancock 

Grover  Cleveland 

James  G.  Blaine 

Benjamin  Harrison 

Grover  Cleveland 


Virginia 

Massachusetts.. . 

Virginia 

Massachusetts . . 
Massachusetts.. . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

New  York 

Virginia 

South  Carolina . . 

Virginia 

South  Carolina. . 

Virginia 

New  York 

Virginia 

New  York 

Virginia 

Massachusetts.. . 
Massachusetts.. . 

Tennessee 

Tennessee 

Massachusetts.. . 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

New  York 

Ohio 

Ohio 

New  York 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Michigan 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

California 

Illinois 

Kentucky 

Illinois 

New  Jersey 

Illinois 

New  York 

Illinois 

New  York 

Ohio 

New  York 

Ohio 

New  York 

New  York 

Maine 

Indiana 

New  York 


Party. 

Date 

of 

Election. 

Popular 

vote 

cast. 

Percentage  of 
each  candidate. 

Federalist . . . 

Jan. 

7.  1789 

Federalist . . . 

Federalist . . . 

Federalist . . . 

Nov. 

8, 1796 

Dein.  Hep 

Dem.  Rep 

Dem.  Rep 

Nov.  11. 1800 

Dem.  Rep 

Federalist . . . 

Nov.  Iff  1804 

Dem.  Rep. . . . 
Federalist . . . 

Nov. 

8, 1808 

Dem.  Rep 

Federalist . . . 

Dem.  Rep 

Federalist . . . 

Nov. 

12, 1816 

Dem.  Rep 

Opposition. . . 

Coalition 

Dem.  Rep 

Nov. 

9, 1824 

105,321 

155,872 

647,231 

509,097 

687,502 

530,189 

761,549 

29.92 

44.27 

Democrat 

Nat.  Rep 

Nov.  11, 1828 

55.97 

44.03 

Democrat 

Nat.  Rep 

Nov.  13, 1832 

54.96 

42.39 

Democrat 

Whig 

Nov. 

8,  1836 

50.83 

Nov  10.  1840 

1,275,017 

1,128,702 

1,337.243 

1,299,068 

1,360,101 

1,220,544 

52.89 

46.82 

Democrat... . 

Nov.  12, 1844 

49.55 

48.14 

Nov. 

7, 1848 

47.36 

Democrat 

42.50 

Democrat 

Nov. 

2, 1852 

1,601,474 

2,386,578 

1,838,169 

1,341,264 

1,866,352 

845,763 

50.93 

44.10 

Democrat 

Republican. . 

Nov. 

4, 1856 

45.34 

33.09 

Republican. . 

Nov. 

6, 1860 

39.91 

18.08 

Republican . . 

Nov. 

8,1864 

2,216,067 

1,808,725 

3,015,071 

2,709,613 

3,597,070 

2,834,079 

4,0.33,975 

4,284,873 

4,454,416 

4,444,952 

4,874,986 

4,851,981 

5,440,708 

5,536,242 

55.06 

44.94 

Republican . . 
Democrat 

Nov. 

3, 1868 

52.67 

47.33 

Republican. . 
Dem.  & Lib. 

Nov. 

5, 1872 

55.63 

43.83 

Republican . . 

Nov. 

7, 1876 

47.95 

50.94 

Republican. . 
Democrat 

Nov. 

2, 1880 

48.31 

48.20 

Democrat 

Nov. 

4, 1S84 

48.48 

48.22 

Republican.. 
Democrat 

Nov. 

6, 1888 

47.83 

48.63 

45 


POPULAR  VOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT  FROM  1824  TO  1888. 


CO 

CO 

00 

V.  Bu’n 

Dem. 

ODO^iOtONOiOWONrHOOiftWNiOOCOiOTf  ONh 
COOCOiO«05QOCOlGOOOCDI»G50lTfi-ir-rl<t>.0  04  CO  CD 
o_vr^o?^T-H  r-  © ^ rf  co  cc 't-*  10  co  cs  os  i-  co  go  os  os  Tf_os 

Os'oTos'rt' of  00  04"  of  C*f  04"  of  CO  t-TofcT  00  co  Cd"cO  co"n"of  co  Tt  cT 
n i—i  04  n CO  CO  04  04  CO  i—i  t- ( 04  CO  04  OS  OS  04  n CO 

761,549 

Hn.etc. 

Whig. 

i-QOCOOOOCOi-tmcOOSOiCOOOQt-OpOJCOCOiOi-iO  04  i—i  00 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  00  GO  1C  00  CO  iO  OS  O OC  CO  04  CS  -f  04  Cl—  1—1  CO  OS'  CO 

CO^Oi^t- OS  03  04  OS  CO  04  00  © O CO  CO  04  00  iO  CO  Tf  1-1.  t-  OS  CS  CO 

iff  t-T  CC Tf rf tjT  1-T  co  CO  iff  iff  n" rf"  of  00  CO  CO  00  co"  iff  l-  of  iff  © of 

1-1  1-1  04  n Vf  CO  n 04  ff  04  CO  04  O 00  CO  04  04 

CD 

iO 

CD 

CD 

co 

i- 

oi 

CO 

o6 

Jack’ll 

Dem. 

J’son. 

11,269 

4,110 

20,750 

14,147 

31,552 

36,247 

4,049 

33,291 

19,156 

14.545 

5,919 

5,192 

25,486 

23,856 

168,497 

24.862 

81,246 

90.9a3 

2,126 

28,740 

7,870 

33,609 

04 

O 

iO 

l- 

00 

CD 

Clay 
N.  Rep. 

No  op. 

iOcO  • OS  04  CO  00  if  © CO 
•O  t-  • 04  l—  OS  04  O CO  O 
4-04  • it  O CO  *C  04  i->  O 
i>Tjf  ! iff  iff  co  of  i-  os"  co 

1-1  . 1-1  Tt  04  1-1  CO 

O CO  CD  CO  OS  CO  O CD  04  i— 

■ . i— < OS  OS  CD  CO  n h CO»OiO 

• — 5O  CO.OO  iC  iO  t-00  rf  lit 

of  ctf  if- Tf" CO  CO  of  111 

. g 1 04  10  l-  iO  H H 

OS 

I 

CO 

10 

GO 

04 

00 

Jack- 

son. 

00 

CO 

N-" 

COOSG5COl--fiOt'-QOCS 
— t — t O CD  CO  GO  © 04  t—  i—i 
itCCi^t-  04/©  CO  dr  lO  O; 
if  if"  CC  CO  of  of  ff  C»f  if"  co" 
i-i  04  CO  11  04 

CO  04  04  O CO  i-  N Ol  I -010  04 
CD  CO  O iO  CD  iO  OS'  iO  04  OS  O iD 

t- 04  CD  OS  GO  iO  CO  00  ~ 0.041- 

cdgoOhoVn'i-'  Rrfooco 

04  04  if  CO  CD  0 ^ if  04 

To 

if 

If 

0 

Adams 

1,938 

OSOS  -104  04NC0  050 

04  CO  • 00  iO  l-  05  t-  lO  CO 

00  l-  ;WOfiiON  i>  00 
COrf  ! n"  r-T  rjn'  cT  iff  of 
n n CO  04  04  04 

1,581 

3,422 

24,076 

23,758 

135,413 

13,918 

63,396 

50,848 

2,7.54 

y Legi 

2,240 

24,784 

12,101 

509,097 

'4881 

Clay. 

CO 

• £-  iO  04  ■ iO  • 

if  n 00  -OS  • 

OWN  • CO  • 

: 1-Tiffco  ; : 

• 1— ( • iO  OS  ■ ,0  CD 

• if  • ■ • 04  CD  • fl  Tf 

r-f  ' ‘ • of  11  ‘ ’ 

, i-i  . . • zz  • w • 

• • • ‘O’ 

t- 

00 

*0 

CD 

Tf 

Craw- 

ford. 

1,680 

1,978 

lature. 

lature. 

219 

lature. 

3,646 

6,616 

119 

1,196 

lature. 

15,621 

4,206 
200 
ctors  c 
312 
lature. 

8,489 

04 

8 

S' 

Jack- 

son. 

9,443 

■ C/)  75  n CO  CO  (COCO  • 

• T "T  >0  *—  CO  04  • 

• tc  OtiOS  CO  if  OJDCO  lO  • 

; 

• r*5  k*5 

if  I—  CO  iO  75  iO  l-  Q .<Dt-W5’-i 
CO  GO  if  GO  ■f  1 lO  O • r-  OS-rSCD 
04  OS  CD  OS  bCvf  -f  n • M 1 CCGO 

co"  cT^cfoo  co  : of 

n M 04  n CO  . 04  M 

>5  • >s 

04 

00 

iff 

iO 

Adams 

2,416 

7,587 

B 

B 

1,542 

3,095 

B 

6,870 

14,632 

30,687 

1,694 

311 

4,107 

9,110 

B 

12,280 

5,440 

2,145 

216 

B 

3,189 

04 

CO 

iff 

0 

: J 2 :'S.  : 9#J  £ • 8 6 ■ 

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04C0Tfi0CDt~000SOii04C0ifi0C0t^G00S©ii04C^£tiqO 


46 


POPULAR  VOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT. 


V.  Buren 
F.  Dem. 

• • lO  O • ■ o ^5  ■ • CO  40  00  05  ■ -0050  -Tf  wo  • • f — 05  CO 

• • O 00  • ■NOW  • ■ 05  W O 00  • -OW  t-h  ■ iO  CO  CO  • -CO  i-H 

• • O • -Nrirl  • ■O'-'OW  • • 40  00  40  • CO  Of  i>  • • GO  T}3 

! ! irf  '.  Iio'qot-T  I !of  ooV  ! In  o'  ! iff r-T  ! !co  o 

• • • ■ rH  CO  . ■ Cl  ■ CO  T™i  . • rl  1 1 

291,263 

Cass 

Dem. 

COOOCONWOiOCOOOOCOrHNNNCOriQOOSiOcOCO  C5COCOOH 
O O 'T  C5  'i1  O O 't  C5  W N X'  W QO  30  CO  O O ri  O N {-  Tf<  r-CfXO 

CO^Cq©  00  00  00  CO  i>  CO  X^iO^O  O^NOS^CCX^N  H JO  ^©.05^40© 

i-T  of  i-T  Iff  T-*-r?{^~-rt  of  os'  o'  of  rf  1C  © CO  cf  i>f  <«f  Tjf -f  •<&  r-T  co"  00  0^0  ccrio- 

CO  Of  'CiOL-r-i^T^COCOCOMiWOWCC’-'COON  Onrr^ri 

3 

o' 

Of 

Of. 

Taylor 

Whig. 

30,482 

7,588 

30,314 

0,421 

3,116 

47,544 

53,047 

09,907 

11,084 

67,141 

18,217 

35,125 

37,702 

01,070 

23,940 

25,922 

32,671 

14,781 

40,015 

218,603 

43,550 

138,360 

185,513 

0,779 

64,705 

4,509 

23,122 

45,124 

13,747 

C5 
• 05 

o 

o 

co 

CO 

3' 

oo 

Bn’y 

Abln’t. 

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47 


POPULAR  VOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT. 


Bell 

Union. 

lO’TNm-NOw'OCXXtOCruCWOWH 

Ci  © 1—  © © CO  <X  "OOCOTOCOO'O^i't 

go  o oo  o ® t x cr.  cc  (-  cpf  c co  *t  cco*t 
l-cf©ofofirfofof©  i-f©cfof  r-fof  ©CO 

04  04  TP  ON  TtiJi  (NO 

© ip  03  © 
cosxt- 

05  Hn  l- 

TP  of  of 

TP  1-1  1-1 

-P  CO©  i-1  i— 

I-  03  © GO  © 

04  TP  05  © i-i 

05  Iff  r-l‘  TP 

©1-i  L- 

00 

© 

of 

00 

© 

<D 

b£  . 

* s 

o a; 
gQ 
CQ 

r-iNT'r-'t'-COClT'O  GO  03  t-i  00  04  © © GO  l'-  l'-  04 
coco»Tf't'Tcooo"i*+(i.oxwo^a>-iH 

GO  i-  03  ©.03  ic  GO  TP  04^©  i-i_©  O^Tf  Ci^QO  i—  t- 03  i-h 

00  00  TP  TP  t>  00  1-T  of  of  r-T  of  of  CO  of  Iff  © 1-T  of 

Tpoicor-.  © r-t  © o*  tp  tpco 

48,339 

11,405 

3,006 

178,871 

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39,173 

43,692 

3,815 

172,161 

139,033 

70,409 

1,364 

62,811 

2,294 

106,533 

88,480 

22,069 

17,028 

37,519 

58,324 

362,646 

231,610 

5,270 

268,030 

12  244 

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1,929 

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71,762 

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50 


THE  DEPARTMENTS  AT  THE  NATIONAL  CAPITAL. 


The  Executive  is  divided  into  numerous  departments,  several  of  these 
departments  having  within  them  a number  of  bureaus,  each  with  separate 
and  distinct  functions  and  under  the  control  of  a subordinate  officer  who, 
in  his  turn,  answers  to  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  department. 

The  departments  are  set  forth  as  follows: 

Department  of  State. 

Treasury  Department. 

Supervising  Architect’s  Office. 

Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing. 

Secret  Service  Division. 

Office  of  Steamboat  Inspection. 

Bureau  of  Statistics. 

Life-Saving  Service. 

First  Comptroller’s  Office. 

Second  Comptroller’s  Office. 

Commissioner  of  Customs. 

Register  of  the  Treasury. 

First  Auditor. 

Second  Auditor. 

Third  Auditor. 

Fourth  Auditor. 

Fifth  Auditor. 

Sixth  Auditor. 

Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

Comptroller  of  the  Currency. 

Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue. 

Director  of  the  Mint. 

Bureau  of  Navigation. 

Lighthouse  Board. 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Marine  Hospital  Service. 

War  Department. 

Headquarters  of  the  Army. 

Adjutant-General’s  Department. 

Inspector-General’s  Department. 

Judge- Advocate  General’s  Department. 

Quartermaster’s  Department. 

Subsistence  Department. 

Medical  Department. 

Pay  Department. 

Corps  of  Engineers. 

Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  and  Washington  Monument 
Ordnance  Department. 

Signal  Office. 

Publication  Office  War  Records. 

Navy  Department. 

Bureau  of  Ordnance. 

Bureau  of  Equipment. 

Bureau  of  Navigation. 

United  States  Hydrographic  Office. 

51 


52 


THE  DEPARTMENTS  AT  THE  NATIONAL  CAPITAL. 


Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks. 

Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing. 

Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering. 

Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair. 

Office  of  the  Judge- Advocate  General. 

Nautical  Almanac. 

Naval  War  Records,  Office  and  Library. 

Board  of  Inspection  and  Survey. 

Office  of  Naval  Intelligence. 

Navy-Yard  and  Station. 

U.  S.  Naval  Hospital. 

Navy  Pay  Office. 

Steel  Inspection  Board. 

Museum  of  Hygiene. 

Naval  Dispensary. 

Naval  Examining  Board. 

Naval  Retiring  Board. 

Naval  Medical  Examining  Board. 

Naval  Observatory. 

Post-Office  Department. 

Office  of  the  Postmaster-General. 

Office  of  the  First  Assistant  Postmaster-General. 
Dead-Letter  Office. 

Office  of  the  Second  Assistant  Postmaster-General. 
Office  of  the  Third  Assistant  Postmaster-General. 
Office  of  the  Fourth  Assistant  Postmaster-General. 
Department  ofv  the  Interior. 

General  Land  Office. 

Patent  Office. 

Bureau  of  Pensions. 

U.  S.  Pension  Agency. 

Office  of  Indian  Affairs. 

Office  of  Education. 

Office  of  Commissioner  of  Railroads. 

Office  of  Geological  Survey. 

Census  Office. 

Department  of  Justice. 

Office  of  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury. 

Assistant  Attorneys — Department  of  Justice. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

Office  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Weather  Bureau. 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Division  of  Statistics. 

Division  of  Chemistry. 

Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 

Division  of  Entomology. 

Division  of  Ornithology  and  Mffinmalogy. 

Division  of  Forestry. 

Division  of  Botany. 

Division  of  Pomology. 

Division  of  Vegetable  Pathology. 

Division  of  Microscopy. 

Fiber  Investigation. 

Division  of  Accounts. 


THE  DEPARTMENTS  AT  THE  NATIONAL  CAPITAL. 


53 


Division  of  Records  and  Editing. 

Division  of  Illustration  and  Engraving. 

Seed  Division. 

Department  of  Labor. 

National  Board  of  Health. 

United  States  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Building  for  the  Library  of  Congress. 

United  States  Fish  Commission. 

Government  Printing  Office. 

Printing  Department. 

Binding  Department. 

Congressional  Record. 

United  States  Board  on  Geographic  Names. 

The  Soldiers’  Home. 

Bureau  of  the  American  Republics. 

Inter-Continental  Railway  Commission. 

In  addition  to  the  above  departments  and  bureaus,  there  are  the  follow- 
ing Federal  establishments  at  the  National  Capital  or  controlled  therefrom: 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

Circuit  Courts  of  the  United  States. 

Court  of  Claims. 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 

The  District  Government. 

Commissioners. 

The  District  Officers. 

The  Police  Court. 

Metropolitan  Police. 

The  Fire  Department. 

Telegraph  and  Telephone  Service. 

The  Health  Department. 

Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

U.  S.  Attorney’s  Office. 

U.  S.  Marshal's  Office. 

Register  of  Wills  Office. 

Recorder’s  Office. 

The  Smithsonian  Institution. 

The  National  Museum. 

The  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

National  Zoological  Park. 

The  Washington  National  Monument  Society. 

The  Columbia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 
Washington  City  Post-Office. 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892.* 


A List  of  Principal  Officers  with  Salaries. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

President,  Benjamin  Harrison  (Ind.) $50,000 

Priv.  Sec.,  Elijah  W.  Halford  (Ind.) 5,000 

Vice-President,  Levi  P.  Morton  (N.  Y.) 8,000 

U.  S.  Dist.  Marshal,  D.  M.  Ransdell  (Ind.) 6,000 

DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE. 

Secretary,  James  G.  Blaine  (Me.) 8,000 

Asst.  Secretary,  W.  F.  Wharton  (Mass.) 4,500 

Second  Asst.  Secretary,  Alvey  A.  Adee 3,500 

Third  Asst.  Secretary,  John  B.  Moore 3,500 

Chief  Clerk,  Sevellon  A.  Brown  (N.  Y.) 2,750 

Chief  of  Diplomatic  Bureau,  Thomas  W.  Cridler  (W.  Va.) 2,100 

Chief  of  Consular  Bureau,  F.  O.  St.  Clair 2,100 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Archives  and  Indexes,  John  H.  Haswell 2,100 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Accounts,  Francis  J.  Kieckhoefer 2,100 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Michael  Scanlon  (N.  Y.) 2,100 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Rolls  and  Library,  Frederic  A Bancroft 2,100 

Passport  Clerk,  Henry  P.  Randolph  (Ya.) 1,800 

BUREAU  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS. 

Director — William  Eleroy  Curtis  (111.) 5,000 


TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary,  Charles  Foster  (O.) 8,000 

Priv.  Sec.,  Robert  J.  Wynne 2,400 

Asst.  Sec.,  A.  B.  Nettleton  (Minn.) 4,500 

Asst.  Sec.,  O.  L.  Spalding  (Mich.) 4,500 

Asst.  Sec,,  Lorenzo  Crounse  (Neb.) 4,500 

Chief  Clerk,  Fred  A.  Stocks  (Kas.) 3,000 

Chief  of  Appi.  Div.,  Daniel  Macauley  (Ind.) 2,750 

Chief  of  Warrants  Div.,  W.  F.  Maclennan 2,750 

Chief  Pub.  Moneys  Div.,  Eugene  B.  Daskam 2,500 

Chief  of  Cus.  Div.,  John  M.  Comstock  (N.  Y.) 2,700 

Chief  of  Rev.  Marine  Div., 2,500 

Chief  of  Stationery,  Printing  and  Blanks  Div.,  A.  L.  Sturtevant 2,500 

Chief  of  Loans  and  Currency  Div.,  Andrew  T.  Huntington  (Mass). . . . 2,500 

Chief  of  Misc.  Div.,  J.  A.  Tomson  (Ind.) 2,500 

Supervising  Sped  Agt.,  A.  K.  Tingle  (Ind.) $8  day 

Government  Actuary,  Wm.  Fewsmith  (N.  J.) 2,250 

* For  changes  in  the  various  departments,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see 
Addenda , preceding  Index. 

54 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892.  55 

SUPERVISING  ARCHITECT’S  OFFICE. 

Supervising  Architect,  W.  J.  Edbrooke  (111.) $4,500 

BUREAU  OF  ENGRAVING  AND  PRINTING. 

Chief \ IV.  M.  Meredith  (111.) 4,500 

Asst.  Chief,  Thomas  J.  Sullivan 2,250 

Supl.  Engraving  Die.,  Geo.  W.  Casilear 3,600 

OFFICE  STEAMBOAT  INSPECTOR. 

Supervising  Inspector,  James  A.  Dumont 3,500 

BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS. 

Chief,  S.  G.  Brock  (Mo.) 3,000 

LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE. 

Gen’l  Supl.,  S.  I.  Kimball  (Me.) 4,000 

Asst.,  Horace  L.  Piper  (Me.) 2,500 

COMPTROLLERS. 

First  Comptroller,  Asa  C.  Matthews  (111.) 5,000 

Deputy,  John  R.  Garrison 2,700 

Second  Compt.,  B.  F.  Gilkeson  (Pa.) 5,000 

Deputy,  E.  N.  Hartshorn  (O.) 2,700 

COMMISSIONER  OF  CUSTOMS. 

Commissioner,  S.  V.  Holliday  (Pa.) 4,000 

Deputy,  H.  A.  Lockwood 2,250 

REGISTER  OF  THE  TREASURT. 

Register,  Wm.  S.  Rosecrans 4,000 

Asst.,  L.  W.  Reid  (Va.) 2,250 

AUDITORS. 

First  Auditor,  Geo.  P.  Fisher  (Del.) 3,600 

Deputy,  A.  F.  McMillan  (Mich) 2,250 

Second  Auditor,  J.  N.  Patterson  (N.  H.) 3,600 

Deputy,  J.  B.  Franklin  (Kas.) 2,250 

Third  Auditor,  W.  H.  Hart  (Ind.) 3,600 

Deputy,  Augustus  Shaw  (Ind.). 2,250 

Fourth  Auditor,  J.  R.  Lynch  (Miss.) 3,600 

Deputy,  Andrew  J.  Whittaker  (111.) 2,250 

Fifth  Auditor,  L.  W.  Habercomb  (D.  C.) 3,600 

Deputy,  J.  Lee  Tucker  (N.  Y. ) 2,250 

Sixth  Auditor,  Thos.  B.  Coulter  (O.) 3,600 

Deputy,  J.  I.  Rankin  (Pa.) 2,250 

TREASURER  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Treasurer,  Enos  H.  Nebeker  (Ind.) 6,000 

Asst.  Treasurer,  James  W.  Whelpley 3,600 

Supt.  Eat.  Bank  Red.  Div.,  Thos.  E.  Rogers 3,500 

COMPTROLLER  OF  THE  CURRENCY. 

Comptroller,  E.  S.  Lacy  (Mich.) 5,000 

Deputy,  Robert  M.  Nixon  (Ind.) 2,800 

COMMISSIONER  OF  INTERNAL  REVENUE. 

Commissioner,  J.  W.  Mason  (Ya.) 6,000 

Deputy,  G.  W.  Wilson  (O.) 3,200 


56 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


DIRECTOR  OP  THE  MINT. 

Director,  E.  O.  Leech  (D.  C.) $4,590 

BUREAU  OP  NAVIGATION. 

Commissioner,  Wm.  W.  Bates  (N.  Y. ) 3,600 

UNITED  STATES  COAST  AND  GEODETIC  SURVEY. 

Superintendent,  T.  C.  Mendenhall  (Ind.) 6,000 

MARINE  nOSPITAL  SERVICE. 

Supervising  Surg.-Gen.,  Walter  Wyman 4,000 


WAR  DEPARTMENT. 


Secretary,  Stephen  B.  Elkins  (W.  Ya.) 8,000 

Priv.  Sec.,  S.  D.  Miller  (Ind.) 2,000 

Asst.  Sec.,  L.  A.  Grant  (Minn.) 4,500 

Chief  Clerk,  John  Tweedale  (Pa.) 2,750 


HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Major-General,  J.  M.  Schofield. 

Asst.  Adjt.-Gen’l,  Bvt.  Brig.-Gen.  T.  M.  Vincent. 

Aides-de-Camp,  Capt.  C.  B.  Schofield,  1st  Lieut.  T.  H.  Bliss  and  2d  Lieut. 

A.  D.  Andrews. 

Chief  Clerk,  J.  B.  Morton. 

ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S  DEPARTMENT. 

Adjl.-Gen’l,  Brig.-Gen.  J.  C.  Kelton(Pa.). 

Assistants,  Bvt.  Brig.-Gen.  R.  Williams,  Bvt.  Brig.-Gen.  S.  Breck,  Maj.  Tlieo. 
Scliwan,  Maj.  A.  MacArtliur,  Jr.,  Bvt.  Lieut. -Col.  J.  C.  Gilmore,  Capt. 
D.  M.  Taylor. 

Chief  Clerk,  R.  P.  Thiau $2,000 

INSPECTOR-GENERAL’S  DEPARTMENT. 

Inspector -Gen’ l,  Brig.-Gen.  J.  C.  Breckinridge. 

Ass' is,  Lt.-Col.  H.  W.  Lawton  and  Maj.  J.  P.  Sanger. 

Chief  Clerk,  W.  H.  Orcutt. 

quartermaster’s  department. 

Quarterm.-Gen’l,  Brig.-Gen.  R.  N.  Batchelder. 

Ass’ts,  Bvt.  Brig.-Gen.  M.  I.  Ludington,  Maj.  Jas.  Gilliss,  Capt.  W.  S.  Pat- 
ten, Capt.  C.  P.  Miller. 

Depot  Quartermaster,  Lt.-Col.  G.  IL.  Weeks. 

Chief  Clerk,  J.  Z.  Dare. 

SUBSISTENCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Commissary-Gen'l,  Brig.-Gen.  B.  DuBarry. 

Assistants,  Bvt.  Lt.-Col.  J.  H.  Gilman,  Capt.  John  F.  Weston,  Capt.  O.  M. 
Smith. 

Chief  Clerk,  Wm.  A.  DeCaindry. 

Depot  Commissary,  Capt.  F.  E.  Nye. 

MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Surgeon-Gen’l,  Brig.-Gen.  Charles  Sutherland. 

Ass’ts,  Lt.-Col.  C.  R.  Greenleaf,  Bvt.  Lt.-Col.  J.  S.  Billings,  Maj.  Clias. 

Smart,  Capt.  J.  C.  Merrill. 

Chief  Clerk,  John  J.  Beardsley. 

Attending  Surgeon,  Col.  A.  Heger. 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERHjVIE'nT,  1892. 


57 


PAY  DEPARTMENT 

Paymaster- Gen’ l,  Brig. -Gen.  William  Smith. 

Ass’ts,  Lt.-Col.  W.  R.  Gibson,  Maj.  D.  R.  Larned. 

Chief  Clerk,  G.  D.  Hanson. 

CORPS  OP  ENGINEERS. 

Chief  of  Engineers,  Brig. -Gen.  T.  L.  Casey. 

Assistants,  Maj.  H.  M.  Adams,  Capt.  J.  G.  D.  Knight,  Capt.  Thos.  Turtle. 
Chief  Clerk,  Wm.  J.  Warren. 

Sec.  to  Lighthouse  Board,  Maj.  J.  F.  Gregory. 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  AND  GROUNDS. 

Officer  in  Charge,  Col.  0.  H.  Ernst. 

ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Chief  of  Ordnance,  Brig. -Gen.  D.  W.  Flagler. 

Assistants,  Capt.  Chas.  S.  Smith,  Capt.  Rogers  Birnie,  Capt.  V.  McNally, 
Capt.  Wm.  Crozier,  Capt.  Charles  Shaler. 

Chief  Clerk,  John  J.  Cook. 

JUDGE  ADVOCATE-GENERAL'S  DEPARTMENT. 

Judge  Advocate-Gen.,  Col.  G.  N.  Leiher  (acting). 

Assistant,  Lieut. -Col.  Wm.  Winthrop,  deputy. 

Chief  Clerk,  J.  N.  Morrison. 

SIGNAL  OFFICE. 

Chief  Signal  Officer,  Brig. -Gen.  A.  W.  Greely. 

Assistants,  Capts.  Robert  Craig,  James  Allen  and  Charles  E.  Kilbourne. 
Chief  Clerk,  Otto  A.  Nesmith." 

PUBLICATION  OFFICE — WAR  RECORDS. 

Board  of  Publication,  Maj.  Geo.  B.  Davis,  L.  J.  Perry,  J.  W.  Kirkley. 
Assistants,  Capt.  Wyllys  Lyman,  Capt.  J.  J.  Knox,  Capt.  J.  A.  Buchanan, 
Capt.  C.  D.  Cowles,  Lieut.  Frank  Taylor,  Lieut.  J.  H.  Duval. 

Agent  Collection  Confed.  Bee.,  M.  J.  Wright. 


NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 


Secretary,  B.  F.  Tracy  (N.  Y.) $8,000 

Private  Secretary , Henry  W.  Raymond 2,250 

Asst.  Secretary,  J.  H.  Soley  (Mass.) 4,500 

Naval  Aide,  Lieut.  B.  H.  Buckingham 

Chief  Clerk,  John  W.  Hogg  (Md.) 2,500 


BUAEAU  YARDS  AND  DOCKS. 

Chief,  Commodore  N.  H.  Farquhar. 

BUREAU  OF  NAVIGATION. 

Chief,  Commodore  Francis  M.  Ramsay. 

Commanders,  A.  S.  Barker  and  C.  M.  Thomas. 

Lieutenant  Commander,  E.  B.  F.  Heald. 

Lieutenant,  T.  D.  Griffin. 

NAUTICAL  ALMANAC. 

Superintendent,  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb. 

Assistants,  Prof.  H.  D.  Todd,  E.  J.  Loomis,  G.  W.  Hill,  Dr.  J.  Morrison. 
7b 


58 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


OFFICE  NAVAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Chief  Intelligence  Office r,  Comdr.  C.  H.  Davis. 

Lieuts.,  G.  W.  Mentz,  W.  H.  H.  Southerland,  Chas.  E.  Fox,  Aug.  F. 

Fechteler,  Charles  C.  Rogers,  J.  T.  Newton,  Benj.  Tappan. 

Ensigns,  Edward  Simpson,  J.  M.  Ellicott. 

LIBRARY  AND  WAR  RECORDS. 

Lieut. -Commander  F.  M.  Wise,  Acting  Superintendent. 

Lieutenants,  Prof.  E.  K.  Rawsou,  F.  E.  Beatty. 

OFFICERS  ON  DUTY  IN  THE  HYDROGRAPHIC  OFFICE. 

Acting  Hydrographer,  Lieut. -Commander  Richardson  Clover. 

Lieut’s,  R,  G.  Davenport,  C.  M.  McCarteney,  F.  H.  Sherman,  L.  S.  Adams, 
H.  M.  Witzel. 

Ensigns,  L.  S.  Van  Duser,  Benj.  Wright. 

NAVAL  OBSERVATORY. 

Superintendent,  Capt.  F.  Y.  McNair. 

Lieut. -Commander,  Walton  Goodwin. 

Lieutenant,  II.  Taylor. 

Ensigns,  Hugh  Rodman,  Thos.  Snowden,  W.  B.  Hoggatt,  H.  H.  Whittlesey, 
J.  A.  Hoogewerff. 

Professors  of  Mathematics,  Asaph  Hall,  William  Harkness,  J.  R.  Eastman, 
Edgar  Frisby,  S.  J.  Brown. 

. BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Chief,  Commodore  W.  M.  Folger. 

Lieut. -Commander,  Albert  R.  Conden. 

Lieutenants,  C.  A.  Stone,  S.  H.  May,  Prof.  P.  R.  Alger,  Frank  F.  Fletcher, 
C.  Y.  Boush. 

BUREAU  OF  EQUIPMENT  AND  RECRUITING. 

Chief,  Capt.  Geo.  B.  Dewey. 

Ensigns,  John  Gibson,  Gilbert  Wilkes. 

BUREAU  OF  MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY. 

Chief,  Surgeon-General  J.  Mills  Browne. 

Asst.  Medical  Inspector,  W.  Iv.  Van  Reypen. 

Special-Duty,  Surg.  W.  A.  McClurg. 

BUREAU  OF  PROVISIONS  AND  CLOTHING. 

Chief,  Paymaster-General  Edwin  Stewart. 

Paymaster,  C.  P.  Thompson. 

Asst.  Paymaster,  A.  K.  Michler. 

BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING. 

Engineer-in-Chief  G.  W.  Melville. 

Chief  Eng's,  Montgomery  Fletcher,  N.  P.  Towne. 

Passed  Asst.  Engineers,  J.  H.  Perry,  H.  Webster,  F.  H.  Bailey. 

Asst.  Engineers,  Emil  Thiess,  W.  H.  Chambers,  W.  M.  McFarland,  H.  G. 
Leopold,  C.  A.  Carr,  F.  M.  Bennett,  W.  W.  White. 

BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR. 

Chief  Constructor,  T.  D.  Wilson. 

Naval  Constructor,  Philip  Hichborn. 

OFFICE  OF  JUDGE  ADVOCATE-GENERAL. 

Judge  Advocate- Gen' l.  Col.  William  B.  Remey,  United  States  Marine  Corps. 
Lieutenants,  S.  C.  Lemly,  F.  L.  Denny,  Marine  Corps. 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


59 


NAVAL  EXAMINING  BOARD. 

Commodore  W.  R.  McCann,  Capt.  R.  R.  Wallace,  Commander  S.  W.  Terry. 
Medical  Directors,  J.  J.  Taylor,  W.  T.  Hord,  David  Kindleberger. 

RETIRING  BOARD. 

Commodore  W.  P.  McCann,  Pres.;  Capt.  R.  R.  Wallace,  Commander  S.  W. 
Terry,  Medical  Directors  J.  F.  Taylor,  D.  Kindleberger. 

STATE,  WAR  AND  NAVY  DEPARTMENT  BUILDING. 

Supt.,  Thomas  Williamson,  Chief  Engineer. 

Assistant,  G.  W.  Baird,  1st  Assistant  Engineer. 

BOARD  OF  INSPECTION  AND  SURVEY. 

President,  Rear-Admiral  T.  J.  Kimberley. 

Members,  Capt.  T.  O.  Selfridge;  Comdr.  W.  R,  Bridgeman;  Chief  Engineer 
W.  G.  Buchler;  Naval  Constructor  John  F.  Hanscom;  Lieutenant  L. 
C.  Logan. 

NAVAL  DISPENSARY. 

Surgeon,  P.  M.  Rixey. 

Passed  Asst.  Surg.,  Frank  Anderson. 

MUSEUM  OF  HYGIENE. 

Medical  Director,  P.  S.  Wales. 

Passed  Asst.  Surg.,  S.  H.  Griffith. 

NAVY  PAY  OFFICE. 

Pay  Director,  Edward  May. 

HEADQUARTERS  OF  UNITED  STATES  MARINE  CORPS. 

Col.  Commandant,  Charles  Heywood. 

Adjt.  and  Inspector,  Maj.  Aug.  S.  Nicholson. 

Quartermaster,  Maj.  H.  B.  Lowry. 

Paymaster,  Maj.  Green  Clay  Goodloe. 

MARINE  BARRACKS,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Lieut. -Col.,  G.  P.  Houston. 

Captain,  D.  Pratt  Mannix. 

First  Lieut.,  S.  W.  Quackenbush. 

POST-OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

Postmaster-Gen’l,  John  Wanamaker  (Pa.) $8,000 

Chief  Clerk,  W.  B.  Cooley  (Pa.) 2,500 

Stenographer,  John  B.  Minick  (Mich.) 1,800 

Asst. Ally. -Gen’l,  James  N.  Tyner  (Ind.) 4,000 

Law  Clerk,  Ralph  W.  Haynes  (111.) 2,500 

Appointment  Clerk,  James  A.  Yose  (Me.) 1,800 

Supt.  and  Disbursing  Clerk,  Theodore  Davenport  (Conn.) 2,100 

Topographer,  Charles  Roeser,  Jr.  (Wis.) 2,500 

OFFICE  FIRST  ASSISTANT  POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

First  Asst.  P.  M.-G.,  S.  A.  Whitfield  (O.) 4,000 

Chief  Clerk,  E.  C.  Fowler  (Md.) 2,000 

Supt,  Division  Post-office  Supplies,  E.  H.  Shook  (Mich.) 2,000 

Supt.  Division  Free  Delivery,  William  J.  Pollock  (Kas. ) 8,000 

Asst.  Supt.  Div.  of  Free  Delivery,  Win.  Helm  (Wis.) 2,000 

Chief  Division  of  Salaries  and  Allowances,  Albert  H.  Scott  (Iowa)  ....  2,200 


60 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


Supt.  Money  Order  System,  Charles  F.  MacDonald  (Mass.) $3,1500 

Chief  Clerk  Money  Order  System,  James  T.  Metcalf  (Iowa) 2,000 

Supt.  Bead  Letter  Office,  David  P.  Leibhardt  (Ind.) 2,500 

Chief  Clerk  Bead  Letter  Office,  Waldo  G.  Perry  (Vt.) 1,800 

Chief  Bivision  of  Correspondence,  James  R.  Ash  (Pa.) 1,800 

OFFICE  SECOND  ASSISTANT  POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Second  Asst.  P.  M.-G.,  J.  Lowrie  Bell  (Pa.) 4,000 

Chief  Clerk,  George  F.  Stone  (N.  Y.) 2,000 

Supt.  Railway  Adjustments,  John  M.  Young  (Mich.) 2,000 

Chief  Biv.  of  Inspection,  John  A.  Chapman  (111.) 2,000 

Chief  Biv.  Mail  Equipment,  R.  D.  S.  Tyler  (Mich.) 1,800 

Gen’l  Supt.  Railway  Mail  Service,  James  E.  White  (111.) 3,500 

Asst.  Gen’l  Supt.  Railway  Mail  Service,  Wm.  P.  Campbell  (111.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk  Railway  Mail  Service,  Alexander  Grant  (Mich.) 2,000 

Supt.  Foreign  Mails,  N.  M.  Brooks  (Va. ) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk  Foreign  Mails,  George  M.  Drake  (Tenn.) 2,000 

OFFICE  THIRD  ASSISTANT  POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Third  Asst.  P.  M.-G.,  Abraham  D.  Hazen(Pa.) 4,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Madison  Davis  (D.  C.) 2,000 

Chief  Biv.  Postage  Stamps,  E.  B.  George  (Mass.) 2,250 

Chief  Biv.  Finance,  A.  W.  Bingham  (Mich.) 2,000 

OFFICE  FOURTH  ASSISTANT  POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Fourth  Asst.  Postmaster-General,  E.  G.  Rathbone  (O.) 4,000 

Chief  Biv.  of  Appointments,  P.  H.  Bristow  (Iowa) 2,000 

Chief  Biv.  of  Bonds  and  Commissions,  Luther  Caldwell  (N.  Y.) 2,000 

Chief  Biv.  of  P.  O.  Inspectors  and  Mail  Bepredations,  M.  D.  Wheeler 

(N.  Y.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk,  James  Maynard  (Tenn.) 2,000 


INTERIOR  DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary,  John  W.  Noble  (Mo.) 8,000 

First  Asst,  do.,  George  Chandler  (Kas.) 4,500 

Asst,  do.,  Cyrus  Bussey  (N.  Y.) 4,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Edward  M.  Dawson  (Md.) 2,500 

Appt.  Clerk,  A.  C.  Tonner  (O.) 2’000 

GENERAL  LAND  OFFICE. 

Commissioner,  Thomas  H.  Carter  (Mont.) 5,000 

Asst,  do.,  Wm.  M.  Stone  (Iowa) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Manning  M.  Rose  (O.) 2,500 

OFFICE  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

Commissioner,  T.  J.  Morgan  (R.  I.) 4,000 

Asst,  do.,  R.  V.  Belt  (Md.) 3,000 

Supt.  Indian  Schools,  D.  Dorchester  (Mass.) 4,000 

PENSION  OFFICE. 

Commissioner,  Green  B.  Raum  (111.) 5,000 

First  Beputy  do.,  Andrew  Davidson  (N.  Y.) 3,600 

Second  Beputy  do.,  Chas.  P.  Lincoln  (Mich.) 3,600 

Chief  Clerk,  A.  W.  Fisher  (N.  C.) 2,250 

Medical  Referee,  Thomas  D.  Ingram  (Pa.) 3,000 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892.  61 

OFFICE  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  RAILROADS. 

Commissioner,  Horace  A.  Taylor  (Wis.) $4,500 

PATENT  OFFICE. 

Commissioner,  Wm.  E.  Simonds  (Conn.) 5,000 

Asst,  do.,  Nathaniel  L.  Frothingham  (Mass.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Joseph  L.  Bennett  (Conn.) 2,250 

OFFICE  OF  EDUCATION. 

Commissioner.  IV.  T.  Harris  (Mass.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk,  J.  W.  Holcombe 1,800 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Director,  John  W.  Powell  (111.) 6,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Henry  C.  Rizer(Kas.) 2,400 

CENSUS  OFFICE. 

Superintendent,  R.  P.  Porter  (N.  Y.) 6,000 

Chief  Clerk,  A.  F.  Childs  (O.) 2,500 

DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE. 

Atly. -Gen’l,  W.  H.  II.  Miller  (Ind.) 8,000 

Solicitor  Gen’l,  Wm.  H.  Taft  (O.) 7,000 

Asst.  Atty. -Gen’l,  Wm.  A.  Maury  (D.  C.) 5,000 

Asst,  do.,  J.  B.  Cotton  (Me. ) 5,000 

Asst,  do.,  A.  X.  Parker  (N.  Y.) 5,000 

Asst,  do.,  (Dept,  of  Dit.),  Geo.  II.  Shields  (Mo.) 5,000 

Asst.  do.  (P.  O.  Dept.),  J.  N.  Tyner  (Ind.) 4,000 

Solicitor  of  Int.  Rev.  ( Treas . Dept.),  Alphonso  Hart  (O. ) 4,500 

Examiner  of  Claims  (State  Dept.),  Frank  C.  Partridge  (Vt.) 3,500 

Laic  Clerk  and  Examiner  of  Titles,  A.  J.  Bentley  (O.) 2,750 

Chief  Clerk  and  Supt.  of  Building,  Cecil  Clay  (W.  Ya.) 2,500 

Gen’l  Agent,  E.  C.  Foster  (Iowa) $10  per  diem 

Appt.  and  Disbursing  Clerk,  Frank  A.  Branagan  (O.) 2,000 

Clerk  of  Pardons,  Chas.  F.  Scott  (W.  Ya.) 2,400 

Solicitor  of  Treas.  (Treas.  Dept.)  W.  P.  Hepburn  (Iowa) 4,500 

Asst.  Solicitor  (Treas.  Dept.),  F.  A.  Reeve  (Tenn.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk  Solicitor’s  Office  (Treas.  Dept.),  Charles E.  Vrooman  (Iowa)  2,000 

DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Secretary,  J.  M.  Rusk  (Wis.) 8,000 

Asst.  Secretary,  E.  Willits  (Mich.) 4,500 

Chief  Clerk,  S.  S.  Rockwood  (Wis.) 2,500 

Statistician,  J.  R.  Dodge  (O.) 2,500 

Chief of  Div.  of  Accounts,  B.  F.  Fuller  (111.) 2,000 

Horticulturist,  etc.,  W.  Saunders  (D.  C.) 2,500 

Entomologist,  C.  V.  Riley  (Mo.) 2,500 

Botanist,  Geo.  Vasey  (111.) 2,500 

Chemist,  H.  W.  Wiley  (Ind.) 2,500 

Microscopist,  Thomas  Taylor  (Mass.) 2,500 

Chief  Experimental  Stations,  O.  W.  Atwater  (Conn.) 3,500 

Ornithologist,  C.  H.  Merriam  (N.  Y.) 2,500 

Chief  Forestry  Div.,  B.  E.  Fernow  (N.  Y.) 2,000 

Pomologist,  H.  E.  Van  Demen  (N.  C.) 2,500 

Bureau  Animal  Industry,  D.  E.  Salmon  (N.  C.) 3,000 


62 


THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT,  1892. 


INDEPENDENT  DEPARTMENTS. 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 


Public  Printer , Frank  W.  Palmer  (111.) $4,500 

Chief  Clerk,  W.  H.  Collins  (N.  Y.) 2,400 

Foreman  of  Printing,  H.  T.  Brian  (Md.) 2,100 

Foreman  of  Binding , Jas.  W.  White  (D.  C.) 2,100 

UNITED  STATES  CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 

Commissioners,  Theodore  Roosevelt  (N.  Y. ),  Charles  Lyman  (Conn.), 

Hugh  S.  Thompson  (S.  C.) 3,500 

Chief  Examiner,  W.  H.  Webster  (Conn.) 3,000 

BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 

Commissioner,  Carroll  D.  Wright  (Mass.) 3,000 

Chief  Clerk,  Oren  W.  Weaver  (Mass.) .....  2,500 


ORIGIN  OF  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


State  or  Territory. 


Alabama 

Alaska  Territory 

Arizona  Territory. . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

(a)Connecticut 

(a)Delaware 

Dist.  Columbia 

Florida 

(a)Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian  Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

(a)Maryland 

(a)Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

(a)New  Hampshire. . 

(a)New  Jersey 

New  Mexico  Ter 

(a)New  York 

(a)North  Carolina. . . 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma  Territory 

Oregon 

(a)Pennsylvania 

(a)Rhode'  Island 

(a)South  Carolina. . . 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah  Territory 

Vermont 

(a)Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


„ . Set- 

Popular  name.  t j e 


From  what  Territory  formed. 


Cotton. 


Bear 

Golden 

Centennial  . 

Nutmeg 

Blue  Hen  . . 


Peninsular. 

Cracker 


Sucker. 


Hoosier 

Havvkeye . . 
Sunflower  . 
Bluegrass . . 

Pelican 

Pine  Tree. . 
Old  Line. . . 

Bay 

Wolverine  . 

Gopher 

Bayou 


Black- water. 

Silver 

Granite 


Empire 
Old  North  . 


Buckeye. 


Beaver . . . 
Keystone . 


Palmetto. 


Volunteer  . 
Lone  Star  . 


1713 


Green  M't.’n. . . 
Old  Dominion. 


Badger . 


1590 

1685 

1769 

1540 

1633 
1697 
1660 
1565 
1733 
1842 
1720 
1832 
1730 
1835 
1850 
1775 
1699 
1630 

1634 
1620 
1670 
1819 
1716 
1755 
1852 
1850 
1850 
1623 
1627 
1582 
1623 
1585 
1859 
1768 
1889 
1811 
1648 
1633 
1562 
1859 
1765 
1690 
1847 
1763 
1607 
1845 
1607 
1745 
1867 


Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Ga.,  Fla.,  Miss.  Terr. 
Bought  from  Russia. 

New  Mexico. 

Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Miss.,  and  Ark.  Terr. 
New  Albiou,  Upper  California. 

Dist.  of  Louisiana  and  Mexican  Cession. 
North  Virginia  and  New  England. 

New  Netherlands. 

Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Florida  Territory. 

North  Virginia  and  Netv  England. 

Idaho  Territory. 

Northwest  and  Illinois  Territory. 
Louisiana. 

Northwest  and  Indiana  Territory. 

Dist.  La.,  La.  Ter.,  Mo.,  Mich.,  Wis.  Ter. 
Dist.  Louisiana,  and  Kansas  Territory. 
Virginia. 

Dist.  Louisiana,  Territory  of  New  Oi'leans. 
New  England,  Laconia,  Massachusetts. 

North  Virginia  and  New  England. 
Northwest,  Indiana  and  Michigan  Terr. 
Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Minnesota  Territory. 
Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Ga.  and  Miss.  Terr. 

Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Missouri  Territory. 
Montana  Territory. 

Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Nebraska  Territory. 
Upper  California. 

North  Virginia,  Laconia,  New  England. 
New  Netherlands. 

North  Virginia,  New  Netherlands. 
Albemarle  Colony. 

Dakota  Territory. 

Northwest  Territory. 

Indian  Territory. 

Dist.  of  Louisiana,  Oregon  Territory. 

No.  Va.,  N.  E.,  Aquiday,  Prov.,  R.  I.  Plan. 
Cartaret  Colony. 

Dakota  Territory. 

Kentucky  Territory. 

New  Philippines. 

Upper  California. 

New  Netherlands,  Netv  Hampshire  Grants. 
South  Virginia. 

Washington  Territory. 

South  Virginia,  Virginia. 

Dist.  Louisiana.  Illinois  Ter.,  Michigan  Ter. 
Wyoming  Territory. 


(a)  The  thirteen  original  States. 


63 


SETTLEMENT  OP  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


State  or  Territory. 


Alabama 

Alaska  Territory 

Arizona  Territory. . . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

(a)Connecticut 

(a)Delaware 

Dist.  Columbia 

Florida 

(a)Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois  

Indian  Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa  

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

(a)Maryland 

(a)Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

(a)New  Hampshire.. 

(a)New  Jersey 

New  Mexico  Terr 

(a)New  York  . . 
(a)North  Carolina. .. 
North  Dakota. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma  Territory 

Oregon 

(a)Penusylvania. 
(a)Rhode  Island. 


South  Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah  Territory. 

Vermont 

(a)  Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


By  whom  settled. 

Date  of  admiss’n 

Organization. 

(b)Population 

when  adm’d. 

..Dec.  14,  1819.... 

127,901 

..July  27,  1868.... 

..Feb.  24,  1863... 

. .June  15,  1836. . . 

52,240 

. .Sept.  9,  1850 

92,597 

. . Aug.  1,  1876 

150,000 

. .Jan.  9,  1788. . . . 

237,496 

Swedes  and  Finns. 

..Dec.  7,  1787.... 

59,096 

. . July,  1791 

. .March  3,  1845. . 

58,080 

. .Jan.  2,  1788 

82,548 

..July  3,  1890.... 

84,229 

..Dec.  3,  1818.... 

34,620 

. .June  30,  1834. . . 

..Dec.  11,  1816.... 

63,805 

Em.  from  N.  E 

..Dec.  28,  1846.  .. 

81,920 

Em.  from  West.  St. 

. .Jan.  29,  1861.. . . 

107,200 

..June  1.  1792.... 

73,077 

..April  30,  1812  .. 

76,556 

..Mar.  15,  1820... 

298,209 

..April  28,  1788... 

319,728 

English  Puritans .. 

..Feb.  6,  1788.... 

378,787 

. .Jan.  20,  1837 — 

212,267 

Em.  from  N.  E 

..May  11,  1858.... 

172,023 

..Dec.  10,  1817.... 

75,512 

French  

..Aug.  10,  1821. .. 

66,586 

Em.  from  South. . . 

..Nov.  8,  1889. .. . 

131,769 

. .March  1,  1867. . 

60,000 

..Oct,  31,  1864.. .. 

40,000 

..June  21,  1788... 

141,885 

Dutch  and  Danes, . 

. .Dec.  18, 1787.... 

181,139 

..Sept.  9,  1850.... 

..July  26,  1788.... 

310,120 

..Nov.  21,  1789... 

393,751 

Em.  from  Mid.  St. . 

..Nov,  2, 1889.... 

182.425 

Em.  from  N E . . . . 

..Jan.  19,  1803.... 

41,915 

April  22,  1889... 

Em.  from  N.  Y 

Feb.  14,  1859... 

52,465 

..Dec.  12,' 1787... 

434,373 

English 

May  29,'  1790.... 

68,825 

. May  23,  1788.. . . 

249,033 

Em.  from  Mid.  St.. 

..Nov.  2,  1889.... 

327,848 

Em.  from  N.  C . . . . 

77,202 

.Dec.  29,  1845... 

212,592 

. .Mar.  4,  1791 . . . . 

85,339 

June  25,  1788. . . 

747,610 

. .Nov.  11,  1889. .. 

June  19,  1863. . . 

442,014 

. .May  29,  1848... . 

305^391 

Em.  from  Mid.  St.. 

..July  10,  1889.... 

60^589 

Population 

1890. 


1,513,017 

38,000 

59,620 

1,128,179 

1,208,130 

412,198 

746,258 

168,493 

230,392 

391,432 

1,837,353 

84,385 

3,826,351 

345,000 

2,112,404 

1,911,896 

1,427,096 

1,858,635 

1,118,587 

661,086 

1,043,380 

2,238,943 

2,093,889 

1,301,826 

1,289,600 

2,679,184 

132,159 

1,058,910 

45,761 

376,530 

1,444,958 

153,593 

5,997,853 

1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

61,8:34 

313,767 

5,258,014 

345,506 

1,151,149 

328,808 

1,767,518 

2,235,523 

207,905 

1332,422 

1,655,980 

319,390 

762,794 

1,680,880 

60,705 


(a)  The  thirteen  original  States,  (b)  According  to  nearest  census. 


64 


HONEST  ABE  TAKING  THEIVS  ON  THE  HALF  SHELL. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS,  1892-3.  + 


65 


tories.  Capitals.  Governors.  I Arizona Prescott Lewis  Wolley.  I Oklahoma Guthrie  

:a Sitka Lyman  E.  Knapp.  \ New  Mexico. Santa  Fe. . . L.  Bradford.  Prince.  | Utah.  . .Salt  L’ke  City . . Arthur  L.  Tl 

Democrats  in  Italic.  * Biennially. 

t For  changes  and  additions,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda,  preceding  Index. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3. 


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Railroad  Commissioners,  William  Beckman,  J.  M.  Litchfield  and  J.  W.  Rea,  receive  $4,000  each. 

* For  all  available  changes,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1803-3.— Continued. 


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69 


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(a)  Regular  term,  C years,  (b)  $3.00  a day  during  Legislative  session,  (c)  $10.00  a day  during  Legislative  session. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3  — ContinvCgfl. 


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(a)  Until  70  years  old.  (b)  and  fees,  (c)  Also  fees. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3 .—Continued. 


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72 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3.- Continued 


i.jSalary. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. No  sal. 

. $10,500 

. 10,000 

. 10,000 

. 10,000 

10,000 

. 10,000 

10,000 

! 

• c 

- 

July  9,  18H9 

'July  9,  1889 

iMay  11,  1880 

April  10,  1878 

(April  lit,  1873 

May  23,  1873 

1 January  21,  1880. . 

May  31,  1882 

January  14,  1885. 

April  7,  188(5 

January  2,  1879. . . 

May  23,  1879 

April  30,  1884 

July  13,  1887 

July  0,  1888 

April  12,  1804 

February  10,  1870. 

April  24,  1873 

February  11,  1874. 

March  9,  187(5 

January  31,  1877. . 

January  31,  1877. . 

April  ll‘,  1877 

January  11,  1878. . 

January  17,  1878. . 

February  2,  1881 . . 

February  2,  1881.. 

January  10,  1883. . 

March  18,  1885. . . . 

March  18,  1885.  .. 

February  2,  188(5. . 

January  24,  1888. . 

April  15,  1890 

April  15,  1890 

S. 

January  1,  1883. . . 

January  1,  1891 . . . 

November  8,  1881 

January  1,  1883. . . 

January  1,  1887. . . 

January  1,  1889. . . 
January  1,  1890. . . 

1 

o 

^ m a 03  « « cc  of  ® ::::::::::::::::::::::::  hJ  : 

o i i u i § 8 1 1 i : : : : <u  <u  o'  d ® o)  <D  © 6 o © © rt!  : '.  5 5 5 : : 

££££££££££ ! 1 1 I ■ • ■ i : i 

o 

5 

d 

£ 

ion.  Daniel  S.  Wylie 

ion.  E.  L.  Railway 

es . . Oscar  Crary 

cs..  J.  H.  Van  Antwerp 

es..  W.  P.  Letch  worth 

es..  Edward  W.  Foster 

es..  S.  M.  Carpenter 

es..  William  R.  Stewart 

es..  Robert  McCarthy 

es..  Peter  Walrath.. 

....  R.  U.  Sherman 

E.  G.  Blackford 

....  William  H.  Bowman 

A.  S.  Joline 

Henry  Burden 

George  William  Curtis 

Francis  ICernan 

M.  I.  Townsend 

Anson  J.  Upson 

William  L.  Bostwick 

C.  M.  Denew 

Charles  F.  Fitch 

Orris  H.  Warren 

....  Leslie  W.  Russell 

Whitelaw  Reid 

....  William  H.  Watson 

Henry  E.  Turner 

St.  Clair  McKelway 

Hamilton  Harris 

Daniel  Beach 

....  Willard  A.  Cobb 

Carroll  E.  Smith  

Pliny  T.  Sexton 

T.  Guilford  Smith 

COURT  OF  AP 

William  C.  Ruger 

Robert  Earl 

. . . . Francis  M.  Finch 

....  Charles  Andrews 

Rufus  W.  Peckham 

John  Clinton  Gray 

....  Denis  O’Brien 

Office. 

Commissioner  of  Emigrat 
Commissioner  of  Emigrat 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Mem.  State  Bd.  of  Chariti 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Regent  of  University 

Chief  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

Associate  Judge 

| 

Albany 

' State  or  Territory. 

New  York  (Continued).. . . 

78 


8b 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3  —Continued. 


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74 


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(a)  Paid  for  work  done. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3—  Continued. 


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76 


(a)  Also  Fees. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  OFFICES,  1892-3—  Continued. 


i.  Salary. 

JM 

S5T'sf 

1.  1,000 

h 2,500 

1.  2,000 

1.  2,000 

1.  2,500 

).  2,000 

1.  2,000 

. (b)l,000 

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3,000 

When  term  begai 

October  2,  1890... 
October  2,  1890. . . 
October  2,  1890... 
October  2,  1890... 

November  18,  188! 
November  18,  188! 
November  18,  188! 
November  18,  188! 
November  18,  188! 
November  18,  188! 

November  18,  188! 

March  4,  1889 

March  4,  1889 

March  4,  1889 

March  4,  1889 

March  4,  1889 

March  4.  1889 

March  4,  1889 

March  4,  1889 

2 years  J January  5,  1891.. 

2 years.  January  5,  1891 . . 

2 years.  January  5,  1891 . . 

2 years.  January  5,  1891 . . 

2 years.  January  5,  1881 . . 

2 years.  January  5,  1891 . . 

2 years.  January  5,  1891 . . 

4 years.  1 Mon.  Jan.,  1891 . 

4 years.  1 Mon.  Jan.,  1891 . 

4 years.  1 Mon.  Jan.,  1891. 

4 years.  1 Mon.  Jan.,  1891. 

Pleas  ure  of  Governor. 

Pleas  ure  of  Governor, 
6 years.  1 Mon.  Jan.,  1891 . 

Term. 

2 years. 
2 years, 
2 years. 
2 years. 

3 years. 
3 years. 
3 years. 
3 years. 
3 years. 
3 years. 
3 years. 

4 years. 
4 years. 
4 years. 
4 years. 

4 years. 

4 years. 

4 years. 

4 years. 

Name. 

Henry  A.  Fletcher 

Henry  F.  Field 

C.  W.  Brownell 

E.  Henry  Powell 

C.  E.  Laughton 

Allen  Weir 

T.  M.  Reed 

A.  A.  Lindsley 

R.  B.  Bryan 

W.  T.  Forrest 

W.  C.  Jones 

1 

c 

1 

P.  F.  Duffy 

W.  T.  Thompson 

Alfred  Caldwell 

B.  S.  Morgan  

B.  H.  Oxley 

C.  L.  Hagan 

C.  W.  Young 

8^ 

| 

T.  J.  Cunningham 

John  Hunner 

Jas.  L.  O’Connor 

O.  E.  Wells 

W.  M.  Root 

Thos.  Thompson 

Amos  W.  Barber 

Otto  Gramm 

C.  W.  Burdick 

Stephen  T.  Farwell 

Charles  N.  Potter 

F.  A.  Stitzer 

H.  V.  S.  Groesbec.k 

Office. 

Lieutenant-Governor 

Treasurer  

Secretary  of  State 

Auditor  of  Accounts 

Lieutenant-Governor 

Secretary  of  State 

State  Auditor 

State  Treasurer 

Supt.  Public  Instruction 

Commissioner  Public  Lands.. 
Attorney-General 

a: 

o 

Auditor 

Treasurer  

Attorney-General 

Superintendent  Schools 

Ad  j utant-General 

State  Librarian 

Bank  Examiner 

> 

1 

2 

| 

Secretary  of  State 

Treasurer  

Attorney-General 

Supt.  Public  Instruction 

Insurance  Commissioner 

Railroad  Commissioner 

Secretary  of  State 

Treasurer  

Auditor 

Supt.  Public  Instruction 

Attorney-General 

Adjutant-General.  . . 

Chief  Justice 

Capital. 

Montpelier 

Olympia 

Charleston 

Madison \ 

Cheyenne  

State  or  Territory. 

Vermont 

Washington 

> 

i 

* 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

77 


(a)  Daily  allowance,  (b)  Also  fees. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  LEGISLATURES,  1802-3. 


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Total 

Available 

Resources 

of  Munici- 

palities. 

(Aggre- 

gates.) 

in 

e* 

o 

of 

t> 

of 

o5 

m 

NOOOJCOM03DW 
V'OTX^i+COCr-’ 
1-H  30  CD_t-7_Q0  o_o^-^  CD 
in  r-T  t+T  of  t>  cf  of  d cT 

xri'*-?,5,CCiC 

CO  'Oi^rH  OS_i>^CO  idTt't 

in  r-T  cf  of  of  d of  of 

^ CO  05  CD 

Total  Debt 

of  Munici- 

palities. 

(Aggre- 

gates.) 

CO 

t> 

co" 

00 

m 

CO  N i4  o?  O CO  lO  ri  r— i 
OXNCCCCCOl- 
O5_?OO^C0i>C0^Q0  w CO 
of  oo  ddofeddeo  co" 

-HCOH'COCOrl'WiO 

L-  d t-  65  Tf  00  o t- w 
i-T-rf  t^'dd'dinoo 

05  rl  rH  Oi  Tt  t- 

m oi 

papniouis^i'e 
-dpiunj\i  *°M 

c5 

coi^t>cocot^cDi^in 
rl  Oi  T-H  CO  i>  CO  CD 

Total  Debt 

of  Counties 

less  Sink- 

ing Fund. 
(Aggregate 

of 

Counties.) 

i> 

So 

in 

i> 

OJ 

0700  • £+-  00  O 'Tf 
rf  in  0 co  • -rf  co  co  cc 

COO  r^QO  ■ U>CO  T+  ^ 
d cf  in  r-T  : d CD  00  r-T 

co  *n  in  . co  co  0 ? Tt< 

,T  m 0 . os_t>  00 

^ d ; 0"  co"  t- 

•sai^unoQ 

jo  '°N 

55 

OO'^'tlOX'Or.N 
HHHH  CD  07  CD 

Sinking 

Fund 

(State 

only). 

c- 

of 

oo 

CD 

d 

% 

• • • c: cd  • in ooc5 

• • ■ CO  ih  'OJiCN 

• • - 05_®,  ■ CD  CD  t-J_ 

! ! ! in"  cf  i cd  of  cd 

. . .T-i  CD  • CD  t-  O 

. . . o^oo  • Tt_o 

: ; : i-T  ; d of 

. . -OJ 

• • m 

Floating 

Debt 

(State 

only). 

in 

Oi 

i> 

S 

00C5OO  • • rt<  -o 

O'  1—  1-1  O • • 05  • 0 

HWTHO  • • 0^  • o_ 

ofo"oo"of  ; • of  Il> 

a t—  co  • • o?  • y-t 

Nr(H  • • rH  -in 

m : : : 

Bonded 

Debt 

(State 

only). 

o 

of 

CO 

cf 

CD 

m 

OO  • GO  O O O O t-i 
O O • 'X  O O CD  O t- 
00  i>  ; NOOJ^TO  Cft 
of  cf  ! t-T  co"  0"  of  cd"  cf 
d*  o?  .mooTf  in  05  co 
t- ic^  - oj_oj_t-7CD>in_co 
of  of  ! of  r-T  cf  cd"  r-T  Co" 

Oi  T-. 

State 

Expendi- 

tures, 

1890. 

(Gross.) 

$46,963,039 

$1,318,130 

488,629 

700,798 

11,481,502 

937,095 

1,893,901 

17,440,855 

4,527,268 

8,168,861 

State 

Receipts, 

1890. 

(Gross.) 

$49,133,883 

O0?l^T-i05C0C5C005 

ooooi-f  ocoin^ 
o_'^_in_t>in  oi  co  -r-t  os 
0"  cf  of  -r-T  co"  t-T  of  t-T in' 
cc  co  t— 1 00  vn  co  i— < in  oj 
O^CD  00  CO  0 0^0^0,0 

d t-T  t-T  of  go"  10"  00" 

^ H tH 

Assessed 

Valuation 

of 

Property, 

1890. 

co 

o 

C3 

o 

rf 

S 

o" 

7> 

T-HCDCpcOCOCDOOt—OJ 
Cp-<OJOiCCCOQOCO 
T-H_0_CO  CD  10^05^05  HO 
cs"  of  t-T  d -f  cf  nf  of  t-T 
O^O^lOCOCOT-^0^©-'^ 

T^i>  in  T-^i>O5^C0^C0^00 
of  of  1— T d r-T  of  uf  of  of 

©moinojmt'Xcs 
COOJrl  r-^CO  co  i>  © in 

^ of  cf  of 

Popula- 

tion, 

1890. 

T— 1 

O 

Tt 

I> 

661,086 

376,530 

332,422 

2,238,943 

345,506 

740,258 

5,997,853 

1,444,933 

5,258,014 

o 

CO  t- 

w g 


r 


d 

s g?  ; >;s 

S * 5m  Oj  e3 
_.  £ko’2?>> 

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03  W 2 c3  ® 03  >3 1-3  K 

.5  &.g  IS  O g & & 2 

d 0*0  d,d  o 0 0 0 

Sa>gf40^ZW 


79 


POPULATION,  ASSESSED  VALUATION,  RECEIPTS,  EXPENDITURES,  DEBT  AND  RESOURCES  OF  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 
WITH  AGGREGATES  OF  COUNTY  DEBT  AND  MUNICIPAL  DEBT  AND  RESOURCES,  mm.— Continued. 


Total 

Available 

Resources 

of  Munici- 

palities. 

(Aggre- 

gates.) 

O 

t> 

3 

3 

3 

SI 

ONONOOihOOO 

t-COO©i©TPOX© 

rsi-cCtrCOiCCKOT 

33©f  333333 

GO  CO  X i-  CO  Oi  l-  tt 

0<  O.GO  00 

o'  Of 

00 

i- 

p 

3 

CO 

<p 

3 

CO 

m 

NOhtpOOC5hNO»tt 

©i  T-t  TT  i^  i,  r-,  TT  LO  i-  CO  O O 

pX  p©i.ppX  ©J  X 05  CO  ©i 

33  tf 333333333 

i—  i—  CO  it  C5  CO  05  ©i  05  CO  I-  lO 

go  ppx  ©cop  co  0 

333©f  33 
m ©* 

Total  Debt 
of  Munici 
palities. 
(Aggre- 
gates.) 

1 

05 

i^ 

CO 

o' 

(£> 

COOOOOCOOOO 
i — tt  lO  O O O y~V  O O' 
©i  aO  © 05  © CO  AO  CO  CO 
of  GO  T-t'  r-T  GO  oT  t-T  of 
OOXO®iOOriO 

3 of  05  3 3 3 05' 

^ CO  t-t  r* 

OJ 

CO 

©5 

p 

3 

©i 

3a 

COAOrrNiNT-OTpi-OOO 

COXOTOi'NO'.nCCTT 
OJaOaOI—  COttCOaOOaOCOtt 

3333333333 if  if 

lOLOaOCT.  OirTTpTpI-.05iOO 
ppTp  OrNO,WWO  °VCi 

3 3 3 3 3 3 t£  33 

papnpuis^i'B 
-diDiunj\i  o^[ 

co 

lO 

CCOriOWXO'-uO 

CO 

s 

COOtOaQJJXCOCONwN 
aO  CO  Tp  CO  CO  t-t  ©i  CO  O} 

Total  Debt 
of  Counties 
less  Sink- 
ing Fund. 
(Aggregate 
of 

Counties.) 

3 

LO 

GO 

QO 

if 

0 co  •Aooioooao 
© t-  'COOOOXIO 
pi>  • AO. TP  CO  t- CO.O 
COCO  ;tftf3©f33 

3 go 

CO 

p 

3 

CO 

p 

Aff 

CO 

m 

XaOOXttNCOiNhtji-h 
©iAoxcr.GOAOt-cocccoxAO 
p- rp  pp pppo^o^ 

333if3333©*333 

05  AO  TT  O Cl  TT  O p*  {-  t O 31 
pi-  O oj  p CO  Tp  Of . p P AO. p 

333333333333 

<f>  tt  t-t  tt 

•sai^anoQ 

jo  ‘°N 

AO 

05 

Tp 

co  tp  • 0 -p  0 co  t - iO 

O?  • O AO  05  CO  CO  Tp 
• r-T  r- ( 

0 

CO 

p 

X CO  ©i  CO  X O 05'  0 QC  X O O 
X050XCOXC5rTTpA0050 

Sinking 

Fund 

(State 

only). 

lO 

CO 

Tp 

o' 

05 

p 

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3,737,195 

3,659,775 

3,377,239 

3,742,936 

2,150,157 

1,715,387 

3,757,852 

609,512 

060,000 

*2,283,165 

*1,284,426 

Assessed 

Valuation 

of 

Property, 

1890. 

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3,672,316 

2,192,404 

3,826,351 

2,093,889 

1,686,880 

1,301,826 

1,911,896 

2,679,184 

182,719 

328,808 

1,058,910 

1,427,096 

States 

and 

Territories. 

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Delaware 

Maryland 

Dis.of  Columbia 

Virginia 

West  Virginia. . 
North  Carolina. 
South  Carolina. 

Georgia 

Florida 

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Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa.. 

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Kansas 

80 


POPULATION,  ASSESSED  VALUATION,  RECEIPTS,  EXPENDITURES,  DEBT  AND  RESOURCES  OF  STATES  AND  TI 
WITH  AGGREGATES  OF  COUNTY  DEBT  AND  MUNICIPAL  DEBT  AND  RESOURCES,  1890.— Continued. 


81 


* 1889.  **  1886. 


PARTY  TENDENCY  IN  THE  NEW  STATES. 


The  facts  concerning  the  party  tendency  in  each  of  the  new  States  are 
briefly  thus: 

Idaho.  There  is  a Republican  majority  of  ten  in  the  Senate  and  26  in 
the  House,  the  majority  on  joint  ballot  being  36  in  favor  of  the  Republican 
party.  At  the  election  for  Governor,  1890,  Shoup,  the  Republican  candidate, 
laid  a majority  of  2,314  over  Wilson,  the  Democratic  nominee.  The  whole 
vote  cast  was  18,210,  of  which  10,262  were  cast  for  Shoup.  This  was  the 
first  gubernatorial  contest  since  the  admission  of  Idaho  to  the  Union.  The 
State  government  and  judiciary  are  entirely  Republican.  Since  1880  the 
Congressional  majorities  have  been  as  follows:  1880,  Democratic  majority, 
1,514;  1882,  no  record  available;  1884,  Democratic  majority,  786;  1886, 
Republican  majority,  426;  1888,  Republican  majority,  3,203;  1890  (short 
term),  Republican  majority,  2,112  (long  term)  2,104. 

Montana.  There  is  a Democratic  majority  of  4 in  the  Senate  and  a 
Republican  majority  of  5 in  the  House,  the  Republicans  having  a majority  of 
1 on  joint  ballot.  At  the  election  for  Governor,  1889,  Toole,  the  Democratic 
candidate  had  a majority  of  556  over  Power,  the  Republican  nominee.  The 
whole  vote  cast  was  38,552,  of  which  19,564  were  cast  for  Toole.  This  was 
the  first  gubernatorial  contest  since  the  admission  of  Montana  to  the  Union. 
The  State  government  and  judiciary,  except  the  Governor,  consists  entirely 
of  Republicans.  Since  1880  the  Congressional  majorities  have  been  as 
follows:  1880,  1,428,  Democratic;  1882,  1,484,  Democratic;  1884,  199, 
Democratic;  1886,  3,718,  Democratic;  1888,  5,126,  Republican;  1890,  283, 
Democratic. 

North  Dakota.  There  is  a Republican  majority  of  11  in  the  Senate  and 
18  in  the  House,  the  majority  on  joint  ballot  being  29.  The  minority  in  the 
Senate  consists  of  5 Democrats  and  5 Farmers’  Alliance,  in  the  House,  of  16 
Democrats  and  6 Farmers’  Alliance.  The  11  Farmers’  Alliance  votes  are 
included  with  the  Democrats  in  calculating  the  Republican  majorities.  At 
the  election  for  Governor,  1890,  Burke,  the  Republican  candidate  had  a 
plurality  of  6,449  over  Roach,  the  Democratic,  and  Muir  the  Independent 
nominees.  In  1889,  Miller,  the  Republican  candidate,  was  elected  by  a plu- 
rality of  12,632  over  Roach.  The  State  government  is  entirely  Republican. 
Since  1884,  the  Congressional  majorities  have  been  as  follows:  1884,  25,554, 
Republican;  1886,  8,027,  Republican;  1888,  9,489,  Republican;  1890,  6,535, 
Republican. 

South  Dakota.  There  is  a Republican  majority  of  1 in  the  Senate  and  4 
in  the  House,  the  majority  on  joint  ballot  being  5.  The  minority  in  the 
Senate  consists  of  14  Democrats  and  8 Independents;  in  the  House,  of  46 
Democrats  and  11  Independents.  The  19  Independent  votes  are  included 
with  the  Democrats  in  calculating  the  Republican  majorities.  At  the 
election  for  Governor,  1890,  Mellette,  the  Republican  candidate,  had  a 
plurality  of  9,896  over  Taylor  the  Democratic,  and  Louks  the  Farmers’ 
Alliance  nominees.  Louks  received  24,591  votes  out  of  a total  of  77,607. 
In  1889,  Mellette,  the  Republican  candidate,  was  elected  by  a plurality  of 
30,124,  McClure  being  the  Democratic  nominee.  The  State  government  and 
judiciary  are  entirely  Republican.  The  vote  for  South  Dakota  for  Repre- 
sentatives, 1886  and  1888,  was  that  of  the  counties  of  Dakota  Territory,  which 
now  compose  the  State  of  South  Dakota.  This  vote  is  as  follows:  1886, 
Democratic,  22,339,  Republican,  43,365;  1888,  Democratic,  25,044,  Repub 
lican,  44,906;  1891,  Democratic,  7,199,  Republican,  17,614,  Farmers’  Alli- 
ance, 14,587.  The  Republican  majorities  or  pluralities  have  been  respect- 
ively 21,026,  19,862  and  3,027. 


82 


PARTY  TENDENCY  IN  THE  NEW  STATES. 


83 


Washington.  There  is  a Republican  majority  of  26  in  the  Senate  and 
44  in  the  House,  the  Republicans  having  a majority  of  70  on  joint  ballot. 
At  the  election  for  Governor,  1889,  Ferry,  the  Republican  candidate  had  a 
majority  of  8,979  over  Semple,  the  Democratic  nominee.  The  whole  vote 
cast  was  58,443,  of  which  33,711  were  cast  for  Ferry.  The  State  govern- 
ment and  judiciary  are  entirely  Republican.  Since  1880,  the  Congressional 
majorities  have  been  as  follows:  1880,  1,797,  Republican;  1882,  3,008, 
Republican;  1884,  148  Democratic;  1886,  2,192,  Democratic;  1888,  7,371, 
Republican;  1890,  6,322,  Republican. 

Wyoming.  There  is  a Republican  majority  of  9 in  the  Senate  and  18  in 
the  House,  the  majority  on  joint  ballot  being  27.  At  the  election  for  Gov- 
ernor, 1890,  Warren  the  Republican  candidate,  had  a majority  of  1,726  over 
Baxter,  the  Democratic  nominee.  The  whole  vote  cast  was  16,032,  of  which 
Warren  Received  8,879.  The  State  government  is  entirely  Republican. 
Since  1880  the  Congressional  majorities  have  been  as  follows:  1880,  147, 
Democratic;  1882,  1,111,  Democratic;  1884,  1,639,  Republican;  1886,  7,146, 
Republican;  1888,  2,894,  Republican;  1890,  2,859,  Republican. 


SENATE.  * 


Levi  P.  Morton,  V.-President,  Presiding.  | C.  F.  Manderson,  Neb.,  Pres’t  pro  tem. 
Republicans,  47;  Democrats,  39;  Alliance,!;  INDEPENDENT,!. 


ALABAMA. 

John  T.  Morgan..' Selma 1895 

James  L.  Pugh Eufaula. 1897 

ARKANSAS. 

James  H.  Berry Bentonville 1895 

James  K.  Jones Washington. . .1897 

CALIFORNIA. 

Charles  N.  Felton San  Francisco. 1893 

Leland  Stanford San  Francisco. 1897 

COLORADO. 

E.  O.  Wolcott Denver 1895 

Henry  M.  Teller Central  City. . .1897 

CONNECTICUT. 

Joseph  R.  Ha  wley Hartford 1893 

Orville  H.  Platt Meriden 1897 

DELAWARE. 

Anthony  Higgins Wilmington.  ..1895 

George  Gray Newcastle 1893 

FLORIDA. 

Samuel  Pasco Monticello 1893 

Wilkinson  Call Jacksonville..  1897 

GEORGIA. 

Alfred  H.  Colquitt Atlanta 1895 

John  B.  Gordon Atlanta 1897 

IDAHO. 

George  L.  Shoup Salmon  City.. .1895 

Fred  T.  Dubois Blackfoot. 1897 

ILLINOIS. 

Shelby  M.  Cullom Springfield  ....1895 

John  M.  Palmer Springfield 1897 

INDIANA. 

Daniels.  Turpie Indianapolis... 1893 

Daniel  W.  Voorhees... Terre  Haute... 1897 

IOWA. 

James  F.  Wilson Fairfield 1895 

William  B.  Allison Dubuque 1897 

KANSAS. 

Bishop  W.  Perkins. . .Oswego 1895 

William  A.  Peffer Topeka 1897 

KENTUCKY. 

John  G.  Carlisle Covington 1895 

Jos.  C.  S.  Blackburn. .Versailles 1897 

LOUISIANA. 

Randall  L.  Gibson New  Orleans.  .1895 

Edward  D.  White New  Orleans ..  1897 

MAINE. 

William  P.  Frye Lewiston 1895 

Eugene  Hale  Ellsworth 1893 

* For  changes  in  the  Senate,  up  to  ( 

preceding  Index. 


MARYLAND. 

Arthur  P.  Gorman Laurel 1893 

Charles  H.  Gibson Easton 1897 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George  F.  Hoar Worcester 1895 

Henry  L.  Dawes Pittsfield 1893 

MICHIGAN. 

James  McMillan Detroit 1895 

F.  B.  Stockbridge Kalamazoo 1893 

MINNESOTA. 

Wm.  D.  Washburn Minneapolis. . .1895 

Cushman  K.  Davis St.  Paul  1893 

MISSISSIPPI. 

E.  C.  Walthall Grenada 1895 

James  Z.  George Carrollton 1893 

MISSOURI. 

Francis  M.  Cockrell.. . Warrensburg.  .1893 
George  G.  Vest Kansas  City. . . 1897 

MONTANA. 

William  F.  Sanders. . Helena 1893 

Thomas  C.  Power Helena 1895 

NEBRASKA. 

Chas.  F.  Manderson . . Omaha 1895 

A.  S.  Paddock Beatrice 1893 

NEVADA. 

W.  M.  Stewart Carson  City...  1893 

John  P.  Junes Gold  Hill.....  1897 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Wm.  E.  Chandler Concord 1895 

Jacob  H.  Gallinger Concord 1897 

NEW  JERSEY. 

John  R.  McPherson. . .Jersey  City 1895 

Rufus  Blodgett LongBranch.  .1893 

NEW  YORK. 

Frank  Hiscock Syracuse 1893 

David  B.  Hill Elmira 1897 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Matt  AV.  Ransom Weldon 1895 

Zebulon  B.  Vance Charlotte 1897 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Lyman  R.  Casey Jamestown...  .1893 

L.  C.  Hansbrough Devil’s  Lake.. 1897 

OHIO. 

John  Sherman  Mansfield 1893 

Calvin  S.  Brice Lima 1897 

OREGON. 

Joseph  Dolph Portland 1895 

John  H.  Mitchell Portland 1897 

moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda , 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


85 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Matthew  S.  Quay... 
James  D.  Cameron. 

. . . Beaver 

. . .Harrisburg. . 

. . 1893 
..1897 

RHODE 

ISLAND. 

Nathan  F.  Dixon. . 
Nelson  W.  Aldrich . 

Westerlv 

. . .Providence.. 

. 1895 
..1893 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

M.  C.  Butler 

John  L.  M.  Irby 

...Edgefield  ... 

. . Laurens 

. . 1895 
. .1897 

SOUTH 

DAKOTA. 

F.  T.  Pettigrew 

J.  H.  KY'LE 

. . .Sioux  Falls. . 
. . . Aberdeen 

..1895 

..1897 

TENNESSEE. 

Isham  G.  Harris 

William  B.  Bate 

. . .Memphis 

. 1895 
. . 1893 

TEXAS. 

Richard  Coke 

Roger  Q.  Mills 

. . .Waco 

. . . Corsicana. . . 

. . 1895 
. . 1897 

VERMONT. 

Red  field  Proctor Proctor 1803 

Justin  S.  Morrill Strafford 1897 

VIRGINIA. 

John  S.  Barbour Alexandria 1895 

John  W.  Daniel Lynchburg 1893 

WASHINGTON. 

John  B.  Allen Walla  Walla.. 1893 

Watson  C.  Squire Seattle 1897 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

John  E.  Kenna ..Charleston 1895 

C.  J.  Faulkner Martinsburg  . .1893 

WISCONSIN. 

Ph iletus  Sawyer Oshkosh 1893 

William  F.  Vilas Madison 1897 

WYOMING. 

Joseph  M.  Carey Cheyenne 1895 

Francis  E.  Warren..  .Cheyenne 1893 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.  + 

CHARLES  F.  CRISP,  Georgia,  Speaker. 

Republicans , 88;  Democrats,  236;  Farmers’  Alliance,  8;  whole  number,  332. 

Those  marked  * served  in  the  List  House.  Those  marked  t served  in  a previous 
House.  Those  marked  i were  unseated  by  the  List  House. 


ALABAMA. 

1.  Richard  H.  Clarke*  . Mobile. 

2.  Hilary  A.  Herbert*.. Montgomery. 

3.  William  C.  Oates*. . .Abbeville. 

4.  Louis  W.  Turpint Newbern. 

5.  James  E.  Cobb* Tuskegee. 

G.  J.  H.  Bankhead* Fayette  C.  H. 

7.  Wm.  H.  Forney* Jacksonville. 

8.  Joseph  Wheeler* Wheeler. 

ARKANSAS. 

1.  William  H.  Catej Jonesborough. 

2.  C. R. Breckinridgett.Pine  Bluff. 

3.  Thomas  C.  McRae* . . Prescott. 

4.  William  L.  Terry Pulaski. 

5.  Samuel  W.  Peel* Bentonville. 

CALIFORNIA. 

1.  Thomas  J.  Geary Santa  Rosa. 

2.  A.  Caminetti Jackson. 

3.  Joseph  McKenna*. . . Suisun. 

4.  John  T.  Cutting San  Francisco. 

5.  Eugene  F.  Loud San  Francisco. 

6.  Wm.  W.  Bowers San  Diego. 

COLORADO. 

Hosea  Townsend* . . .Silver  Cliff. 
CONNECTICUT. 

1.  Lewis  Sperry Hartford. 

2.  W.  F.  Wilcox* Chester. 

3.  Charles  A.  Russell* . . Killingly. 

4.  Rob't  E.  DeForest . . Bridgeport. 

DELAWARE. 

John  W.  Casey Milford. 


FLORIDA. 

1.  Stephen  R.  Mallory.  .Pensacola. 

2.  Robert  Bullock*. ...  .Ocala. 

GEORGIA. 

1.  Rufus  E.  Lester* Savannah. 

2.  Henry  G.  Turner* Quitman. 

3.  Charles  F.  Crisp* Americus. 

4.  Charles  L.  Moses Turin. 

5.  L.  F.  Livingston Atlanta. 

G.  James  H.  Blount* ..  .Macon. 

7.  R.  William  Everett. .Fish. 

8.  Thos.  G.  Lawson Eatonton. 

0.  Thomas  E.  Winn Laurenceville. 

10.  Thomas  B.  Watson . .Thomson. 

IDAHO. 

Willis  Siveet* Moscow. 

ILLINOIS. 

1.  Abner  Taylor* Chicago. 

2.  L.  E.  McGann Chicago. 

3.  A.  E.  Durborow,  Jr  . Chicago. 

4.  Wm.  C.  Newberry. . .Chicago. 

5.  Albert  J.  Hopkins* . Aurora. 

6.  Robert  R.  Hitt* Mount  Morris. 

7.  T.  J.  Henderson* Princeton. 

8.  Lewis  Steward Plano. 

9.  Henry  W.  Snow Sheldon. 

10.  Philip  S.  Post* Galesburg. 

11.  Benj.  T.  Cable Rock  Island. 

12.  Scott  Wike* Pittsfield. 

13.  Wm.  M.  Springer*. . .Springfield. 

14.  Owen  Scott. Bloomington. 

15.  Samuel  T.  Busey Urbana. 

16.  Geo.  W.  Fithian* Newton. 

17.  Edward  Lane* Hillsborough. 

18.  Wm.  S.  Forman* Nashville. 

19.  Jas.  R.  Williams* ...  .Carmi. 

20.  Geo.  W.  Smith* Murphysboro’gh 


t For  changes  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,' 
see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


86 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


INDIANA. 

1.  Wm.  F.  Parrett* Evansville. 

2.  John  L.  Bretz Jasper. 

3.  Jason  B.  Brown* Seymour. 

4.  Wm.  S.  Holman* Aurora. 

5.  Geo.  W.  Cooper Columbus. 

C.  Henry  U.  Johnson.  .Richmond. 

7.  Wm.  D.  Bynum* Indianapolis. 

8.  E.  V.  Brookshire*. . . Crawfords ville. 

9.  Daniel  Waugh Tipton. 

10.  David  H.  Patton Remington. 

11.  A.  N.  Martin* Bluffton. 

12.  C.  A.  O.  McClellan*.  .Auburn. 

13.  Benj.  F.  Shively* South  Bend. 

IOWA. 

1.  John  J.  Seerley Burlington. 

2.  Walter  I.  Hayes* Clinton. 

3.  D.  B.  Henderson* . . .Dubuque. 

4.  Walter  H.  Butler West  Union. 

5.  John  T.  Hamilton. . Cedar  Rapids, 

fi.  Fred.  E.  White Webster. 

7.  John  A.  T.  Hull Des  Moines. 

8.  James  P.  Flick * Bedford. 

9.  ThomasBowman Council  Bluffs. 

10.  John.  P.  Dolliver*  . . . Fort  Dodge. 

11.  George  D.  Perkins.  .Sioux  City. 

KANSAS. 

1.  Case  Broderick Holton. 

2.  Edw'd  H.  Vunston* . Iola. 

3.  Benj.  H.  Clover Cambridge. 

4.  John  G.  Otis Topeka. 

5.  John  M.  Davis Junction  City. 

6.  William  Baker Lincoln. 

7.  Jerry  Simpson Medicine  Lodge. 

KENTUCKY. 

1.  William  J.  Stone*..  .Kuttawa. 

2.  William  T.  Ellis* Owensborough. 

3.  Isaac  H.  Goodnight*. Franklin. 

4.  A.  B.  Montgomery*.  .Elizabethtown. 

5.  Asher  G.  Caruth* ....  Louisville. 

6.  W.  W.  Dickerson*. . . Williamstown. 

7.  W.C.P.Breckinridge*Lexington. 

8.  Jas.  B.  McCreary* . . .Richmond. 

9.  Thos.  H.  Paynter*..  .Greenup. 

10.  John  W.  Kendall West  Liberty. 

11.  John  H.  Wilson* Barboursville. 

LOUISIANA. 

1.  Adolph  Meyer New  Orleans. 

2.  Matthew  D.  Lagan.  .New  Orleans. 

3.  Andrew  Price* Thibodeaux. 

4.  N.  C.  Blanchard*. . . .Shreveport. 

5.  Chas.  J.  Boatner*. . .Monroe. 

6.  SamT  M.  Robertson*. Baton  Rouge. 

MAINE. 

1.  Thomas  B.  Reed*  ...Portland. 

2.  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.*. Lewiston. 

3.  Seth  L.  Milliken* . . . .Belfast. 

4.  Chas.  A.  Boutelle* . Bangor. 

MARYLAND. 

1 . Henry  Page Princess  Anne. 

2.  Herman  Stump* Bel  Air. 

3.  H.  Welles  Rusk*. . . Baltimore. 

4.  Isidor  Raynert Baltimore. 

5.  Barnes  Comptontf .. Laurel. 

6.  Wm.  M.  McKaig Cumberland. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

1.  Chas.  S.  Randall* . . .New  Bedford. 

2.  Elijah  A.  Morse* Canton. 

3.  John  F.  Andrew* Boston. 

4.  Joseph  H.  O’Neil*..  .Boston. 

5.  Sherman  Hoar Waltham. 

6.  Henry  Cabot  Lodpe*Nahant. 

7.  Wm.  Cogswell* Salem. 

8.  Moses  T.  Stevens North  Andover. 

9.  Geo.  Fred.  Williams. Dedham. 

10.  Joseph  H.  Walker* . . Worcester. 

11.  Frederics.  Coolidge. Ashburnham 

12.  John  C.  Crosby Pittsfield. 

MICHIGAN. 

1.  J.  Logan  Chipman*  . Detroit. 

2.  James  S.  Gorman Chelsea. 

3.  James  O'Donnell*... Jackson. 

4.  Julius  C.  Burrows* .Kalamazoo. 

5.  Chas.  E.  Belknap* . . Grand  Rapids. 

6.  Byron  G.  Stout Pontiac. 

7.  Justin  R.  Whiting* . St.  Clair. 

8.  Henry  M.  Youmans. Saginaw. 

9.  Harrison  H.Wlieeler.Ludington. 

10.  Thos.  A.  E.Weadock.Bay  City. 

11.  S.  M.  Stephenson* . . .Menominee. 

MINNESOTA. 


1.  Wm.  II.  Harries Caledonia. 

2.  John  Lind* New  Ulm. 

3.  Orrin  M.  Hall Red  Wing. 

4.  James  N.  Castle Stillwater. 

5.  Kittel  Halvorsen.  .South  Fork. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

1.  John  M.  Allen* Tupelo. 

2.  John  C.  Kyle Sardis. 

3.  Thos.  C.  Catchings*  . Vicksburg. 

4.  Clarke  Lewis* Macon. 

5.  Joseph  H.  Beeman . . Eley. 


0.  Thos.  R.  Stockdale*. Summit. 
7.  Charles  E.  Hooker*. Jackson. 

MISSOURI. 


1.  Wm.  H.  Hatch* Hannibal. 

2.  Chas.  H.  Mansur* ..  .Chillicothe. 

3.  Alex.  M.  Dockery*.  .Gallatin. 

4.  Rob’t  P.  C.  Wilson*.  .Platte  City. 

5.  John  C.  Tarsney* Kansas  City. 

6.  John  T.  Heard* Sedalia. 

7.  Richard  H.  Norton*. Troy. 

8.  John  J.  O’Neillt St.  Louis. 

9.  Seth  W.  Cobb St.  Louis. 

10.  Samuel  Byrns Potosi. 

11.  Richard  P.  Bland*..  .Lebanon. 

12.  D.  A.  De  Armond Butler. 

13.  Richard  W.  Fy  ant ...  Marshfield. 

14.  Marshall  Arnold Benton. 

MONTANA. 

Wm.  W.  Dixon Butte  City. 

NEBRASKA. 

1.  Wm.  J.  Bryan Lincoln. 

2.  Wm.  A.  McKeighan.  .Red  Cloud. 

3.  O.  M.  Kem Broken  Bow. 


NEVADA. 

Horace  F.  Bartine* . Carson  City. 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

1.  L.  F.  McKinneyt Manchester. 

2.  Warren  F.  Daniell. . .Franklin. 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


87 


NEW  JERSEY. 

1.  Chris.  A.  Bergen*. . .Camden. 

2.  James  Buchanan*.  Trenton. 

3.  J.  A.  Geissenhainer*.  Freehold. 

4.  Samuel  Fowler* Newton. 

5.  Cornelius  A.  Cadmus. Paterson. 

6.  Thos.  Dunn  English. Newark. 

7.  Edw.  F.  McDonald. . .Harrison. 

NEW  YORK. 

1.  James  W.  Covert* . . . Long  Island  City 

2.  Alfred  C.  Chapin Brooklyn. 

3.  Wm.  J.  Coombs Brooklyn. 

4.  John  M.  Clancy* Brooklyn. 

5.  Thos.  F.  Magner* Brooklyn. 

6.  John  R.  Fellows New  York  city. 

7.  Edw.  J.  Dunphy* New  York  city. 

8.  Tim.  J.  Campbell!.. New  York  city. 

9.  Amos  J.  Cummings*. New  York  city. 

10.  W.  B.  Cocki'ant New  York  city. 

11.  J.  DeWitt  Warner. . .New  York  city. 

12.  Joseph  J.  Little New  York  city. 

13.  Ashbel  P.  Fitch* New  York  city. 

14.  W.G.  Stahlnecker*.  .Yonkers. 

15.  Henry  Bacon! Goshen. 

16.  John  H.  Ketcliam* . Dover  Plains. 

17.  Isaac  N.  Cox Ellenville. 

18.  J.  A.  Quackenbush* . Stillwater. 

19.  Charles  Tracey* Albany. 

20.  John  Sanford*  Amsterdam. 

21.  John  M.  Wever Plattsburgh. 

22.  N.  M.  Curtis Ogdensburg. 

23.  Henry  W.  Bentley. . .Booneville. 

24.  George  Van  Horn Cooperstown. 

25.  James  J.  Bidden* . . .Syracuse. 

26.  George  W.  Rayf Norwich. 

27.  Sereno  E.  Payne* ..  .Auburn. 

28.  H.  H.  Rockwell Elmira. 

29.  John  Raines* Canandaigua. 

30.  Henry  S.  Greenleaft. Rochester. 

31.  J.  W.  Wadsworthi . Genesee. 

32.  Dan'l  N.  Lockwoodt. Buffalo. 

33.  Thos.  L.  Bunting Hamburgh. 

34.  Warren  B.  Hooker .. Fredonia. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  Wm.  A.  B.  Branch..  .Washington. 

2.  H.  P.  Cheatham* Henderson. 

3.  Beni.  F.  Grady Wallace. 

4.  Benj.  H.  Bunn* Rocky  Mount. 

5.  A.  H.  A.  Williams Oxford. 

6.  S.  B.  Alexander Charlotte. 

7.  John  S.  Henderson*. Salisbury. 

8.  Win.  H.  H.  Cowles*. Wilkesborough. 

9.  Wm.  T.  Crawford Waynesville. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Martin  N.  Johnson . Petersburg. 
OHIO. 

1.  Bellamy  Storer Cincinnati. 

2.  John  A.  Caldwell* ..  .Cincinnati. 

3.  George  W.  Houk ...  Dayton. 

4.  Martin  K.  Gantz Troy. 

5.  Fred'k  0.  Layton  . . . Wapakoneta. 

6.  Dennis  D.  Donovan.  .Deshler. 

7.  Wm.  E.  Haynes* Fremont. 

8.  Darius  D.  Hare Upper  Sandusky 

9.  Jos.  H.  Outhwaite*. Columbus. 

10.  Robert  E.  Doan Wilmington. 

11.  John  M.  Pattison  ...Milford. 

12.  Wm.  H.  Enochs Ironton. 


OHIO. — ( Continued .) 

13.  Irvine  Dungan Jackson. 

14.  James  W.  Owens*. . .Newark. 

15.  Michael  D.  Harter.  .Mansfield. 

16.  John  G.  Warwick Massillon. 

17.  Andrew  J.  Pearson.  .Woodsfield. 

18.  Joseph  D.  Taylor* ..  .Cambridge. 

19.  Ezra  B.  Taylor * Warren. 

20.  Vincent  A.  Taylor . . Bedford. 

21.  Thos.  L.  Johnson Cleveland. 

OREGON. 

Binger  Hermann* . .Roseburg. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

1.  H.  H.  Bingham*. . . .Philadelphia. 

2.  Charles  O'Neill* Philadelphia. 

3.  William  McAleer Philadelphia. 

4.  John  E.  Reyburn*.  .Philadelphia. 

5.  Alfred  C.  Hammer* . . Philadelphia. 

6.  John  B.  Robinson  . . .Media. 

7.  Edwin  R.  Hallowell.. Willow  Grove. 

8.  William  Mutchler*.  .Easton. 

9.  David  B.  Brunner* . . .Reading. 

10.  Marriott  Brosius* . .Lancaster. 

11.  Lemuel  Amerman. . .Scranton. 

12.  George  W.  Shonk. . .Plymouth. 

13.  James  B.  Reilly* Pottsville, 

14.  John  W.  Rife* Middleton. 

15.  Myron  B . Wright* . .Susquehanna. 

16.  Albert  C.  Hopkins. . .Lock  Haven. 

17.  Simon  P.  Wolverton . Sunbury. 

18.  Louis  E.  Hffcmson*. Mitfhnton. 

19.  F.  E.  Beltzhoovert . . Carlisle. 

20.  Edward  Scull* Somerset. 

21.  George  F.  Huff Greensburg. 

22.  Joh  n Dalzell* Pittsburg. 

23.  William  A.  Stone. . .Allegheny  City. 

24.  Andrew  J.  Stewart.  .Ohiopyle. 

25.  Eugene  P.  Gillespie.  .Greenville. 

26.  Matthew  Griswold . .Erie. 

27.  Charles  W.  Stone*.  .Warren. 

28.  George  F.  Kribbs Clarion . 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

1.  Oscar  Lapliam* Providence. 

2.  Charles  H.  Page Scituate. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  William  H.  Brawley. Charleston. 

2.  George  D.  Tillman*. Clark’s  Hill. 

3.  George  Johnstone. . .Newberry. 

4.  George  W.  Shell Laurens. 

5.  John  J.  Hemphill*. .Chester. 

6.  L.  T.  Stackhouse Little  Rock. 

7.  William  Elliotttt Beaufort. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

1.  John  L.  Jolley  Vermillion. 

2.  John  A.  Pickier* Faulkton. 

TENNESSEE. 

1.  Alfred  A.  Taylor*. . .Johnson  City. 

2.  John  C.  Houk Knoxville. 

3.  H.  C.  Snodgrass Sparta. 

4.  Benton  McMillin* Carthage. 

5.  Jas.  D.  Richardson*. Murfreesboro’. 

6.  J.  E.  Washington*. . .Cedar  Hill. 

7.  Nicholas  N.  Cox Franklin. 

8.  Benj.  A.  Enloe* Tackson. 

9.  Rice  A.  Pierce* Union  City. 

i 10.  Josiah  Patterson Memphis.' 


88 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS,  1891-1893. 


TEXAS. 

1.  Charles  Stewart* Houston. 

2.  John  B.  Long Palestine. 

3.  C.  Buckley  Kilgore*. Will’s  Point. 

4.  David  B.  Culberson*. Jefferson. 

5.  Joseph  W.  Bailey Gainesville. 

6.  Joseph  Abbott* Hillsboro. 

7.  William  H.  Crain*. . .Cuero. 

8.  Littleton  W.  Moore*. La  Grange, 
i).  Joseph  L).  Sayers*. . .Bastrop. 

10.  S.  W.  T.  Lanham*. . .Weatherford. 

VERMONT. 

1.  H.  Henry  Powers. . .Morrisville. 

2.  William  IT.  Grout* .Barton. 

VIRGINIA. 

1.  William  A.  Jones Warsaw. 

2.  John  W.  Lawson  . . . Isle  of  Wight. 

3.  George  D.  Wiset} Richmond. 

4.  James  F.  Epes Blackstone. 

5.  Posey  G.  Lester* Floyd  C.  H. 

6.  Paul  C.  Edmunds*. . .Halifax  C.  H. 

7.  Chas.  T.  O’Ferrall*. .Harrisonburgh. 

8.  E.  E.  Meredith  Prince  Williams. 

!).  John  A.  Buchanan*. Abingdon. 

10.  H.  St.  G.  Tucker* Staunton. 


WASHINGTON. 

John  L.  Wilson * — Spokane  Falls. 
WEST  VIRGINIA. 

1.  John  O.  Pendleton} .Wheeling. 

2.  Wm.  L.  Wilson* Charlestown. 

3.  John  D.  Aldersou*.  .Nicholas  C.  H. 

4.  James  A.  Capeliart.  .Mount  Pleasant. 

WISCONSIN. 

1.  Clinton  A.  Babbit. ...Beloit. 

2.  Charles  Barwig* May ville. 

3.  Allen  R.  Bushnell Madison. 

4.  John  L.  Mitchell Milwaukee. 

5.  George  II.  Brickner*. Sheboygan  Falls 

0.  Lucas  M.  Miller Oshkosh. 

7.  Frank  P.  Coburn West  Salem. 

8.  Nils  P.  Haugen* River  Falls. 

9.  Thomas  Lynch Antigo. 

WYOMING. 

Clarence  D.  Clark* ..  Evanston. 
TERRITORIES. 

Arizona— M.  A.  Smith*. Tombstone. 

New  Mexico— A.  Joseph*. O.jo  Calient  e. 
Oklahoma — D. A. Harvey. Oklahoma  City. 
Utah— John  T.  Caine*.. Salt  Lake  City. 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS,  1891-1893.* 


SENATORS  (Alphabetically  Arranged). 


Aldrich,  N.  W 

Allen,  J.  B 

Allison,  William  B 

Barbour,  J.  S 

Bate,  W.  B 

Berry,  James  H 

Blackburn,  J.  C.  S 

Blodgett,  Rufus 

Brice,  Calvin  S 

Butler,  M.  C 

Call,  Wilkinson 

Cameron,  J.  D 

Carey,  J.  M 

Carlisle,  J.  G 

Casey,  L.  R 

Chandler,  W.  E 

Cockrell,  F.M 

Coke,  Richard 

Colquitt,  Alfred  H 

Cullom,  Shelby  M 

Daniel,  John  W 

Davis,  C.  K 

Dawes,  Henry  L 

Dixon,  N.  F. 

Dolph,  Joseph 

Dubois,  F.  T 

Faulkner,  C.  J 

Felton,  C.  N 

Frye,  William  P 

Gallinger,  J.  H 

George,  James  Z 

Gibson,  C.  H 

Gibson,  Randall  L 

Gordon,  John  B 

Gorman,  Arthur  P 

Gray,  George 

Hale,  Eugene 

Hansbrough,  L.  C 


Rhode  Island 

Washington 

Iowa 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

Kentucky 

New  Jersey 

Ohio 

. South  Carolina 

Florida 

Pennsylvania 

Wyoming 

Kentucky 

...North  Dakota 
.New  Hampshire 

Missouri 

Texas 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Virginia 

Minnesota 

. . Massachusetts 
. . . Rhode  Island 

Oregon 

Idaho 

. . .West  Virginia 

California 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Mississippi 

Maryland 

Louisiana 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Delaware 

Maine 

. . .North  Dakota 


Harris,  Isham  G 

Hawley,  Jos.  R 

Higgins,  Anthony.. . 

Hill,  David  B 

Hiscock,  Frank 

Hoar,  George  F 

Irby,  J.  L.  M 

Jones,  James  K 

Jones,  John  P 

Kenna,  John  E 

Kyle,  J.  H 

Manderson,  Chas.  F 

McMillan,  James 

McPherson,  John  R. 

Mills,  Roger  Q 

Mitchell,  John  H 

Morgan,  John  T 

Morrill,  Justin  S 

Paddock,  A.  S 

Palmer,  John  M 

Pasco,  Samuel 

Peft'er,  W.  A 

Perkins,  B.  W 

Pettigrew,  F.  T 

Platt,  Orville  H 

Power,  T.  C 

Proctor,  Redlield 

Pugh,  James  L 

Quay,  M.  S 

Ransom.  Matt  W 

Sanders,  W.  F 

Sawyer,  Pliiletus 

Sherman,  John 

Slioup,  Geo.  L 

Squire,  W.  C 

Stanford,  Leland. . . . 

Stewart,  W.  M 

Stockbridge,  F.  B — 


Tennessee 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

New  York 

New  York 

Massachusetts 

— South  Carolina 

Arkansas 

Nevada 

West  Virginia 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Michigan 

New  Jersey 

Texas 

Oregon 

Alabama 

Vermont 

Nebraska 

Illinois 

Florida 

Kansas 

Kansas 

South  Dakota 

Connecticut 

Montana 

Vermont 

Alabama 

Pennsylvania 

...North  Carolina 

Montana 

Wisconsin 

Ohio 

Idaho 

Washington 

California 

. . Nevada 

Michigan 


*For  changes,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


Hon.  J.  G.  CARLISLE. 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS,  1891-1893. 


89 


SENATORS  (Alphabetically  Arranged).— Continued. 


Teller,  Henry  M Colorado 

Turpie,  D.  S' Indiana 

Vance,  Z.  B North  Carolina 

Vest,  George  G Missouri 

Vilas,  W.  F "Wisconsin 

Voorhees,  D.  W Indiana 


Walthall,  E.  C Mississippi 

Warren,  F.  E Wyoming 

Washburn,  W.  D Minnesota 

White,  E.  D Louisiana 

Wilson,  James  F Iowa 

Wolcott,  E.  O Colorado 


REPRESENTATIVES  (Alphabetically  Arranged). 


Abbott,  Joseph Texas 

Alderson,  J.  D West  Virginia 

Alexander,  S.  B North  Carolina 

Allen,  J.  M Mississippi 

A merman,  L Pennsylvania 

Andrew,  J.  F Massachusetts 

Arnold,  Marshall Missouri 

Atkinson,  L.  E Pennsylvania 

Babbitt,  Clinton Wisconsin 

Bacon,  Henry New  York 

Bailey,  J.  W Texas 

Baker,  William Kansas 

Bankhead,  John  H Alabama 

Bartine,  H.  F Nevada 

Bar  wig,  Charles Wisconsin 

Beeman,  J.  H Mississippi 

Belden,  James  J New  York 

Belknap,  C.  E Michigan 

Beltzhoover,  F.  E Pennsylvania 

Bentley,  H.  W New  York 

Bergen,  C.  A New  Jersey 

Bingham,  H.  H Pennsylvania 

Blanchard,  N.  C Louisiana 

Bland,  R.  P Missouri 

Blount,  J.  H Georgia 

Boatner,  C.  J Louisiana 

Boutelle,  C.  A Maine 

Bowers,  W.  W Colorado 

Bowman,  Thomas Iowa 

Branch,  W.  A.  B North  Carolina 

Brawley,  W.  H South  Carolina 

Breckinridge,  C.  R Arkansas 

Breckinridge,  W.  C.  P Kentucky 

Bretz,  J.  L Indiana 

Brickner,  G.  H Wisconsin 

Broderick,  C Kansas 

Brookshire,  E.  V Indiana 

Brosius,  M Pennsylvania 

Brown,  J.  B Indiana 

Brunner,  D.  B Pennsylvania 

Bryan,  W.  J Nebraska 

Buchanan,  J.  A Virginia 

Buchanan,  J New  Jersey 

Bullock,  R Florida 

Bunn,  B.  H North  Carolina 

Bunting,  T.  L New  York 

Burrows,  J.  C Michigan 

Bussey,  S.  T Illinois 

Buslinell,  A.  R Wisconsin 

Butler,  W.  H Iowa 

Bynum,  W.  D Indiana 

Byms,  S Missouri 

Cable,  B.  T Illinois 

Cadmus,  C.  A New  Jersey 

Caldwell,  J.  A Ohio 

Caminetti,  A California 

Campbell,  T.  J New  York 

Capehart,  J West  Virginia 

Caruth,  Asher  G Kentucky 

Castle,  J.  N Minnesota 

Catchings,  T.  C Mississippi 

Cate,  W.  C Arkansas 

Causey,  J.  W Delaware 

9b 


Chapin,  A.  C 

Cheatham,  H.  P 

Chipman,  J.  Logan. 

Clancy,  J.  M 

Clark,  C.  D 

Clarke,  R.  H 

Clover,  B.  H 

Cobb,  J.  E 

Cobb,  S.  W 

Coburn,  F.  P 

Cockran,  W.  B 

Cogswell,  Wm 

Compton,  B 

Coolidge,  F.  S 

Coombs,  W.  J 

Cooper,  G.  W 

Covert,  J.  W 

Cowles,  W.  H.  H.... 

Cox,  I N 

Cox,  N.  N 

Crain,  W.  H 

Crawford,  W.  T 

Crisp,  C.  F 

Crosby,  J.  C 

Culberson,  D.  B 

Cummings,  A.  J 

Curtis,  N . M 

Cutting,  J.  T 

Dalzell,  John 

Daniels,  W.  F 

Davis,  John 

DeArmond,  D.  A 

DeForest,  R.  E 

Dickerson,  W.  W. . . 

Dingley,  N.,  Jr 

Dixon,  W.  W 

Doan,  R.  E 

Dockery,  A.  M 

Dolliver,  J.  P 

Donovan,  D.  D 

Dugan,  I 

Dunphy,  E.  J 

Durborow,  A.  C.,  Jr. 

Edmunds,  P.  C 

Elliott,  W 

Ellis,  W.  T 

English,  T.  D 

Enloe,  Benj.  J 

Enochs,  W.  H 

Epes,  J.  F 

Everrett,  R.  W 

Fellows,  J.  R 

Fitch,  Ashbel  P 

Fithian,  G.  W 

Flick,  J.  P 

Forman,  W.  S 

Forney,  W.  H 

Fowler,  S 

Funston,  E.  H 

Fyan,  R.  W 

Gantz,  M.  K 

Geary,  T.  J 

Geissenhainer,  J.  A 


New  York 

.North  Carolina 

Michigan 

New  York 

Wyoming 

Alabama 

Kansas 

Alabama 

Missouri 

. Wisconsin 

......  New  York 

. . Massachusetts 

Maryland 

. .Massachusetts 

New  York 

Indiana 

New  York 

. .North  Carolina 

New  York 

Tennessee 

Texas 

.North  Carolina 

Georgia 

. .Massachusetts 

Texas 

New  York 

New  York 

California 

. .Pennsylvania 

New  Hampshire 

Kansas 

Missouri 

Connecticut 

Kentucky 

Maine 

Montana 

Ohio 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Ohio 

Ohio 

New  York 

Illinois 

Virginia 

.South  Carolina 

Kentucky 

New  Jersey 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Georgia 

New  York 

New  York 

Illinois 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Alabama 

New  Jersey 

Kansas 

. Missouri 

Ohio 

California 

. . . .New  Jersey 


90 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS,  1891-1893, 


REPRESENTATIVES  (Alphabetically  Arranged)  . — Continued. 


Gillespie,  E.  P 

Goodnight,  I.  H 

Gorman,  J.  S 

Grady,  B.  F 

Greenleaf,  H,  S 

Griswold,  M.  R 

Grout,  W.  W 

Hall,  O.  M 

Hallowell,  E.  N 

Halvorson,  K 

Hamilton,  J.  T 

Hare,  D.  D 

Harmer,  A.  C 

Harries,  W.  H 

Harter,  M.  D 

Hatch,  W.  H 

Haugen,  N.  P 

Hayes,  Walter  I . . . 

Haynes,  W.  E 

Heard,  J.  T 

Henderson,  D.  B. . . 

Henderson,  J.  S 

Henderson,  T.  J . . . 

Herbert,  H.  A 

Hemphill,  J.  J 

Hermann,  Binger. . 

Hitt,  R.  R 

Hoar,  S 

Holman,  W.  S 

Hooker,  Charles  E 

Hooker,  W.  B 

Hopkins,  A.  C 

Hopkins,  A.  J 

Houk,  G.  W 

Houk,  John  C 

Huff,  G.  F 

Hull,  J.  A.  T 

Johnson,  H.  U 

Johnson,  T.  L 

Johnson,  M.  N 

Johnstone,  G 

Jolley,  J.  L 

Jones,  W.  A 

Kern,  O.  M 

Kendall,  J.  W 

Ketcham,  J.  H 

Kilgore,  C.  B 

Krebbs,  G.  F 

Kyle,  J.  C 

Lagan,  M.  D 

Lane,  Edward 

Lanham,  S.  IV.  T.. 

Lapham,  O 

Lawson,  J.  W 

Lawson,  T.  G 

Layton,  F.  C 

Lester,  P.  G 

Lester,  R.  E 

Lewis,  Clark 

Lind,  John 

Little,  J.  J 

Livingston,  L.  F. . . 
Lockwood,  D.  N. . . . 

Lodge,  H.  C 

Long,  J.  B 

Loud,  E.  F 

Lynch,  T 

Magner,  T.  F 

Mallory,  S.  R 

Mansur,  Charles  H 

Martin,  A.  N 

Meredith,  E.  E 

Meyer,  A 


. .Pennsylvania 

Kentucky 

Michigan 

North  Carolina 

New  York 

. . Pennsylvania 

Vermont 

Minnesota 

. .Pennsylvania 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Ohio 

. .Pennsylvania 

Minnesota 

Ohio 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Ohio 

Missouri 

Iowa 

North  Carolina 

Illinois 

Alabama 

South  Carolina 

Oregon 

. Illinois 

. Massachusetts 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

New  York 

. . Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Tennessee 

. . Pennsylvania 

Iowa 

Indiana 

Ohio 

. North  Dakota 
.South  Carolina 
. South  Dakota 

Virginia 

Nebraska 

Kentucky 

New  York 

Texas 

. Pennsylvania 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Illinois 

Texas 

. . Rhode  Island 

Virginia 

Georgia 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Georgia 

Mississippi 

Minnesota 

New  York 

Georgia 

New  York 

. Massachusetts 

Texas 

California 

Wisconsin 

New  York 

Florida 

Missouri 

Indiana 

Virginia 

Louisiana 


Miller,  L.  M 

Milliken,  S.  L 

Mitchell,  J.  L 

Moore,  L.  W 

Montgomery,  A.  B. 

Morse,  E.  A'. 

Moses,  C.  L 

Mutehler,  W 

McAlles,  W 

McClellan,  C.  A.  O. 

McCreary,  J.  B 

McDonald,  E.  F 

McGann,  L.  E 

McKaig,  Win.  M. . . 
McKeighan,  W.  A. . 

McKenna,  J 

McKinney,  L.  F 

McMillan,  B 

McRea,  Thomas  C. 

Newberry,  W.  C 

Norton,  R.  H 

Oates,  W.  C 

O’Donnell,  J 

O’Farrell,  C.  T 

O’Neil,  J.  H 

O’Neill,  C 

O’Neill,  J.  J 

Otis,  J.  G 

Outh waite,  J.  H. . . 

Owens,  J.  W 

Page,  C.  H 

Page,  H 

Parrett,  W.  F 

Patterson,  J 

Pattison,  J.  M 

Patton,  D.  H 

Payne,  S.  E 

Paynter,  T.  H 

Pearson,  A.  J 

Peel,  S.  W 

Pendleton,  J.  O 

Perkins,  G.  D 

Pickier,  J.  A 

Pierce,  R.  A 

Post,  Philip  S 

Powers,  H.  H 

Price,  Andrew 

Quackenbush,  J.  A 

Raines,  J 

Randall,  C.  S 

Ray,  G.  W 

Rayner,  I 

Reed,  T.  B 

Reilly,  J.  B 

Reyburn,  J.  E 

Richardson,  J.  D . . . 

Rife,  J.  W 

Robertson,  S.  M 

Robinson,  J.  B 

Rockwell,  H.  H ... 

Rusk,  H.  W 

Russell,  C.  A 

Sanford,  J 

Sayers,  J.  D 

Scott,  O 

Scull,  Edward 

Seerley,  J.  J 

Shell,  C.  W 

Shively,  Benj.  F. . . 

Shouk,  G.  W 

Simpson,  J 

Smith,  G.  W 

Snodgrass,  H.  C — 


Wisconsin 

Maine 

Wisconsin 

Texas 

Kentucky 

. .Massachusetts 

Georgia 

. . .Pennsylvania 
. . .Pennsylvania 

Indiana 

Kentucky 

New  Jersey 

Illinois 

Maryland 

Nebraska 

California 

New  Hampshire 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Alabama 

Michigan 

Virginia 

. .Massachusetts 
. . .Pennsylvania 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Ohio 

Ohio 

. . . Rhode  Island 

Maryland 

Indiana 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

New  York 

. New  York 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Arkansas 

. West  Virginia 

Iowa 

. . . South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Louisiana 

New  York 

New  York 

. . Massachusetts 

New  York 

Maryland 

Maine 

. . . Pennsylvania 
. . .Pennsylvania 

Tennessee 

. . . Pennsylvania 

Louisiana 

. . . Pennsylvania 

New  York 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

New  York 

Texas 

Illinois 

. . . Pennsylvania 

Iowa 

.South  Carolina 

Indiana 

. . .Pennsylvania 

Kansas 

Illinois 

Tennessee 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS,  1891-1893. 


91 


REPRESENTATIVES  (Alphabetically  Arranged).— Continued. 


Snow,  H.  W 

Sperry,  L 

Springer,  W.  M 

Stackhouse,  E.  T . . 
Stahlnecker,  W.  G 
Stephenson,  S.  31 . . 

Stevens,  M.  T 

Stewart,  A 

Stewart,  C 

Stewart,  L 

Stoekdale,  T.  R 

Stone,  Chas.  W 

Stone,  W.  A 

Stone,  W.  J 

Storer,  B 

Stout,  B.  G 

Stump,  H 

Sweet,  Willis 

Tarnsey,  J.  C 

Taylor,  A 

Taylor,  A.  A 

Taylor,  E.  B 

Taylor,  Joseph  D . 

Taylor,  V.  A 

Terry,  W.  L 

Tillman,  G.  D 

Townsend,  H 

Tracey, C 

Tucker,  H.  S.  G 

Turner,  H.  G 


Illinois 

. . . Connecticut 

Illinois 

. South  Carolina 

New  York 

Michigan 

. Massachusetts 
. . . Pennsylvania 

.'.Texas 

Illinois 

Mississippi 

. . .Pennsylvania 
. . Pennsylvania 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Maryland 

Idaho 

Missouri 

Illinois 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Arkansas 

South  Carolina 

Colorado 

New  York 

Virginia 

Georgia 


Turpin,  L.  W 

Van  Horn,  G 

Wadsworth.  J.  W. . 

Walker,  J.  H 

Warner,  J.  D 

Warwick,  J.  G 

Washington,  Jos.  E 

Watson,  T.  E 

Waugh,  D 

Weadcoek,  T.  A.  E. 

Wever,  J.  M 

Wheeler,  H.  H 

Wheeler,  J 

White,  F.  E 

Whiting,  Justin  R . . 

Wike,  Scott 

Wilcox,  W.  F 

Williams,  A.  H.  A. . 

Williams,  G.  F 

Williams,  J.  R 

Wilson,  J.  H 

Wilson,  J.  L 

Wilson,  R.  P.  C 

Wilson,  W.  I 

Winn,  T.  E 

Wise,  G.  D 

Wolverton,  S.  P 

Wright,  M.  B 

Youmans,  H.  M 


Alabama 

New  York 

New  York 

. Massachusetts 

New  York 

Ohio 

Tennessee 

Georgia 

Indiana 

Michigan 

New  York 

Michigan 

Alabama 

Iowa 

Michigan 

Illinois 

. . . Connecticut 
North  Carolina 
Massachusetts 

Illinois 

Kentucky 

Washington 

Missouri 

. West  Virginia 

Georgia 

Virginia 

. . Pennsylvania 
. . Pennsylvania 
Michigan 


TERRITORIAL  DELEGATES. 


Caine,  J.  T. . . 
Harvey,  D.  A 


Utah  I Joseph,  A New  Mexico 

Oklahoma  | Smith,  M.  A Arizona 


States. 

Alabama  

Arkansas  

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas  

Kentucky  

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi  . . 

Missouri 

Montana 


RECAPITULATION. 


R. 

D. 

FA 

States. 

R. 

D. 

8 

Nebraska  

1 

5 

New  Hampshire 

2 

4 

2 

New  Jersey 

2 

5 

1 

Nevada  

1 

1 

3 

New  York 

11 

23 

1 

North  Carolina 

1 

8 

2 

North  Dakota 

1 

10 

Ohio 

7 

ii 

1 

Oregon 

. . 1 

6 

14 

Pennsylvania 

18 

io 

2 

11 

Rhode'  Island 

2 

5 

6 

South  Carolina 

7 

2 

5 

South  Dakota 

2 

1 

10 

Tennessee 

2 

8 

6 

Texas 

11 

4 

Vermont 

2 

6 

Virginia 

io 

5 

7 

Washington 

i 

4 

7 

West  Virginia 

4 

1 

3 

i 

Wisconsin 

i 

8 

7 

Wyoming 

i 

14 

— 

— 

1 

Totals 

88  236 

APPORTIONMENT  OP  REPRESENTATIVES,  1789-1893. 


The  act  of  1891  provides  that  after  March  3,  1893,  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives shall  be  composed  of  356  members,  to  be  apportioned  as  follows  : 


Alabama  9, 
Arkansas  6, 
California  7, 
Colorado  2, 
Connecticut  4, 
Delaware  1, 
Florida  2, 
Georgia  11, 
Idaho  1, 
Illinois  22, 
Indiana  13, 


Iowa  11, 

Kansas  8, 
Kentucky  11, 
Louisiana  6, 
Maine  4, 
Maryland  6, 
Massachusetts  13, 
Michigan  12, 
Minnesota  7, 
Mississippi  7, 
Missouri  15, 


Montana  1, 
Nebraska  6, 
Nevada  1, 

New  Hampshire  2, 
New  Jersey  8, 
New  York  34, 
North  Carolina  9, 
North  Dakota  1, 
Ohio  21, 

Oregon  2, 
Pennsylvania  30, 


Rhode  Island  2, 
South  Carolina  7, 
South  Dakota  2, 
Tennessee  10, 
Texas  13, 
Vermont  2, 
Virginia  10, 
Washington  2, 
West  Virginia  4, 
Wisconsin  10, 
Wyoming  1. 


Whenever  a new  State  is  admitted,  Representatives  assigned  to  it  shall  be 
in  addition  to  the  number  356.  In  each  State  entitled  under  this  apportion- 
ment the  number  in  the  Lllld  and  each  subsequent  Congress  shall  be  elected 
by  districts  composed  of  contiguous  territory,  and  containing  as  nearly  as 
practicable  an  equal  number  of  inhabitants.  These  districts  shall  be  equal 
to  the  number  of  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  Con- 
gress, no  one  district  electing  more  than  one  Representative.  In  case  of  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  Representatives  from  any  State  under  this  appor- 
tionment, such  additional  Representatives  shall  be  elected  by  the  State  at 
large,  and  the  other  Representatives  by  the  districts  now  prescribed  by  law 
until  the  Legislature  shall  redistrict  such  State,  and  if  there  be  no  increase 
in  the  number  of  Representatives  from  a State,  the  Representatives  shall  be 
elected  from  the  districts  now  prescribed  by  law  until  such  State  be  redis- 
tricted, as  herein  prescribed  by  the  State  Legislature. 

Alabama,  Arkansas,  California,  Colorado,  Georgia,  Kansas,  Massachu- 
setts, Michigan,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Oregon  and  Wisconsin  gained  one 
Representative  each  : Illinois,  Minnesota,  Pennsylvania  and  Texas  two  each, 
and  Nebraska  three. 

The  basis  of  representation  for  the  last  apportionment  is  found  by  divid- 
ing the  total  population  of  all  the  States  by  356.  Then  by  the  quotient, 
which,  from  results  of  the  Eleventh  Census,  is  173,901,  the  population  of 
each  State  is  divided.  If  the  population  be  exactly  divisible  by  that  number, 
the  answer  will  show  how  many  members  of  Congress  the  State  is  entitled 
to  ; though  no  State  can  have  less  than  one.  As  there  is  often  a fraction  left 
over  after  doing  this  sum  in  division,  the  total  of  all  the  answers  will  be 
something  less  than  356,  as  it  happens  339.  These  seventeen  Representa- 
tives are  then  allotted  to  the  States  having  the  largest  fractions,  one  to  each. 

The  following  exhibit  shows  the  apportionment  for  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives since  the  formation  of  the  government : 


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93 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT— STATES  REDISTRICTED.* 


CONGRESSIONAL  APPORTIONMENTS. 


ALABAMA. 

Alabama  as  redistricted  Feb.  13,  1891: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Mobile,  Washington,  Clark,  Monroe,  Choctaw 
and  Marengo. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Baldwin,  Wilcox,  Escambia,  Covington,  Con- 
ecuh, Butler,  Crenshaw,  Pike  and  Montgomery. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Geneva,  Coffee,  Dale,  Henry,  Barbour,  Bullock, 
Russell  and  Lee. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Dallas,  Chilton,  Shelby,  Talladega,  Calhoun 
and  Cleburne. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Lowndes,  Augusta,  Elmore,  Macon,  Tallapoosa, 
Coosa,  Chambers,  Clay  and  Randolph. 

6tli  District — Counties  of  Sumter,  Greene,  Pickens,  Tuscaloosa,  Lamar, 
Fayette,  Walker  and  Marion. 

7th  District — Counties  of  St.  Clair,  Etowah,  Cherokee,  Marshall  and  De- 
Kalb. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Colbert,  Lawrence,  Morgan,  Jackson,  Madison, 
Limestone  and  Lauderdale. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas  as  redistricted  by  the  Legislature  of  1890-91: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Chicot,  Desha,  Phillips,  Lee,  St.  Francis,  Crit- 
tenden, Woodruff -Cross,  Jackson,  Poinsett,'  Mississippi,  Craighead,  Law- 
rence, Greene,  Sharp,  Randolph  and  Clay. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Bradley,  Drew,  Cleveland,  Lincoln,  Dallas, 
Jefferson,  Grant,  Hot  Springs,  Garland,  Saline,  Montgomery,  Polk,  Scott 
and  Sebastian. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Ashley,  Union,  Calhoun,  Ouichita,  Columbia, 
Clark,  Nevada,  Lafayette,  Hempstead,  Pike,  Howard,  Sevier,  Little  River 
and  Miller. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Pulaski,  Perry,  Yell,  Logan,  Pope,  Johnson  and 
Franklin. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Faulkner,  Conway,  Van  Buren,  Searcy,  New- 
ton, Boone,  Carroll,  Madison,  Washington  and  Burton. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Arkansas,  Monroe,  Prairie,  Lonoke,  White, 
Cleburne,  Independence,  Stone,  Izard,  Marion,  Baxter  and  Fulton. 

COLORADO. 

Colorado  as  redistricted  in  1891 : 

1st  District — Counties  of  Lorimer,  Weld,  Morgan,  Logan,  Washington, 
Sedgwick,  Phillips,  Yuma,  Arapahoe,  Jefferson,  Lake  and  Park. 

2d  District — The  remainder  of  the  State. 


GEORGIA. 


Georgia  as  redistricted  in  1891: 

1st  District — Counties  of  McIntosh,  Liberty,  Bryan,  Chatham,  Tattnall, 
Bullock,  Effingham,  Screven,  Emanuel  and  Burke. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Thomas,  Decatur,  Berrien,  Colquitt,  Worth, 
Mitchell,  Miller,  Baker,  Early,  Calhoun,  Dougherty,  Clay,  Terrell,  Ran- 
dolph and  Quitman. 


* For  revisions  and  additions  to  this  list,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see 
Addenda , preceding  Index. 


94 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT — STATES  REDISTRICTED. 


95 


3d  District — Counties  of  Wilcox.  Pulaski,  Twiggs,  Houston,  Dooley,  Lee, 
Sumter,  Macon,  Crawford,  Taylor,  Schley,  AYebster  and  Stewart. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Marion,  Chattahoochee,  Muscogee,  Talbot, 
Harris,  Meriwether,  Troup,  Coweta,  Heard  and  Carroll. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Johnson,  Laurens,  Dodge,  Montgomery,  Tel- 
fair, Irwin,  Appling,  Coffee,  Pierce,  Wayne,  Glynn,  Camden,  Charlton, 
Ware,  Clinch  and  Echols. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Baldwin,  Jones,  Bibb,  Monroe,  Butts,  Henry, 
Spalding,  Pike  and  "Upson. 

7th  District — Counties  of  Cobb,  Paulding,  Haralson,  Polk,  Floyd,  Bar- 
ton, Gordon,  Chattooga,  Murray,  AYhittield,  Catoosa,  Dade  .and  Walker. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Jasper,  Putnam,  Greene,  Morgan,  Oconee, 
Clarke,  Oglethorpe,  Wilkes,  Madison,  Elbert,  Hart  and  Franklin. 

9th  District — Counties  of  Gwinnett,  Alii  ton,  Jackson,  Banks,  Hall,  For- 
sythe, Cherokee,  Pickens,  Dawson,  [Habersham,  White,  Lumpkin-Gilmer, 
Fannin,  Union  Towns  and  Rabun. 

10th  District — Counties  of  Wilkinson,  AYashington,  Jefferson,  Bullock, 
Hancock,  AVarren,  Richmond,  Columbia,  Lincoln,  McDuffie  and  Taliaferro. 

11th  District — Counties  of  Walton,  Newton,  Rockdale,  DeKalb,  Fulton, 
Douglass,  Campbell,  Henry,  Clayton,  Fayette  and  Spaulding. 

INDIANA. 


Indiana  as  redistricted  in  1891 : 

1st  District — Counties  of  Posey,  Vanderburg,  Gibson,  Pike,  AArarwick, 
Spencer  and  Perry. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Crawford,  Dubois,  Orange,  Lawrence,  Alartin, 
Daviess,  Green  and  Knox. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Harrison,  Floyd,  Clark,  Scott,  Jefferson,  Jen- 
nings, Jackson  and  Washington. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Switzerland,  Ohio,  Dearborn,  Ripley,  Decatur, 
Franklin,  Rush  and  Shelby. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Bartholomew,  Brown,  Johnson,  Alonroe,  Alor- 
gan,  Hendricks,  Owen  and  Putnam. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Fayette,  Union,  AVayne,  Randolph,  Henry  and 
Delaware. 

7th  District — Counties  of  Alarion,  Hancock  and  Aladison. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Sullivan,  Vigo,  Clay,  Vermillion,  Park  and 
Fountain. 

9th  District — Counties  of  Hamilton,  Boone,  Tipton,  Howard,  Clinton, 
Tippecanoe,  Warren  and  Benton. 

10th  District — Counties  of  Lake,  Newton,  Porter,  Jasper,  Pulaski,  Fid- 
ton,  White,  Cass  and  Carroll. 

11th  District — Counties  of  Aliami,  Wabash,  Huntington,  AVells,  Adams, 
Jay,  Blackford  and  Grant. 

12th  District — Counties  of  Lagrange,  Steuben,  Noble,  DeKalb,  AATiitley 
and  Allen. 

13th  District — Counties  of  Elkhart,  Kosciusko,  Marshall,  St.  Joseph,  La 
Porte  and  Starke. 

MICHIGAN. 

The  following  gives  the  Congressional  districts  of  Alichigan  as  the  State 
was  apportioned  under  the  census  of  1890  by  the  last  Legislature.  The 
arrangement  of  the  different  counties  under  the  bill,  with  the  population  of 
each,  is: 

1.  The  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  11th,  13th,  and  15th 
wards  of  the  city  of  Detroit;  population,  173,841. 


96  THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT — STATES  REDISTRICTED. 


2.  Jackson,  Lenawee,  Washtenaw,  Monroe,  and  the  townships  of  Plym- 
outh, Canton,  Van  Buren,  Romulus,  Sumpter,  Huron,  Brownstown,  Mon- 
guagon,  Taylor  and  Ecorse,  and  the  city  of  Wyandotte  in  Wayne  county; 
population,  192,779. 

3.  Hillsdale,  Branch,  Calhoun,  Kalamazoo  and  Eaton;  population,  173, 309. 

4.  St.  Joseph,  Cass,  Berrien, Van  Buren,  Allegan  and  Barry;  population, 
180,874. 

5.  Ottawa,  Kent  and  Ionia;  population,  178,081. 

0.  Ingham,  Livingston,  Genesee  and  Oakland,  the  townships  of  Livonia, 
Nankin,  Dearborn,  Redford,  Springwell  and  Greenfield  in  the  county  of 
Wayne,  and  the  13th,  14th  and  16th  wards  in  the  city  of  Detroit;  population, 
190,443. 

7.  Huron,  Sanilac,  Lapeer,  St.  Clair  and  McComb,  and  the  townships  of 
Grosse  Pointe  and  Hamtramck  in  Wayne  county;  population,  181,441. 

8.  Tuscola,  Saginaw,  Shiawassee  and  Clinton;  population,  172,342. 

9.  Muskegon,  Newaygo,  Oceana,  Mason,  Lake,  Wexford,  Manistee,  Ben- 
zie, Leelanaw  and  Manitou;  population,  149,558, 

10.  Bay,  Midland,  Gladwin,  Arenac,  Ogemaw,  Iosco,  Alcona,  Oscoda, 
Crawford,  Montmorency,  Alpena,  Presque  Isle,  Cheboygan,  Emmet  and 
Otsego;  population,  154,811. 

11.  Montcalm,  Gratiot,  Isabella,  Mecosta,  Osceola,  Clare,  Roscommon, 
Missaukee,  Kalkaska,  Grand  Traverse,  Antrim  and  Charlevoix;  population 
167,629. 

12.  Delta,  Schoolcraft,  Chippewa,  Mackinac,  Ontonagon,  Marquette, 
Menominee,  Dickinson,  Baraga,  Houghton,  Keweenaw,  Isle  Royal,  Alger, 
Luce,  Iron  and  Gogebic  (comprising  the  upper  peninsula);  population, 
180,658. 

It  is  intended  to  give  six  safely  Democratic  districts — the  1st,  2d,  5th, 
7th,  8th  and  10th.  The  6tli  and  9th  are  set  down  as  doubtful,  but  as  giving 
the  Democrats  more  than  a fighting  chance.  The  3d,  4th,  11th  and  12th  are 
safely  Republican.  By  some  the  5th  is  also  classified  as  doubtful,  but  under 
ordinary  circumstances  it  would  undoubtedly  be  hard  for  the  Republicans  to 
carry  it. 

MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota  as  redistricted  in  1891: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Wabasha,  Winona,  Houston,  Olmsted,  Fillmore, 
Dodge,  Mower,  Steele,  Freeborn  and  Waseca. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Blue  Earth,  Nicolet,  Faribault,  Brown,  Waton- 
wan, Martin,  Jackson,  Cottonwood,  Redwood,  Chippewa,  Lac  qui  Parle, 
Yellow  Medicine,  Lincoln,  Lyon,  Pipe  Stone,  Murray,  Rock  and  Nobles. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Goodhue,  Dakota,  Rice,  Scott,  Carver,  Meeker, 
Sibley,  Le  Sueur  and  Renville. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Washington,  Chicago,  Isanti  and  Kanabee. 

5th  District — The  county  of  Hennepin. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Anoka,  Wright,  Sherburne,  Stearns,  Benton, 
Mille  Lacs,  Morrison,  Todd,  Crow  Wing,  Atkins,  Pine,  Carlton,  Cass, 
Wadena,  Hubbard,  Beltrami,  Itasca,  St.  Louis,  Lake  and  Cook. 

7th  District — Counties  of  Kandiyohi,  Swift,  Big  Stone,  Stevens,  Pope, 
Traverse,  Grant,  Douglass,  Wilkin,  Otter  Tail,  Clay,  Becker,  Norman, 
Polk,  Marshall  and  Kittson. 

NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska  as  redistricted  in  1891: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Richardson,  Pawnee,  Johnson,  Nemaha,  Otoe, 
Lancaster  and  Cass. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Sarpy,  Douglass  and  Washington. 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT — STATES  REDISTRICTED. 


97 


3d  District— Counties  of  Merrick,  Nance,  Boone,  Antelope,  Knox,  Pierce, 
Madison,  Platte,  Colfax,  Stanton,  Wayne,  Cedar,  Dixon,  Dakota,  Thurston^ 
Coining,  Burt  and  Dodge. 

4tli  District — Counties  of  Gage,  Jefferson,  Thayer,  Saline,  Fillmore, 
Seward,  York,  Hamilton,  Po.k,  Butler  and  Saunders. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Clay,  Nuckolls,  Hall,  Adams,  Webster, 
Kearney,  Franklin,  Harlan,  Phelps,  Furnas,  Gosper,  Red  Willow,  Frontier’ 
Hitchcock,  Hayes,  Dundy,  Chase  and  Perkins. 

6th  District — The  remainder  of  the  State. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

New  Jersey  as  redistricted  in  1891 : 

1st  District— Counties  of  Cape  May,  Cumberland,  Salem,  Gloucester  and 
Camden. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Atlantic,  Burlington,  Ocean  and  Mercer. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Monmouth,  Middlesex  and  Somerset. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Hunterdon,  Warren,  Morris,  Essex  and  Sussex. 

5th  District— Counties  of  Bergen  and  Passaic. 

6th  District — City  of  Newark. 

7th  District — Cities  of  Hoboken  and  Jersey  City. 

8th  District — County  of  Union. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

North  Carolina  as  redistricted  in  1891: 

1st  District— Carteret,  Pamlico,  Pitt,  Beaufort,  Hyde,  Dare,  Tyrrell, 
Washington,  Martin,  Chowan,  Hertford,  Perquimans,  Gates,  Pasquotank 
and  Currituck. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Lenoir,  Wayne,  Greene,  Wilson,  Edgecombe, 
Warren,  Halifax,  Northampton  and  Bertie. 

3d  District — Counties  of  Craven,  Jones,  Onslow,  Duplin,  Bladen,  Samp- 
son, Cumberland,  Harnett,  and  Moore. 

4th  District— Counties  of  Vance,  Franklin,  Nash,  Johnson,  Wake, 
Chatham  and  Randolph. 

5tli  District — Counties  of  Granville,  Durham,  Person,  Orange,  Alamance, 
Caswell,  Guilford,  Rockingham  and  Stokes. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Pender,  New  Hanover,  Brunswick,  Columbus, 
Robson,  Richmond,  Anson,  Union  and  Mecklenburg. 

7th  District — Counties  of  Montgomery,  Stanly,  Cabarrus,  Rowan,  David- 
son, Davie,  Yadkin,  Iredell,  Catawba  and  Lincoln. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Gaston,  Cleveland,  Burke,  Alexander,  Cald- 
well, Mitchell,  Watauga,  Wilkes,  Ashe,  Alleghany,  Surry  and  Forsythe. 

9th  District — Counties  of  Polk,  Rutherford,  McDowell,  Yancey,  Bun- 
combe, Henderson,  Madison,  Haywood,  Transylvania,  Jackson,  Swain, 
Macon,  Graham,  Cherokee  and  Clay. 

OHIO. 

Ohio  as  redistricted  by  act  of  March  11,  1890: 

District  1.  That  so  much  of  the  county  of  Hamilton  as  is  now  contained 
within  the  limits  of  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  9th,  18th,  19th,  20th, 
21st,  26th,  and  27th  wards  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  as  they  are  now  consti- 
tuted, and  the  townships  of  Anderson,  Columbia,  Spencer,  Symmes,  Syca- 
more and  Southeast,  St.  Bernard  and  Clifton  precincts  of  Mill  Creek  town- 
ship. 


9S  THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT — STATES  REDISTRICTED. 


2.  The  balance  of  the  county  of  Hamilton  as  is  now  contained  within  the 
limits  of  the  10th,  11th,  12th,  13th,  14tli,  15t,h,  16th,  17th,  22d,  23d,  24th, 
25th,  28tli,  29th  and  30th  wards  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati  as  they  are  now  con- 
stituted, and  the  townships  of  Springfield,  Colerain,  Green,  Delhi,  Miami, 
Whitewater,  Harrison,  Crosby  and  College  Hill,  Winton  Place,  Western, 
Avondale,  Bond  Hill,  Elmwood  and  Northeast  precincts  of  Mill  Creek  town- 
ship. 

3.  The  counties  of  Butler,  Montgomery  and  Warren. 

4.  The  counties  of  Champaign,  Darke,  Mercer,  Miami,  Preble  and 
Shelby. 

5.  ' The  counties  of  Allen,  Auglaize,  Hardin,  Logan,  Putnam  and  Van 
Wert. 

6.  The  counties  of  Defiance,  Fulton,  Henry,  Paulding,  Williams  and 
Wood. 

7.  The  counties  of  Erie,  Lucas,  Ottawa  and  Sandusky. 

8.  The  counties  of  Hancock,  Marion,  Seneca,  Union  and  Wyandot. 

9.  The  couisties  of  Franklin,  Madison  and  Pickaway. 

10.  The  counties  of  Clark,  Clinton,  Fayette,  Greene  and  Ross. 

11.  The  counties  of  Adams,  Brown,  Clermont,  Highland  and  Pike. 

12.  The  counties  of  Athens,  Gallia,  Lawrence,  Meigs  and  Scioto. 

13.  The  counties  of  Fairfield,  Hocking,  Jackson,  Morgan,  Perry  and 
Vinton. 

14.  The  counties  of  Coshocton,  Licking,  Muskingum  and  Tuscarawas. 

15.  The  counties  of  Ashland,  Crawford,  Delaware,  Knox,  Morrow  and 
Richland. 

16.  The  counties  of  Holmes,  Medina,  Wayne  and  Stark. 

17.  The  counties  of  Belmont,  Noble,  Monroe  and  Washington. 

18.  The  counties  of  Carroll,  Columbiana,  Guernsey,  Harrison,  and  Jef- 
ferson. 

19.  The  counties  of  Ashtabula,  Geauga,  Mahonhig,  Portage  and  Trum- 
bull. 

20.  The  counties  of  Huron,  Lake,  Lorain,  Summit,  and  the  townships  of 
Bedford,  Chagrin  Falls,  East  Cleveland,  Euclid,  Mayfield,  Newburg, 
Orange,  Warrensville,  Solon,  Brecksville,  Brooklyn,  Dover,  Middleburg, 
Olmstead,  Parma,  Independence,  Rockport,  Royalton  and  Strongsville,  in 
Cuyahoga  county,  and  the  18th,  19th,  20th,  21st  and  27th  wards  of  the  city 
of  Cleveland  as  they  are  now  constituted. 

21.  The  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  11th,  12th.  13th, 
14th,  15th,  16th,  17th,  22d,  23d,  24th,  25th,  26tli,  28th,  29th,  30tli,  31st,  32d, 
33d,  34th,  35th,  36th,  37th,  38th,  39th  and  40th  wards  of  the  city  of  Cleve- 
land as  they  are  now  constituted. 

OREGON. 

Oregon  as  redistricted  in  1891 : 

1st  District — Counties  of  Tillamook,  Washington,  Clarkamas,  Yamhill, 
Polk,  Marion,  Benton,  Linn,  Lane,  Douglass,  Coos,  Curry,  Josephine, 
Jackson,  Klamath  and  Lake. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Clatsop,  Columbia,  Multnomah,  Wasco,  Sher- 
man, Gillman,  Morrow,  Umatilla,  Union,  Wallowa,  Baker,  Grant,  Crook, 
Harney  and  Malheur. 

TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee  as  redistricted  in  1891: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Johnson,  Carter,  Sullivan,  Washington,  Unicoi, 
Cocke,  Greene,  Hamblen,  Hawkins,  Granger,  Hancock  and  Claiborne. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Scott,  Campbell,  Union,  Anderson,  Morgan, 
Roane,  Knox,  Jefferson,  Sevier,  Blount  and  Louden. 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT — STATES  REDISTRICTEH. 


99 


8d  District — Counties  of  Monroe,  McMinn,  Meigs,  Polk,  Bradley,  James, 
Hamilton,  Marion,  Franklin,  Sequatchie,  Grundy,  Bledsoe,  Yan  Buren, 
Warren  and  White. 

4th  District — Counties  of  Fentress,  Pickett,  Overton,  Putnam,  Jackson, 
Clay,  Macon,  Trousdale,  Wilson,  Smith  and  Sumner. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Lincoln,  Moore,  Coffee,  Bedford,  Marshall, 
Cannon,  Rutherford  and  DeKalb. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Davidson,  Cheatham,  Robertson,  Montgomery, 
Humphreys,  Houston  and  Stewart. 

7th  District— Counties  of  Dickson,  Hickman,  Williamson,  Lewis,  Maury, 
Giles,  Lawrence  and  Wayne. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Henry,  Carroll,  Benton,  Perry,  Decatur,  Hen- 
derson, Madison,  Chester,  McNairy  and  Hardin. 

9th  District — Counties  of  Lake,  Obion,  Weakley,  Gibson,  Dyer,  Lauder- 
dale, Crockett  and  Haywood. 

10th  District — Counties  of  Tipton,  Shelby,  Fayette  and  Hardeman. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin  as  redistricted  in  1890: 

1st  District — Counties  of  Kenosha,  Racine,  Walworth,  Rock,  Green  and 
Lafayette. 

2d  District — Counties  of  Jefferson,  Dodge,  Dane  and  Columbia, 

3d  District — Counties  of  Grant,  Iowa,  Crawford,  Richland,  Sauk,  Ver- 
non, Juneau  and  Adams. 

4th  District — County  of  Milwaukee. 

5th  District — Counties  of  Waukesha,  Washington,  Ozaukee  and  She- 
boygan. 

6th  District — Counties  of  Marquette,  Green  Lake,  Fond  du  Lac,  Mani- 
towoc, Calumet,  Winnebago,  and  Waushara. 

7th  District — Counties  of  LaCrosse,  Monroe,  Jackson,  Trempealeau, 
Buffalo,  Pepin  and  Eau  Claire. 

8th  District — Counties  of  Wood,  Portage,  Waupaca,  Outgamie,  Brown, 
Kewaunee  and  Door. 

9th  District — Counties  of  Clark,  Taylor,  Pierce,  Ashland,  Oneida,  Lin- 
coln, Marathon,  Shawano,  Langlade,  Forest,  Florence,  Marinette  and 
Oconto. 

10th  District — Counties  of  Bayfield,  Douglass,  Sawyer,  Washburn,  Bur- 
nett, Chippewa,  Barron,  Polk,  St.  Croix,  Dunn  and  Pierce. 


RULES  ADOPTED  BY  THE  PIETY-FIRST  CONGRESS. 


The  principal  changes  made  by  the  fifty-first  in  the  rules  of  the  former 
House  were  these: 

1.  In  new  Rule  VIII.,  it  was  required  that  every  member  shall  be  pres- 
ent within  the  hall  of  the  House  during  its  sittings,  unless  excused  or  neces- 
sarily prevented,  and  shall  vote  on  each  question  put,  unless  he  has  a direct 
personal  or  pecuniary  interest  in  the  event  of  such  question.  The  old  rule 
required  him  to  be  present  and  to  vote  “unless  on  motion  made  before 
division  or  the  commencement  of  the  roll-call  and  decided  without  debate, 
he  shall  be  excused,”  or  unless  he  has  a direct  personal  or  pecuniary  interest 
in  the  event  of  such  question.  The  provision  within  quotation  marks  gave 
opportunity  for  frivolous  and  dilatory  motions. 

2.  As  to  questions  of  privilege,  the  new  rules  gave  them  “precedence 
of  all  other  questions,  except  motions  to  adjourn.”  The  old  rules  gave  them 
precedence  of  “all  other  questions  except  motions  to  fix  the  day  to  which 
the  House  shall  adjourn,  and  for  a recess.” 

3.  The  new  rules  required  that  “all  proposed  action  touching  the  rules, 
joint  rules  and  order  of  business  shall  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Rules.”  The  old  rule  did  not  contain  the  clause  “ and  order  of  business, ” 
and  left  the  struggle  over  precedence  of  business  to  go  on  under  the  general 
rules  in  the  House. 

4.  The  new  rules  struck  from  the  rule  touching  committees  the  old 
provision  that  “any  commission  authorized  by  law  to  report  by  bill  to  the 
House  shall  have  leave  to  report  such  bill  at  any  time  and  may  call  the 
same  up  for  consideration,  as  provided  in  the  fifth  clause  of  Rule  XXIV.” 
Their  report,  it  was  intended  under  the  new  rules,  should  come  in  as  reports 
from  the  committees  of  the  House. 

5.  The  new  rules  established  three  calendars,  and  provided  that  “all 
reports  of  committees,  except  as  provided  in  clause  51  of  Rule  XI.,  together 
with  the  views  of  the  minority,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  clerk  for  printing 
and  reference  to  the  proper  calendar  under  the  direction  of  the  Speaker,  in 
accordance  with  the  foregoing  clause,  and  the  titles  or  subjects  thereof  shall 
be  entered  on  the  Journal  and  printed  in  the  Record.”  The  old  rules  per- 
mitted the  reporting  of  bills  and  their  reference  in  open  session,  with  the 
reference  of  them  in  certain  prescribed  cases  to  be  determined  by  vote  of  the 
House. 

6.  The  new  rules  added  this  clause  to  Rule  XV. : “ On  the  demand  of 
any  member,  or  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Speaker,  the  names  of  members 
sufficient  to  make  a quorum  in  the  hall  of  the  House  who  do  not  vote,  shall 
be  noted  bv  the  clerk  and  recorded  in  the  Journal,  and  reported  to  the 
Speaker  with  the  names  of  the  members  voting,  and  be  counted  and 
announced  in  determining  the  presence  of  a quorum  to  do  business.” 

7.  The  new  rules  (XVI.,  clause  4)  reduced  the  number  of  motions  in 
order  when  a question  is  under  debate,  by  striking  out  the  motions  “to  fix 
the  day  to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  and  to  take  a recess.”  Motions 
to  adjourn,  to  lay  on  the  table,  for  the  previous  question,  to  postpone  to  a 
day  certain,  to  refer  or  amend,  or  to  postpone  indefinitely  were  left. 

8.  The  new  rules  struck  out  the  clause  that  “a  motion  to  fix  the  day 
to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  a motion  to  adjourn  and  to  take  a recess 
shall  always  be  in  order.” 

9.  The  new  rules  inserted  as  clause  10  of  Rule  XVI.  the  words:  “No 
dilatory  motion  shall  be  entertained  by  the  Speaker.” 

10.  ' The  new  rule  struck  out  the  old  clause  which  required  that  the  pre- 

100 


RULES  ADOPTED  BY  THE  FIFTY-PIRST  CONGRESS. 


101 


vious  question  should  extend  only  to  the  engrossment  and  third  reading  of 
a bill,  and  then  be  renewed  so  as  to  reach  the  question  of  passage;  and  in- 
serted a clause  that  it  maybe  made  to  “include  the  bill  to  its  passage  or 
rejection.” 

11.  The  new  rules  struck  out  as  motions  having  preference  of  a motion 
to  reconsider  a vote,  the  motion  “to  fix  the  day  to  which  the  House  shall 
adjourn  or  to  take  a recess.” 

12.  The  new  rule  extended  to  bills,  the  old  rule  relating  to  memorials 
and  petitions,  and  provided  for  the  introduction  of  all  by  handing  them  to 
the  Speaker  or  clerk  for  appropriate  reference  to  committees. 

13.  The  new  rule  changed  the  old  rule  so  as  to  fix  “one  hundred  mem- 
bers ” as  a quorum  in  the  Committee  of  the  Whole.  The  old  rule  had  no 
provision  on  the  subject,  but  a quorum  in  Committee  of  the  Whole  was 
treated  the  same  as  a quorum  in  the  House. 

14.  The  new  rules  required  that  all  propositions  involving  a tax  or 
charge  upon  the  people  “originating  either  in  the  House  or  Senate,”  shall  be 
first  considered  in  a Committee  of  the  Whole.  The  words  within  quotation 
marks  were  not  in  the  old  rule. 

15.  The  new  rale  changed  the  “order  of  business”  so  as  to  conform  to 
the  other  changes  made;  but  these  variations  are  of  minor  consequence  and 
are  not  stated. 

16.  There  were  several  other  unimportant  changes  to  make  the  plan 
harmonious. 


THE  ACTION  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

The  new  rules  came  up  for  debate  and  action  in  February,  1890. 

On  the  13th,  pending  the  clause  to  insert  the  words:  “No  dilatory 
motion  shall  be  entertained  by  the  Speaker,”  a motion  to  add  the  words; 
“But  a demand  for  the  yeas  and  nays  shall  not  be  considered  dilatory,”  -was 
rejected — yeas,  119  (Republicans  2,  Democrats  117);  nays,  149  (Republicans 
147,  Democrats  2).  A motion  to  add  the  words:  “And  the  Speaker  shall 
not  in  any  case  refuse  to  entertain  an  appeal  from  his  decision,  ” was  rejected 
— yeas,  114  (all  Democrats);  nays,  140  (all  Republicans).  A motion  on  the 
14th  to  strike  out  the  clause  was  rejected — yeas,  140  (all  Democrats);  nays, 
155  (all  Republicans). 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS. 

Rule  I. 

DUTIES  OF  THE  SPEAKER. 

1.  The  Speaker  shall  take  the  chair  on  every  legislative  clay  precisely  at 
the  hour  to  which  the  House  shall  have  adjourned  at  the  last  sitting,  imme- 
diately call  the  members  to  order,  and  on  the  appearance  of  a quorum, 
cause  the  journal  of  the  proceedings  of  the  last  day’s  sitting  to  be  read,  hav- 
ing previously  examined  and  approved  the  same. 

2.  He  shall  preserve  order  and  decorum,  and  in  case  of  disturbance  or 
disorderly  conduct  in  the  galleries,  or  in  the  lobby,  may  cause  the  same  to 
be  cleared. 

3.  He  shall  have  general  control,  except  as  provided  by  rule  or  law,  of 
the  hall  of  the  House,  and  the  disposal  of  the  unappropriated  rooms  in  that 
part  of  the  Capitol  assigned  to  the  use  of  the  House  until  further  order. 

4.  He  shall  sign  all  acts,  addresses,  joint  resolutions,  writs,  warrants, 
and  subpcenas  of,  or  issued  by  order  of,  the  House,  and  decide  all  questions 
of  order  subject  to  an  appeal  by  any  member,  on  which  appeal  no  member 
shall  speak  more  than  once,  unless  by  permission  of  the  House. 

5.  He  shall  rise  to  put  a question,  but  may  state  it  sitting;  and  shall  put 
questions  in  this  form,  to  wit:  “As  many  as  are  in  favor  (as  the  question 
may  be)  say  Ay;  ” and  after  the  affirmative  voice  is  expressed,  ‘ ‘ As  many  as 
are  opposed  say  No;  ” if  he  doubts,  or  a division  is  called  for,  the  House 
shall  divide;  those  in  the  affirmative  of  the  question  shall  first  rise  from  their 
seats,  and  then  those  in  the  negative;  if  he  still  doubts,  or  a count  is  required 
by  at  least  one-fifth  of  a quorum,  he  shall  name  one  from  each  side  of  the 
question,  to  tell  the  members  in  the  affirmative  and  negative;  which  being 
reported,  he  shall  rise  and  state  the  decision. 

6.  He  shall  not  be  required  to  vote  in  ordinary  legislative  proceedings, 
except  where  his  vote  would  be  decisive,  or  where  the  House  is  engaged  in 
voting  by  ballot;  and  in  all  cases  of  a tie  vote  the  question  shall  be  lost. 

7.  He  shall  have  the  right  to  name  any  member  to  perform  the  duties 
of  the  Chair,  but  such  substitution  shall  not  extend  beyond  an  adjournment: 
Provided,  however,  That  in  case  of  his  illness,  he  may  make  such  appoint- 
ment for  a period  not  exceeding  ten  days,  with  the  approval  of  the  House  at 
the  time  the  same  is  made;  and  in  his  absence  and  omission  to  make  such 
appointment,  the  House  shall  proceed  to  elect  a Speaker  pro  tempore,  to  act 
during  his  absence. 

Rule  II. 

ELECTION  OF  OFFICERS. 

There  shall  be  elected  by  a viva  voce  vote  at  the  commencement  of  each 
Congress,  to  continue  in  office  until  their  successors  are  chosen  and  qualified, 
a Clerk,  Sergeant  at  Arms,  Doorkeeper,  Postmaster,  and  Chaplain,  each  of 
whom  shall  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  for  the  true  and  faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office,  to  the  best 
of  his  knowledge  and  ability,  and  to  keep  the  secrets  of  the  House,  and  each 
shall  appoint  ail  of  the  employes  of  his  department  provided  for  by  law. 

102 


Hox.  CHARLES  F.  CRISP. 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


103 


Rule  III. 

DUTIES  OF  THE  CLERK. 

1.  The  Clerk  shall,  at  the  commencement  of  the  first  session  of  each 
Congress,  call  the  members  to  order,  proceed  to  call  the  roll  of  members  by 
States  in  alphabetical  order,  and,  pending  the  election  of  a Speaker  or 
Speaker  pro  tempore , preserve  order  and  decorum,  and  decide  all  questions 
of  order,  subject  to  appeal  by  any  member. 

2.  He  shall  make,  and  cause  to  be  printed  and  delivered  to  each  member, 
or  mailed  to  his  address,  at  the  commencement  of  every  regular  session  of 
Congress,  a list  of  the  reports  which  it  is  the  duty  of  any  officer  or  depart- 
ment to  make  to  Congress,  referring  to  the  act  or  resolution  and  page  of  the 
volume  of  the  laws  or  journal  in  which  it  may  be  contained,  and  placing 
under  the  name  of  each  officer  the  list  of  reports  required  of  him  to  be  made 
also  make  a weekly  statement  of  the  resolutions  and  bills  upon  the  Speaker’s 
table,  accompanied  with  a brief  reference  to  the  orders  and  proceedings  of 
the  House  upon  each,  and  the  dates  of  such  orders  and  proceedings,  which 
statement  shall  be  printed. 

3.  He  shall  note  all  questions  of  order,  with  the  decisions  thereon,  the 
record  of  which  shall  be  printed  as  an  appendix  to  the  Journal  of  each 
session;  and  complete,  as  soon  after  the  close  of  the  session  as  possible,  the 
printing  and  distribution  to  members  and  delegates  of  the  journal  of  the 
House,  together  with  an  accurate  and  complete  index;  retain  in  the  library 
at  his  office,  for  the  use  of  the  members  and  officers  of  the  House,  and  not  to 
be  withdrawn  therefrom,  two  copies  of  all  the  books  and  printed  documents 
deposited  there;  send,  at  the  end  of  each  session,  a printed  copy  of  the 
Journal  thereof  to  the  Executive  and  to  each  branch  of  the  Legislature  of 
every  State  and  Territory;  preserve  for  and  deliver  or  mail  to  each  member 
and  delegate  an  extra  copy,  in  good  binding,  of  all  documents  printed  by 
order  of  either  House  of  the  Congress  to  which  he  belonged;  attest  and  affix 
the  seal  of  the  House  to  all  writs,  warrants,  and  subpeenas  issued  by  order  of 
the  House,  certify  to  the  passage  of  all  bills  and  joint  resolutions,  make  or 
approve  all  contracts,  bargains,  or  agreements  relative  to  furnishing  any 
matter  or  thing,  or  for  the  performance  of  any  labor  for  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, in  pursuance  of  law  or  order  of  the  House,  keep  full  and  accurate 
accounts  of  the  disbursements  out  of  the  contingent  fund  of  the  House,  keep 
the  stationery  accounts  of  members  and  delegates,  and  pay  them  as  provided 
by  law.  He  shall  pay  to  the  officers  and  employes  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, on  the  last  day  of  each  month,  the  amount  of  their  salaries  that 
shall  be  due  them;  and  when  the  last  day  of  the  month  falls  on  Sunday  he 
shall  pay  them  on  the  day  next  preceding. 


Rule  IY. 

DUTIES  OF  THE  SERGE  ART- AT-ARMS. 

1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Sergeant-at-Arms  to  attend  the  House 
during  its  sittings,  to  maintain  order  under  the  direction  of  the  Speaker, 
and,  pending  the  election  of  a Speaker  or  Speaker  pro  tempore , under  the 
direction  of  the  Clerk;  execute  the  commands  of  the  House,  and  all  proc- 
esses issued  by  authority  thereof,  directed  to  him  by  the  Speaker,  keep  the 
accounts  for  the  pay  and  mileage  of  Members  and  Delegates,  and  pay  them 
as  provided  by  law. 

2.  The  symbol  of  his  office  shall  be  the  mace,  which  shall  be  borne  by 
him  while  enforcing  order  on  the  floor. 


104 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


Rule  Y. 

DUTIES  OF  OTHER  OFFICERS. 

1.  The  Doorkeeper  shall  enforce  strictly  the  rules  relating  to  the  privileges 
of  the  hall  and  be  responsible  to  the  House  for  the  official  conduct  of  his 
employes. 

2.  At  the  commencement  and  close  of  each  session  of  Congress  he  shall 
take  an  inventory  of  all  the  furniture,  books,  and  other  public  property  in 
the  several  committee  and  other  rooms  under  his  charge,  and  report  the 
same  to  the  House,  which  report  shall  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Accounts  to  ascertain  and  determine  the  amount  for  which  he  shall  be  held 
liable  for  missing  articles. 

3.  He  shall  allow  no  person  to  enter  the  room  over  the  hall  of  the  House 
during  its  sittings;  and  fifteen  minutes  before  the  hour  for  the  meeting  of 
the  House  each  day  he  shall  see  that  the  floor  is  cleared  of  all  persons  except 
those  privileged  to  remain,  and  kept  so  until  ten  minutes  after  adjournment. 

Rule  YI. 

The  Postmaster  shall  superintend  the  post-office  kept  in  the  Capitol  for 
the  accommodation  of  Representatives,  delegates,  and  officers  of  the  House, 
and  be  held  responsible  for  the  prompt  and  safe  delivery  of  their  mail. 

Rule  VII. 

The  Chaplain  shall  attend  at  the  commencement  of  each  day’s  sitting  of 
the  House  and  open  the  same  with  prayer. 

Rule  VIII. 

OF  THE  MEMBERS. 

1.  Every  member  shall  be  present  within  the  hall  of  the  House  during 
its  sittings,  unless  excused  or  necessarily  prevented;  and  shall  vote  on  each 
question  put,  unless,  on  motion  made  before  division  or  the  commencement 
of  the  roll-call  and  decided  without  debate,  he  shall  be  excused,  or  unless  he 
has  a direct  personal  or  pecuniary  interest  in  the  event  of  such  question. 

2.  Pairs  shall  be  announced  by  the  Clerk,  after  the  completion  of  the 
second  roll-call,  from  a written  list  furnished  him,  and  signed  by  the  mem- 
ber making  the  statement  to  the  Clerk,  which  list  shall  be  published  in  the 
Record  as  a part  of  the  proceedings,  immediately  following  the  names  of 
those  not  voting:  Provided , That  pairs  shall  be  announced  but  once  during 
the  same  legislative  day. 


Rule  IX. 

QUESTIONS  OF  PRIVILEGE. 

Questions  of  privilege  shall  be,  first,  those  affecting  the  rights  of  the 
House  collectively,  its  safety,  dignity,  and  the  integrity  of  its  proceedings: 
second,  the  rights,  reputation,  and  conduct  of  members  individually  in  their 
representative  capacity  only;  and  shall  have  precedence  of  all  other  ques- 
tions, except  motions  to  fix  the  day  to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  to  ad- 
journ, and  for  a recess. 


RULES,  HOUSE  OE  REPRESENTATIVES. 

7 M 


105 


Rule  X. 

OF  COMMITTEES. 

1.  Unless  otherwise  specially  ordered  by  the  House,  the  Speaker  shall  ap- 
point, at  the  commencement  of  each  Congress,  the  following  standing  com- 
mittees, viz.: 

On  Elections,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Ways  and  Means,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Appropriations,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  the  Judiciary,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Banking  and  Currency,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Coinage,  Weights,  and  Measures,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Interstate  and  Foreign  Commerce,  to  consist  of  seventeen  members. 
On  Rivers  and  Harbors,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  the  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 
On  Agriculture,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Foreign  Affairs,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Military  Affairs,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Naval  Affairs,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  the  Post-Office  and  Post-Roads,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  the  Public  Lands,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Indian  Affairs,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Territories,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Railways  and  Canals,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Manufactures,  to  consist  of  eleven  members. 

On  Mines  and  Mining,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Pacific  Railroads,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Levees  and  Improvement  of  the  Mississippi  River,  to  consist  of  thir- 
teen members. 

On  Education,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Labor,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  the  Militia,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Patents,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Invalid  Pensions,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Pensions,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Claims,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  War  Claims,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Private  Land  Claims,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  consist  of  fifteen  members. 

On  Revision  of  the  Laws,  to  consist  of  thirteen  members. 

On  Expenditures  in  the  State  Department,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 
On  Expenditures  in  the  Treasury  Department,  to  consist  of  seven 
members. 

On  Expenditures  in  the  War  Department,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 
On  Expenditures  in  the  Navy  Department,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 
On  Expenditures  in  the  Post-Office  Department,  to  consist  of  seven 
members. 

On  Expenditures  in  the  Interior  Department,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 
On  Expenditures  in  the  Department  of  Justice,  to  consist  of  seven 
members. 

On  Expenditures  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  consist  of  seven 
members. 

On  Expenditures  on  Public  Buildings,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 

On  Rules,  to  consist  of  five  members. 

On  Accounts,  to  consist  of  nine  members. 

10b 


106 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


On  Mileage,  to  consist  of  five  members. 

Also  the  following  joint  standing  committees,  viz. : 

On  the  Library,  to  consist  of  three  members. 

On  Printing,  to  consist  of  three  members. 

On  Enrolled  Bills,  to  consist  of  seven  members. 

2.  He  shall  also  appoint  all  select  committees  which  shall  be  ordered  by 
the  House  from  time  to  time; 

3.  The  first-named  member  of  each  committee  shall  be  the  chairman; 
and  in  his  absence,  or  being  excused  by  the  House,  the  next-named  member, 
and  so  on,  as  often  as  the  case  shall  happen,  unless  the  committee  by  a ma- 
jority of  its  number  elect  a chairman;  and  in  case  of  the  death  of  a chair- 
man, it  shall  be  duty  of  the  Speaker  to  appoint  another. 

4.  The  chairman  shall  appoint  the  clerk  of  his  committee,  subject  to  its 
approval ; who  shall  be  paid  at  the  public  expense,  the  House  having  first 
provided  therefor. 

Rule  XI. 

POWERS  AND  DUTIES  OE  COMMITTEES. 

All  proposed  legislation  shall  be  referred  to  the  committees  named  in  the 
preceding  rule  as  follows,  viz. : Subjects  relating — 

1.  to  the  election  of  members:  to  the  Committee  on  Elections; 

2.  to  the  revenue  and  the  bonded  debt  of  the  United  States:  to  the  Com 
mittee  on  Ways  and  Means; 

3.  to  appropriation  of  the  revenue  for  the  support  of  the  government  as 
herein  provided,  viz.:  for  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  expenses;  for 
sundry  civil  expenses;  for  fortifications  and  coast  defenses;  for  the  District 
of  Columbia;  for  pensions;  and  for  all  deficiencies:  to  the  Committee  on  Ap- 
propriations; 

4.  to  judicial  proceedings,  civil  and  criminal  law:  to  the  Committee  on 
the  Judiciary; 

5.  to  banking  and  currency:  to  the  Committee  on  Banking  and  Currency; 

6.  to  coinage,  weights,  and  measures:  to  the  Committee  on  Coinage, 
Weights,  and  Measures; 

7.  to  commerce,  life-saving  service,  and  lighthouses,  other  than  appro- 
priations for  life-saving  service  and  lighthouses:  to  the  Committee  on  Inter- 
state and  Foreign  Commerce; 

8.  to  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors:  to  the  Committee  on  Rivers 
and  Harbors; 

9.  to  the  merchant  marine  and  fisheries:  to  the  Committee  on  the  Mer- 
chant Marine  and  Fisheries; 

10.  to  agriculture  and  forestry:  to  the  Committee  on  Agriculture,  who 
shall  receive  the  estimates  and  report  the  appropriations  for  the  Agricultural 
Department; 

11.  to  the  relations  of  the  United  States  with  foreign  nations,  including 
appropriations  therefor:  to  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs; 

12.  to  the  military  establishment  and  the  public  defense,  including  the 
appropriations  for  its  support  and  for  that  of  the  Military  Academy:  to  the 
Committee  on  Military  Affairs; 

13.  to  the  naval  establishment,  including  the  appropriations  for  its  sup- 
port: to  the  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs; 

14.  to  the  post-office  and  post-roads,  including  appropriations  for  their 
support:  to  the  Committee  on  the  Post-Office  and  Post-Roads; 

15.  to  the  lands  of  the  United  States:  to  the  Committee  on  the  Public 
Lands; 

16.  to  the  relations  of  the  United  States  with  the  Indians  and  the  Indian 
tribes,  including  appropriations  therefor:  to  the  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs; 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


107 


IT.  to  Territorial  legislation,  the  revision  thereof,  and  affecting  Terri- 
tories or  the  admission  of  States:  to  the  Committee  on  the  Territories; 

18.  to  railways  and  canals,  other  than  Pacific  railroads:  to  the  Committee 
on  Railways  and  Canals; 

19.  to'the  manufacturing  industries:  to  the  Committee  on  Manufactures; 

20.  to  the  mining  interests:  to  the  Committee  on  Mines  and  Mining; 

21.  to  the  public  buildings  and  occupied  or  improved  grounds  of  the 
United  States,  other  than  appropriations  therefor:  to  the  Committee  on  Pub- 
lic Buildings  and  Grounds; 

22.  to  the  railroads  and  telegraphic  lines  between  the  Mississippi  River 
and  the  Pacific  coast:  to  the  Committee  on  Pacific  Railroads; 

23.  to  the  levees  of  the  Mississippi  River:  to  the  Committee  on  Levees 
and  Improvements  of  the  Mississippi  River; 

24.  to  education:  to  the  Committee  on  Education; 

25.  to  and  affecting  labor:  to  the  Committee  on  Labor; 

26.  to  the  militia  of  the  several  States:  to  the  Committee  on  the  Militia; 

27.  to  patents,  copyrights,  and  trade-marks:  to  the  Committee  on 
Patents; 

28.  to  the  pensions  of  the  Civil  War:  to  the  Committee  on  Invalid 
Pensions; 

29.  to  the  pensions  of  all  the  wars  of  the  United  States,  other  than  the 
civil  war:  to  the  Committee  on  Pensions; 

30.  to  private  and  domestic  claims  and  demands,  other  than  war  claims, 
against  the  United  States:  to  the  Committee  on  Claims; 

31.  to  claims  arising  from  any  war  in  which  the  United  States  has  been 
engaged:  to  the  Committee  on  War  Claims; 

"32.  to  private  claims  to  lands:  to  the  Committee  on  Private  Land  Claims; 

33.  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  other  than  appropriations  therefor:  to 
the  Committee  for  the  District  of  Columbia; 

34.  to  the  revision  and  codification  of  the  statutes  of  the  United  States: 
to  the  Committee  on  the  Revision  of  the  Laws; 

35.  The  examination  of  the  accounts  and  expenditures  of  the  several 
Departments  of  the  government  and  the  manner  of  keeping  the  same;  the 
economy,  justness,  and  correctness  of  such  expenditures;  their  conformity 
with  appropriation  laws;  the  proper  application  of  public  moneys;  the 
security  of  the  government  against  unjust  and  extravagant  demands;  re- 
trenchment; the  enforcement  of  the  payment  of  moneys  due  to  the  United 
States;  the  economy  and  accountability  of  public  officers;  the  abolishment 
of  useless  offices;  the  reduction  or  increase  of  the  pay  of  officers,  shall  all  be 
subjects  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  eight  standing  committees  on  the  pub- 
lic expenditures,  in  the  several  Departments,  as  follows: 

36.  In  the  Department  of  State:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in 
the  State  Department; 

37.  In  the  Treasury  Department:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in 
the  Treasury  Department; 

38.  In  the  War  Department:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in  the 
War  Department; 

39.  In  the  Navy  Department:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in  the 
Navy  Department; 

40.  In  the  Post-Office  Department:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures 
in  the  Post-Office  Department; 

41.  In  the  Interior  Department:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in 
the  Interior  Department; 

42.  In  the  Department  of  Justice:  to  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  in 
the  Department  of  Justice; 

43.  In  the  Department  of  Agriculture:  to  the  Committee  on  Expendi- 
tures in  the  Department  of  Agriculture ; 


108 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


44.  On  public  buildings:  to.  the  Committee  on  Expenditures  on  Public 
Buildings; 

45.  All  proposed  action  touching  the  rules  and  joint  rules  and  order  of 
business  shall  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Rules; 

46.  Touching  the  expenditure  of  the  contingent  fund  of  the  House,  the 
auditing  and  settling  of  all  accounts  which  may  be  charged  therein  by  order 
of  the  House:  to  the  Committee  on  Accounts; 

47.  The  ascertainment  of  the  travel  of  members  of  the  House  shall  be 
made  by  the  Committee  on  Mileage  and  reported  to  the  Sergeant-at-Arms; 

48.  ' Touching  the  Library  of  Congress,  statuary,  and  pictures:  to  the 
Joint  Committee  on  the  Library; 

49.  All  proposed  legislation  or  orders  touching  printing  shall  be  referred 
to  the  Joint  Committee  on  Printing  on  the  part  of  the  House; 

50.  The  enrollment  of  engrossed  bills;  to  the  Joint  Committee  on  En- 
rolled Bills; 

51.  The  following-named  committees  shall  have  leave  to  report  at  any 
time  on  the  matters  herein  stated,  viz. : The  Committee  on  Rules,  on  rules, 
joint  rules,  and  order  of  business;  the  Committee  on  Elections,  on  the  right 
of  a member  to  his  seat;  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  on  bills  raising 
revenue;  the  committees  having  jurisdiction  of  appropriations,  the  general  ap- 
propriation bills;  the  Committee  on  Rivers  and  Harbors,  bills  for  the  im- 
provement of  rivers  and  harbors;  the  Committee  on  the  Public  Lands,  bills 
for  the  forfeiture  of  land  grants  to  railroads  and  other  corporations,  bills  pre- 
venting speculation  in  the  public  lands,  and  bills  for  the  preservation  of  the 
public  lands  for  the  benefit  of  actual  and  bona  fide  settlers;  the  Committee  on 
Enrolled  Bills,  enrolled  bills;  the  Committee  on  Printing,  on  all  matter  re 
ferred  to  them  of  printing  for  the  use  of  the  House  or  two  houses:  the  Com- 
mittee on  Accounts,  on  all  matters  of  expenditure  of  the  contingent  fund  of 
the  House. 

It  shall  always  be  in  order  to  call  up  for  consideration  a report  from  the 
Committee  on  Rules,  and  pending  the  consideration  the  Speaker  may  enter- 
tain one  motion  that  the  House  adjourn;  butafter  the  result  is  announced,  he 
shall  not  entertain  any  other  dilatory  motion  until  the  said  report  shall  have 
been  fully  disposed  of.  Any  commission  authorized  by  law  to  report  by  bill 
to  the  House  shall  have  leave  to  report  such  bill  at  any  time,  and  may  call 
the  same  up  for  consideration  as  provided  in  the  fifth  clause  of  Rule  XXIV. 

52.  No  committee  shall  sit  during  the  sitting  of  the  House  without  special 
leave. 

53.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  several  committees  having  jurisdiction  of 
the  general  appropriation  bills  to  report  said  appropriation  bills  (except  the  gen- 
eral deficiency  bill)  within  eighty  days  after  the  committees  are  announced 
in  a long  session,  and  within  forty  days  after  the  commencement  of  a short 
session ; and  if  any  committee  fail  to  so  report,  the  reasons  of  such  failure 
shall  be  privileged  for  consideration  when  called  for  by  any  member  of  the 
House. 


Rule  XII. 

DELEGATES. 

The  speaker  shall  appoint  from  among  the  delegates  one  additional  mem- 
ber on  each  of  the  following  committees,  viz.:  Coinage,  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures; Agriculture;  Military  Affairs;  Post-Office  and  Post-Roads;  Public 
Lands;  Indian  Affairs;  Private  Land  Claims;  and  Mines  and  Mining;  and 
two  on  the  Committee  on  the  Territories;  and  they  shall  possess  in  their  re- 
spective committees  the  same  powers  and  privileges  as  in  the  House,  and  may 
make  any  motion  except  to  reconsider. 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


109 


Rule  XIII. 

CALENDARS. 

1.  There  shall  he  three  calendars  of  business  reported  from  committees, 
viz. : 

First.  A Calendar  of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  House  on  the  state  of 
the  Union;  to  which  shall  be  referred  bills  raising  revenue,  general  appropri- 
ation bills,  and  bills  of  a public  character,  directly  or  indirectly  appropriating 
money  or  property; 

Second.  A House  Calendar,  to  which  shall  be  referred  all  bills  of  a public 
character  not  raising  revenue  nor  directly  or  indirectly  appropriating  money 
or  property;  and 

Third.  A Calendar  of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  House,  to  which  shall 
be  referred  all  bills  of  a private  character. 

2.  The  question  of  reference  of  any  proposition,  other  than  that  reported 
from  a committee,  shall  be  decided  without  debate,  in  the  following  order, 
viz:  a standing  committee,  a select  committee;  but  the  reference  of  a propo- 
sition reported  by  a committee,  when  demanded,  shall  be  decided  according 
to  its  character,  without  debate,  in  the  following  order,  viz.:  House  Calendar, 
Committee  of  the  Whole  House  on  the  state  of  the  Union,  Committee  of  the 
Whole  House,  a standing  committee,  a select  committee.  All  reports  of 
committees  on  private  bills,  together  with  the  views  of  the  minority,  shall  be 
delivered  to  the  clerk  for  printing  and  reference  to  the  proper  calendar  under 
the  direction  of  the  Speaker  in  accordance  with  the  foregoing  clause,  and  the 
titles  or  subjects  thereof  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  and  printed  in  the 
Record. 

Rule  XIV. 

OF  DECORUM  AND  DEBATE. 

1.  When  any  member  desires  to  speak  or  deliver  any  matter  to  the  House, 
he  shall  rise  and  respectfully  address  himself  to  “Mr.  Speaker,”  and,  on  be- 
ing recognized,  may  address  the  House  from  any  place  on  the  floor  or  from 
the  Clerk’s  desk,  and  shall  confine  himself  to  the  question  under  debate, 
avoiding  personality. 

2.  When  two  or  more  members  rise  at  once,  the  Speaker  shall  name  the 
member  who  is  first  to  speak ; and  no  member  shall  occupy  more  than  one 
hour  in  debate  on  any  question  in  the  House  or  in  the  committee,  except  as 
further  provided  in  this  rule. 

3.  The  member  reporting  the  measure  under  consideration  from  a com- 
mittee may  open  and  close,  where  general  debate  has  been  had  thereon;  and 
if  it  shall  extend  beyond  one  day,  he  shall  be  entitled  to  one  hour  to  close, 
notwithstanding  he  may  have  used  an  hour  in  opening. 

4.  If  any  member,  in  speaking  or  otherwise,  transgress  the  rules  of  the 
House,  the  Speaker  shall,  or  any  member  may,  call  him  to  order;  in  which 
case  he  shall  immediately  sit  down,  unless  permitted,  on  motion  of  another 
member,  to  explain,  and  the  House  shall,  if  appealed  to,  decide  on  the  case, 
without  debate;  if  the  decision  is  in  favor  of  the  member  called  to  order,  he 
shall  be  at  liberty  to  proceed,  but  not  otherwise;  and,  if  the  case  require  it, 
he  shall  be  liable  to  censure  or  such  punishment  as  the  House  may  deem 
proper. 

5.  If  a member  is  called  to  order  for  words  spoken  in  debate,  the  member 
calling  him  to  order  shall  indicate  the  words  excepted  to,  and  they  shall  be 
taken  down  in  writing  at  the  Clerk’s  desk  and  read  aloud  to  the  House ; but 
he  shall  not  be  held  to  answer,  nor  be  subject  to  the  censure  of  the  House 
therefor,  if  further  debate  or  other  business  has  intervened. 


110 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


6.  No  member  shall  speak  more  than  once  to  the  same  question  without 
leave  of  the  House,  unless  he  be  the  mover,  proposer,  or  introducer  of  the 
matter  pending,  in  which  case  he  shall  be  permitted  to  speak  in  reply,  but 
not  lint  il  every  member  choosing  to  speak  shall  have  spoken. 

7.  While  the  Speaker  is  putting  a question  or  addressing  the  House  no 
member  shall  walk  out  of  or  across  the  hall,  nor,  when  a member  is  speaking, 
pass  between  him  and  the  Chair;  and  during  the  session  of  the  House  uo 
member  shall  wear  his  hat,  or  remain  by  the  Clerk’s  desk  during  the  call  of 
the  roll  or  the  counting  of  ballots,  or  smoke  upon  the  floor  of  the  House;  and 
the  Sergeant-at-Arms  and  Doorkeeper  are  charged  with  the  strict  enforcement 
of  this  clause. 

Rule  XY. 

ON  CALLS  OF  THE  ROLL  AND  HOUSE. 

1.  Upon  every  roll-call  the  names  of  the  members  shall  be  called  alpha- 
betically by  surname,  except  when  two  or  more  have  the  same  surname,  in 
which  case  the  name  of  the  State  shall  be  added;  and  if  there  be  two  such 
members  from  the  same  State,  the  whole  name  shall  be  called;  and  after  the 
roll  has  been  once  called,  the  Clerk  shall  call  in  their  alphabetical  order  the 
names  of  those  not  voting;  and  thereafter  the  Speaker  shall  not  entertain  a 
request  to  record  a vote  or  announce  a pair. 

2.  In  the  absence  of  a quorum,  fifteen  members,  including  the  Speaker,  if 
there  is  one,  shall  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members, 
and  in  all  calls  of  the  House  the  names  of  the  members  shall  be  called  by  the 
Clerk,  and  the  absentees  noted;  the  doors  shall  then  be  closed,  and  those  for 
whom  no  sufficient  excuse  is  made  may,  by  order  of  a majority  of  those  pres- 
ent, be  sent  for  and  arrested,  wherever  they  may  be  found,  by  officers  to  be 
appointed  by  the  Sergeant-at-Arms  for  that  purpose,  and  their  attendance 
secured;  and  the  House  shall  determine  upon  what  condition  they  shall  be 
discharged. 

Members  who  voluntarily  appear  shall,  unless  the  House  otherwise  direct, 
be  immediately  admitted  to  the  Hall  of  the  House,  and  they  shall  report  their 
names  to  the  Clerk  to  be  entered  upon  the  journal  as  present. 

Rule  XVI. 

ON  MOTIONS,  THEIR  PRECEDENCE,  ETC. 

1.  Every  motion  made  to  the  House  and  entertained  by  the  Speaker  shall 
be  reduced  to  writing  on  the  demand  of  any  member,  and  shall  be  entered  on 
the  journal  with  the  name  of  the  member  making  it,  unless  it  is  withdrawn 
thePsame  day. 

2.  When  a motion  has  been  made,  the  Speaker  shall  state  it,  or  (if  it  be  in 
writing)  cause  it  to  be  read  aloud  by  the  Clerk  before  being  debated,  and  it 
shall  then  be  in  possession  of  the  House,  but  may  be  withdrawn  at  any  time 
before  a decision  or  amendment. 

3.  When  any  motion  or  proposition  is  made,  the  question,  Will  the 
House  now  consider  it  ? shall  not  be  put  unless  demanded  by  a member. 

4.  When  a question  is  under  debate  no  motion  shall  be  received  but  to  fix 
the  day  to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  to  adjourn,  to  take  a recess,  to  lay 
on  the  table,  for  the  previous  question  (which  motions  shall  be  decided  with- 
out debate),  to  postpone  to  a day  certain,  to  refer  or  amend,  or  to  postpone 
indefinitely,  which  several  motions  shall  have  precedence  in  the  foregoing 
order;  and  no  motion  to  postpone  to  a day  certain,  to  refer,  or  to  postpone 
indefinitely,  being  decided,  shall  be  again  allowed  on  the  same  day  at  the 
same  stage  of  the  question. 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


Ill 


5.  A motion  to  fix  the  day  to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  a motion  to 
adjourn,  and  to  take  a recess  shall  always  be  in  order,  and  the  hour  at  which 
the  House  adjourns  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

6.  On  the  demand  of  any  member,  before  the  question  is  put,  a question 
shall  be  divided  if  it  include  propositions  so  distinct  in  substance  that  one  be- 
ing taken  away  a substantive  proposition  shall  remain. 

7.  A motion  to  strike  out  and  insert  is  indivisible,  but  a motion  to  strike 
out  being  lost  shall  neither  preclude  amendment  nor  motion  to  strike  out  and 
insert ; and  no  motion  or  proposition  on  a subject  different  from  that  under 
consideration  shall  be  admitted  under  color  of  amendment. 

S.  Pending  a motion  to  suspend  the  rules  the  Speaker  may  entertain  one 
motion  that  the  House  adjourn;  but  after  the  result  thereon  is  announced  lie 
shall  not  entertain  any  other  dilatory  motion  till  the  vote  is  taken  on  suspen- 
sion. 

9.  At  any  time  after  the  expiration  of  the  morning  hour  it  shall  be  in 
order  to  move  that  the  House  resolve  itself  into  the  Committee  of  the  Whole 
House  on  the  state  of  the  Union  for  the  purpose  of  considering  bills  raising 
revenue,  or  general  appropriation  bills. 

Rule  XYH. 

PREVIOUS  QUESTION. 

1.  There  shall  be  a motion  for  the  previous  question,  which,  being  ordered 
by  a majority  of  members  present,  if  a quorum,  shall  have  the  effect  to  cut 
off  all  debate  and  bring  the  House  to  a direct  vote  upon  the  immediate  ques- 
tion or  questions  on  which  it  has  been  asked  and  ordered.  The  previous 
question  may  be  asked  and  ordered  upon  a single  motion,  a series  of  motions 
allowable  under  the  rules,  or  an  amendment  or  amendments,  or  may  be  made 
to  embrace  all  authorized  motions  or  amendments  and  include  the  bill  to  its 
engrossment  and  third  reading,  and  then,  on  renewal  and  second  of  said  mo- 
tion, to  its  passage  or  rejection.  It  shall  be  in  order,  pending  the  motion  for 
or  after  the  previous  question  shall  have  been  ordered  on  its  passage,  for  the 
Speaker  to  entertain  and  submit  a motion  to  commit,  with  or  without  instruc- 
tions, to  a standing  or  select  committee ; and  a motion  to  lay  upon  the  table 
shall  be  in  order  on  the  second  and  third  reading  of  a bill. 

2.  A call  of  the  House  shall  not  be  in  order  after  the  previous  question  is 
ordered,  unless  it  shall  appear  upon  an  actual  count  by  the  Speaker  that  a 
quorum  is  not  present. 

3.  All  incidental  questions  of  order  arising  after  a motion  is  made  for  the 
previous  question  and  pending  such  motion,  shall  be  decided,  whether  on 
appeal  or  otherwise,  without  debate. 

Rule  XVIII. 

RECONSIDERATION. 

1.  When  a motion  has  been  made  and  carried  or  lost,  it  shall  be  in  order 
for  any  member  of  the  majority,  on  the  same  or  succeeding  day,  to  move  for 
the  reconsideration  thereof,  and  such  motion  shall  take  precedence  of  all 
other  questions  except  the  consideration  of  a conference  report,  a motion  to 
fix  the  day  to  which  the  House  shall  adjourn,  to  adjourn,  or  to  take  a recess, 
and  shall  not  be  withdrawn  after  the  said  succeeding  day  without  the  consent 
of  the  House,  and  thereafter  any  member  may  call  it  up  for  consideration  : 
Provided,  That  such  motion,  if  made  during  the  last  six  days  of  a session, 
shall  be  disposed  of  when  made. 


112 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


2.  No  bill,  petition,  memorial,  or  resolution  referred  to  a committee,  or 
reported  therefrom  for  printing  and  recommitment,  shall  be  brought  back 
into  the  House  on  a motion  to  reconsider;  and  all  bills,  petitions,  memorials, 
or  resolutions  reported  from  a committee  shall  be  accompanied  by  reports  in 
writing,  which  shall  be  printed. 


Rule  XIX. 

OF  AMENDMENTS. 

When  a motion  or  proposition  is  under  consideration,  a motion  to  amend 
and  a motion  to  amend  that  amendment  shall  be  in  order,  and  it  shall  also  be 
in  order  to  offer  a further  amendment  by  way  of  substitute,  to  which  one 
amendment  may  be  offered,  but  which  shall  not  be  voted  on  until  the  original 
matter  is  perfected,  but  either  may  be  withdrawn  before  amendment  or  decis- 
ion is  had  thereon. 

Rule  XX. 

OF  AMENDMENTS  OF  THE  SENATE. 

Any  amendment  of  the  Senate  to  any  House  bill  shall  be  subject  to  the 
point  of  order  that  it  shall  first  be  considered  in  the  Committee  of  the  Whole 
House  on  the  state  of  the  Union  if,  originating  in  the  House,  it  would  be 
subject  to  that  point. 

Rule  XXI. 

ON  BILLS. 

1.  Bills  and  joint  resolutions  on  their  passage  shall  be  read  the  first  time 
by  title  and  the  second  time  in  full,  when,  if  the  previous  question  is  ordered, 
the  Speaker  shall  state  the  question  to  be:  Shall  the  bill  be  engrossed  and 
read  a third  time?  and  if  decided  in  the  affirmative,  it  shall  be  read  the  third 
time  by  title,  unless  the  reading  in  full  is  demanded  by  a member,  and  the 
question  shall  then  be  put  upon  its  passage. 

2.  No  appropriation  shall  be  reported  in  any  general  appropriation  bill,  or 
be  in  order  as  an  amendment  thereto,  for  any  expenditure  not  previously  au- 
thorized by  law,  unless  in  continuation  of  appropriations  for  such  public 
works  and  objects  as  are  already  in  progress.  Nor  shall  any  provision  in  any 
such  bill  or  amendment  thereto  changing  existing  law  be  in  order,  except 
such  as,  being  germane  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  bill,  shall  retrench  expen- 
ditures by  the  reduction  of  the  number  and  salary  of  the  officers  of  the  United 
States,  by  the  reduction  of  the  compensation  of  any  person  paid  out  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States,  or  by  the  reduction  of  amounts  of  money  cov- 
ered by  the  bill:  Provided,  That  it  shall  be  in  order  further  to  amend  such 
bill  upon  the  report  of  the  committee  having  jurisdiction  of  the  subject- 
matter  of  such  amendment,  which  amendment,  being  germane  to  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  the  bill,  shall  retrench  expenditures. 

3.  All  bills  for  improvements  of  rivers  and  harbors,  and  all  bills  of  a pri- 
vate nature,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  Clerk,  as  in  the  case  of  memorials  and 
petitions,  for  reference  to  appropriate  committees. 

4.  No  bill  for  the  payment  or  adjudication  of  any  private  claim  against 
the  government  shall  be  referred,  except  by  unanimous  consent,  to  any  other 
than  the  following-named  committees,  viz. : To  the  Committee  on  Invalid 
Pensions,  to  the  Committee  on  Pensions,  to  the  Committee  on  Claims,  to  the 
Committee  on  War  Claims,  to  the  Committee  on  Private  Land  Claims,  and 
to  the  Committee  on  Accounts. 


BULES,  HOUSE  OF  KEPRESENTATIVES. 


113 


Rule  XXII. 

OF  PETITIONS,  MEMORIALS,  BILLS,  AND  RESOLUTIONS. 

1.  Members  having  petitions  or  memorials  or  bills  of  a private  nature  to 
present  may  deliver  them  to  the  Clerk,  indorsing  their  names  and  the  refer- 
ence or  disposition  to  be  made  thereof;  and  said  petitions  and  memorials  and 
bills  of  a private  nature,  except  such  as,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Speaker,  are 
of  an  obscene  or  insulting  character,  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  with  the 
names  of  the  members  presenting  them,  and  the  Clerk  shall  furnish  a tran- 
script of  such  entry  to  the  official  reporters  of  debates  for  publication  in  the 
Record. 

2.  Any  petition  or  memorial  or  private  bill  excluded  under  this  rule  shall 
be  returned  to  the  member  from  whom  it  was  received ; and  petitions  and 
private  bills  which  have  been  inappropriately  referred  may,  by  direction  of 
the  committee  having  possession  of  the  same,  be  properly  referred  in  the 
manner  originally  presented;  and  an  erroneous  reference  of  a petition  or  pri- 
vate bill  under  this  clause  shall  not  confer  jurisdiction  upon  the  committee  to 
consider  or  report  the  same. 

3.  All  other  bills,  memorials,  and  resolutions,  may  in  like  manner  be  de- 
livered, indorsed  with  the  names  of  members  introducing  them,  to  the 
Speaker,  to  be  by  him  referred,  and  the  titles  and  references  thereof  shall  be 
entered  on  the  journal  and  printed  in  the  Record  of  the  next  day,  and  cor- 
rection in  case  of  error  of  reference  may  be  made  by  the  House  in  accordance 
with  Rule  XI  within  three  days  immediately  after  the  reading  of  the  jour- 
nal, by  unanimous  consent,  or  on  motion  of  a committee  claiming  jurisdic- 
tion, or  on  the  report  of  the  committee  to  which  the  bill  has  been  erroneously 
referred. 

4.  All  resolutions  of  inquiry  addressed  to  the  heads  of  Executive  Depart- 
ments shall  be  reported  to  the  House  within  one  week  after  presentation. 

Rule  XXIII. 

OF  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  WHOLE  HOUSE. 

1.  In  all  cases, in  forming  a Committee  of  the  Whole  House,  the  Speaker 
shall  leave  his  chair  after  appointing  a Chairman  to  preside,  who  shall,  in 
case  of  disturbance  or  disorderly  conduct  in  the  galleries  or  lobby,  have  power 
to  cause  the  same  to  be  cleared. 

2.  Whenever  a Committee  of  the  Whole  House  finds  itself  without  a quo- 
rum, the  Chairman  shall  cause  the  roll  to  be  called,  and  thereupon  the  com- 
mittee shall  rise,  and  the  Chairman  shall  report  the  names  of  the  absentees  to 
the  House,  which  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal;  but  if  on  such  call  a quo- 
rum shall  appear,  the  committee  shall  thereupon  resume  its  sitting  without 
further  order  of  the  House. 

3.  All  motions  or  propositions  involving  a tax  or  charge  upon  the  people; 
all  proceedings  touching  appropriations  of  money,  or  bills  making  appro- 
priations of  money  or  property,  or  requiring  such  appropriation  to  be  made, 
or  authorizing  payments  out  of  appropriations  already  made,  or  releasing  any 
liability  to  the  United  States  for  money  or  property,  shall  be  first  considered 
in  a Committee  of  the  Whole,  and  a point  of  order  under  this  rule  shall  be 
good  at  any  time  before  the  consideration  of  a bill  has  commenced. 

4.  In  Committees  of  the  Whole  House,  business  on  their  calendars  shall 
be  taken  up  in  regular  order,  except  bills  for  raising  revenue,  general  appro- 
priation bills,  and  bills  for  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors,  which 
shall  have  precedence,  and  when  objection  is  made  to  passing  over  any  bill 
or  proposition,  the  committee  shall  thereupon  rise  and  report  such  objection 


] 14 


RULES,  HOUSE  OP  REPRESENTATIVES. 


to  the  House,  which  shall  decide,  without  debate,  whether  such  hill  or  prop- 
osition shall  be  considered  or  laid  aside  for  the  present;  whereupon  the  com- 
mittee shall  resume  its  sitting  without  further  order  of  the  House. 

5.  When  general  debate  is  closed  by  order  of  the  House,  any  member 
shall  be  allowed  live  minutes  to  explain  any  amendment  he  may  offer,  after 
which  the  member  who  shall  first  obtain  the  floor  shall  be  allowed  to  speak 
five  minutes  in  opposition  to  it,  and  there  shall  be  no  further  debate  thereon; 
but  the  same  privilege  of  debate  shall  be  allowed  in  favor  of  and  against  any 
amendment  that  may  be  offered  to  an  amendment;  and  neither  an  amend- 
ment nor  an  amendment  to  an  amendment  shall  be  withdrawn  by  the  mover 
thereof  unless  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  committee. 

6.  The  House  may,  by  the  vote  of  the  majority  of  the  members  present, 
at  any  time  after  the  five  minutes’  debate  has  begun  upon  proposed  amend- 
ments to  any  section  or  paragraph  to  a bill,  close  all  debate  upon  such  section 
or  paragraph,  or,  at  its  election,  upon  the  pending  amendments  only  (which 
motion  shall  be  decided  without  debate);  but  this  shall  not  preclude  further 
amendment,  to  be  decided  without  debate. 

7.  A motion  to  strike  out  the  enacting  words  of  a bill  shall  have  prece- 
dence of  a motion  to  amend;  and,  if  carried,  shall  be  considered  equivalent 
to  its  rejection.  Whenever  a bill  is  reported  from  a Committee  of  the  Whole 
with  an  adverse  recommendation,  and  such  recommendation  is  disagreed  to 
by  the  House,  the  bill  shall  stand  recommitted  to  the  said  committee  without 
further  action  by  the  House.  But  before  the  question  of  concurrence  is  sub- 
mitted, it  is  in  order  to  entertain  a motion  to  refer  the  bill  to  any  committee, 
with  or  without  instructions,  and  when  the  same  is  again  reported  to  the 
House  it  shall  be  referred  to  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  without  debate. 

8.  The  rules  of  proceeding  in  the  House  shall  be  observed  in  Committees 
of  the  Whole  House  so  far  as  they  may  be  applicable. 

Role  XXIV. 

ORDER  OP  BUSINESS. 

1.  After  the  journal  is  read  and  approved  each  day,  the  Speaker  shall 
lay  before  the  House,  for  reference,  messages  from  the  President,  reports  and 
communications  from  the  heads  of  Departments,  and  other  communications 
addressed  to  the  House,  and  also  such  bills,  resolutions,  and  other  messages 
from  the  Senate  as  may  have  been  received  on  previous  days,  but  no  such 
message,  report,  communication,  bill,  or  resolution  shall  be  printed  except 
by  order  of  the  Speaker  of  the  House;  and  House  bills  with  Senate  amend- 
ments which  do  not  require  consideration  in  Committee  of  the  Whole  maybe 
at  once  disposed  of  as  the  House  may  determine. 

2.  On  all  days  other  than  the  first  and  third  Mondays  in  each  month  as 
soon  as  the  business  on  the  Speaker’s  table  has  been  disposed  of,  there  shall 
be  a morning  hour  for  reports  from  committees,  which  shall  be  appropriately 
referred  and  printed,  and  a copy  thereof  mailed  by  the  Public  Printer  to  each 
member  and  delegate,  if  requested  in  writing  by  the  member  or  delegate; 
and  the  Speaker  shall  call  upon  each  standing  committee  in  regular  order 
and  then  upon  the  select  committees;  and  if  the  whole  of  the  hour  is  not  con- 
sumed by  this  call,  then  it  shall  be  in  order  to  proceed  to  the  consideration  of 
other  business  as  hereinafter  provided;  but  if  he  shall  not  complete  the  call 
within  the  hour,  he  shall  resume  it  in  the  succeeding  morning  hour  where  he 
left  off. 

3.  The  morning  hour  for  the  call  of  committees  shall  not  be  dispensed 
with  except  by  a vote  of  two-thirds  of  those  present  and  voting  thereon. 

4.  After  the  morning  hour  shall  have  been  devoted  to  reports  from  com- 
mittees (or  the  call  completed),  the  Speaker  shall  again  call  the  committees 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


115 


in  regular  order  for  one  hour,  upon  which  call  each  committee,  on  being 
named,  shall  have  the  right  to  call  up  for  consideration  any  hill  reported  by 
it  on  a previous  day,  on  either  the  House  or  Union  Calendar.  And  whenever 
any  committee  shall  have  occupied  the  said  hour  for  one  day,  it  shall  not  be 
in  order  for  such  committee  to  designate  any  other  proposition  for  considera- 
tion until  all  the  other  committees  shall  have  been  called  in  their  turn;  and 
when  any  proposition  shall  have  occupied  two  hours  on  this  call  it  shall  there- 
after remain  on  the  Calendar  as  unfinished  business  and  be  taken  up  in  its 
order:  Pravided,  That  when  the  hour  herein  prescribed  shall  expire  while  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole  House  ou  the  state  of  the  Union  is  considering  a bill, 
the  said  committee  shall  rise  without  motion  therefor. 

5.  After  the  hour  under  the  preceding  clause  shall  have  been  occupied, 
it  shall  be  in  order  to  proceed  to  the  consideration  of  the  unfinished  business 
in  which  the  House  may  have  been  engaged  at  an  adjournment,  and  at  the 
same  time  each  day  thereafter,  other  than  the  first  and  third  Mondays,  until 
disposed  of;  and  it  shall  be  in  order  to  proceed  to  the  consideration  of  all 
other  unfinished  business  whenever  the  class  of  business  to  which  it  belongs 
shall  be  in  order. 

6.  Unfinished  business,  if  any,  having  been  disposed  of,  motions  shall  be 
in  order  as  follows: 

First.  That  the  House  resolve  itself  into  the  Committee  of  the  Whole 
House  on  the  state  of  the  Union  to  consider,  first,  bills  raising  revenue  and 
general  appropriation  bills,  and  then  other  business  on  its  Calendar. 

Second.  To  proceed  to  the  consideration  of  business  on  the  House 
Calendar. 

Third.  On  Friday  of  each  week,  after  the  morning  hour,  it  shall  be  in 
order  to  entertain  a motion  that  the  House  resolve  itself  into  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole  House  to  consider  business  on  the  Private  Calendar;  and  if  this 
fail,  then  public  business  shall  be  in  order  as  on  other  days. 

Rule  SXV. 

PRIORITY  OF  BUSINESS. 

All  questions  relating  to  the  priority  of  business  shall  be  decided  by  a 
majority  without  debate. 

Rule  XXVI. 

PRIVATE  AND  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA  BUSINESS. 

1.  Friday  in  every  week  shall  be  set  apart  for  the  consideration  of  private 
business,  unless  otherwise  determined  by  the  House. 

2.  The  second  and  fourth  Mondays  in  each  month  shall,  when  claimed 
by  the  Committee  on  the  District  of  Columbia,  be  set  apart  for  the  considera- 
tion of  such  business  as  may  be  presented  by  said  committee. 

3.  Every  Friday,  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  the  House,  there  shall  be 
a session  of  the  House,  to  begin  at  8 o’clock  p.  m.,  and  to  terminate  at  half- 
past 10  o’clock  p.  m.,  to  consider  and  dispose  of  bills  to  remove  political  dis- 
abilities of  individuals  and  private  bills  reported  by  the  Committee  on  Pen- 
sions and  the  Committee  on  Invalid  Pensions. 

Rule  XXYII. 

UNFINISHED  BUSINESS  OF  THE  SESSION. 

After  six  days  from  the  commencement  of  a second  or  a subsequent  ses- 
sion of  any  Congress,  all  bills,  resolutions,  and  reports  which  originated  in  the 
House,  and  remained  undetermined  at  the  close  of  the  last  preceding  session, 


116 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


shall  be  in  order  for  action,  and  all  business  before  committees  of  the  House 
at  the  end  of  one  session  shall  be  resumed  at  the  commencement  of  the  next 
session  of  the  same  Congress  in  the  same  manner  as  if  no  adjournment  had 
taken  place. 

Rule  XXVIII. 

CHANGE  OR  SUSPENSION  OP  RULES. 

1.  No  standing  rule  or  order  of  the  House  shall  be  rescinded  or  changed 
without  one  day’s  notice  of  the  motion  therefor,  and  no  rule  shall  be  sus- 
pended except  by  a vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present,  nor  shall  the 
Speaker  entertain  a motion  to  suspend  the  rules  except  on  the  first  and  third 
Mondays  of  each  month,  preference  being  given  on  the  first  Monday  to  indi- 
viduals and  on  the  third  Monday  to  committees,  and  during  the  last  six  days 
of  a session. 

2.  All  motions  to  suspend  the  rules  shall,  before  being  submitted  to  the 
House,  be  seconded  by  a majority  by  tellers,  if  demanded. 

3.  When  a motion  to  suspend  the  rules  has  been  seconded,  it  shall  be  in 
order,  before  the  final  vote  is  taken  thereon,  to  debate  the  proposition  to  be 
voted  upon  for  thirty  minutes,  one-half  of  such  time  to  be  given  to  debate  in 
favor  of,  and  one-lialf  to  debate  iu  opposition  to,  such  proposition,  and  the 
same  right  of  debate  shall  be  allowed  whenever  the  previous  question  has 
been  ordered  on  any  proposition  on  which  there  has  been  no  debate. 

Rule  XXIX. 

CONFERENCE  REPORTS. 

The  presentation  of  reports  of  committees  of  conference  shall  always  be 
in  order,  except  when  the  journal  is  being  read,  while  the  roll  is  being  called, 
or  the  House  is  dividing  on  any  proposition.  And  there  shall  accompany 
every  such  report  a detailed  statement  sufficiently  explicit  to  inform  the 
House  what  effect  such  amendments  or  propositions  will  have  upon  the 
measures  to  which  they  relate. 

Rule  XXX. 

SECRET  SESSION. 

Whenever  confidential  communications  are  received  from  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  or  whenever  the  Speaker  or  any  member  shall  inform  the 
House  that  he  has  communications  which  he  believes  ought  to  be  kept  secret 
for  the  present,  the  House  shall  be  cleared  of  all  persons  except  the  members 
and  officers  thereof,  and  so  continue  during  the  reading  of  such  communica- 
tions, the  debates  and  proceedings  thereon,  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  the 
House. 

Rule  XXXI. 

READING  OP  PAPERS. 

When  the  reading  of  a paper  other  than  one  upon  which  the  House  is 
called  to  give  a final  vote  is  demanded,  and  the  same  is  objected  to  by  any 
member,  it  shall  be  determined  without  debate  by  a vote  of  the  House. 

Rule  XXXII. 

DRAWING  OP  SEATS. 

1.  At  the  commencement  of  each  Congress,  immediately  after  the  mem- 
bers and  delegates  are  sworn  in,  the  Clerk  shall  place  in  a box,  prepared  for 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


11 


that  purpose,  a number  of  small  balls  of  marble  or  other  material  equal  to 
the  number  of  members  and  delegates,  -which  balls  shall  be  consecutively 
numbered  and  thoroughly  intermingled,  and  at  such  hour  as' shall  be  fixed 
by  the  House  for  that  purpose,  by  the  hands  of  a page,  draw  said  balls  one 
by  one  from  the  box  and  announce  the  number  as  it  is  drawn,  upon  which 
announcement  the  member  or  delegate  whose  name  on  a numbered  alphabet- 
ical list  shall  correspond  with  the  number  on  the  ball  shall  advance  and 
choose  his  seat  for  the  term  for  which  he  is  elected. 

2.  Before  said  drawing  shall  commence  each  seat  shall  be  vacated  and 
so  remain  until  selected  under  this  rule,  and  any  seat  having  been  selected 
shall  be  deemed  forfeited  if  left  unoccupied  before  the  call  of  the  roll  is  fin- 
ished, and  whenever  the  seats  of  members  and  delegates  shall  have  been 
drawn,  no  proposition  for  a second  drawing  shall  be  in  order  during  that 
Congress. 

Rule  XXXIII. 

HALL  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

The  hall  of  the  House  shall  be  used  only  for  the  legislative  business  of  the 
House,  and  for  the  caucus  meetings  of  its  members,  except  upon  occasions 
where  the  House  by  resolution  agree  to  take  part  in  any  ceremonies  to  be  ob- 
served therein;  and  the  Speaker  shall  not  entertain  a motion  for  the  suspen- 
sion of  this  rule. 

Rule  XXXIV. 

OF  ADMISSION  TO  THE  FLOOR. 

The  persons  hereinafter  named,  and  none  other,  shall  be  admitted  to  the 
hall  of  the  House  or  rooms  leading  thereto,  viz:  The  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  and  their  private  secretaries,  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  members  of  Congress  and  members-elect,  contestants  in 
election  cases  during  the  pendency  of  their  cases  in  the  House,  the  Secretary 
and  Sergeant-at-Arms  of  the  Senate,  heads  of  Departments,  foreign  ministers, 
governors  of  States,  the  Architect  of  the  Capitol,  the  Librarian  of  Congress 
and  his  assistant  in  charge  of  the  Law  Library,  such  persons  as  have,  by 
name,  received  the  thanks  of  Congress,  ex-members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives who  are  not  interested  in  any  claim  or  bill  pending  before  Con- 
gress, and  clerks  of  committees,  when  business  from  their  committee  is  under 
consideration ; and  it  shall  not  be  in  order  for  the  Speaker  to  entertain  a 
request  for  the  suspension  of  this  rule  or  to  present  from  the  Chair  the  request 
of  any  member  for  unanimous  consent. 


Rule  XXXV. 

OF  ADMISSION  TO  THE  GALLERIES. 

The  Speaker  shall  set  aside  a portion  of  the  west  gallery  for  the  use  of  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  the  members  of  his  Cabinet,  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  foreign  ministers  and  suites,  and  the  members  of  their 
respective  families,  and  shall  also  set  aside  another  portion  of  the  same  gal- 
lery for  the  accommodation  of  persons  to  be  admitted  on  the  card  of  mem- 
bers. The  southerly  half  of  the  east  gallery  shall  be  assigned  exclusively 
for  the  use  of  the  families  of  members  of  Congress,  in  which  the  Speaker 
shall  control  one  bench,  and  on  request  of  a member  the  Speaker  shall  issue 
a card  of  admission  to  his  family,  which  shall  include- their  visitors,  and  no 
other  person  shall  be  admitted  to  this  section. 


118 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


Rule  XXXVI. 

OFFICIAL  AND  OTHER  REPORTERS. 

1.  The  appointment  and  removal,  for  cause,  of  the  official  reporters  of 
the  House,  including  stenographers  of  committees,  and  the  manner  of  the 
execution  of  their  duties,  shall  be  vested  in  the  Speaker. 

2.  Stenographers  and  reporters,  other  than  the  official  reporters  of  the 
House,  wishing  to  take  down  the  debates  and  proceedings,  may  be  admitted 
by  the  Speaker  to  the  reporters’  gallery  over  the  Speaker’s  chair,  under  such 
regulations  as  he  may,  from  time  to  time,  prescribe;  and  he  may  assign  seats 
on  the  floor  to  a representative  of  both  the  Associated  and  the  United  Press 
Associations,  and  may  admit  to  the  privileges  of  the  floor  an  assistant  to  each 
of  such  representatives. 

Rule  XXXVII. 

PAY  OF  WITNESSES. 

The  rale  for  paying  witnesses  subpoenaed  to  appear  before  the  House,  or 
any  of  its  committees,  shall  be  as  follows  : For  each  day  a witness  shall 
attend,  the  sum  of  two  dollars;  for  each  mile  he  shall  travel  in  coming  to  or 
going  from  the  place  of  examination,  the  sum  of  five  cents  each  way;  but 
nothing  shall  be  paid  for  traveling  when  the  witness  has  been  summoned  at 
the  place  of  trial. 

Rule  XXXVIII.  * 

PAPERS. 

1.  The  clerks  of  the  several  committees  of  the  House  shall,  within  three 
days  after  the-  final  adjournment  of  a Congress,  deliver  to  the  clerk  of  the 
House  all  bills,  joint  resolutions,  petitions,  and  other  papers  referred  to  the 
committee,  together  with  all  evidence  taken  by  such  committee  under  the 
order  of  the  House  during  the  said  Congress,  and  not  reported  to  the  House; 
and  in  the  event  of  the  failure  or  neglect  of  any  clerk  of  a committee  to  com- 
ply with  this  rale,  the  Clerk  of  the  House  shall,  within  three  days  thereafter, 
take  into  his  keeping  all  such  papers  and  testimony. 

Rule  XXXIX. 

WITHDRAWAL  OF  PAPERS. 

No  memorial  or  other  paper  presented  to  the  House  shall  be  withdrawn 
from  its  flies  without  its  leave,  and  if  withdrawn  therefrom,  certified  copies 
thereof  shall  be  left  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk;  but  when  an  act  may  pass  for 
the  settlement  of  a claim,  the  Clerk  is  authorized  to  transmit  to  the  officer 
charged  with  the  settlement  thereof  the  papers  on  file  in  his  office  relating  to 
such  claim,  or  may  loan  temporarily  to  any  officer  or  Bureau  of  the  Execu- 
tive Departments  any  papers  on  file  in  his  office  relating  to  any  matter  pend- 
ing before  such  officer  or  Bureau,  taking  proper  receipt  therefor. 

Rule  XL. 

BALLOT. 

In  all  other  cases  of  ballot  than  for  committees,  a majority  of  the  votes 
given  shall  be  necessary  to  an  election,  and  where  there  shall  not  be  such  a 
majority  on  the  first  ballot,  the  ballots  shall  be  repeated  until  a majority  be 
obtained;  and  in  all  balloting  blanks  shall  be  rejected  and  not  taken  into  the 
count  in  enumeration  of  votes  or  reported  by  the  tellers. 


RULES,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


119 


Rule  XLI. 

MESSAGES. 

Messages  received  from  the  Senate  and  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
giving  notice  of  bills  passed  or  approved,  shall  be  entered  in  the  journal  and 
published  iu  the  record  of  that  day's  proceedings. 

Rule  XLII. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Estimates  of  appropriations,  and  all  other  communications  from  the  Ex- 
ecutive Departments,  intended  for  the  consideration  of  any  committees  of  the 
House,  shall  be  addressed  to  the  Speaker  and  by  him  submitted  to  the  House 
for  reference. 

Rule  XLI1I. 

QUALIFICATIONS  OF  OFFICERS  AND  EMPLOYES. 

Uo  person  shall  be  an  officer  of  the  House,  or  continue  in  its  employment, 
who  shall  be  an  agent  for  the  prosecution  of  any  claim  against  the  govern- 
ment, or  be  interested  in  such  claim  otherwise  than  as  an  original  claimant; 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Committee  on  Accounts  to  inquire  into  and 
leport  to  the  House  any  violation  of  this  rule. 

Rule  XLIY. 

Jefferson’s  manual. 

The  rules  of  parliamentary  practice  comprised  in  Jefferson’s  Manual  shall 
govern  the  House  in  all  cases  to  which  they  are  applicable  and  in  which  they 
are  not  inconsistent  with  the  standing  rules  and  orders  of  the  House  and  joint 
rules  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

Rule  XLY. 

RULES  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

These  rules  shall  be  the  rules  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  pres- 
ent and  succeeding  Congresses  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

Rule  XLVI. 

AS  TO  PRINTING  BILLS. 

There  shall  be  printed  500  copies  of  each  bill  of  a public  nature,  of  which 
25  shall  be  deposited  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  House,  100  copies  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  Senate  document  room,  and  the  remainder  shall  be  depos- 
ited in  the  document  room  of  the  House  for  the  use  of  members;  and  there 
shall  be  printed  100  copies  of  each  private  bill  and  bills  relating  to  rivers  and 
harbors,  of  which  25  copies  shall  be  delivered  to  the  Senate  document  room, 
and  the  remainder  shall  be  deposited  in  the  document  room  of  the  House  for 
the  use  of  members.  Motions  to  print  additional  numbers  of  any  bill,  report, 
resolution,  or  other  public  document,  shall  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Printing;  and  the  report  of  the  committee  thereon  shall  be  accompanied  by 
an  estimate  of  the  probable  cost  thereof.  Unless  ordered  by  the  House  no 
bill,  resolution,  or  other  proposition  reported  by  a committee  shall  be  reprinted 
unless  the  same  be  placed  upon  the  Calendar. 

Rule  XLVII. 

PROPOSITIONS  INTRODUCED  “BY  REQUEST.” 

When  a bill,  resolution,  or  memorial  is  introduced  “by  request”  these 
words  shall  be  entered  upon  the  journal. 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


AFFECTING  THE  RULES  OF  THE  FIFTY-FIRST  CONGRESS. 

{Handed  down  February  29,  1892.) 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  No.  1061.  October  term,  1891. 

The  United  States,  appellant,  vs.  Ballin,  Joseph  & Co.  Appeal  from  the 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  the  southern  district  of  New  York. 

In  July,  1890,  the  appellees  imported  into  New  York  certain  goods,  which 
they  claimed  to  be  dutiable  as  manufactures  of  worsted  at  the  rate  described 
in  Schedule  K of  the  act  of  March  3,  1883  (22  Statutes,  509).  The  collector 
assessed  them  at  the  rate  prescribed  in  that  schedule  as  manufactures  of  wool 
(22  Statutes,  508).  This  he  did  by  reason  of  an  act  claimed  to  have  been 
passed  by  Congress  in  1890,  as  follows: 

“ Chapter  200. — An  act  providing  for  the  classification  of  worsted  cloths  as 

woolens. 

“Be  it  enacted , etc.,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  he,  and  he  hereby 
is,  authorized  and  directed  to  classify  as  woolen  cloths  all  imports  of  worsted 
cloth,  whether  known  under  the  name  of  worsted  cloth  or  under  the  names 
of  worsteds,  or  diagonals,  or  otherwise. 

“ Approved  May  9,  1890.”  (26  Statutes,  105.) 

The  board  of  general  appraisers  found  these  facts: 

“1.  That  the  goods  in  question  are  worsted,  and  not  woolen  goods. 

“ 2.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  never  examined  or  classified  the 
goods  in  question. 

“3.  That  the  journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives  shows  the  facts 
attending  the  passage  of  the  act  of  May  9,  1890,  thus: 

“ The  Speaker  laid  before  the  House  the  bill  of  the  House  (H.  R.  9548) 
providing  for  the  classification  of  worsted  cloths  as  woolens,  coming  over 
from  last  night  as  unfinished  business,  with  the  previous  question  and  the 
yeas  and  nays  ordered. 

“ The  House  having  proceeded  to  the  consideration  and  the  question  being 

put 

“ Shall  the  bill  pass  ? 

“There  appeared 

“ Yeas — 138. 

“Nays — 0. 

“Not  voting — 189. 

“ The  said  roll-call  having  been  recapitulated,  the  Speaker  announced,  from 
a list  noted  and  furnished  by  the  Clerk,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Speaker,  the 
following-named  members  as  present  in  the  hall  when  their  names  were 
called,  and  not  voting,  viz. : ” 

[Here  follows  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  names  of  74  members.] 

“ The  Speaker  thereupon  stated  that  the  said  members  present  and  refus- 
ing to  vote  (74  in  number),  together  with  those  recorded  as  voting  (138  in 
number),  showed  a total  of  212  members  present,  constituting  a quorum 
present  to  do  business;  and  that,  the  yeas  being  138  and  the  nays  none,  the 
said  bill  was  passed.” 

On  appeal,  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  the  southern  district 
of  New  York  sustained  the  claim  of  the  importers  and  reversed  the  decision 
of  the  collector,  from  which  judgment  the  United  States  appealed  to  this 
court. 


120 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


121 


[February  29,  1892.] 

Mr.  Justice  Brewer  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  court. 

Two  questions  only  are  presented:  First,  was  the  act  of  May  9,  1890, 
legally  passed  ? and  second,  what  is  its  meaning  ? The  first  is  the  important 
question.  The  enrolled  bill  is  found  in  the  proper  office,  that  of  the  Secretary 
of  State,  authenticated  and  approved  in  the  customary  and  legal  form.  There 
is  nothing  on  the  face  of  it  to  suggest  any  invalidity.  Is  there  anything  in 
the  facts  disclosed  by  the  journal  of  the  House,  as  found  by  the  generalap- 
praisers,  which  vitiates  it  ? We  are  not  unmindful  of  the  general  observa- 
tions found  in  Gardiner  vs.  The  Collector  (6  Wall.,  499,511),  .“that  whenever 
a question  arises  in  a court  of  law  of  the  existence  of  a statute,  or  of  the  time 
when  a statute  took  effect,  or  of  the  precise  terms  of  a statute,  the  judges 
who  are  called  upon  to  decide  it  have  a right  to  resort  to  any  source  of  infor- 
mation which  in  its  nature  is  capable  of  conveying  to  the  judicial  mind  a 
clear  and  satisfactory  answer  to  such  question,  always  seeking  first  for  that 
which  in  its  nature  is  most  appropriate,  unless  the  positive  law  has  enacted  a 
different  rule.” 

And  we  have  at  the  present  term,  in  the  cases  of  Field  et  al.  vs.  The  United 
States,  had  occasion  to  consider  the  subject  of  an  appeal  to  the  journal  in  a 
disputed  matter  of  this  nature.  It  is  unnecessary  to  add  anything  here  to 
that  general  discussion.  The  Constitution  (Article  I.,  section  5)  provides  that 
“each  House  shall  keep  a journal  of  its  proceedings ; ” and  that  “the  yeas 
and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  House,  on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  de- 
sire of  one-fifth  of  those  present  be  entered  on  the  journal.”  Assuming  that 
by  reason  of  this  latter  clause,  reference  may  be  had  to  the  journal  to  see 
whether  the  yeas  and  nays  were  ordered,  and  if  so,  what  was  the  vote  dis- 
closed thereby;  and  assuming,  though  without  deciding,  that  the  facts  which 
the  Constitution  requires  to  be  placed  on  the  journal  may  be  appealed  to  on 
the  question  whether  a law  has  been  legally  enacted,  yet,  if  reference  may  be 
had  to  such  journal,  it  must  be  assumed  to  speak  the  truth.  It  can  not  be 
that  we  can  refer  to  the  journal  for  the  purpose  of  impeaching  a statute 
properly  authenticated  and  approved,  and  then  supplement  and  strengthen 
this  impeachment  by  parol  evidence  that  the  tticts  stated  on  the  journal  are 
not  true,  or  that  other  facts  existed  which,  if  stated  on  the  journal,  would 
give  force  to  the  impeachment. 

If  it  be  suggested  that  the  Speaker  might  have  made  a mistake  as  to  some 
one  or  more  of  these  74  members,  or  that  the  Clerk  may  have  falsified  the 
journal  in  entering  therein  a record  of  their  presence,  it  is  equally  possible 
that  in  reference  to  a roll-call  and  the  yeas  and  nays  there  should  be  a 'like 
mistake  or  falsification.  The  possibility  of  such  inaccuracy  or  falsehood  only 
suggests  the  unreliability  of  the  evidence  and  the  danger  of  appealing  to  it  to 
overthrow  that  furnished  by  the  bill  enrolled  and  authenticated  by  the  sig- 
natures of  the  presiding  officers  of  the  two  Houses  and  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  facts,  then,  as  appearing  from  this  journal,  are  that  at 
the  time  of  the  roll-call  there  were  present  212  members  of  the  House,  more 
than  a quorum;  and  that  138  voted  in  favor  of  the  bill,  which  was  a majority 
of  those  present.  The  Constitution,  in  the  same  section,  provides  that  “each 
House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings.”  It  appears  that  in  pur- 
suance of  this  authority  the  House  had,  prior  to  this  day,  passed  this  as  one 
of  its  rules: 

‘ ‘ 3.  On  the  demand  of  any  member,  or  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Speaker, 
the  names  of  members  sufficient  to  make  a quorum  in  the  Hall  of  the  House 
who  do  not  vote  shall  be  noted  by  the  Clerk  and  recorded  in  the  journal,  and 
reported  to  the  Speaker  with  the  names  of  the  members  voting,  and  be 
counted  and  announced  in  determining  the  presence  of  a quorum  to  do  busi- 
ness.” (House  Journal,  230,  February  14,  1890.) 

11b 


122 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


The  action  taken  was  in  direct  compliance  with  this  rule.  The  question, 
therefore,  is  as  to  the  validity  of  this  rule,  and  not  what  methods  the  Speaker 
may  of  his  own  motion  resort  to  for  determining  the  presence  of  a quorum, 
nor  what  matters  the  Speaker  or  Clerk  may  of  their  own  volition  place  upon 
the  journal.  Neither  do  the  advantages  or  disadvantages,  the  wisdom  or 
folly,  of  such  a rule  present  any  matters  for  judicial  consideration.  With 
the  courts  the  question  is  only  one  of  power.  The  Constitution  empowers 
each  House  to  determine  rules  of  proceeding.  It  may  not  by  its  rules  ignore 
constitutional  restraints  or  violate  fundamental  rights,  and  there  should  he  a 
reasonable  relation  between  the  mode  or  method  of  proceeding  established 
by  the  rule  and  the  result  which  is  sought  to  be  attained.  But  within  these 
limitations  all  matters  of  method  are  open  to  the  determination  of  the  House, 
and  it  is  no  impeachment  of  the  rule  to  say  that  some  other  way  would  be 
better,  more  accurate,  or  even  more  just.  It  is  no  objection  to  the  validity 
of  a rule  that  a different  one  has  been  prescribed  and  in  force  for  a length  of 
time.  The  power  to  make  rules  is  not  one  which  once  exercised  is  exhausted. 
It  is  a continuous  power,  always  subject  to  be  exercised  by  the  House,  and, 
within  the  limitations  suggested,  absolute  and  beyond  the  challenge  of  any 
other  body  or  tribunal. 

The  Constitution  provides  that  ‘ ‘ a majority  of  each'  [House]  shall  consti- 
tute a quorum  to  do  business.”  In  other  words,  when  a majority  are  present 
the  House  is  in  a position  to  do  business.  Its  capacity  to  transact  business 
is  then  established,  created  by  the  mere  presence  of  a majority,  and  does 
not  depend  upon  the  disposition  or  assent  or  action  of  any  single  member 
or  fraction  of  the  majority  present.  All  that  the  Constitution  requires  is  the 
presence  of  a majority,  and  when  the  majority  are  present  the  power  of  the 
House  arises. 

But  how  shall  the  presence  of  a majority  be  determined  ? The  Constitu- 
tion has  prescribed  no  method  of  making  this  determination,  and  it  is  there- 
fore within  the  competency  of  the  House  to  prescribe  any  method  which 
shall  be  reasonably  certain  to  ascertain  the  fact.  It  may  prescribe  answer 
to  roll-call  as  the  only  method  of  determination;  or  require  the  passage  of  mem- 
bers between  tellers,  and  their  count  as  the  sole  test;  or  the  count  of  the 
Speaker  or  the  Clerk,  and  an  announcement  from  the  desk  of  the  names  of 
those  who  are  present. 

Any  one  of  these  methods,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  reasonably  certain  of 
ascertaining  the  fact,  and  as  there  is  no  constitutional  method  prescribed, 
and  no  constitutional  inhibition  of  any  of  these,  and  no  violation  of  funda- 
mental rights  in  either,  it  follows  that  the  House  may  adopt  either  or  all, 
or  it  may  provide  for  a combination  of  any  two  of  the  methods.  That  was 
done  by  the  rule  in  question ; and  all  that  that  rule  attempts  to  do  is  to  pre- 
scribe a method  for  ascertaining  the  presence  of  a majority,  and  thus  estab- 
lishing the  fact  that  the  House  is  in  a condition  to  transact  business. 

As  appears  from  the  journal,  at  the  time  the  bill  passed  the  House  there 
was  present  a majority,  a quorum,  and  the  House  was  authorized  to  transact 
any  and  all  business.  It  was  in  a condition  to  act  on  the  bill  if  it  desired; 
and  the  other  branch  of  the  question  is  whether,  a quorum  being  present, 
the  bill  received  a sufficient  number  of  votes;  and  here  the  general  rule  of 
all  parliamentary  bodies  is  that  when  a quorum  is  present  the  act  of  a ma- 
jority of  the  quorum  is  the  act  of  the  body.  This  has  been  the  rule  for  all 
time',  except  so  far  as  in  any  given  case  the  terms  of  the  organic  act  under 
which  the  body  is  assembled  have  prescribed  specific  limitations,  as,  for 
instance,  in  those  States  where  the  Constitution  provides  that  a majority  of 
all  the  members  elected  to  either  House  shall  be  necessary  for  the  passage  of 
any  bill.  No  such  limitation  is  found  in  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  there- 
fore the  general  law  of  such  bodies  obtains. 

It  is  true  that  most  of  the  decisions  touching  this  question  have  been  in 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


123 


respect  to  the  actions  of  trustees  and  directors  of  a private  corporation,  or 
of  the  minor  legislative  bodies  which  represent  and  act  for  cities  and  other 
municipal  corporations,  hut  the  principle  is  the  same.  Those  are  legislative 
bodies  representing  larger  constituencies.  Power  is  not  vested  in  "any  one 
individual,  hut  in  the  aggregate  of  the  members  which  compose  the  body, 
and  its  action  is  not  the  action  of  any  separate  member  or  number  of  mem- 
bers, but  the  action  of  the  body  as  a whole,  and  the  question  which  has  over 
and  over  again  been  raised  is,  what  is  necessary  to  constitute  the  official 
action  of  this  legislative  and  representative  body  ? In  Rex  vs.  Monday  (2 
Cowp.,  530,  538)  Lord  Mansfield  said:  “ I will  take  it  for  granted  that  a ma- 
jority of  the  mayor  and  aldermen  for  the  time  being  was  sufficient  to  consti- 
tute the  corporate  assembly;  and  the  fact  found  by  the  special  verdict  is  that 
the  majority  of  those  in  being  did  meet.  When  the  assembly  are  duly  met  I 
take  it  to  be  clear  law  that  the  corporate  act  may  be  done  by  the  majority  of 
those  who  have  once  regularly  constituted  the  meeting. 

In  5th  Dane’s  Abridgment,  page  150,  the  rule  is  thus  stated:  “When  a 
corporation  is  composed  of  a definite  number,  and  an  integral  part  of  it  is  re- 
quired to  vote  in  an  election,  a majority  of  such  integral  definite  part  must 
attend,  aliter  there  is  no  elective  assembly,  but  a majority  of  those  present 
when  legally  met  will  bind  the  rest.”  In  1 Dillon’s  Municipal  Corporations 
(fourth  edition),  section  283,  the  rule  is  thus  stated:  “ And,  as  a general  rule, 
it  may  be  stated  that  not  only  where  the  corporate  power  resides  in  a select 
body,  as  a city  council,  but  where  it  has  been  delegated  to  a committee  or 
to  agents,  then,  in  the  absence  of  special  provisions  otherwise,  a minority  of 
the  select  body,  or  of  the  committee  or  agents,  are  powerless  to  bind  the  'ma- 
jority or  do  any  valid  act.  If  all  the  members  of  the  select  body  or  commit- 
tee, or  if  all  the  agents  are  assembled,  or  if  all  have  been  duly  notified,  and 
the  minority  refuse  or  neglect  to  meet  with  the  others,  a majority  of  those 
present  may  act,  provided  those  present  constitute  a majority  of  the  whole 
number.  In  other  words,  in  such  case  a major  part  of  the  whole  is  necessary 
to  constitute  a quorum,  and  a majority  of  the  quorum  may  act.  If  the  major 
part  withdraw,  so  as  to  leave  no  quorum,  the  power  of  the  minority  to  act  is 
in  general  considered  to  cease.” 

This  declaration  has  been  quoted  approvingly  by  this  court  in  the  case  of 
Brown  vs.  The  District  of  Columbia  (127  E.  S.  579,  586).  In  2 Kent’s  Com- 
mentaries, 293,  the  author  draws  a distinction  between  what  is  necessarily  a 
meeting  of  a representative  and  a constituent  body  in  these  words:  “There 
is  a distinction  taken  between  a corporate  act  to  be  done  by  a select  and  def- 
inite body,  as  by  a board  of  directors,  and  one  to  be  performed  by  the  con- 
stituent members.  In  the  latter  case  a majority  of  those  who  appear  may 
act;  but  in  the  former,  a majority  of  the  definite  body  must  be  present,  and 
then  a majority  of  the  quorum  may  decide.”  In  Horr  & Bemis’s  recent  work 
on  Municipal  Police  Ordinances,  42,  the  authors  observe:  “Those  who  are 
present  and  help  to  make  up  the  quorum  are  expected  to  vote  on  every  ques- 
tion, and  their  presence  alone  is  enough  to  make  the  vote  decisive  and  bind- 
ing, whether  they  actually  vote  or  not.  The  objects  of  legislation  can  not 
be  defeated  by  the  refusal  of  any  one  to  vote  when  present.  If  eighteen  are 
present  and  nine  vote,  all  in  the  affirmative,  the  measure  is  carried,  the  re- 
fusal of  the  other  nine  to  vote  being  construed  as  a vote  in  the  affirmative,  so 
far  as  any  construction  is  necessary.”  See  also  Ex  parte  Willcocks  (7  Cowen, 
402);  Commonwealth  vs.  Green  (4  Wharton,  531);  State  vs.  Green  (37  O.  S., 
327);  Launtz  vs.  The  People  (113  111.,  137);  Gas  Company  vs.  Rushville  (121 
Ind.,  206);  Gosling  vs.  Yeley  (7  A.  & E.,  406);  S.  C.  (4  H.  of  L.  Cases,  679). 

In  State  vs.  Dehesseline  (1  McCord,  52)  it  is  said: 

“For,  according  to  the  principle  of  all  the  cases  referred  to,  a quorum 
possesses  all  the  powers  of  the  whole  body;  a majority  of  which  quorum 
must  of  course  govern.  * * * The  constitutions  of  this  State  and  the  United 


124 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


States  declare  that  a majority  shall  be  a quorum  to  do  business:  but  a ma- 
jority of  that  quorum  are  sufficient  to  decide  the  most  important  question.” 

In  Wells  vs.  Rahway  Company  (19  N.  J.  Eq.,  402)  we  find  this  language: 

‘ ‘ A majority  of  the  directors  of  a corporation,  in  the  absence  of  any  regu- 
lation in  the  charter,  is  a quorum,  and  the  majority  of  such  quorum  when 
convened  can  do  any  act  within  the  power  of  the  directors.” 

And  in  Attorney-General  vs.  Shepard  (62  N.  H.,  383,  384)  the  question  was 
whether  an  amendment  to  a city  charter  had  been  properly  adopted  by  the 
board  of  aldermen.  All  the  members  of  the  board  were  present  but  one. 
The  ordinance  was  duly  read  and  put  to  a vote,  and  declared  by  the  chair  to 
be  passed.  The  yeas  and  nays  were  then  called;  three  voted  in  the  affirma- 
tive, three  refused  to  vote,  and  the  chair  declared  the  ordinance  passed. 

The  court  held,  Chief  Justice  Doe  delivering  the  opinion,  that  the  amend- 
ment to  the  charter  was  legally  adopted  by  the  board  of  aldermen.  He  said: 

“ The  exercise  of  lawmaking  power  is  not  stopped  by  the  mere  silence  and 
inaction  of  some  of  the  lawmakers  who  are  present.  An  arbitrary,  technical, 
and  exclusive  method  of  ascertaining  whether  a quorum  is  present,  operat- 
ing to  prevent  the  performance  of  official  duty  and  obstruct  the  business  of 
government,  is  no  part  of  our  common  law.  The  statute  requiring  the  pres- 
ence of  four  aldermen  does  not  mean  that  in  the  presence  of  four  a majority 
of  the  votes  cast  may  not  be  enough.  The  journal  properly  shows  how  many 
members  were  there  when  the  vote  was  taken  by  yeas  and  nays;  there  was 
no  difficulty  in  ascertaining  and  recording  the  fact;  and  the  requirement  of  a 
quorum  at  that  time  was  not  intended  to  furnish  a means  of  suspending 
the  legislative  power  and  duty  of  a quorum.  No  illegality  appears  in  the 
adoption  of  the  amendment.  ” 

Summing  up  this  matter,  this  law  is  found  in  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury’s office,  properly  authenticated.  If  we  appeal  to  the  journal  of  the  House, 
we  find  that  a majority  of  its  members  were  present  when  the  bill  passed,  a 
majority  creating  by  the  Constitution  a quorum,  with  authority  to  act  upon 
any  measure;  that  the  presence  of  that  quorum  was  determined  in  accord- 
ance with  a reasonable  and  valid  rule  theretofore  adopted  by  the  House;  and 
of  that  quorum  a majority  voted  in  favor  of  the  bill.  It  therefore  legally 
passed  the  House,  and  the  law  as  found  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
is  beyond  challenge. 

With  reference  to  the  other  question:  The  opinion  of  the  circuit  court 
seemed  to  be  that  the  act  cast  upon  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  a special 
duty  of  classification  in  all  cases  of  the  import  of  worsted  cloths,  and  that 
unless  he  so  acted  in  any  particular  case  the  duty  remained  as  it  was  prior  to 
the  passage  of  the  act.  We  quote  its  language: 

“ This  act  proceeds  on  an  entirely  novel  theory.  It  provides  expressly  for 
a classification  in  direct  nonconformity  to  the  facts.  It  authorizes  an  officer 
of  the  government  who  may  find  an  import  to  be  in  fact  an  article  which 
under  the  tariff  laws  pays  one  rate  of  duty,  to  call  it  something  else  which  it 
is  not,  in  order  to  enable  the  revenue  officers  to  levy  upon  it  a rate  of  duty 
which  that  other  article,  which  it  is  not,  pays.  * * * I do  not  mean  by 
that  to  suggest  for  one  moment  that  under  the  phraseology  of  this  act  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  himself  examine  the  packages 
of  goods,  to  handle  or  see  their  contents;  but  having  been  informed  and  ad- 
vised as  to  the  facts  in  the  same  way  in  which  he  is  informed  and  advised 
upon  any  facts  upon  which  he  is  required  to  pass,  by  the  examination  and 
report  of  such  trustworthy  subordinates  as  he  may  select,  the  final  classifica- 
tion of  the  particular  articles  is  one  to  be  made  by  him.  ” 

We  do  not  so  construe  the  act.  We  understand  it  rather  as  a declaration 
by  Congress  as  to  the  construction  to  be  placed  upon  that  portion  of  the  act 
of  1883  which  refers  to  imported  woolen  cloths.  It  was  an  act  suggested  by 
the  contest  then  pending  in  the  courts,  and  which  was  finally  decided  ad- 


SUPREME  COURT  DECISION. 


125 


versely  to  the  government,  in  the  case  of  Seeberger  vs.  Cahn  (137  U.  S.,  95), 
in  which  it  was  held  by  this  court  that  ‘ ‘ cloths  popularly  known  as  ‘ diagon- 
als,’ and  known  in  trade  as  ‘ worsteds,’  and  composed  mainly  of  worsted,  but 
with  a small  proportion  of  shoddy  and  of  cotton,  are  subject  to  duty  as  a 
manufacture  of  worsted,  and  not  as  a manufacture  of  wool,  under  the  act  of 
March  3,  1883,  c.  121.”  The  form  of  expression  used  in  the  act  may  be  novel, 
but  the  intent  of  Congress  is  quite  clear.  Recognizing  the  fact  that  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  is  the  head  of  the  financial  department  of  the  govern- 
ment, that  to  him,  as  its  chief  administrative  official,  is  given  the  supervision 
of  the  tariff  and  all  the  collections  thereunder,  it  directs  him  to  classify  all 
worsted  cloths  as  woolen  cloths,  and  it  gives  to  him  no  discretion.  He  may 
not  classify  some  worsteds  as  woolens  and  others  as  not. 

There  is  given  no  choice  or  selection,  hut  it  is  the  imperative  direction  of 
Congress  to  him,  as  the  chief  administrative  officer  in  the  collection  of  duties, 
to  place  all  worsted  cloths,  by  whatever  name  properly  known  or  known  to 
the  trade,  within  the  category  of  woolen  cloths,  and,  of  course,  if  placed 
within  that  category,  or,  using  the  familiar  language  of  the  tariff,  ‘ ‘ classified 
as  woolen  cloths,  ” subject  to  the  duty  imposed  on  such  cloths.  If  action  were 
necessary  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  put  this  act  into  force,  which 
we  think  is  not,  such  action  was  taken  by  the  circular  letter  of  May  5,  1890, 
from  the  Treasury  Department  to  all  customs  officers,  publishing  the  act  for 
the  information  and  guidance  of  the  public. 

Our  conclusion,  therefore,  is  that  the  act  was  legally  passed ; that  by  its 
own  terms,  and  irrespective  of  any  action  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
the  duties  on  worsted  cloths  were  to  be  such  as  placed  by  the  act  of  1883  on 
woolen  cloths. 

The  judgment  of  the  circuit  court  will  be  reversed  and  the  case  remanded 
for  further  proceedings,  in  accordance  with  this  opinion. 


STATEMENT  OF  OUTSTANDING  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  ON  THE  1st  OF  JANUARY  OF  EACH  YEAR  FROM  1791 
TO  1843,  INCLUSIVE,  AND  ON  THE  1st  OF  JULY  OF  EACH 
YEAR  FROM  1843  TO  1891,  INCLUSIVE. 


Year. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Amount. 

Jan.  1,  1791 

$75,463,476.52 

77.227.924.66 
80,358,6:34.04 

78.427.404.77 

80.747.587.39 
83,762,172.07 
82,064,479.33 
79,228,529.12 

78.408.669.77 
82,976,294.35 
83,0:38,050.80 
80,712,632.25 

77.054.686.40 
80,427,120.88 
82,312,150.50 

75.723.270.66 
69,218.398.64 

Jan.  1,  1842 

$13,594,480.73 

20,201,226.27 

32.742.922.00 
23.461,652.50 

15.925.303.01 
15,550,202.97 
38,826,534.77 
47,044,862.23 

63.061.858.69 

63.452.773.55 

68.304.796.02 
66,199,341.71 

59.803.117.70 
42  242,222.42 

35.586.956.56 
31,932,537.90 
28,699,831.85 

1792 

1843 

1793 

1794 

' 1844 

1795 

1845 

1796! 

1840 

1797 

1847 

1798 

1848  

1799 

1849 

1800 

1850 

1801 

1851 

1802 

1852 

1803 

1853 

1804 

1854 

1805 

1855... 

1800 

1856 

1807 

1857 

1808 

65,196,317.97 

57,023,192.09 

1858 

44,911,881.03 

58,496,837.88 

1809 

1859 

1810 

53,173,217.52 

48,005,587.70 

45,209,737.90 

18(30 

64,842,287.88 

90,580,873.72 

524,176,412.13 

1811 

1861 

1812 

1862 

1813 

55,902,827.57 

81,487,846.24 

99,833,060.15 

127,334,933.74 

1803 

1,119,772,138.63 

1,815,784,370.57 

2,680,647,869.74 

2,773,236,173.69 

1814  

1804 

1815 

1805 

1816 

I860 

1817 

123,491,965.16 

1867 

2,678,126,103.87 

1818 

103,466,633.83 

1868 

2,611,687,851.19 

1819 

95,529,648.28 

1869 

2,588,452,213.94 

1820 

91,015,566.15 

1870 

2,480,672,427.81 

1821 

89,987,427.60 

1871 

2,353,211,332.32 

1822 

93,546,676.98 

1872 

2,253,251,328.78 

1823 

90,875,877.28 

90,269,777.77 

83,788,432.71 

1873 

*2,234,482,993.20 

*2,251,690,468.43 

*2,232,284,531.95 

1824 

1874 

1825 

1875 

1826 

81,054,059.99 

1876 

*2,180,395,067.15 

1827 

73,987,357.20 

1877 

*2,205,301,392.10 

1828 

67,475,043.87 

1878 

*2,256,205,892.53 

1829 

58,421,413.07 

1879 

*2,349,567,482.04 

1830 

48,565,406.50 

1880 

*2,120,415,370.63 

1831 

39,123,191.68 

1881 

*2,069,013,569.58 

1832 

24,322,235.18 

1882 

*1,918,312,994.03 

1833  

7,001,698.83 

1883 

*1,884,171 ,728.07 

1834 

4,760,082.08 

1884 

*1,8130,528,923.57 

1835 

37,733.05 

1885 

11,870.424,275.14 

1836 

37,513.05 

1886 

41,756,445,205.78 

1837 

336,957.83 

1887 

41,688,229,591.63 

1838 

3,308,124.07 

1888 

41,705,992,320.58 

1839 

10,434,221.14 

1889 

41,640,673,340.23 

1840 

3,573,343.82 

1890 

41,585,821,048.73 

1841 

5,250,875.54 

1891 

41,560,472,784.61 

* In  the  amount  here  stated  as  the  outstanding  principal  of  the  public  debt  are 
included  the  certificates  of  deposit  outstanding  on  the  30th  of  June,  issued  under  act 
of  June  8,  1872,  for  which  a like  amount  in  United  States  notes  was  on  special  deposit 
in  the  Treasury  for  their  redemption,  and  added  to  the  cash  balance  in  the  Treasury. 
These  certificates,  as  a matter  of  accounts,  are  treated  as  a part  of  the  public  debt, 
but  being  offset  by  notes  held  on  deposit  for  their  redemption,  should  properly  be  de- 
ducted from  the  principal  of  the  public  debt  in  making  comparison  with  former  years. 

+ Exclusive  of  gold,  silver,  currency  certificates,  and  Treasury  notes  of  1890,  held 
in  the  Treasury’s  cash,  and  including  $64,623,512  bonds  issued  to  the  several  Pacific 
railroads. 


126 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1858-1891. 


127 


RECEIPTS  AND 


STATEMENT  OF  RECEIPTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  MARCH  4,  1789, 

30)  FROM 


Year. 

Balance  in 
the  Treasury 
at  commence- 
ment of  year. 

Customs. 

Internal 

revenue. 

Direct 

tax. 

Public 

lands. 

1791 

$4,399,473.09 

1792 

$973,905.75 

' 3,443^070.85 

$208,942.81 

1793 

783,444.51 

4,255,306.56 

' 337,705.70 

1794 

753,661.69 

4,801,065.28 

274,089.62 

1795 

1,151,914.17 

5^588,561 .26 

337,755.36 

1796 

516,442.61 

6,567,987.94 

475,289.00 

$4,836.13 

1797 

888,995.42 

7,549,649.05 

575,491.45 

83,540.60 

1798 

1,021,899.04 

7,106,001.93 

644, .357.95 

11,963.11 

1799 

617,451.43 

6,610,449.31 

779,136.44 

1800 

2,161,807.77 

9,080,932.73 

809,396.55 

$734,233.97 

443.75 

1801 

2,623,311.99 

10,750,778.93 

1,048,033.43 

534,343.38 

107,726.06 

1802 

3,295,391.00 

12,438,235.74 

621,898.89 

206,565.44 

188,628.02 

1803 

5,020,697.64 

10,479,417.61 

215,179.69 

71,879.20 

165,675.69 

1804 

4,825,811.00 

11,098,565.33 

50,941.29 

50,198.44 

487,526.79 

1805 

4,037,005.26 

12,936,487.04 

21,747.15 

21,882.91 

540,193.80 

1806 

3,999,388.99 

14,667,698.17 

20,101.45 

55,763.86 

765,245.73 

1807 

4,538,123.80 

15,845,521.61 

13,051.40 

34,732.56 

466,163.27 

1808 

9,643.850.07 

16,363,550.58 

8,190.23 

19,159.21 

647,939.06 

1809 

9,941,809.96 

7,256,506.62 

4,034.29 

7,517.31 

442,252.33 

1810 

3,848,056.78 

8,583,309.31 

7,430.63 

12,448.68 

696,548.82 

1811 

2,670,276.57 

13,313,222.73 

2,295.95 

7,666.66 

1,040,237.53 

1812 

3,502,305.80 

8,958,777.53 

4,90.3.06 

859.22 

710,427.78 

1813 

.3,862,217.41 

13,224,623.25 

4,755.04 

3,805.52 

835,655,14 

1814 

5,196,542.00 

5,998,772.08 

1,662,984.82 

2,219,497.36 

1,1:35,971.09 

1815 

1,727,484.63 

7,282,942.22 

4,678,059.07 

2,162,673.41 

1,287,959.28 

1816 

13,100,592.88 

36,306,874.88 

5,124,708.31 

4,253,635.09 

1,717,985.03 

1817 

22,033,519.19 

26,283, 348.19 

2,678,100.77 

1,824,187.04 

1,991,226.00 

1818 

14,989,465.48 

17,176,385.00 

955,270.20 

264,333.36 

2,606,564.77 

1819 

1,478,526.74 

20,283,608.76 

229,593.63 

83,6:50.78 

3,274,422.78 

1820 

2,079,992.38 

15,005,612.15 

106,200.53 

31,586.82 

1,6:35,871.61 

1821 

1,198,461.21 

13,004,447.15 

69,027.63 

29,349.05 

1,212,966.46 

1822 

1,681,592.24 

17,589,761.94 

67,625.71 

20,961.56 

1,803,581.54 

1823 

4,237,427.55 

19,088,4133.44 

34,242.17 

10,337.71 

916,523.10 

1824 

9,463,922.81 

17,878,325.71 

34,663.37 

6,201.96 

984,418.15 

1825 

1,946,597.13 

20,098.713.45 

25,771.35 

2,3:30.85 

1,216,090.56 

1826 

5,201,650.43 

23,341,331.77 

21, .589.93 

6,6:38.76 

1 ,393,785.09 

1827 

6, 358, 086.18 

19,712,283.29 

19,885.68 

2,626.90 

1,495,845.26 

1828 

6,668,286.10 

23,205,523.64 

17,451. .54 

2,218.81 

1,018,308.75 

1829 

5,972,432.81 

22,681,965.91 

14,502.74 

11,335.05 

1,517,175.13 

1830 

5,755,704.79 

21,922,391.39 

12,160.62 

16,980.59 

2,329,356.14 

1831 

6,014,539.75 

24,224,441.77 

6,933.51 

10,506.01 

3,210,815.48 

1832 

4,502,914.45 

28,465,237.24 

11,630.65 

6,791.13 

2,623,381.03 

1833 

2,011,777.55 

29,032,508.91 

2,759.00 

394.12 

3,967,682.55 

1834 

11,702,905.31 

16,214,957.15 

4,196.09 

19.80 

4,857,600.69 

1835 

8,892,8:58.42 

19,391,310.59 

10,459.48 

4,263.33 

14,757,600.75 

1836 

26,749,803.96 

23,409,940.53 

370.00 

728.79 

24,877,179.86 

1837 

46,708,436.00 

11,169,290.39 

5,493.84 

1,687.70 

6,776,236.52 

1838 

37,327,252.69 

16,158,800.36 

2,467.27 

3,730,945.66 

1839 

36,891,196.94 

23,137,924.81 

2,553.32 

755.22 

7,361,576.40 

1840 

33.157,503.68 

13,499,502.17 

1,682.25 

3,411,818.63 

1841 

29,963,163.46 

14,487,216.74 

3,261.36 

1,365,627.42 

1842 

28,685,111.08 

18,187,908.76 

495.00 

1,335,797.52 

1843 

* 30,521,979.44 

7,046,843.91 

103.25 

898,158.18 

1844 

39,186,284.74 

26,183,570.94 

1,777.34 

2,059,939.80 

1845 

36,742,829.62 

27,528,112.70 

3,517.12 

2,077,022.30 

1846 

36,194,274.81 

26,712,667.87 

2,897.26 

2,694,452.48 

1847 

38,261,959.65 

23,747,864.66 

375.00 

2,498,355.20 

1848 

33,079,276.43 

31,757,070.96 

375.00 

3,328,042.56 

1849 

29,416,012.45 

28,346,738.82 

1,088,959.55 

1850 

32,827,082.69 

39,668,686.42 

1,859 '894. 25 

1851 

35,871,753.31 

49,017,567.92 

2,352^305.30 

1852 

40,158,353.25 

47,339,326.62 

2,043,239.58 

1853 

43,338,860.02 

58,931,865.52 

1,667^084.99 

Miscel- 

laneous. 


$10,478.10 

9,918.65 

21,410.88 

53.277.97 

28.317.97 
1,169,415.98 

399,139.29 

58,192.81 

86.187.56 
152,712.10 
345,649.15 

1,500,505.86 

131.945.44 
139,075.53 

40,382.30 

51,121.86 

38,550.-12 

21,822.85 

62.162.57 

84,476.84 
59,211.22 

126.165.17 
271,571.00 

164.398.81 

285.282.84 
273,782.35 
109,761.08 

57,617.71 

57,098.42 

61.338.44 
152,589.43 
452,957.19 

141.129.84 

127.603.60 

130.451.81 
94,588.66 

1,315,722.81 

65,126.49 

112,648.55 

73,227.77 

584,124.05 

270.410.61 

470.096.67 
480,812.32 
759,972.1.1 

2,245,902.23 

7,001,444.59 

6,410,348.45 

979,939.86 

2,567,112.28 

1,004,054.75 

451,995.97 

285,895.92 

1,075,419.70 

361.453.68 

289.950.13 
220,808910 

012.610.69 

685.379.13 
2,064,308.21 
1,185,166.11 

464,249.40 

988.081.17 


* For  the  half  year  from 


128 


EXPENDITURES,  1791-1891 


TO  JUNE  30, 1891,  BY  CALENDAR  YEARS  TO  1843,  AND  BY  FISCAL  YEARS  (ENDED  JUNE 
THAT  TIME. 


Interest. 

Premiums. 

Receipts 
from  loans  and 
Treasury 
notes. 

. . 

$361,391.34 

5,102,498.45 

1,797,272.01 

4,007,950.78 

3,396,424.00 

320.000. 00 
70,000.00 

200.000. 00 
5,000,000.00 
1,565,229.24 

$4,800.00 

42,800.00 

78,675.00 

10,125.00 

2,750,000.00 

12.837.900.00 

26.184.135.00 

23.377.826.00 
35,220,671.40 

9,425,084.91 

466,723.45 

8.353.00 

2.291.00 

3.000. 824.13 

5.000. 324.00 

300.00 

85.79 

11,541.74 

68,665.16 

267,819.14 

412.62 

$32,107.64 

686.09 



40,000.00 

5,000,000.00 

5,000,000.00 

2,992,989.15 

12,716,820.86 

3,857,276.21 

5,589,547.51 

13,659,317.38 

14,808,735.64 

12,479,708.36 

1,877,181.35 

71,700.83 

666.60 

28,365.91 

37.080.00 
487,065.48 

10.5.50.00 
4,264.92 

28,872,399.45 

21.256.700.00 

28.588.750.00 
4,045,950.00 

203,400.00 

46.300.00 

16.350.00 







22.50 

1791 

1792 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 
1801 
1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 
1811 
1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 
1821 
1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 


Dividends. 


$8,028.00 

38.500.00 
303,472.00 
160,000.00 
160,000.00 

80.960.00 

79.920.00 

71.040.00 

71.040.00 

88.800.00 
39,960.00 


202,426.30 

525.000. 00 

675.000. 00 

1,000,000.00 

105.000. 00 

297.500.00 

350.000. 00 

350.000. 00 

367.500.00 

402. . 500.00 

420.000. 00 

455.000. 00 

490.000. 00 
490,000.00 
490,000.00 
490,000.00 

474.985.00 
234,349.50 
506,480.82 
292,674.67 


Net  ordinary 
receipts. 


3,669,960.31 


7.546,813.31 


20,540,666.26 


25,260,434.21 


24,844,116.51 

28,526,820.82 

31,867,450.66 


31,482,749.61 


19,976,197.25 

8,231,001.26 


35, 698, 699.21 


Gross  receipts. 


$4,771,342.53 

8,772,458.76 

6,450,195.15 

9.439.855.65 
9,515,758.59 

8.740.329.65 
8,758,780.99 
8,179,170.80 

12,546,813.31 

12,413,978.34 

12.945.455.95 

14.995.793.95 
11,064,097.63 
11,826,307.38 

13.560.693.20 

15.559.931.07 

16.398.019.26 

17.060.661.93 
7,773,473.12 

12,134,214.28 

14.422.634.09 
22,639,032.76 

40.524.844.95 

34.559.536.95 
50,961,237.00 

57.171.421.82 
33,833,592.33 

21.593.936.66 

24.605.665.37 
20,881,493.68 

19.573.703.72 

20.232.427.94 

20.540.606.26 

24.381.212.79 
26,840,858.02 

25.260.434.21 

22.966.363.96 
24,763,629.23 

24.827.627.38 

24.844.116.51 

28.526.820.82 

31.867.450.66 

33.948.426.25 
21,791,935.55 

35.430.087.10 

50.826.796.08 
27,947,142.19 

39.019.382.60 

35.340.025.82 
25,069,662.84 
30,519,477.65 
34,784,982.89 
20,782,410.45 

31.198.555.73 

29.970.105.80 

29.699.967.74 

55.368.168.52 

56.992.479.21 
59,796,892.98 
47,649,388.88 

52.762.704.25 

49.893.115.60 
61,603,404.18 


Unavail- 

able. 


$1,889.50 


63,288.35 


1,458,782.93 

37,469.25 


11,188.00 


28,251.90 

' 30,000.66 


103,301,37 


January  1 to  June  30, 1843. 


129 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  RECEIPTS  OF  THE  UNITED 


Balance  in 
the  Treasury 
at  commence- 
ment of  year. 


Customs. 


Internal 

revenue. 


Direct 

tax. 


1854 

1855 
1850 
1837 

1858 

1859 
1800 
1801 
1882 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 
1867 


$50,261,901.09 

48,591,073.41 

47.677.672.13 
49,108,229.80 

40.802.855.00 
35,113,334.22 

33.193.248.00 
32,979,530.78 
30,963,857.83 
46,965,304.87 

36.523.046.13 
134,433,738.44 

33,933,657.89 

160,817,099.73 


$64,224,190.27 

53,025,794.21 

64,022,863.50 

63,875,905.05 

41,789,620.96 

49,565,824.38 

53,187,511.87 

39,582,125.64 

49,056,397.62 

69,059,642.40 

102,316,152.99 

84,928,260.00 

179,040,051.58 

176,417,810.88 


$37,640,787.95 

109,741,134.10 

209,464,215.25 

309.226.813.42 

266.027.537.43 


$1,795,331.73 

1,485,103.61 

475,648.96 

1,200,573.03 

1,974,754.12 

4,200,233.70 


Public 

lands. 


$8,470,798.39 

11,497,049.07 

8,917,644.93 

3,829,486.64 

3,513,715.87 

1,756,687.30 

1,778,557.71 

870,058.54 

152,203.77 

167,617.17 

588,333.29 

996,553.31 

665,031.03 

1,163,575.76 


Miscel- 

laneous. 


$1,105,352.74 

827,731.40 

1,116,190.81 

1,259,920.88 

1,352,029.13 

1.454.596.24 

1.088.530.25 
1,023,515.31 

915,327.97 

3,741,794.38 

30,291,701.86 

25,441,556.00 

29,036,314.23 

15,037,522.15 


1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 


198,076,437.09 

158.936.082.87 

183.781.985.76 

177,604,116.51 
138,019,122.15 
134,666,001.85 

159,293,673.41 
178,833,339.54 
172,804,061.32 
149,909,377.21 

214.887.645.88 

286.591.453.88 
386,832,588.65 

231,940,064.44 

280,607,668.37 
275,450,903.53 

374,189,081.98 
424,941,403.07 
521,794,026.26 
526,818,755.46 
512,851,434.36 
659,449,099.94 
673,399,118.18 

691.527.403.76 


164.464.599.56 

180.048.426.63 

194.538.374.44 

206,270,408.05 

216,370,286.77 
188,089,522.70 

163.103.833.69 
157,167,722.35 
148,071,984.61 
130,956,493.07 
130,170,680.20 

137.250.047.70 

186,522,064.60 
198,159,676.02 
220,410,730.25 
214,706,496.93 
195,067,489.76 

181,471,939.34 

192.905.023.44 
217,286,893.13 

219.091.173.63 

223,832,741.69 

229.668.584.57 

219,522,205.23 


191,087,589.41 

158,356,460.86 

184,899,756.49 

143,098,153.63 

130,642,177.72 

113,729,314.14 

102,409,784.90 

110.007.493.58 
116,700,732.03 
118,630,407.83 
110, .581 ,624.74 

113.561.610.58 

124.009.373.92 

135.264.385.51 

146,497,595.45 

144.720.368.98 

121.586.072.51 
112,498,725.54 
110,805,936.48 
118,823,391.22 

124.290.871.98 

130.881.513.92 
142,606,705.81 

145,686,249.44 


1,788,145.85 

765,685.61 

229,102.88 

580,355.37 


315,254.51 


93,798.80 


30  85 
1,516.89 

160,141.69 

108,156.60 
70,720.75 


108,239.94 

32,892.05 

1,565.82 


1.348.715.41 

4.020.344.34 
3,350,481.76 
2,388,646.68 
2.575,714.19 
2,882,312.38 
1,852,428.93 

1.413.640.17 
1,129,466.95 

976,253.68 

1.079.743.37 

924,781.60 

1.016.506.00 

2.201.863.17 

4.753.140.37 

7.955.864.42 

9.810.705.01 

5,705,986.44 

5.630.999.34 

9.254.286.42 

11,202,017.23 

8,038,651.79 

6,358,272.51 

4,029,535.41 


17,745,403.59 

13,997,338.65 

12.942.118.30 
22,093,541.21 

15.106.051.23 

17.161.270.05 
32,575,043.32 

15.431.915.31 

24.070.002.31 

30,437,487.42 

15.014.728.09 
20,585,697.49 

21.978.525.01 

25,154,850.98 
31,703,642.52 

30.796.695.02 
21,984,881.89 

24.014.055.06 
20,989,527.80 
26,005,814.84 

24.074.446.10 

24,297,151.44 
24,447,419.74 

23.374.457.23 


6,751,086,380.39 


4,111,760,797.61 


28,131,990.32 


280,505,641.52  690,871,302.70 


♦Amount  heretofore  credited  to  the  Treasurer  as 


130 


STATES  FROM  MARCH  4,  1789,  TO  JUNE  30,  1891,  ETC.— Continued. 


Dividends. 


Net  ordinary 
receipts. 


Interest. 


Premiums. 


Receipts 

^ ' °Treasury  Gross  receipts, 

notes. 


Unavail- 

able. 


1854 

1855 
1850 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 
1861 
1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 
1800 
1807 


1868 

1809 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 
1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 


$73,800,341.40 

05.350.574.08 
74,050,099.24 
08,905,312.57 
40,055,305.90 
52,777,107.92 

, 50,054,599.83 
41,470,299.49 

51.919.261.09 
112,094,945.51 
243,412,971.20 
322,031,158.19 
519,949,504.38 
402,840,079.92 


376.434.453.82 
357,188,256.09 
395,959,833.87 

374.431.104.94 

364.694.229.91 
322,177,673.78 
299,941,090.84 
284,020,771.41 
290,006,584.70 
281,000,642.00 
257.446,776.40 

272.322.136.83 
333,526,500.98 
300,782,292.57 
403.525,250.28 

398.287.581.95 

348.519.809.92 
323,690,706.38 
336,439,727.00 
371,403,277.66 
379,206,074.76 

387.050.058.84 
403,080,982.63 
392,612,447.31 


$709,357.72 

10,008.00 

33,630.90 

68,400.00 

602,345.44 

21,174,101.01 

11,683,446.89 

38,083,055.68 

27,787,330.35 


29,003,629.50 

13,755,491.12 

15,295,043.76 

8,892,839.95 

9,412,037.65 

11,560,530.89 

5,037,665.22 

3,979.279.09 

4,029,280.58 

405,776.58 

317,102.30 

1,505,047.63 

110.00 


$2,001.67 

800.00 

200.00 

3,900.00 

23.717.300.00 

28.287.500.00 

20.776.800.00 
41,861,709.74 

529,092,400.50 

776,652,361.57 

1,128,873,945.30 

1,472,224,740.85 

712,851,553.05 

040,420,910.29 


625,111,433.20 

238,678,081.06 

285.474.496.00 
208,768,523.47 

305.047.054.00 

214.931.017.00 
439,272,535.46 

387.971.556.00 

397.455.808.00 

348.871.749.00 

404.581.201.00 

792.807.643.00 

211.814.103.00 

113.750.534.00 

120.945.724.00 

555.942.564.00 

206.877.886.00 

245.196.303.00 

116.314.850.00 

154.440.900.00 

285.016.650.00 

245.111.750.00 

245.293.650.00 
373,208,857.75 


$73,802,343.07 
65, 351 ,374.68 
74,056,899.24 
68,969,212.57 
70,372,665.96 
81,773,965.64 
76,841,407.83 
83,371,640.13 
• 581,680,121.59 
889,379,652.52 
1,393,461,017.57 
1,805,939,345.93 
1,270,884,173.11 
1,131,060,920.56 


$15,408.34 


11,110.81 

6,000.01 

9,210.40 

6,095.11 

172,094.29 

721,827.93 


1,030,749,516.52 

609.621.828.27 

696.729.973.63 
652,092,468  36 

679.153.921.56 
548,669,221.67 
744,251,291.52 
675,971,607.10 

691.551.673.28 
630,278,167.58 
662,345,079.70 

1,066,634,827.46 
545, 340, 713.98 

474.532.826.57 

524.470.974.28 
954,230,145.95 
555,397,755.92 
568,887,009.38 

452.754.577.06 
525,844,177.66 
664,282,724.76 
632,161,408.84 

648.374.632.63 

765.821.305.06 


2,675,918.19 


*2,070.73 


*3,396.18 

*18,228.35 

*3,047.80 

12,691.40 


*1,500.00 

47,097.65 


7,997.64 

”*73l'.ii 


$9,720,136.29  11,872,076,248.83 


$485,224.45  204,259,220.83  13,259,392,976.59  25,336,213,670.70  2,714,730.71 


unavailable,  and  since  recovered  and  charged  to  his  account. 


131 


STATEMENT  OF  EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  MARCH  4, 

JUNE  30,  FROM 


Year. 

War. 

Navy. 

Indians. 

Pensions. 

Miscellaneous. 

1791 

S632, 804.03 

127,000.00 

$1^5,813.88 

$1,083,971.61 

1792 

1,100,702.09 

13,648.85 

109,243.15 

4,672,664.38 

511,451.01 

1793 

1,130,249.08 

27,282.83 

80,087.81 

1794 

2,639,097.59 

S61, 408.97 

13,012.46 

81,399.24 

750,350.74 

1795 

2,480.910.13 

410,562.03 

23,475.68 

08,673.22 

1,378,920.60 

1796 

1,260,203.84 

274,781.04 

113,563.98 

100,843.71 

801,847.58 

1797 

1,039,402.46 

382,631.89 

62,396.58 

92,256.97 

1,259,422.62 

1798 

2,009,522.30 

1,381,347.76 

16,470.09 

104,845.33 

1,139,524.94 

1799 

2,466,946.98 

2,858,081.84 

20,302.19 

95,444.03 

1,039,391.68 

1800 

2,560,878.77 

3,448,716.03 

31.22 

64,130.73 

1,337,613.22 

1801 

1,672,944.08 

2,111,424.00 

9,000.00 

73,533.37 

1,114,768.45 

1802 

1,179,148.25 

915,561.87 

94,000.00 

85,440.39 

1,462,929.40 

1803 

822,055.85 

1,215,230.53 

60,000.00 

62,902.10 

1,842,635.76 

1804 

875,423.93 

1,189,832.75 

110,500.00 

80,092.80 

2,191,009.43 

1805 

712,781.28 

1,597,500.00 

196,500.00 

81,854.59 

3,768,598.75 

1806 

1,224,355.38 

1,649,041.44 

234,200.00 

81,875.53 

2,890,137.01 

1807 

1,288,085.91 

1,722,064.47 

205,425.00 

70,500.00 

1,697,897.51 

1808  

2,900,8:34.40 

1,884,067.80 

213,575.00 

82,576.04 

1,423,285.61 

18119  

3,345,772.17 

2,427,758.80 

337,503.84 

87,833.54 

1,215,803.79 

1810 

2,294,323.94 

1,654,244.20 

177,625.00 

83,744.16 

1,101,144.98 

1811 

2,032,828.19 

1,965,566.39 

151,875.00 

75,043.88 

1,367,291.40 

1812 

11,817,798.24 

3,959,365.15 

277,845.00 

91 ,402.10 

1,683,088.21 

1813 

19,652,013.02 

6,446,600.10 

167,358.28 

86,989.91 

1,729,435.61 

1814 

20,350,806.86 

7,311,290.60 

167,394.86 

90,164.36 

2,208,029.70 

1815 

14,794,294.22 

8,660,000.25 

530,750.00 

69,656.06 

2,898,870.47 

1816 

16,012,096.80 

3,908,278.30 

274,512.16 

188,804.15 

2,989,741.17 

1817 

8,004,236.53 

3,314,598.49 

319,463.71 

297,374.43 

3,518,936.76 

1818 

5,662,715.10 

2,953,695.00 

505,704.27 

890,719.90 

3,835,839.51 

1819 

6,506,300.37 

3,847,040.42 

463,181.39 

2,415,939.85 

3,067,211.41 

1820 

2,630,392.31 

4,387,990.00 

315,750.01 

3,208,376.31 

2,592,021.94 

1821  

4,461,291.78 

3,319,243.06 

477,005.44 

242,817.25 

2,223,121.54 

1822 

3,111,981.48 

2,224,458.98 

575,007.41 

1,948,199.40 

1,907,996.24 

1823 

3,096,924.43 

2,503,765.83 

380,781.82 

1,780,588.52 

1,022,093.99 

1824  

3,340,939.85 

2,904,581.56 

429,987.90 

1,499,326.59 

7,155,308.81 

1825 

3,659,914.18 

3,049,083.86 

724,106.44 

1,308,810.57 

2,748,544.89 

1826 

3,943,194.37 

4,218,902.45 

743,447.83 

1,556,593.83 

2,000,177.79 

1827 

3,948,977.88 

4,203,877.45 

750,624.88 

976,138.80 

2,713,470.58 

1828 

4,145,544.56 

3,918,786.44 

705,084.24 

850,573.57 

3,076,052.04 

1829  

4,724,291.07 

3,308,745.47 

576,344.74 

949,594.47 

3,082,2:34.65 

1830 

4,767,128.88 

3,239,428.63 

622,262.47 

1,363,297.31 

3,237,410.04 

1831 

4,841,835.55 

3,856,183.07' 

930,738.04 

1,170,065.14 

3,004,646.10 

1832 

5,446,034.88 

3,956,370.29 

1,352,419.75 

1,184,422.40 

4,577,141.45 

1833 

6,704,019.10 

3,901,356.75 

1,802,980.93 

4,589,152.40 

5,716,245.93 

1834 

5,696,189.38 

3,956,260.42 

1,003,953.20 

3,364,285.30 

4,404,728.95 

1835 

5,759,156.89 

3,864,939.06 

1,706,444.48 

1,954,711.32 

4,229,698.53 

1836..  . . 

11,747,345.25 

5,807,718.23 

5,037,022.88 

2,882,797.96 

5,393,279.72 

1837 

13,682,730.80 

6,646,914.53 

4,348,036.19 

2,672,102.45 

9,883,370.27 

1838 

12,897,224.16 

6,131,580.53 

5,504,191.34 

2,156,057.29 

7,160,604.76 

1839  

8,916,995.80 

6,182,294.25 

2,528,917.28 

3,142,750.51 

5,725,990.89 

1840 

7,095,267.23 

6,113,896.89 

2,331,794.86 

2,603,562.17 

5,995,398.96 

1841 

8,801,610.21 

6,001,076.97 

2,514,837.12 

2,388,434.51 

0,490,881.45 

1842 

6,610,438.02 

8,397,242.99 

1,199,099.68 

1,378,931.33 

6,775,624.61 

1843* 

2,908,671.95 

3,727,711.53 

578,371.00 

839,041.12 

3,202,713.00 

1844 

5,218,183.66 

6,498,199.11 

1 ,256,532.39 

2,032,008.99 

5,645,183.80 

1845 

5,746,291.28 

6,297,177.89 

1,539,351.35 

2,400,788.11 

5,911,760.98 

1846 

10,413,370.58 

6,455,013.92 

1,027,693.64 

1,811,097.56 

0,711,283.89 

1847 

35,840,030.33 

7,900,635.76 

1,430,411.30 

1,744,883.63 

6,885,608.35 

1848 

27,688,334.21 

9,408,476.02 

1,252,296.81 

1,227,496.48 

5,050,851.25 

1819 

14,558,473.26 

9,786,705.92 

1,374,161.55 

1,328,867.64 

12,885,334.24 

1850  

9,687,024.58 

7,904,724.66 

8,880,581.38 

1,663,591.47 

1,866,886.02 

16,043,733.36 

1851 

12,161,965.11 

2,829,801.77 

2,293,377.22 

17,888,992.18 

1852 

8,521,506.19 

8,918,842.10 

3,043,570.04 

2,401,858.78 

17,504,171.45 

1853 

9,910,498.49 

11,067,789.53 

3,880,494.12 

1,756,306.20 

* For  the 

17,463,068.01 

half  year  from 

132 


1789,  TO  JUNE  30,  1891,  BY  CALENDAR  YEARS  TO  1843  AND  BY  FISCAL  YEARS  (ENDED 
THAT  TIME. 


Year. 

Net  ordinary 
expenditures. 

Premiums. 

Interest. 

Public  debt. 

Gross 

Expenditures. 

1791 

$1,919,589.52 

$1,177,863.03 

$699,984.23 

$3,797,436.78 

1792 

5,896,258.47 

2.373,611.28 

693,050.25 

8,962,920.00 

1793 

1,749,070.73 

2,097,859.17 

2,633,048.07 

6,479,977.97 

1794 

3,545,299.00 

2,752,523.04 

2,743,771.13 

9,041,593.17 

1795 

4,362,541.72 

2,947,059.06 

2,841,039.37 

10,151,240.15 

1796 

2,551,303.15 

3,239,347.68 

2,577,126.01 

8,367,776.84 

1797 

2,836,110.52 

3,172,516.73 

2,617,250.12 

8,625,877.37 

1798 

4,651,710.42 

2,955,875.90 

976,032.09 

8,583,618.41 

1799 

6,480,166.72 

2,815,651.41 

1,706,578.84 

11,002,396.97 

1800 

7,411,369.97 

3,402,601.04 

1,138,563.11 

11,952,534.12 

1801 

4,981,669.90 

4,411,830.06 

2,879,876.98 

12,273,376.94 

1802 

3,737,079.91 

4,239,172.16 

5,294,235.24 

13,270,487.31 

1803 

4,002,824.24 

3,949,462.30 

3,306,697.07 

11,258,983.67 

1804 

4,452,858.91 

4,185,043.74 

3,977,206.07 

12,615,113.72 

1805 

6,357,234.62 

2,657,114.22 

4,563,960.63 

13,598,309.47 

1806 

6.080.209.36 

3,368,968.26 

572,018.64 

15,021,196.26 

1807 

4.984,572.89 

3,369,578.48 

2,938,141.62 

11,292,292.99 

1808 

6,504,338.85 

2,557,074.23 

7,701,288.96 

10,762,702.04 

1809 

7,414,672.14 

2,866,074.90 

3,586,479.26 

13,867,226.30 

1810 

5,311,082.28 

3,163,671.09 

4,835,241.12 

13,309,994.49 

1811 

5,592,604.86 

2,585,435.57 

5,414,564.43 

13,592,004.86 

1812 

17,829,498.70 

2,451,272.57 

1,998,349.88 

22,279,121.15 

1813 

28,082,396.92 

3,599,455.22 

7,508,668.22 

39,190,520.36 

1814 

30,127,686.38 

4,593,239.04 

3,307,304.90 

38,028,230.32 

1815 

26,953,571.00 

5,990,090.24 

6,638,832.11 

39,582,493.35 

1816 

23,373,432.58 

7,822,923.34 

17,048,139.59 

48,244,495.51 

1817 

15,454,609.92 

4,536,282.55 

20,886,753.57 

40,877,646.04 

1818 

13, SOS, 673.78 

6,209,9.54.03 

15,086,247.59 

35,104,875.40 

1819 

16,300,273.44 

5,211,730.56 

2,492,195.73 

24,004,199.73 

1820 

13,134,530.57 

5,151,004.32 

3,477,489.96 

21,763,024.85 

1821 

10,723,479.07 

5,120,073.79 

3,241,019.83 

19,090,572.69 

1822 

9,827,643.51 

5,172,788.79 

2,676,160.33 

17,676,592.63 

1823 

9,784.154.59 

4,922,475.40 

607,541.01 

15,314,171.00 

1824 

15,330, 144.71 

4,943,557.93 

11,624,835.83 

31,808,538.47 

1825 

11.490,450.90 

4,366,757.40 

7,728,587.38 

23,585,804.72 

1826 

13.062,316.27 

3,975,542.95 

7,065,539.24 

24,103,398.46 

1827 

12,653,095.65 

3,486,071.51 

6,517.596.88 

22,656,764.04 

1828 

13,296,041.45 

3,098,800.60 

9,064,637.47 

25,459,479.52 

1829 

12,641,210.40 

2,542,843.23 

9,860,304.77 

25,044,358.40 

1830 

13,229,533.33 

1,912,574.93 

9,443,173.29 

24,585,281.55 

1831 

13,864,067.90 

1,373,748.74 

14,800,629.48 

30,038,446.12 

1832 

16,516,388.77 

772,561.50 

17,067,747.79 

34,356,698.06 

1833 

22,713,755.11 

303,796.87 

1,239,746.51 

24,257,298.49 

1834 

18,425,417.25 

202,152.98 

5,974,412.21 

24,601,982.44 

1835 

17,514,950.28 

57,863.08 

.328.20 

17,573,141.56 

1836 

30,868,164.04 

30,868,164.04 

1837 

37^3^14.24 

21,822.91 

37,265,037.15 

1838 

33^849^718.08 

14,996.48 

5,590,723.79 

39,455,438.35 

1839 

26,496,948.73 

399,833.89 

10,718,153.53 

37,614,936.15 

1840 

24,139,920.11 

174,598.08 

3,912,015.62 

28,226,533.81 

1841 

26,196,840.29 

284,977.55 

5,315,712.19 

31,797,530.03 

1842 

24,361,336.59 

773,549.85 

7,801,990.09 

32,936,876.53 

1843 

* 11,256,508.60 

523,583.91 

338,012.64 

12,118,105.15 

1844 

20,650.108.01 

1,833,452.13 

11,158,450.71 

33,642,010.85 

1845 

21,895,369.61 

$18,231.43 

1,040,458.18 

7,536,349.49 

30,490,408.71 

1846 

26,418,459.59 

842,723.27 

371,100.04 

27,632,282.90 

1847 

53,801,569.37 

1,119,214.72 

5,600,067.65 

60,520,851.74 

1848 

45.227,454.77 

2,390,765.88 

13,036,922.54 

60,655,143.19 

1849 

39,933,542.61 

82,865.81 

3,565,535.78 

12,804,478.54 

56,386,422.74 

1850 

37,165,990.09 

3,782,393.03 

3,656,335.14 

44,604,718.26 

1851 

44,051,717.66 

69,713.19 

3,696,760.75 

654,912.71 

48,476,104.31 

1852 

40,389,954.56 

170,063.42 

4,000,297.80 

2,152,293.05 

46,712,608.83 

1853 

44,078,156.35 

420,498.74 

3,665,832.74 

6,412,574.01 

54,577,061.74 

Balance  in 
Treasury  at 
the  end  of 
the  year. 


$973,905.75 

783,444.51 

753,661.69 

1.151.924.17 
516,442.61 

888.905.42 
1,021,899.04 

617.451.43 

2.161.867.77 

2.623.311.99 

3.295.391.00 
5,020,697.64 
4,825,811.60 
4,037,005.26 

3.999.388.99 

4.538.123.80 
9,643,850.07 
9,941,809.96 

3.848.056.78 
2,672,276.57 

3.502.305.80 

3.862.217.41 

5.196.542.00 
1,727,848.63 

13,106,592.88 
22, 033, 519.19 
14,989,465.48 

1.478.526.74 
2,079,992.38 
1,198,461.21 
1,681,592.24 

4.237.427.55 

9.463.922.81 
1,946,597.13 

5,201,650.43 

6.358.686.18 
6,668,286.10 

5.972.435.81 

5.755.704.79 

6.014.539.75 
4,502,914.45 

2.011.777.55 

11.702.905.31 

8.892.858.42 
26,749,803.96 

46,708,436.00 

37,327,252.69 
36,891,196.94 

33.157.503.68 
29,963,163.46 

28.685.111.08 

30.521.979.44 
39,186,284.74 
36,742,829.62 

36,194,274.81 
38,261,959.65 

33,079,276.43 

29.416.612.45 

32.827.082.69 

35.871.753.31 
40,158.353.25 
43,338,860.02 

50.261.901.09 


January  1,  to  June  30,  1843. 


133 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  UNITED 


Year. 


War. 


1854. 

1855 

1850. 

1857 

1858 

1859 
1800. 
1801 . 
180-1. 
1803. 

1864. 

1865. 
1800. 


1867. 

1868. 
1809 

1870. 

1871. 
1871 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 
1881 
1882. 
1883. 
1881. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 


Total . . 


$11,722,282.87 

14,048,074.07 

16,903,160.51 

19,159,150.87 

25,079,121.63 

23,154,720.53 

16,472,202.72 

23,001,530.67 

389,173,562.29 

603,314,411.82 

090,391,048.60 

1,030,690,400.06 

283,154,676.06 


3,568,038,312.28 

*3,621,780.07 


3,572,200,092.35 

95.224.415.63 

123,246,648.62 

78,501,990:61 

57,655,675.40 

35,799,991.82 

35,372,157.20 

46,323,138.31 

42.313.927.22 
41,120,045.98 

38.070.888.64 
37,082,735.90 

32.154.147.85 

40.425.060.73 

38.116.910.22 

40,460,400.55 
43,570,494.19 
48,911,382.93 

39,429,603.36 
42,670,578.47 

34.324.152.74 

38.561.025.85 
38,522,436.11 

44.435.270.85 

44,582,838.08 

48,720,065.01 


4,777,863,340.62 


Navy. 


$10,790,096.32 

13,327,095.11 

14.074.834.64 
12,651,094.61 

14.053.264.64 
14,690,927.90 
11,514,649.83 
12,387,156.52 
42,640,353.09 
63,261,235.31 
85,704,903.74 

122,617,434.07 

43,285,662.00 


717,551,816.39 

*77,992.17 


717,629,808.56 

31,034,011.04 

25,775,502.72 

20,000,757.97 

21,780,229.87 

19,431,027.21 

21,249,809.99 

23.526.256.79 

30,932,587.42 
21,497,626.27 

18,963,309.82 

14.959.935.36 

17.365.301.37 
15,125,126.84 

13.530.984.74 

15,686,071.06 
15,032,046.26 

15,283,437.17 
17,292,001.44 

10,021,079.67 

13.907.887.74 

15.141.126.80 

10,926,437.65 
21,378,809.31 
22,006,206.24 
26,113,896.46 


1,207,598,470.37 


Indians. 


$1,550,339.55 

2,772,990.78 

2.644.263.97 
4, 354, 418.87 
4,978,266.18 

3.490.534.53 

2.991.121.54 
2,805,481.17 
2,327,948.37 

3.152.032.70 

2.629.975.97 

5.059.360.71 
3,295,729.32 


103,369,211.42 

*53,286.61 


103,422,498.03 

4.642.531.77 
4,100,682.32 

7,042,923.06 
3,407,938.15 
7,426,997.44 

7.061.728.82 

7,951,704.88 
0,692,462.09 

8.384.656.82 

5.966.558.17 

5,277,007.22 

4.629.280.28 

5.206.109.08 

5.945.457.09 

6.514.161.09 

9,736,747.40 
7,362,590.34 

6.475.999.29 
6,552,494.63 

6.099.158.17 

6.194.522.09 
6,249,307.87 

6.892.207.78 

6,708,046.67 

8,527,409.01 


264,471,240.10 


Pensions. 


$1,232,665.00 

1,477,012.33 

1,296,229.65 

1,310,380.58 

1,219,768.30 

1,222,222.71 

1,100,802.32 

1,034,599.73 

852,170.47 

1,078,513.36 

4,985,473.90 

16,347,621.34 

15,605,549.88 


119,607,656.01 

*9,737.87 


119,617,393.88 

20,936,551.71 

23.782.386.78 

28.470.021.78 

28,340,202.17 

34,443,894.88 
28,533,402.70 

29,359,426.80 
29,038,414.60 

29,456,216.22 
28,257,395.69 
27,963,752.27 
27,137,019.08 
35,121,482.39 
50,777,174.4-1 

50,059,279.62 
61,345,193.95 
66,012,573.64 
55,429,228.00 

56,102,267.49 
63,404,804.03 

75.029.101.79 
80,288,508.77 
87,024,779.11 

106,936,855.07 

124,415,951.40 


1,373,889,938.50 


Miscellaneous. 


$26,672,144.68 
24,090,425.43 
31  ,r  94,038.87 
28,565,498.77 
26,400,010.42 
23,797,544.40 
27,977,978.30 
23,327,287.69 
21,385,862.59 
23,198,382.37 
27,572,216.87 
42,989,383.10 
40,613,114.17 


643,604,554.33 

*718,769.52 


644,323,323.85 

51,110,223.72 

53,009,867.67 

56.474.061.53 

53.237.461.56 
00,481,916.23 

60,984,757.42 

73,328,110.06 
85,141,593.61 

71.070.702.98 
73,599,601.04 

58.926.532.53 

58.177.703.57 

65.741.555.49 
54,713,529.76 
64,416,324.71 

57.219.750.98 
68,678,022.21 
70,920,433.70 
87,494,258.38 

74,166,929.85 
85,204,825.59 

72,952,260.80 
80,604,064.26 

81.403.250.49 

110,048,167.49 


2,308,549,295.48 


* Outstanding 

Note. — This  statement  is  made  from  warrants  paid  by  the  Treasurer  up  to 

warrants  issued 


134 


STATES  FROM  MARCH  4,  1789,  TO  JUNE  30,  1891,  ETC.— Continued. 


i 

(H 


1854 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 
1861 
1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 


1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 
188G 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 


Net  ordinary 
expenditures. 


351.967.528.42 

56,316,197.72 

66,772,527.64 

66.041.143.70 

72,330,437.17 
66,355, 950.07 

60.056.754.71 

62,616,055.78 

456,379,896.81 

694,004,575.56 

811,288,676.14 

1,217,704,199.28 

385.954.731.43 


Premiums. 


$2,877,818.69 

872.047.39 

385,372.90 

363.572.39 
574,443.08 


1,717,900.11 

58,476.51 


5,152,771,550.43 
*4,481,566.24 


5,157,253,116.67 

202,947,7:33.87 

229,915,088.11 

190,496,354.95 


7,611,003.56 

10,813,349.38 

7.001.151.04 

1.674.680.05 
15,996,555.60 


164,421,507.15 

157,583,827.58 

153,201,856.19 

180,488.636.90 

194,118,985.00 

171.529.848.27 

164.857.813.36 

141.209.963.28 
1:34,463,452.15 
161,619,9:34.53 

169,090,062.25 

177.142.897.63 

186,904,232.78 

206.248.006.29 

189,547,865.85 

208.840.678.64 
191,902,992  53 

220,190,602.72 
214,9:38.951.20 

240,995,131.31 
261,637,202.55 

317.825.549.37 


9,016,794.84 

6,958,266.76 

5,105,919.99 

1,395,073.55 


2,795,320,42 

1,061,248.78 


8,270,842.46 

17,292,362.65 

20,304,224.06 

10,401,220.61 


9,992,372,291.13 


125,698,013.65 


Interest. 


$3,070,926.69 

2,314,464.99 

1,953,822.37 

1,593,265.23 

1,652,055.67 

1,637,649.70 

3,144,120.94 

4,034,157.30 

13,190,344.84 

24,729,700.62 

53,685,412.69 

77,395,090.30 

133,067,624.91 


502,689,519.27 

*2,888.48 


502,692,407.75 

143,781,591.91 

140.424.045.71 

130,694,242.80 

129.235.498.00 
125,576,565.93 

117.357.839.72 

104,750,688.44 

107,119,815.21 

103,093,544.57 

100,243,271.23 

97,124,511.57 

102,500,874.65 

105.327.949.00 

95,757,575.11 

82,508,741.18 
71,077,206.79 

59.160.131.25 
54,578.378.48 

51.386.256.47 
50,580,145.97 

47.741.577.25 

44.715.007.47 

41.001,484.29 

36,099,284.05 

37,547,135.37 


Public  debt. 


$17,556,896.95 

6,662,065.86 

3,614,618.06 

3,276,606.05 

7,505,250.82 

14,685,043.15 

13.854.250.00 

18.737.100.00 
96,097,322.09 

181,081,6:35.07 

430,572,014.03 

609,616,141.68 

620,263,249.10 


2,374,677,103.12 

*100.31 


2,374,677,203.43 

735,536,980.11 

692,549,685.88 

261,912,718.31 

393,254,282.13 

399,503,670.65 

405.007.307.54 
233,699,352.58 

422,065,060.23 
407,377,492.48 

449,345,272.80 

323.965.424.05 
353,676,944.90 
699,445,809.16 

432,590,280.41 

165.152.335.05 

271.646.299.55 
590,083,829.96 

260.520.690.50 
211, 760, .353.43 
205,216,709.36 

271,901,321.15 

249.760.258.05 

318,922,412.85 

312.206.367.50 
365,352,470.87 


2,682,075,770.18 


11,807,130,532.43 


Gross 

Expenditures. 


$75,473,170.75 

66,164,775.96 

72,726,341.57 

71,274,587.37 

82,062,186.74 

83,678,042.92 

77,055,125.65 

85,387,313.08 

565,667,563.74 

899,815,911.25 

295,541,114.86 

1,906,433,331.37 

1,139,344,081.95 


8,037,749,176.38 

*4,484,555.03 


8,042,233,731.41 

1,093,079,655.27 

1,069,889,970.74 

584.777.996.11 
702,907,842.88 

691.680.858.90 

682.525.270.21 

524.044.597.91 
724.698,933.99 
682,000,885.32 

714.446,357.39 

565.299.898.91 

590,641,271.70 
966,393,692.69 
700,233,238.19 
425,865,222.64 

529.627.739.12 

855,491,967.50 
504,646,934.83 

471,987,288.54 

447,699,847.86 

539.833.501.12 

517,685,059.18 

618,211,390.60 

630,247,078.16 

731.126.376.22 


24,607,276,607.39 


Balance  in 
Treasury  at 
the  end  of 
the  year. 


$48,591,073.41 

47,777,672.18 

49,108,229.80 

46,802,855.00 

35,113,334.22 

33,193,248.60 

32,979,530.78 

30,963,857.83 

46,965.304.87 

36,523,046.13 

134,433,738.44 

33,933,657.89 

165,301,654.76 


*4,484,555.03 


160,817,099.73 

198,076,537.09 

158.936.082.87 

183,781,985.76 
177,604,116.51 
138,019,122.15 
134,666,001.85 

159,293,673.41 

178,833,339.54 

172,804,061.32 
149,909,377.21 

214.887.645.88 

286.591.453.88 

386,832,588.65 

231,940,064.44 

280,607,668.37 
275,450,903.53 
374,189,081.98 
424,941,403.07 
521,794,026.26 
526,848,755.46 
512,851,434.36 
659,449,099.94 

673,399,118.18 

691,527,403.70 

726,222,332.60 


warrants. 

June  30, 1866.  The  outstanding  warrants  are  then  added,  and  the  statement  is  by 
from  that  date. 


135 


APPROPRIATIONS  SANCTIONED  BY  CONGRESS,  1882-1892. 


Deficiencies 

Legislative,  Executive 

and  Judicial 

Sundry  Civil 

Support  of  the  Army. 

Naval  Service 

Indian  Service 

Rivers  and  Harbors. . . 
Forts  & Fortifications 

Military  Academy 

Post-Office  Dept 

Pensions 

Consular  & Diplomatic 

Agricultural  Dept* 

District  of  Columbiat 
Miscellaneous 

Totals 


1882. 


$5,110,862 

17,797,398 

22,011,223 

26,687,800 

14,566,0:38 

4,587,867 

11,451,300 

575,000 

322,435 

2,152,258 

68,282,307 

1,191,435 

335,500 

3,379,571 

1,128,006 


$179,579,000 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


1886. 


1887. 


$9,853,869 

20,322,908 

25,425,479 

27,032,099 

14,903,559 

5,219,604 

18,988,875 

375,000 

335,557 

1,902,178 

116,000,000 

1,256,655 

427,280 

3,496,060 

5,888,994 


$2,832,680 

20,763,843 

23,713,404 

24,681,250 

15,954,247 

5,388,656 

None 

670,000 

318,657 

Indefinite. 

86,575,000 

1,296,255 

405,640 

3,505,495 

1,806,439 


$4,385,836 

21,556,902 

22,346,750 

24,454,450 

8,931,856 

5,903,151 

14,948,300 

700,000 

314,563 

Indefinite. 

20,810,000 

1,225,140 

480,190 

3,594,256 

7,800,004 


$3,332,717 

21,495,661 

25,961,904 

24,014,052 

21,280,767 

5,773,329 

None. 

725.000 

309,902 

Indefinite. 

60,000,000 

1,242,925 

580,790 

3,622,683 

2,268,383 


$13,572,883 

20,809,781 

22,656,658 

23,753,057 

16,489,557 

5,561,263 

14,464,900 

59,877 

297,805 

Indefinite. 

76,075,200 

1,364,065 

654,715 

3,721,051 

10,194,571 


$251,428,117  $187,911,566  $137,451,398  $170,608,114  $209,659,383 


1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

1892. 

Deficiencies 

Legislative,  Executive 

$137,000 

$21,190,996 

$14,239,180 

$34,137,737 

$38,516,227 

and  Judicial 

20,772,721 

20,924,492 

20,865,220 

21,073,137 

22,027,674 

Sundry  Civil 

22,369,841 

26.316,530 

25,527,642 

29,760,0.54 

35,459,163 

Support  of  the  Army. 

23,724,719 

24,474,711 

24,316,616 

24,206,471 

24,613,529 

Naval  Service 

25,786,848 

19,938,281 

21,675,375 

23,136,035 

31,541,645 

Indian  Service 

5,234,398 

5,401,331 

8,077,453 

7,256,758 

16,278,492 

Rivers  and  Harbors. . . 

None. 

22,397,616 

None. 

25,136,295 

2,951,200 

Forts  & Fortifications. 

None. 

3,972,000 

1,233,594 

4,232,935 

3,774,803 

Military  Academy 

419,937 

315,044 

902,767 

435,296 

402,070 

Post-Office  Dept 

Indefinite. 

Indefinite. 

Indefinite. 

Indefinite. 

Indefinite. 

Pensions 

83,152,500 

81,758,700 

81,758,700 

98,457,461 

135,214,785 

Consular  & Diplomatic 

1,429,942 

1,428,465 

1,980,025 

1,710,725 

1,656,925 

Agricultural  Dept* 

1,028,730 

1,715,826 

5,056,679 

1,669,770 

1.796,502 

3,028,153 

District  of  Columbiat 

4,284,592 

5,682,410 

5,762,236 

5,597,125 

Miscellaneous 

4,694,635 

10,129,502 

10,186,689 

10,620,840 

2,721,283 

Totals 

$193,035,861 

$245,020,173 

$218,115,440 

$287,722,488 

$323,783,079 

* Previous  to  1881  appropriations  for  the  Agricultural  Department  were  included  in  the 
Legislative,  Executive  and  Judicial  appropriations.  t Previous  to  1881  appropriations  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  were  included  in  the  Sundry  Civil  expenses  appropriations. 


136 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES,  1891-1893. 


(FROM  THE  TREASURY  REPORTS.) 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES. 

Fiscal  year  1891. 

The  revenues  of  the  government  from  all  sources  for  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  30,  1891,  were: 

From  customs $219, 522, 205.23 

From  internal  revenue 145,686,249.44 

From  profits  on  coinage,  bullion  deposits,  and  assays 7,701,991.82 

From  sales  of  public  lands 4,029,535.41 

From  fees — consular,  letters-patent,  and  land 3,019,781.84 

From  sinking-fund  for  Pacific  railways 2,326,359.37 

From  tax  on  national  banks 1,236,042.60 

From  customs  fees,  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures 966,121.82 

From  repayment  of  interest  by  Pacific  railways 823,904.04 

From  sales  of  Indian  lands ' 602,545.38 

From  Soldiers'  Home,  permanent  fund 308,648.34 

From  tax  on  seal-skins 269,673.88 

From  immigrant  fund 292,271.00 

From  sales  of  government  property 259,379.05 

From  deposits  for  surveying  public  lands 131,422.80 

From  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  Company 500,000.00 

From  sales  of  ordnance  material 122,668.01 

From  sales  of  condemned  naval  vessels 78,037.36 

From  depredations  on  public  lands 55,905.83 

From  the  District  of  Columbia 2,853,897.74 

From  miscellaneous  sources 1,825,806.35 

From  postal  service 65,931,785.72 


Total  receipts $458,544,233.03 


The  expenditures  for  the  same  period  were: 

For  the  civil  establishment,  including  foreign  intercourse,  public  build- 
ings, collecting  the  revenues,  deficiency  in  postal  revenues,  rebate  of 
tax  on  tobacco,  refund  of  direct  taxes,  French  spoliation  claims.  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and  other  miscellaneous  expenses $110,048,167.49 

For  the  military  establishment,  including  rivers  and  harbors,  forts,  ar- 
senals, and  sea-coast  defenses 48,720,065.01 

For  the  naval  establishment,  including  construction  of  new  vessels,  ma- 
chinery, armament,  equipment,  and  improvement  at  navy -yards — 26,113,896.46 

For  Indian  service 8,527,469.01 

For  pensions 124,415,951.40 

For  interest  on  the  public  debt 37,547,135.37 

For  postal  service 65,931,785.72 

Total  expenditures $421,304,470.46 


Leaving  a surplus  of $37,239,762.57 


12b 


137 


138 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES,  1891-1893, 


To  this  sum  was  added  $54,207,975.75,  deposited  in  the  Treasury  under 
the  act  of  July  14,  1890,  for  the  redemption  of  national  hank  notes;  $9,363,- 
715  deposited  during  the  year  on  the  same  account;  $3,810  received  for 
four  per  cent,  bonds  issued  for  interest  accrued  on  refunding  certificates  con- 
verted during  the  year,  and  $34,132,372.16  taken  from  the  cash  balance  in  the 
Treasury,  makinga  total  of  $134,947,635.48,  which  was  applied  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  public  debt,  as  follows: 


Redemption  of 

Bonds,  fractional  currency,  and  notes  for  the  sinking-fund,  includ- 
ing $3,860,086.28  premium  paid  on  bonds 

Loan  of  1847 

Loan  of  July  and  August,  1861 

Loan  of  1863 

Loan  of  1863,  continued 

Five-twenties  of  1862 

Five-twenties  of  June,  1864 

Consols  of  1865 

Consols  of  1867 

Consols  of  1868 . . 

Ten-forties  of  1864 

Funded  loan  of  1881 

Funded  loan  of  1881,  continued 

Loan  of  1882 

Bounty  land  scrip 

Old  demand,  compound  interest,  and  other  notes 

National  bank  notes 

Purchase  of — 

Funded  loan  of  1891 

Funded  loan  of  1907 

Premium  on  funded  loan  of  1891 

Premium  on  funded  loan  of  1907 

Total 


$47,866,197.65 

300.00 
21,100.00 

100.00 

300.00 

150.00 

10.650.00 

15.850.00 

35.450.00 

20.050.00 

11.500.00 
5,000.00 

7.800.00 

60.200.00 

100.00 

5.055.00 
23,553,298.50 

30.286.150.00 

26.507.250.00 
1.35.99 

6,540,998.34 

$134,947,635.48 


As  compared  with  the  fiscal  year  1890,  the  receipts  for  1891  have  fallen  off 
$5,418,847.52,  as  follows: 


Source. 

Increase. 

Decrease. 

Net  decrease 

Postal  service 

$5,049,687.80 
3,079,5+3.63 
500,000.00 
483,794.85 
230,257.23 
118,212.52 
112,185  47 
82,301.71 
77,096.89 
67,255.06 

50.807.00 
44,766.81 
20,053.46 

19.108.01 
7,173.88 

266,859.66 

Repayment  of  interest  by  Pacific  railways. . . 

$10,146,379.34 

2,515,252.43 

2j328j7.37.10 

196,730.03 

179,885.43 

129,118.85 

65,283.98 

42,365.92 

24,198.42 

Customs  fines,  penalties,  etc 

Total 

$10,209,103.98 

$15,627,951.50 

$5,418,847.52 

RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES,  1891-1893. 


139 


There  was  an  increase  of  $57,  636, 198. 14  in  the  ordinaiy  expenditures,  as 
follows: 


Source. 

Increase. 

Decrease. 

Net  increase 

CIVIL  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Legislative — 

$436, 874.00 

16.542.00 

380.439.00 

92.556.00 

35.052.00 

45.711.00 

139.948.00 

332.645.00 

770.082.00 
11,521,497.00 

3.039.763.00 

1.983.830.00 

44.611.00 

102.546.00 

30. 052.00 

87.688.00 

433.872.00 

476.4133.00 

218.363.00 

169.378.00 

1.085.240.00 

305.780.00 

21.796.00 

357.559.00 

462.401.00 

4.938.333.00 
1,081,000.00 

25.445.00 

184.351.00 

5,757.00 

39.220.00 

371.358.00 

34.785.00 

60.091.00 

1.398.298.00 

Department  of  State — 

Treasury  Department — 

Salaries  and  expenses,  internal  revenue.. 

Repayment  to  importers  excess  of  deposits 

Navy  Department — 

Interior  Department — 

Colleges  for  agricult're  and  mechanic  arts 
Post-Office  Department — 

Department  of  Agriculture — 

Department  of  Labor — 

Department  of  Justice — 

Executive  Proper — 1 

$11,648.00 

41,909.00 

6,465.00 

2,024,373.00 

District  of  Columbia — 

W ar  Department— 

Post-Office  Department — 

Postal  Service 

$28,644,911.00 

Total  Civil  Establishment 

$30,729,306.00 

$2,084,395.00 

MILITARY  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Pay  of  the  Army 

$378,725.00 

531.651.00 

203.484.00 

613.169.00 
178j940.00 

195.634.00 

208.680.00 

513.189.00 

177.327.00 

327.117.00 

98.794.00 

548.569.00 

158.294.00 

210.236.00 

75.482.00 
93,475.93 

Pay  and  bounty  claims  . . . 

Transportation  of  the  Army. 

Ordnance  service 

Forts  and  fortifications 

Signal  Service 

Official  records  of  the  rebellion 

Supplies  taken  by  the  Army  (Bowman  act). . 

$32,660.00 

207,880.00 

1.35,000.00 

Relief  of  sufferers  from  flood 

Total  Military  Establishment 

$4,512,766.93 

$375,540.00 

$4,137,226.93 

140 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES,  1891-1893. 


Increase  in  Ordinary  Expenditures.— Continued. 


Source. 

Increase. 

Decrease. 

Net  increase 

NAVAL  ESTABLISHMENT. 

$60,478.00 

3,777,394.00 

76.297.00 

648.992.00 

279.043.00 

91.960.00 
8,792.00 

27.327.00 

100.619.00 

72.060.00 

47.774.00 
165,270.22 

$28,679.00 

381.202.00 
34,102.00 

339.577.00 

464.756.00 

Pay  of  the  Navy 

$5,356,006.22 

$1,248,316.00 

$4,107,690.22 

1,819,422.34 

17,479,096.33 

1,447,851.32 

$57,636,198.14 

Fiscal  year  1892. 


For  the  present  fiscal  year  the  revenues  are  estimated  as  follows: 


From  customs $185,000,000.00 

From  internal  revenue 152,000,000.00 

From  miscellaneous  sources 25*000,000.00 

From  postal  service 71,000,000.00 

Total  estimated  revenues $433,000,000.00 


The  expenditures  for  the  same  period  are  estimated  as  follows: 


For  the  civil  establishment $100,000,000.00 

For  the  military  establishment 46,000,000.00 

For  the  naval  establishment 32,000,000.00 

For  the  Indian  service 12,000,000.00 

For  pensions 125,000,000.00 

For  interest  on  the  public  debt 23,000,000.00 

For  postal  service 71 ,000,000.00 


Total  estimated  expenditures $400,000,000.00 


Leaving  an  estimated  surplus  for  the  year  of $24,000,000.00 


The  following  is  a statement  of  the  probable  condition  of  the  Treasury  at 
the  close  of  the  present  fiscal  year,  June  30,  1892: 

Cash  in  the  Treasury  July  1,  1891,  including  gold  reserve $153,893,809.83 

Surplus  for  year,  as  above 24,000,000.00 

Deposits  during  the  year  for  redemption  of  national  bank  notes 3,000,000.00 

Total  amount  available $180,893,808.83 

Less — 

Redemption  of  national  bank  notes  during  the  year. . $16,000,000.00 
Redemption  of  bonds,  interest  notes,  and  fractional 

currency  to  November  1, 1891 20,911,163.00 

Redemption  of  same  items  during  remainder  of  year.  4,254,500.00  jg5  663  00 

$139,728,145.83 


Cash  balance  available  June  30,  1892 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES,  1891-1893, 


141 


Fiscal  year  1893. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  revenues  of  the  government  for  the  fiscal  year  1893 
will  be: 


From  customs $195,000,000.00 

From  internal  revenue 158,000,000.00 

From  miscellaneous  sources 2d, 000, 000.00 

From  postal  service 80,336,350.44 


Total  estimated  revenues $455,330,350.44 


The  estimates  of  appropriations  required  for  the  same  period,  as  submitted 
by  the  several  Executive  Departments  and  offices,  are  as  follows: 


Legislative  establishment 

Executive  establishment — 

Executive  proper $143,850.00 

State  Department 166,510.00 

Treasury  Department 9,108,386.10 

War  Department 2,247,178.00 

Navy  Department 416,920.00 

Interior  Department 5,202,924.00 

Post-Office  Department 923,360.00 

Department  of  Agriculture 3,360,995.50 

Department  of  Justice 184,750.00 

Department  of  Labor 175,470.00 


Judicial  establishment 

Foreign  intercourse 

Military  establishment . 
Naval  establishment... 

Indian  affairs 

Pensions 

Public  Works — 


Legislative  $1,041,885.00 

Treasury  Depart  ment 3,125,479.95 

War  Department 13,208,393.00 

Navy  Department 828,985.05 

Interior  Department 290.665.00 

Department  of  Justice 5,800.00 


Miscellaneous- 

Legislative  $3,076,141.86 

State  Department 3,000.00 

Treasury  Department 9,779,084.90 

War  Department 5,501,861.60 

Interior  Department 3,928,821.00 

Department  of  Justice 4,765,787.60 

District  of  Columbia 5.602,125.17 


Postal  service 

Permanent  annual  appropriations — 

Interest  on  the  public  debt $26,000,000.00 

Refunding — customs,  internal  revenue,  etc 17,431,200.00 

Collecting  revenue  from  customs 5,500,000.00 

Miscellaneous 24,300,680.00 


$3,492,089.95 


$21,930,343.60 

692,600.00 

2,138,466.14 

26,299,170.77 

26,365,654.75 

8,603,907.76 

147,064,550.00 


$18,501,208.00 


$32,656,822.13 

80,323,400.51 


$73,231,880.00 


Total  estimated  appropriations,  exclusive  of  sinking-fund...  $441,300,093.61 
Or  an  estimated  surplus  of $14,036,256.83 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT 


SHOWING  THE  ITEMS  OF  RECEIPT  AND  EXPENDITURE  IN  THE  FEDERAL 
OFFICES,  ETC.,  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1891. 

( From  the  report  of  the  First  Auditor.) 


RECEIPTS. 


Accounts  adjusted. 


Duties  on  merchandise  and  tonnage 

Fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures 

Marine  hospital  money  collected 

Immigration  fees 

Money  received  on  account  of  deceased  passengers  

Money  received  from  sale  of  old  material,  public  documents,  etc  

Miscellaneous  receipts 

Treasurer  of  the  United  States  for  moneys  received 

Mint  and  assay  offices 

Accounts  of  the  collector  of  taxes  for  the  District  of  Columbia  for  taxes 

collected  by  him  and  deposited 

Fees  for  copyrights 

Quarantine  stations 


$198,599,088.42 

132,169.05 

5,970.69 

275,021.95 

860.00 

158,617.48 

750,432.98 

666,965,384.93 

113,154,195.88 

4,950,971.95 

24,788.86 

109.00 


Total 


$985,017,611.19 


DISBURSEMENTS. 

Legislative. 

UNITED  STATES  SENATE. 


Compensation  of  President  of  the  Senate $8,000.00 

Salaries  and  mileage  of  Senators 464,120.24 

Salaries,  officers  and  employees 436,967.38 

Contingent  expenses: 

Stationery  and  newspapers 17,799.97 

Horses  and  wagons 8,685.26 

Fuel  for  heating  apparatus 13,162.15 

Furniture  and  repairs 14,524.50 

Folding  documents 12,884.94 

Materials  for  folding 9,992.90 

Packing-boxes 1,494.99 

Expenses  of  Special  and  Select  Committees 19,128.74 

Miscellaneous  items 62,924.90 

Salaries  of  Capitol  police 36,599.96 

Reporting  proceedings  and  debates 25,000.00 

Compiling  Congressional  Directory 1,200.00 

Postage 380.00 

One  month’s  extra  pay  to  officers  and  employees 41,102.15 

Furniture,  cleaning 535.86 

Cleaning  and  sewing  carpets 243.27 

Payment  to  Hons.  W.  F.  Sanders  and  Thomas  C.  Power 2,453.00 

Payment  to  heirs  of  Hon.  James  B.  Beck 5,000.00 

Payment  to  W.  B.  Clarke,  Senate 280.00 

Payment  to  Martin  Maginnis  and  William  A.  Clark 10,000.00 

Payment  to  Ex-Senator  George  E.  Spencer 6,543.38 

Payment  to  Ex-Senator  F.  A.  Sawyer 6,543.38 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  E.  K.  Wilson  5,000.00 

Payment  to  Charles  H.  Evans 500.00 

Reimbursement  to  official  reporter 6,000.00 


142 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


143 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 

Salaries  and  mileage  of  members  and  delegates $1,964,915.74 

Salaries,  officers  and  employees 903,365.27 

Contingent  expenses: 

Stationery  and  newspapers 61,279.43 

Fuel  for  heating  apparatus 11,407.06 

Furniture  and  repairs 13,872.00 

Material  for  folding 16,657.58 

Miscellaneous  items 90,622.92 

Packing  boxes 3,587.00 

Postage 225.00 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  James  N.  Burnes 6,000.00 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  W.  D.  Kelley .- 6,225.06 

Payment  to  Hon.  George  A.  Matthews 6,697.70 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  Samuel  J.  Randall 4,501.70 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  R.  W.  Townsend 10,691.46 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  S.  S.  Cox 7,596.17 

Payment  to  estate  of  Hon.  James  Laird 604.00 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  E.  J.  Gay 9,904.37 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  David  Wilbur 4,974.99 

Payment  to  widow  of  Hon.  James  P.  Walker 3,593.76 

Payment  to  Henry  H.  Smith 1,000.00 

Payment  to  John'H.  Rogers 500.00 

Payment  to  George  W.  Rae 180.00 

Payment  to  William  W.  Kelser 300.00 

Reimbursement  to  official  reporters  to  committees 1,500.00 

Salaries,  officers  and  employees — reporters  33,083.00 

Rent  of  stables  and  carpenter  shop 840.00 

Miscellaneous 8,716.02 

Compiling  testimony  in  contested-election  cases 2,500.00 

Compiling  tariff  changes 2,000.00 

Office  of  Public  Printer. 

Public  printing  and  binding 2,768,227.03 

Public  Printer — Miscellaneous. 

Relief  of  G.  B.  Kane  & Co 517.60 

Library  of  Congress. 

Salaries 78,505.55 

Increase  of  library 5,815.02 

Contingent  expenses 1,244.35 

Catalogue  of  library 2,068.10 

One  month’s  extra  pay  in  law  department 327.20 


Botanic  Garden. 

Salaries 15,089.45 

Improving  Botanic  Garden 4,341.99 

Improving  buildings 3,054.44 

Court  of  Claims. 

Salaries,  judges,  etc 32,240.00 

Reporting  decisions 2.000.00 

Contingent  expenses 2,704.87 

Payment  of  judgments 381,747.77 


Legislative — Miscellaneous. 

Expenses  of  investigation  concerning  immigration 12,192.73 

Expenses  of  contesting  seat  in  Congress 84,749.30 

Conveying  votes  of  Presidential  electors 522.75 

Statement  of  appropriations  2,400.00 


Executive  . 

OFFICE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT. 

Salaries  executive  office 33,615.32 

Contingent  expenses 9236.04 

Preventing  the  spread  of  epidemic  diseases 3s’68o]88 


144  AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


Civil  Service  Commission. 

Salaries $33,819.95 

Traveling  expenses 4,962.11 

Contingent 3,521.20 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries,  office  of — 

Secretary 585,524.11 

Supervising  Architect 11,150.00 

First  Comptroller 88,039.94 

Second  Comptroller 91,535.43 

Second  Comptroller,  accounts  of  Soldiers’  Home 2,698.57 

Commissioner  of  Customs 49,137.32 

First  Auditor 88,323.37 

Second  Auditor 240,566.59 

Second  Auditor,  repairing  rolls,  bounty  pay  of  Indians,  soldiers,  etc.  21,483.23 

Second  Auditor,  accounts  of  Soldiers’  Home 0,113.53 

Third  Auditor  188,528.13 

Fourth  Auditor 68,831.95 

Fifth  Auditor 47,288.65 

Sixth  Auditor 531,822.48 

Treasurer  of  the  United  States 269,299.54 

Treasurer  (national  currency,  reimbursable,  permanent) 63,716.00 

Register 173,583.43 

Comptroller  of  the  Currency 102,237.67 

Examination  of  national  banks'  and  bank  plates 369.92 

Salaries:  Office  of — 

Comptroller  of  Currency,  national  currency,  reimbursable, permanent  16,317.36 

Life-Saving  Service 46,602.84 

Lighthouse  Board 35,150.79 

Salaries:  Bureau  of — 

Navigation,  Treasury  Depart  ment 31,689.76 

Statistics 45,129.19 

Collecting  statistics  relating  to  commerce 5,895.68 

Salaries: 

Secret  Service  Division 12,701.36 

Office  of  Supervising  Surgeon-General,  Marine-Hospital  Service  31,747.40 

Office  of  Supervising  Inspector-General,  Steamboat  Inspection  Ser- 
vice   12,671.77 

Office  of  Standard  Weights  and  Measures 2,320.45 

Contingent  expenses,  Office  Standard  Weights  and  Measures 605.43 

Salaries  Steamboat  Inspection  Service  (permanent) 218,765.33 

Contingent  expenses  Steamboat  Inspection  Service  (permanent). . . . 42,536.21 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  special  inspectors,  foreign  steam  vessels 

(permanent) 13,989.14 


Treasury — Miscellaneous. 

Contingent  expenses.  Treasury  Department: 

Stationery 80,072.12 

Binding  newspapers,  etc 1,924.91 

Investigation  of  accounts  and  traveling  expenses 852.99 

Freight,  telegrams,  etc 1,521.13 

Rent 5,459.99 

Horses,  wagons,  etc 3,983.86 

Ice 2,550.03 

File  holders  and  cases 2,169.09 

Fuel  etc 8,090.95 

Gas,  etc 13,683.90 

Carpets  and  repairs 2,823.82 

Furniture,  etc 9,859.63 

Miscellaneous  items  8,965.54 

Contingent  expenses,  national  currency,  Treasurer’s  Office,  reimbursable 

(permanent) 21,799.14 

Sealing  and  separating  United  States  securities,  1890-’91 1,678.67 

Distinctive  paper  for  United  States  securities 23,108.31 

Transportation  of  silver  coin 48,580.57 

Pay  of  assistant  custodians  and  janitors 218,701.69 

Fuel,  lights,  and  water  for  public  buildings 783,511.51 

Furniture  and  repairs  of  same,  public  buildings 297,297.83 

Inspector  of  furniture,  etc 3,972.28 

Heating  apparatus  for  public  buildings 86,291.19 

Vaults,  safes,  and  locks  for  public  buildings 32,210.88 

Plans  for  public  buildings 4,454.40 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


145 


Treasury — Miscellaneous. — Continued. 

Lands  and  other  properties  of  the  United  States $33.50 

Suppressing-  counterfeiting  and  other  crimes 58,520.03 

Expenses  Treasury  notes 209,367.00 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission 178,554.31 

Decorating  public  buildings,  New  York  City 0.00 

Postage  to  postal-union  countries 1,500.00 

To  promote  the  education  of  the  blind  (permanent  ) 15,000.00 

Outstanding  Labilities  (permanent) 33,933.13 

Sinking  fund,  Pacific  railroads  (permanent) 5,419,063.78 

Settled  for  appropriation 452.93 

Miscellaneous  accounts 0.00 

Payment  to  E.  F.  Gobel .- 1,096.68 

Damages  to  fishing  schooner  Lucy  Ann 25.00 

Repayment  to  importers,  excess  of  deposit 71.45 

Relief  of  Frank  A.  Lee 100.00 

Payment  for  portrait  of  J.  C.  Spencer ...  500.00 

Expenses  World’s  Columbian  Exposition 124,053.97 

Quarantine  Service 61,522.47 

Disposal  of  useless  papers,  Treasury  and  War  Departments 1,193.76 

Canceling  United  States  securities  and  cutting  distinctive  paper 646.55 

Payment  to  legal  representatives  of  Samuel  Hein 1,000.18 

Additional  compensation  for  services  in  connection  with  the  issue  of  3 

per  cent,  bonds 80.33 

Protecting  salmon  fisheries  of  Alaska . 498.57 

Lease  fur-seal  islands 681.04 

Statistics  fur-seal  islands 1,760.00 

Refund  to  national  banks 317.64 

Payment  of  French  spoliation  claims 1,062,092.411 

Relief  to  Tlios.  J.  Parker 40.89 

Relief  of  Charles  N.  Felton  9,930.00 

Credit  in  accounts  of  Treasurer  United  States  at  San  Francisco  for  loss, 

etc 10,000.00 


Customs. 

Expenses  of  collecting  the  revenue  from  customs 7,142,530.53 

Detection  and  prevention  of  frauds  upon  the  customs  revenue 18,428.73 

Excess  of  deposits 6,456,226.25 

Debentures  and  drawbacks 4,950,334.80 

Official  emoluments 248,863.77 

Expenses  of  immigration 166,150.04 

Duties,  etc.,  refunded 2,949,893.46 

Additional  pay  to  inspectors  of  customs 15,465.80 

Miscellaneous  accounts 10,286.28 

Salaries  of  shipping  service  59,734.16 

Services  to  American  vessels 24,811.91 

Compensation  in  lieu  of  moieties 28,617.11 

Expenses  of  local  appraisers  (quarterly  meeting) 2,524.34 

Prevention  of  obstructions,  New  York  Harbor 67,480.16 

Marine  Hospital  Service 791 ,657.40 

Enforcement  of  alien  contract  labor  law 50,912.68 

Enforcement  of  Chinese  exclusion  acts 42,733.09 

Salaries  and  traveling  expenses  of  agents  at  the  seal  fisheries 10,953.35 


Public  debt  ( permanent ). 

Interest i 

Consols  of  1907  20,948,513.00 

Funded  loan  of  1891  4,381,574.82 

Pacific  Railroad  bonds 5,407,851.12 

Coin  coupons 4,424,601.12 

Navy  pension  fund 420,000.00 

Funded  loan  of  1881 476.48 

Funded  loan,  continued 319.08 

Funded  loan,  final  dividend 58.83 

Three  per  cent,  loan,  1882  537.36 

Loan  of  July  and  August,  1861,  continued 8.75 

Sixes  of  1881,  final  payment 15.00 

Miscellaneous  securities: 

Spanish  indemnity  fund 28,500.00 

Spanish  indemnity  unclaimed  interest 98.15 


146 


AH  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


Public  debt  (permanent).— Continued. 


Interest  on  District  of  Columbia  securities: 

Three-sixty-five  bonds $513,499.28 

Three-sixty-five  bonds,  judgment  cases 25,286.12 

Water  stock  bonds  38,535.00 

Old  funded  debt 461,993.25 

Redemption  of  bonds  retired : 

Funded  loan  of  1891 31,475,419.26 

Funded  loan  of  1881  6,484.66 

Funded  loan  of  1881,  continued 12,857.10 

Three  per  cent,  loan,  1882  60,929.14 

Ten-forties  of  1864 11,956.47 

Ten-forties  of  1861  1,136.00 

Five-twenties  of  1862 967.72 

Five-twenties  of  1864 10,993.26 

Loan  of  1863 103.00 

Loan  of  1863,  continued 302.73 

Consols  of  1865 4,663.44 

Consols  of  1867  41,278.73 

Consols  of  1868  20,059.88 

Bounty  land  scrip 108.71 

Loan  of  1847  300.00 

Redemption  sinking  fund: 

Funded  loan  of  1891 26,472,760.36 

Three  per  cent,  loan  of  1882  6,344.76 

Loan  of  1863  103.00 

Loan  of  July  and  August,  1861  978.50 

Bonds  purchased,  circular: 

Funded  loan  of  1891 1,352,111.69 

Consols,  1807  34,324,986.15 

Bonds  purchased, sinking  fund: 

Funded  loan  of  1891  2,613,998.65 

Consols,  1907 19,978,450.93 

Redemption  of  bonds  of  District  of  Columbia: 

Old  funded  debt,  sinking  fund 45,853.37 

Water  stock  bonds,  sinking  fund 28,357.50 

Three-sixty-five  bonds,  sinking  fund 243,916.91 

Louisville  and  Portland  Canal 1,330.00 

Miscellaneous  securities: 

Refunding  certificates 15,904.80 

Gold  certificates,  March  3,  1863  9,060.00 

Gold  certificates,  July  12,  1882  38,025,000.00 

Certificates  of  deposit,  June  8, 1872  25,495,000.00 

One-year  notes 493.50 

Two-year  notes 275.00 

Six  per  cent,  compound  interest  notes 3,211.00 

Seven-thirties,  1864-65  1,258.53 

Circulating  securities  destroyed: 

Legal-tender  notes 59,692,000.00 

Fractional  currency 3,818.65 

Gold  certificates 23,067,460.00 

Silver  certificates 58,745,249.00 

Treasury  notes 1,124,000.00 

Old  demand  notes 410.00 


Engraving  and  Printing. 


Salaries,  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing 

Compensation  of  employees 

Materials  and  miscellaneous  expenses 

Plate  printing 

Custody  of  dies,  rolls,  and  plates 

Special  witness  of  destruction  of  United  States  securities 

Portrait  of  the  late  James  N.  Burnes 

Portrait  of  the  late  Wm.  D.  Kelly 

Portrait  of  the  late  S.  S.  Cox 

Portrait  of  the  late  Samuel  J.  Randall 

Portrait  of  the  late  James  B.  Beck  

Portrait  of  the  late  Richard  W.  Townshend 


21,525.23 

420,103.00 

246,234.40 

679,442.18 

7,734.15 

1,950.00 

291.00 

825.00 
868.30 

818.00 
821.00 
685.00 


ah  interesting  document.  14? 


Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Salaries §248,150.81 

Party  expenses 150,572.80 

Repairs  of  vessels 15,849.17 

Publishing  observations 1,071.07 

General  expenses 51,744.66 

Alaska  boundary  survey 1,685.34 

Revenue-Cutter  Service. 

Expenses,  Revenue-Cutter  Service 951,798.04 

Revenue  vessels  for  South  Atlantic  coast 123,618.00 

Revenue  steamer  for  southern  coast 7,607.81 

Refuge  station,  Point  Barrow,  Alaska 2,507.89 

Three  months’  extra  pay,  Mexican  War,  Revenue  Marine 96.00 

Revenue  Marine  storehouse,  Woods  Holl,  Mass 

Life-Saving  Service. 

Life-Saving  Service 859,777.92 

Establishing  life-saving  stations 844.99 

Lighthouse  Establishment. 

Salaries,  keepers  of  lighthouses 797,263.74 

Supplies  of  lighthouses 469,311.93 

Repairs  of  lighthouses 377,244.47 

Expenses  of  light-vessels 346,491 .54 

Expenses  of  buoyage 485,341.57 

Expenses  of  fog  signals 62,362.38 

Inspecting  lights 2,148.77 

Lighting  of  rivers 292,690.97 

Construction  of  light-stations,  ships,  and  tenders 997,612.52 

Miscellaneous  lighthouse  accounts 15,783.04 

Public  buildings. 

Treasury  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.,  repairs 18,665.89 

Construction  of  court-houses  and  post-offices 3,058,426.91 

Construction  of  custom-houses,  etc 476,980.57 

Construction  of  appraisers’  stores 586,948.84 

Construction  of  marine  hospitals 26,999.94 

Construction  of  mints 470.00 

Construction  of  United  States  jail 292.35 

Construction  of  building  for  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing 345.13 

Construction  of  Government  building  for  World’s  Columbian  Exposition.  1,359.73 

Construction  of  vaults  for  storage  of  silver 25,256.20 

Construction  and  repairs  of  buildings  in  Alaska 937.05 

Construction  of  Cape  Charles  quarantine  station 12,623.40 

Construction  of  Delaware  Breakwater  quarantine  station 34,021 .94 

Construction  of  Key  West  quarantine  station 3,039.03 

Construction  of  Port  Townsend  quarantine  station 30.00 

Construction  of  San  Diego  quarantine  station 595.60 

Construction  of  South  Atlantic  quarantine  station 19,511.05 

Construction  of  San  Francisco  quarantine  station 102,308.87 

Removal  of  quarantine  station  from  Ship  Island 13,640.87 

Improving  Ellis  Island,  New  York  Harbor,  for  immigration  purposes 66,954.15 

Repairs  and  preservation  of  public  buildings 155,673.31 

Purchase  of  property  southwest  corner  B street  and  New  Jersey  avenue 

southeast 275,000.00 

Purchase  of  property  northwest  corner  B street  and  New  Jersey  avenue 

northwest  138,000.00 

Miscellaneous 1,422.55 

Fish  Commission. 

Propagation  of  food  fishes 310,757.95 

Fish  hatcheries 34,431.04 

Smithsonian  Institution. 

North  American  Ethnology 32,157.85 

Purchase  of  the  Capron  collection  of  Japanese  works  of  art 10,000.00 

Expenses  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 42,180.00 

Payment  to  the  daughters  of  Joseph  Henry 10,000.00 

Perkins  collection  prehistoric  copper  implements 7,000.00 

Duties  on  articles  imported  for  National  Museum 1,650.00 


148 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


Independent  treasury. 


Salaries,  office  of  assistant  treasurer — 

Baltimore,  Md $21,510.30 

Boston,  Mass 37,910.00 

Chicago,  111 25,827.90 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 16,560.00 

New  Orleans,  La 18,087.22 

New  York,  N.  Y 180,956.83 

Philadelphia,  Pa 36,346.24 

Salaries,  office  of  assistant  treasurer— 

St.  Louis,  Mo 17,860.00 

San  Francisco,  Cal 27,120.00 

Salaries  of  special  agents,  independent  treasury 5,828.43 

Contingent  expenses,  independent  treasury. . . .' 64,569.36 

Treasurer’s  general  account  of  expenditures 649,350,442.09 

Paper  for  checks  and  drafts,  independent  treasury 11,260.27 


Mint  and  assay  offices. 


Salaries,  office  of  Director  of  the  Mint 28,083.90 

Contingent  expenses,  office  of  Director  of  Mint 8,649.81 

Freight  on  bullion  and  coin 10,221.99 

Salaries,  wages,  and  contingent  expenses  of  United  States  mints  and  as- 
say offices 1,115,534.66 

Gold  and  silver  bullion 104,174,770.66 

Coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dollar 137,780.23 

Transportation  of  silver  coins 48,580.57 

Recoinage  gold  and  silver  coins 19,769.35 

Recoinage  of  uncurrent  fractional  silver  coins 16,034.66 

Coinage  of  silver  bullion  188,905.22 

Parting  and  refining  bullion 228,937.92 

Manufacture  of  medals 1,678.25 


Government  in  the  Territories. 


Salaries  of  governors,  etc.,  Territory  of— 

Alaska 21,813.14 

Anzona 13,550.85 

Dakota 345.62 

Idaho 7,560.66 

Montana 519.23 

New  Mexico 28,747.97 

Oklahoma 18,192.87 

Utah 16,166.60 

Wyoming 5,325.37 

Legislative  expenses 58,888.64 

Contingent  expenses 6,018.74 

Compensation  Utah  Commission , . 25,000.00 

Contingent  expenses,  Utah  Commission 9,158.30 

Compensation  and  expenses,  officers  of  election,  Utah 26,743.48 

Expenses  constitutional  conventions,  Territories 25,933.72 

Public  schools.  Territory  of  Oklahoma 29,221.25 

Repairs  of  old  adobe  palace,  Santa  F6 2,954.44 

Expenses  first  legislative  assembly,  Territory  of  Oklahoma 37,770.39 

Relief  destitute  citizens,  Territory  of  Oklahoma 37,540.68 


District  of  Columbia. 


113,366.69 

Salaries,  contingent  expenses,  offices  

42,003.81 

933,152.72 

. 409,425.66 

Bridges 

16,455.25 

615,512.63 

Buildings  and  grounds,  public  schools 

Metropolitan  Police 

Fire  department 

Telegraph  and  telephone  service 

Health  department 

190,140.80 

412,177.47 

166,641.30 

19,040.34 

48,445.93 

16,984.38 

Washington  Asylum 

Miscellaneous  expenses 

Contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses 

Construction  of  county  roads 

Permit  work 

52,440.30 

13,952.65 

18,050.35 

49,601.31 

190,615.17 

AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


149 


District  of  Columbia. — Continued. 

Sewers $161,665.66 

Completion  of  sewerage  system .62 

Examination  of  sewerage  system 5,903.35 

Hospital  for  the  Insane 86,875.01 

Transportation  of  paupers  and  prisoners 2,629.86 

Relief  of  the  poor.  District  of  Columbia 25,187.60 

Building,  Washington  Asylum 8,421.74 

Building,  Metropolitan  Police 14,890.95 

Building,  fire  department 7,362.18 

Expenses  of  assessing  real  property 486.50 

Militia 39,431.25 

Emergency  fund  1 372.84 

Compilation  of  the  laws  of  the  District  of  Columbia 933.54 

Writs  of  lunacy 1,976  43 

Judgments 60,563.19 

Payment  of  referees,  Court  of  Claims,  District  of  Columbia 2,060.00 

Zoological  Park 140,557.89 

Industrial  Home  School  227.00 

Board  to  consider  the  location  of  electric  wires 4,466.94 

Building  for  Central  Dispensary  and  Emergency  Hospital 100.62 

Payment  to  William  Forsythe  for  surveying 350.00 

Support  and  medical  treatment  of  the  infirm  poor .47 

Employment  for  the  poor,  District  of  Columbia,  filling  up  grounds 14.23 

General  expenses,  District  of  Columbia,  1879 316.06 

Water  department 60,639.17 

The  District  of  Columbia,  for  increasing  the  water  supply  of  Washington  71,628.69 

Refunding  taxes 16,308.48 

Refunding  water  rent  and  taxes 1,121.84 

Washington  redemption  fund 4,796.02 

Washington  special  tax  fund 1,607.94 

Redemption  of  tax  hen  certificates 2,081 .87 

Redemption  of  assessment  certificates 214.70 

Water  supply 114,218.85 

Guaranty  fund 53,448.44 

Deficiency  in  sale  of  bonds  retained  from  contractors 3,078.65 

Fireman’s  relief  fund 1,891.42 

"Police  relief  fund 12,140.68 

Redemption  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue  paving  certificates 3.18 

National  Zoological  Park 47,425.85 

Rock  Creek  Park 9,432.98 

Building,  Reform  School 1,489.19 

Reform  School 50,949.13 

National  Temperance  Home 3,259.50 

Children’s  Hospital 7,376.06 

Columbia  Hospital  for  Women,  etc 25,498.32 

Washington  Hospital  for  Foundlings 9,205.20 

National  Homeopathic  Hospital 15,489.66 

Women’s  Christian  Association 5,071.76 

Association  for  Works  of  Mercy 8,752.50 

St.  Ann’s  Infant  Asylum. . 8,702.37 

Industrial  Home  School 14,917.12 

Building,  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 15,000.00 

House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 2,246.34 

National  Association  for  Colored  Women  and  Children 13,826.14 

Building,  St.  Rose  Industrial  School 5,000.00 

St.  John's  Church  Orphanage 576.68 

Building,  German  Orphanage  Asylum  Association 10,000.00 

Education  of  feeble-minded  children 4,943.25 

Bridge  across  Eastern  Branch  Potomac  River 14,693.35 

Washington  Aqueduct 16,093.20 


WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries,  office  of— 

Secretary 104,684.94 

Record  and  Pension  Division 674,328.40 

Adjutant-General 345,187.54 

Inspector-General 5,396.68 

Judge- Advocate-General 14,225.12 

Salaries,  Signal  Office 152,876.86 


150 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


War  Department. — Continued. 

Salaries,  office  of — 

Quartermaster-General $155,758.56 

Commissary-General 41,714.50 

Surgeon-General 267,146.28 

Paymaster-General 42,646.02 

Chief  of  Ordnance 44,694.15 

Chief  of  Engineers 22,983.30 

Publication  of  Records  of  the  Rebellion 28,621.17 

Stationery 35,827.54 

Rent  of  building 3,750.00 

Contingent  expenses,  War  Department 62,634.23 

Salaries  of  employees,  public  buildings  and  grounds,  under  Chief  of 

Engineers 58,515.59 

Postage  to  Postal  Union  countries 1,430.00 

Public  buildings  and  grounds. 

Buildings  and  grounds,  Signal  Office 419.50 

Improvement  and  care  of  public  grounds 60,221.83 

Repairs,  fuel,  etc..  Executive  Mansion 14,464.75 

Lighting,  etc.,  Executive  Mansion 32,493.04 

Repairs  to  water  pipes  and  fire  plugs 2,768.11 

Telegraph  to  connect  the  Capitol,  Departments,  and  Government  Print- 
ing Office 1,172.42 

Contingent  expenses 442.59 

War , civil,  miscellaneous. 

Salaries,  office  of  superintendent  State,  War,  and  Navy  Department 

building 117,925.02 

Fuel,  lights,  etc.,  State,  War,  and  Navy  Department  building 43,199.32 

Building  for  State,  War,  and  Navy  Department 7,758.42 

Completion  of  the  Washington  Monument 1,015.61 

Care  and  maintenance  of  the  Washington  Monument 10,925.70 

Monument  at  Washington’s  headquarters,  Newburg,  N.  Y 31,888.43 

Support  and  medical  treat  ment  ol  destitute  patients 17,510.76 

Maintenance  of  Garfield  Hospital 18,112.12 

Statue  to  the  memory  of  General  LaFayette  and  compatriots 38,586.64 

Construction  of  building  for  Library  of  Congress 622,469.31 


NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries: 

Office  of  Secretary 

Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks 

Bureau  of  Equipment  and  Recruiting 

Bureau  of  Navigation 

Office  of  Naval  Records  of  the  Rebellion 

Nautical  Almanac  Office 

Hydrographic  Office 

Contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses,  Nautical  Almanac  Office 

Contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses,  Hydrographic  Office 

Salaries,  Naval  Observatory 

Contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses,  Naval  Observatory 

Salaries: 

Bureau  of — Ordnance 

Construction  and  Repair 

Steam  Engineering 

Provisions  and  Ciothing 

Medicine  and  Surgery 

Salaries,  office  of  Judge-Advocate-General,  U.  S.  Navy 

Library,  Navy  Department 

Contingent  Expenses,  Navy  Department 


47,134.49 

10.359.72 
9,070.98 

22,046.46 

13,866.14 

23.638.44 

45.801.44 
900.00 

44,649.75 

20,520.00 

9,589.52 

10,992.92 

13,930.55 

10.512.72 
37,699.69 

10.686.72 
10,642.30 

3,405.93 

13,649.60 


DEPARTMENT  OP  THE  INTERIOR. 

Salaries,  office  of  the  Secretary 

Publishing  the  Biennial  Register 

Stationery 

Library,  Department  of  the  Interior 

Rent  of  buildings 

Postage  to  Postal  Union  countries 

Contingent  expenses.  Department  of  the  Interior 

Expenses  of  special  land  inspectors,  Department  of  the  Interior 
Salaries,  General  Land  Office 


218,238.95 

1,680.00 

225,699.16 

551.20 

26,208.27 

2,200.00 

153,693.09 

2,278.26 

534,622.20 


AST  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


151 


Department  of  the  Interior. — Continued. 

Expenses  of  Inspectors,  General  Land  Office $4,188.62 

Library,  General  Land  Office 592.25 

Maps  of  the  United  States 13,297.76 

Transportation  of  reports  and  maps  to  foreign  countries 144.35 

Salaries: 

Indian  Office 96,977.30 

Pension  Office — 890,182.55 

Investigation  of  pension  cases,  Pension  Office 309,799.60 

Salaries  special  examiners.  Pension  Office 204,807.70 

Investigation  of  pension  cases,  special  examiners,  Pension  Office 173,793.46 

Salaries: 

Patent  Office ., 659,498.50 

Bureau  of  Education 46,446.20 

Library,  Bureau  of  Education 431.74 

Distributing  documents.  Bureau  of  Education 2,731.18 

Collecting  statistics,  Bureau  of  Education 1,028.90 

Salaries,  office  of  Commissioner  of  Railroads 10,815.00 

Traveling  expenses,  office  of  Commissioner  of  Railroads 2,249.60 

Salaries,  office  of — 

Architect  of  Capitol 14,403.00 

Geological  Survey 34,644.60 

Contingent  expenses.  Land  Office 5,883.29 

Public  buildings  and  grounds. 

Repairs  of  building.  Department  of  the  Interior 6,430.43 

Annual  repairs  of  the  Capitol 27,286.58 

Improving  the  Capitol  Grounds 16,355.37 

Lightingthe  Capitol  Grounds 27,403.64 

Capitol  terraces 44,030.92 

Fire-proof  building  for  Pension  Office 1,705.38 

Ventilation,  Senate  wing,  Capitol 34.47 

Ventilation,  House  of  Representatives 187.40 

Ventilation,  Supreme  Court  Room,  Capitol 533.39 

Electric-light  plant,  Senate 2,916.73 

Elevator,  House  of  Representatives 265.54 

Steam  boilers,  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 793.87 

West  elevator.  Senate 3,452.00 

Repairs  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 10,443.40 

Construction  of  Penitentiaries 37,029.85 

Sundry  Public  Buildings 3,993.19 

Reservoirs  for  drinking  water,  Capitol 110.50 

Monument  to  commemorate  Revolutionary  Battle  of  Bennington 14,000.00 

Beneficiaries. 

Current  expenses: 

Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 331,817.61 

Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Buildings  and  Grounds 46,929.52 

Columbia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 67,660.59 

Howard  University 28,943.58 

Howard  University  Buildings 3,400.10 

Support  of  Freedmen’s  Hospital  and  Asylum  88,893.11 

Maryland  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind 6,575.00 

Industrial  Home,  Utah 10,313.49 

Interior — Miscellaneous. 

Distribution  of  Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court 2,280.00 

Education  of  children  in  Alaska 41,605.16 

Colleges  for  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 1,129,000.00 

Relief  of  Alice  E.  Robertson 2,800.00 

Salaries  and  expenses  Supreme  Court  Reporter 8,400.00 

Public  land  Service. 

Depredations  on  public  timber 78,077.15 

Protecting  public  lands 86,840.71 

Settlement  of  claims  for  swamp  lands,  etc 12,514.48 

Reproducing  plats  of  surveys,  General  Land  Office 2,080.72 

Transcripts  of  records  and  plats 12,129.75 

Preservation  of  abandoned  military  reservations 525.01 

Appraisement  and  sale  of  abandoned  military  reservations 1,115.00 


152 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


Surveying  public  lands. 


Surveying  the  public  lands . . _ 

Geological  Survey 

Geological  maps  of  the  United  States 

Protection  and  improvement  of  Hot  Springs,  Ark 

Water  and  ground  rents,  Hot  Springs.  Ark 

Revenues,  Yellowstone  National  Park 


Department  of  Labor. 

Salaries 

Library 

Stationery 

Postage  to  Postal  U nion  countries 

Rent 

M iscellaneous  expenses 

Contingent  expenses 

Investigation  of  Industrial  and  Technical  school  systems  of  the  United 
States  and  Foreign  countries 


$15,329.59 

582,221.43 

27,658.30 

18,703.66 

18,703.65 

1,397.10 


48,878.55 

728.50 

206.28 

300.00 

4,889.73 

27,197.57 

1,155.37 


383.50 


POST-OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 


Salaries. 731,852.27 

Deficiency  in  the  postal  revenues 4?741  727.08 

Post-office— Miscellaneous. 

Relief  of  F.  A.  Kendig 3,538.59 

Payment  to  M.  M.  Lynch 10165 

Payment  to  C.  K.  Lounsberry 380  55 

Relief  of  J.  H.  Smith 407.82 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Salaries 220,668.20 

Salaries  and  expenses,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 285,834.30 

Quarantine  stations  for  neat  cattle 12|574il3 

Collecting  agricultural  statistics 77’46R53 

Purchase  and  distribution  of  valuable  seeds 109’l22]84 

Experimental  garden 25, 370^57 

Laboratory 19,200.04 

Museum  1,539.07 

Library 2,890.81 

Experiments  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar 20,902.32 

Botanical  investigation  and  experiments 52,496.53 

Pomological  information 3,473.43 

Materials,  document  and  folding  room 1,060.30 

Vegetable  pathological  investigations  and  experiments 11,121.86 

Illustrations  and  engravings 1,304.93 

Location  for  artesian  wells 17,426.22 

Irrigation  investigations 15,669.43 

Investigating  the  adulteration  of  food 1,007.63 

Investigations  in  ornithology  and  mammalogy 9,337.05 

Agricultural  experiment  stations 14,438.37 

Agricultural  experiment  stations  in -the  various  states 826,000.06 

Furniture,  etc 12,476.54 

Investigating  history,  etc.,  of  insects 23,155.32 

Report  on  forestry 7,160.49 

Silk  culture 16.646.75 

Postage 5,218.00 

Contingent  expenses 18,529.58 


DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE. 


Salaries 182,944.14 

Contingent  expenses: 

Furniture  and  repairs 1 ,094.98 

Books  for  Department  library 1,764.64 

Books  for  office  of  Solicitor 612.36 

Stationery 1,677.16 

Miscellaneous  items 7,243.95 

Transportation 1,533.15 

Building 18.10 


AN  INTERESTING  DOCUMENT. 


153 


Miscellaneous. 

Salary,  warden  of  jail.  District  of  Columbia $1,692.36 

Expenses  of  Territorial  courts  in  Utah 100,538.10 

Salaries  of  employees  court-house,  Washington,  D.  C 12,274.40 

Defense  in  French  spoliation  claims 3,566.99 

Defending  suits  in  claims  against  the  United  States 19,140.25 

Punishing  violations  of  intercourse  acts  and  frauds 4,851.96 

Prosecution  of  crimes . . 27,869.83 

Expenses  settling  title  to  Greer  Co.,  claimed  by  Texas. 240.35 

Defending  suits  in  claims  against  the  District  of  Columbia 205.25 

Payment  for  legal  services  rendered  to  U.  S.  Government.  7,785.00 

Oil  portraits  of  Chief  Justices  Rutledge,  Ellsworth,  and  Waite 1,500.00 

Traveling  expenses,  Territory  of  Alaska 190.00 

Digest  of  opinions,  Attorney-General -. 1,500.00 

Rent  and  incidental  expenses,  office  of  marshal  of  Alaska 1,133.60 

Repayment  of  excess  of  deposits 496.00 

Payments  of  judgments  United  States  courts 51,367.09 

Judicial. 

Salaries: 

Justices,  etc.,  Supreme  Court 105,524.27 

Circuit  judges 59,399.97 

District  judges 288,567.90 

Judge  United  States  court,  Indian  Territory 288.50 

Retired  judges 39,687.25 

Salaries  and  expenses,  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals 817.31 

District  attorneys 19,610.08 

Regular  assistant  district  attorneys 103,802.21 

District  marshals 13,386.20 

Justices  and  judges  supreme  court.  District  of  Columbia 24,500.00 

United  States  Courts. 

Fees  and  expenses  of  marshals 1,362,104.61 

Fees  of  district  attorneys 417,374.74 

Special  compensation  of  district  attorneys  United  States  courts 19,240.70 

Pay  of  assistant  attorneys 64,219.63 

Fees  of— 

Clerks 305,598.98 

Commissioners 197,534.49 

Jurors 747,897.44 

Witnesses 1,264,599.10 

Support  of  prisoners 522,135.80 

Rent  of  court-rooms 89,291.54 

Miscellaneous  expenses 263,710.35 

Fees  of  supervisors  of  elections 502,283.26 

Fines  and  forfeitures 18,812.99 

Judicial  emoluments 1,088,099.87 

Fines,  etc.,  district  court,  Alaska 25,745.60 

Pay  of  bailiffs 222,072.81 


Total  disbursements $1,201,513,909,85 


Grand  total,  receipts  and  disbursements $2,186,531,521.04 

PUBLIC  DEBT  DIVISION. 

[Audits  all  Accounts  for  Payment  of  Interest  on  the  Public  Debt,  both  Registered 
Stock  and  Coupon  Bonds,  Interest  on  District  of  Columbia  Bonds,  Pacific  Railroad 
Bonds,  Louisville  and  Portland  Canal  Bonds,  Navy  Pension  Fund,  Redemption  of 
United  States  and  District  of  Columbia  Bonds,  Redemption  of  Coin  and  Currency 
Certificates,  Old  Notes  and  Bounty  Scrip,  and  Accounts  for  Notes  and  Fractional 
Currency  destroyed.] 

Interest  on  United  States  securities $35,583,955.56 

Miscellaneous  securities 28,598.15 

Interest  on  District  of  Columbia  securities 1,039,313.65 

Redemption  of  U.  S.  bonds— retired 31,643,560.10 

Redemption  of  U.  S.  bonds — sinking  fund 26,480,186.62 

U.  S.  bonds  purchased — circular 35,677,097.84 

U.  S.  bonds  purchased— sinking  fund 22,592,449.58 

Redemption  of  bonds.  District  of  Columbia 319,457.78 

Miscellaneous  securities  of  the  United  States 63,550,203.72 

U.  S.  circulating  securities  destroyed 142,632,937.65 


Total $359,547,760.65 

13b 


POPULATION,  NET  REVENUE,  AND  NET  EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  GOVERN- 
MENT FROM  1837  TO  JUNE  30,  1891,  AND  PER  CAPITA  OF  THE  REV- 
ENUES AND  PER  CAPITA  OF  EXPENDITURES. 


Year. 

Population. 

Net  revenue. 

Per  capi- 
ta on  rev- 
enue. 

Net  expenses. 

Perc’p'ta 
on  ex- 
pen’t’res. 

1837 

15,655,000 

$24,954,153.00 

$1.59 

$37,243,496.00 

$2.38 

1838 

16,112,000 

26,302,562.00 

1.63 

33,865,059.00 

2.10 

1839 

16,584,000 

31,482,750.00 

1.90 

26,899,128.00 

1.62 

1840 

17,069,453 

19,480,115.00 

1.14 

24,317,579.00 

1.42 

1841 

17,591,000 

16,860,160.00 

.96 

26,565,873.00 

1.51 

1842 

18,132,000 

19,976,197.00 

1.10 

25,205,761 .00 

1.39 

1843  (6  months) 

18,694,000 

8,302,702.00 

.89 

11,858,075.00 

1.27 

1844 

19,276,000 

29,321,374.00 

1.62 

22,337,571.00 

1.16 

1845 

19,878,000 

29,970,106.00 

1.51 

22,937,408.00 

1.15 

1846 

20,500,000 

29,699,968.00 

1.45 

27,766,925.00 

1.35 

1847 

21,143,000 

26,495,769.00 

1.25 

57,281,412.00 

2.71 

1848 

21,805,000 

35,735,779.00 

1.64 

45,377,225.00 

2.08 

1849 

22,489,000 

31,208,143.00 

1.39 

45,051,657.00 

2.00 

1850 

23,191,876 

43,603,439.00 

1.88 

39,543,492.00 

1.71 

1851 

23,995,000 

52,559,304.00 

2.19 

47,709,017.00 

1.99 

1852 

24,802,050 

49,846,816.00 

2.01 

44,194,919.00 

1.78 

1853 

25,615,000 

61,587,054.00 

2.40 

48,184,111.00 

1.88 

1854 

26,433,000 

73,800,341.00 

2.79 

58,044,862.00 

2.20 

1855 

27,256,000 

65,350,575.00 

2.40 

59,742,668.60 

2.19 

1856 

28,083,000 

74,056,699.00 

2.64 

69,571,026.00 

2.48 

1857 

28,910,000 

68,965,313.00 

2.38 

67,795,708.00 

2.34 

1858 

29,753,000 

46,655,366.00 

1.57 

74,185,270.00 

2.49 

1859 

30,596,000 

53,486,466.00 

1.75 

69,070,977.00 

2.26 

1860 

31,443,321 

56,064,608.00 

1.78 

63,130,598.00 

2.01 

1861 

32,064,000 

41,509,930.00 

1.29 

66,546,645.00 

2.08 

1862 

32,704,000 

51,987,455.00 

1.59 

474,761,819.00 

14.52 

1863 

33,365,000 

112,697,291.00 

3.38 

714,740,725.00 

21.42 

1864 

34,046,000 

264,626,772.00 

7.77 

865,322,642.00 

25.42 

1865 

34,748,000 

333,714,605.00 

9.60 

1,297,555,224.00 

37.34 

1866 

35,469,000 

558,032,620.00 

15.73 

520,809,417.00 

14.68 

1867 

36,211,000 

490,634,010.00 

13.55 

357, 542, 675.00 

9.87 

1868 

36,973,000 

405,038,083.00 

10.97 

377,340,285.00 

10.21 

1869 

37,756,000 

370,943,747.00 

9.82 

322,865,278.00 

8.55 

1870 

38,558,371 

411,255,478.00 

10.67 

309,653,561.00 

8.03 

1871 

39,555,000 

383,323,945.00 

9.69 

292,177,188.00 

7.39 

1872 

40,596,000 

374,106,868.00 

9.22 

277,517,963.00 

6.84 

1873 

41,677,000 

333,738,205.00 

8.01 

290,345,245.00 

6.97 

1874 

42,796,000 

304,978,755.00 

7.13 

302,633,873.00 

7.07 

1875 

43,951,000 

288,000,051.00 

6.55 

274,623,393.00 

6.25 

1876 

45,137,000 

294,095,865.00 

6.52 

265,101,085.00 

5.87 

1877 

46,353,000 

281,406,419.00 

6.07 

241,334,475.00 

5.21 

1878 

47,598,000 

257,763,879.00 

5.42 

236,964,327.00 

4.98 

1879 

48,806,000 

273,827,184.00 

5.60 

266,947,884.00 

5.10 

1880 

50,155,783 

333,526,611.00 

6.65 

267,642,958.00 

5.34 

1881 

51,316,000 

360,782,293.00 

7.00 

260,712,888.00 

5.08 

1882 

52,495,000 

403,525,250.00 

7.68 

257,981,440.00 

4.91 

1883 

53,693,000 

398,287,582.00 

7.41 

265,408,138.00 

4.94 

1884 

54,911,000 

348,519,870.00 

6.36 

244,126,244.00 

4.44 

1885 

56,148,000 

323,690,706.00 

5.76 

260,226,935.00 

4.63 

1886 

57,404,000 

336,439,727.00 

5.86 

242,483,138.00 

4.22 

1887 

58,680,000 

371,403,277.00 

6.33 

267,932,179.00 

4.56 

1888 

59, 974. (XX) 

379,266,075.00 

6.32 

*267,924,801.00 

4.46 

1889 

01,289,000 

387,050,059.00 

6.31 

+299,288,978.00 

4.88 

1890 

02,022,250 

403,080,982.00 

6.43 

J318, 040, 710.00 
§365,774,081.00 

5.07 

1891 

03,975,000 

450,184,1:38.00 

7.13 

5.71 

*This  includes  $8,270,812.40  of  “ premiums  on  purchase  of  bonds.” 
tThis  includes  $17,292,362.05  of  “ premiums  on  purchase  of  bonds.” 

JThis  includes  $20,304,224.00  of  “ premiums  on  purchase  of  bonds.” 

§This  includes  $10,401,220.01  of  “ premiums  on  purchase  of  bonds.” 

Note. — This  statement  has  been  revised  and  corrected  according  to  the  census 
report  of  1890. 


154 


COMPARATIVE  STATEMENT  OF  THE  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES  ON 
ACCOUNT  OF  CUSTOMS  FOR  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  1891. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 


Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District  of  Colum 

bia 

Florida. 


Georgia . 
Illinois. . 


Indiana 

Iowa 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


Mississippi. 
Missouri 


Montana  and 

Idaho 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire.. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 


Receipts. 


$13,458.92 

3,255.17 

35,621.97 

8.032.422.62 
110,514.43 
475,992.21 

30,400.00 

16,268.61 

80,766.39 

1,221,558.27 

75,790.11 

5,786,811.65 

156,279.77 

13,484.61 

275,035.83 

2,086,483.79 

607,025.73 

3,712,217.38 

18.200,051.70 

837,580.94 

337,432.30 

5,990.74 

1.699.096.62 

30,613.04 

99,838.42 

64,145.99 

18,999.37 

149,862,184.67 

21,377.10 

1,477,941.32 

650,395.36 


Expendi- 

tures. 


$10,837.44 

13,293.80 

22,470.38 

399.153.06 

7,460.49 

36,187.96 

2.S91.60 

7.240.38 

10,864.52 

115,531.99 

24,539.54 

137,124.29 

10,161.05 

1,061.46 

22,871.74 

218,373.17 

114,732.34 

276,691.15 

697,143.85 

133,930.47 

37,945.92 

5,863.11 

65,108.19 

3,936.41 

6,513.73 

5.985.39 
13,122.02 

3,085.897.20 

8,912.53 

101,182.12 

87,753.94 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

Amount  paid  by 
disbursing 
agent  for  sala- 
ries, etc 

Contingent  e x - 
penses  and  fees 
in  customs 

cases  

Transportation. . . 
M isc  e 11  an  eous 
(rent,  station- 
ery, etc.) 


Deduct  excess  of 
repayment  at 
Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Total  receipts 
and  total 
net  expendi- 
tures  


Receipts. 


$21,052,881.52 

329,115.09 

33,897.27 

57,362.86 

679,854.99 

767,748.26 

22,710.04 

148.294.70 

148.094.71 
392,219.76 


219,522,205.23 


Expendi- 

tures. 


$505,874.27 

21,035.87 

18,994.26 

7,668.17 

161,303.19 

86,4112.60 

30,426.08 

1,159.46 

55,288.82 

19,309.44 


295,730.15 


23,138.21 

508.17 


53,420.25 


6,965,070.18 


703.09 


6,964,367.09 


COMPARATIVE  STATEMENT  OF  THE  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES  ON 
ACCOUNT  OF  INTERNAL  REVENUE  FOR  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  1891. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Receipts. 

Expendi' 

tures. 

States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Receipts. 

Expendi- 

tures. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California . 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

$93,328.00 

97,456.83 

2,065,972.08 

295,622.43 

955,119.94 

485,789.83 

574,733.00 

38,345,572.92 

6.474,040.14 

432,431.60 

193,156.71 

15,810.485.26 

644,809.35 

3,060,113.80 

2,314,575.93 

2,207,558.90 

2,733,568.95 

525.00 

7,661,372.17 

$21,135.23 

28.865.27 
87,179.94 
20,66^.74 
35,575.19 
15,848.92 

98.761.28 
213,288.97 

72.876.79 

29,912.71 

18,130.85 

599,792.65 

32,053.68 

97,979.49 

56,903.14 

39,306.24 

31,780.21 

Montana 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire.. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina  . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

West  Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Miscellaneous 

Total 

$151,966.29 

3,230,163.64 

460,106.66 

4,091,290.62 

36,491.65 

16,554,0:34.67 

2,478,434.24 

14.365.286.27 
324,257.24 

10.307.969.28 
69,7:32.21 

1,276,712.86 

223,609.58 

3,206,967.37 

834,784.33 

3,007,977.73 

231.96 

$21,069.99 
42,982.60 
17,693.26 
53,1:34.42 
11,100.15 
235,723.22 
311,601.96 
157,655.71 
19,509.48 
275,418.98 
27,609.70 
111,206.66 
:34, 466.84 
122,044.53 
31,483.72 
50.547.S2 
887,815.60 

Missouri 

92,965.55 

145,686,249.44 

4,003,485.65 

155 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


FROM  THE  TREASURY  REPORTS,  1891. 


The  value  of  our  foreign  commerce — imports  and  exports  of  merchandise 
— during  the  last  fiscal  year  was  greater  than  for  any  previous  year.  It 
amounted  to  $1,729,397,006,  as  against  $1,647,139,093  during  the  fiscal  year 
1890,  an  increase  of  $82,257,913. 

The  value  of  imports  of  merchandise  also  during  the  last  fiscal  year  was 
the  largest  in  the  history  of  our  commerce,  amounting  to  $844,916,196,  as 
against  $789,310,409  during  the  fiscal  year  1890,  an  increase  of  $55,605,787. 

The  value  of  the  exports  of  merchandise  during  the  same  period  was 
$884,480,810,  as  against  $857,828,684  for  the  previous  fiscal  year,  1890,  an 
increase  of  $26,652,126. 

The  exports  exceeded  the  imports  of  merchandise  $39,564,614. 

The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  merchandise  and  specie  during 
the  last  four  years  ending  June  30,  has  been  as  follows  : 

Merchandise. 


1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Exports — 

$683,802,104 

12,092,403 

$730,282,609 

12,118,766 

$845,293,828 

12,534,856 

$872,270,283 

12,210,527 

Foreign 

Total .*. 

695,954,507 

723,957,114 

742,401,375 

745,131,652 

857,828,684 

789,310,409 

884,480,810 

844,916,196 

Imports 

68,518,275 

39,564,614 

28,002,607 

2,730,277 

Specie. 


1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891.  • 

Exports — 

Gold 

$18,376,234 

28,037,949 

$59,952,285 

36,689,248 

$17,274,491 

34,873,929 

$86,362,654 

22,590,988 

Total 

46,414,183 

96,641 ,5.33 

52,148,420 

108,953,642 

Imports — 

Gold 

43,934,317 

15,403,669 

10,284,858 

18,678,215 

12,943,342 

21,032,984 

18,232,567 

18,026,880 

Total 

59,337,986 

28,963,073 

67,678,460 

33, 976, 326 
18,172,094 

72,699,447 

36,254,195 

12,923,803 

The  above  table  does  not  include  gold  and  silver  contained  in  ores  and 
copper  matte,  as  follows  : 


Exports. 

Imports. 

Excess  of 
imports. 

$100,226 

942,563 

$283,545 

8,252,036 

$183,319 

7,309,473 

156 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


157 


The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  our  commerce  by  leading 
countries  and  grand  divisions  of  the  globe,  during  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1891. 


Countries  and  grand 
divisions. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Total  ex- 
ports and 
imports. 

Excess  of 
exports  + 
or  of 

imports  — . 

Domestic 

Foreign. 

Total. 

COUNTRIES. 

Great  Britain  & Irel’d. 

Germany 

France  

Belgium 

Italy 

Netherlands 

British  North  Ameri- 
can possessions 

Mexico 

West  Indies 

Brazil 

China 

British  East  Indies 

Japan  

All  other  countries 

Total 

GRAND  DIVISIONS. 

Europe 

North  America 

South  America 

Asia  and  Oceanica 

Africa 

All  other  countries 

Total 

Dollars. 

441,599,807 

91,684,981 

59,826,739 

26,694,150 

15,927,274 

23,816,814 

37,345,515 

14,199,080 

33,416,178 

14,049,273 

8,700,308 

4,399,544 

4,800,650 

95,809,970 

Dollars. 

3,814,219 

1,110,475 

866,451 

846,274 

119,651 

297,163 

2,098,240 

770,540 

1,043,273 

70,973 

700 

559 

7,043 

1,164,966 

Dollars. 

445,414,026 

92,795,456 

60,693,190 

27,540,424 

16,046,925 

24,113,977 

39,443,755 

14,969,620 

34,459,451 

14,120,246 

8,701,008 

4,400,103 

4,807,693 

96,974,936 

Dollars. 

194,723,262 

97,316,383 

76,688,995 

10,945,672 

21,678,208 

12,422,174 

39,434,535 

27,295,992 

86,461,705 

83,230,595 

19,321,850 

23,356,989 

19,309,198 

132,730,638 

Dollars. 

640,137,288 

190,111,839 

137,382,185 

38,486,096 

37,725,133 

36,536,151 

78,878,290 

42,265,612 

120,921,156 

97,350,841 

28,022,858 

27,757,092 

24,116,891 

229,705,574 

Dollars. 

+250,690,764 

— 4,520.927 

— 15,995,805 
+ 16,594,752 

— 5,631,283 
+ 11,691,803 

+ 9,220 

— 12,326,372 

— 32,002,254 

— 69,110,349 

— 10,620,842 

— 18,956,886 

— 14.501,505 

— 35,755,702 

872,270,283 

12,210,527 

884,480,810 

844,916,196 

1,729,397,006 

+ 39,564,614 

697,614,106 

92,388,252 

33,226,401 

43,813,519 

4,7:38,847 

489,158 

7,183,941 

4,160,877 

481,889 

361,590 

19,050 

3,180 

704,798,047 

96,549,129 

33,708,290 

44,175.109 

4,757,897 

492,338 

459,305,372 

163,226,079 

118,736,668 

97,893,356 

4,207,146 

1,547,575 

1,164,103,419 

259,775,208 

152,444,958 

142,068,465 

8,965,043 

2,039,913 

+245,492,675 

— 66,676,950 

— 85,028,378 

— 53,718,247 

+ 550,751 

— 1,055,237 

872,270,283 

12,210,527 

884,480,810 

844,916,196 

1,729,397,006 

+ 39.564,614 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  value  of  our  total  trade  in  merchandise  with 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  amounted  to  $640,137,288,  of  which  the  value  of. 
•exports  was  $445,414,026,  and  the  value  of  imports  $194,723,262,  showing 
an  excess  in  the  exports  of  $250,690,764. 

Our  import  and  export  trade  with  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  forms  37  per 
cent,  of  such  trade  with  all  nations,  and  about  55  per  cent,  of  such  trade 
with  all  Europe.  Our  trade  with  North  America,  including  the  West  Indies, 
stands  next  in  value,  followed  by  that  with  South  America,  and  that  with 
Asia  and  Oceanica.  Our  trade  with  Germany  showed  an  excess  of  imports 
of  $4,520,927  ; with  France,  of  $15,995,805. 

In  our  local  trade  with  Europe  the  excess  of  exports  over  imports  was 
$245,492,675. 

Our  commerce  in  merchandise  with  North  America,  including  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  West  Indies,  amounted  to  $259,775,208,  of  which  the 
value  of  the  imports  was  $163,226,079,  and  of  the  exports  $96,549,129,  an 
excess  of  imports  of  $66,676,950;  but  if  our  export  trade  by  land  carriage 
with  Mexico  and  Canada  had  been  correctly  ascertained  by  means  of  an 
adequate  law  for  that  purpose,  it  Is  estimated  that  our  imports  with  North 
America  would  appear  upwards  of  $290,000,000,  and  leave  an  excess  of  im- 
ports of  less  than  $36,000,000,  instead  of  $66,000,000,  as  now  appears. 

Our  total  trade  with  South  America  in  merchandise  amounted  to  $152,- 
444,958,  of  which  the  value  of  the  imports  was  $118,736,668,  and  of  the  ex- 
ports $33,708,290,  an  excess  of  imports  of  $85,028,378. 


158 


IMPORTS  AH])  EXPORTS. 


VALUES  OF  THE  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS  OF  MERCHANDISE  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  CARRIED  IN  CARS  AND  OTHER  LAND  VEHICLES  DURING 
EACH  FISCAL  YEAR  FROM  1871  TO  1891,  INCLUSIVE. 


Year  ending  June  30— 

Imports  and 
exports  in  cars 
and  other 
land  vehicles. 

Year  ending  June  30 — 

Imports  and 
exports  in  cars 
and  other 
land  vehicles. 

1871 

$22,985,510 
27,050,770 
27,809,978 
23,022,540 
20,388,235 
18,473,154 
17,404,810 
20,477,304 
19,423,085 
20,981,393 
. 25,452,521 

1882 

$34,973,317 

48,092,892 

40,714,008 

45,332,775 

43,700,350 

48,951,725 

54,356,827 

66,664,378 

73,571,263 

72,856,194 

1872 

1883 

1873 

1884 

1874 

1885 

3875 

1886. . . . 

1876 

1887 

1877 

1888 

1878 

3889 

1879 

1890 

1880 

1891.. . 

1881 

Exports. 

The  total  value  of  exports  of  domestic  merchandise  was  $872,270,283,  an 
increase  of  $26,976,455  over  the  exports  of  the  preceding  fiscal  year,  1890, 
and  was  greater  than  that  of  any  year  except  1881. 

The  material  increase  or  decrease  in  value  of  the  principal  articles  of  do- 
mestic exports  was  as  follows  : 


Increase  in — 

. Cotton,  unmanufactured $39,744,106 

Sugar,  refined 4,237,360 

Cotton  manufactures 3,605,580 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manufactures  of 3,367,406 

Provisions,  comprising  meat  and  dairy  products 2,752,965 

Copper,  and  manufactures  of,  not  including  ore 2,265,205 

Coal 1,534,938 

Mineral  oil,  refined 1,491,428 

Paraffine  and  paraffine  wax 1,305,940 

Hops 1,216,903 

Copper  ore 1,207,657 

Decrease  in — 

Breadstuff s $26, 804, 27 1 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of 2,004,489 

Ore,  gold  and  silver  bearing 1,939,434 

Fruits,  including  nuts 1,624,754 

Furs  and  fur  skins 1,425,229 

Vegetable  oils 1,369,505 

Fish 1,044,205 


There  was  an  increase  in  the  value  of  domestic  exports  to — 


France $10,813,735 

Germany 7,369,766 

China 5,756,518 

Brazil : 2,146,777 

Spain 1,871,620 

British  Australasia 1,723,598 

Mexico 1,532,972 

Central  American  States 1,475,641 

Netherlands 1,329,226 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


159 


And  a decrease  to — 

Argentine  Republic $5,604,552 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 2,859,202 

Russia  in  Europe 2,769,553 

British  North  American  Possessions 1,198,939 


The  values  of  the  principal  articles  of  domestic  exports  during  the  three 
years  ending  June  30,  1891,  were  as  follows  : 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 


Cotton,  and  manufactures  of 

Provisions,  comprising  meat  and  dairy  products... 

Breadstuffs 

Mineral  oils 

Animals 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manufactures  of,  including  ore. 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of 

Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of 

Leather,  and  manufactures  of 

Coal 

Oil  cake  and  oil-cake  meal 

Copper  ore 

Sugar  and  molasses 

Chemicals,  drugs,  dyes,  and  medicines 

Fish 

Spirits  of  turpentine 

Copper,  and  manufactures  of,  not  including  ore. . . 
Vegetable  oils 


Dollars. 

247,987,914 

104,122,444 

123,876,661 

49,913,677 

18,374,805 

21,156,109 

26,910,672 

22,609,668 

10,747,710 

6,690,479 

6,927,912 

7,618,258 

2,117,533 

5,542,753 

5,969,235 

3,777,525 

2,348.954 

1,585,783 


Dollars. 

260,968,069 

136,264,506 

154,925,927 

51,403.089 

33,638,128 

25,512.208 

28,274,529 

25,355.601 

12,438,847 

6,856,088 

7,999,926 

6,053,236 

3,029,413 

6,224,504 

6,040,826 

4,590,931 

2,349,392 

5,672,441 


Dollars. 

304,317,755 

139,017,471 

128,121,656 

52,026,731 

32,935,086 

28,909,614 

26,270,040 

25,220,472 

13,278,847 

8,391,026 

7,452,094 

7,260,893 

7,099,788 

6,545,354 

4,996,621 

4,668,140 

4,614,597 

4,302,936 


Total 


668,178,092 


777,627,661 


805,429,124 


Value  of  all  domestic  exports 

Percent,  of  enumerated  articles  to  total 


730,282,609 


91.50 


845,293,828 


91.99 


872,270,283 


92.34 


The  value  of  the  domestic  exports  during  the  two  years  ending  June  30, 
1891,  classified  by  groups  according  to  character  of  production,  was  as 
follows  : 


1890. 

1891. 

Values. 

Per  cent. 

Values. 

Per  cent. 

Products  of  agriculture 

Products  of  manufacture 

Products  of  mining  (including  mineral  oils) 

Products  of  the  forest 

Products  of  the  fisheries 

Other  products 

$629,785,917 

151.131,297 

22,351,746 

29,473,084 

7,496,044 

5,055,740 

74.51 

17.88 

2.64 

3.48 

.89 

.60 

$642,751,344 

168,927,315 

22,054,970 

28,715,713 

6,208,577 

3,612,364 

73.69 

19.37 

2.53 

3.29 

.71 

.41 

845,293,828 

100.00 

872,270,283 

100.00 

Imports. 

During  the  last  fiscal  year,  the  value  of  imports  of  merchandise  was 
$844,916,196,  an  increase  of  $55,605,787  over  the  imports  of  the  fiscal  year 
1890. 

The  value  of  free  merchandise  imported  was  $366,241,352,  and  of  dutiable 
was  $478,674,844,  an  increase  in  the  value  of  free  merchandise  of  $100,572,- 
723,  and  a decrease  in  the  value  of  dutiable  goods  of  $44,966,936,  caused 
mainly  by  the  transfer  of  sugar  and  certain  textiles  from  the  dutiable  to  the 
free  list  by  the  new  tariff. 

The  material  increase  or  decrease  in  value  of  the  principal  classes  of  free 


160 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


and  dutiable  imports  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1891,  as  compared 
with  1890,  was  as  follows  : 

Increase  in — 

Free  of  duty  : 


Sugar  and  molasses,  except  from  Hawaiian 

Islands  (made  free  by  new  tariff) $45,333,773 

Coffee 17,856,345 

Textile  grasses  and  fibrous  vegetable  substances  14,608,019 

Hides  and  skins  other  than  furs 6,048,873 

Chemicals,  drugs,  and  dyes 4, 825’ 324 

Fruits,  including  nuts 3,555, 144 

India  rubber  and  gutta  percha,  crude 3’l66’292 

Dutiable  : 

Iron  and  steel  and  manufactures  of 11,575,966 

Metals,  metal  compositions  & manufactures  of  2,988,588 

Wool,  unmanufactured 2,967,289 

Vegetables 2’ 621  j 000 

Decrease  in — 

Fiee  of  duty : 

Silk,  unmanufactured $5,249,450 

Dutiable : 

Sugar  and  molasses  (caused  by  transfer  to  free 

list) 36,942,172 

Wool  and  manufactures  of 15,522,352 

Flax,  hemp,  jute,  & other  vegetable  substances  13, 863’ 081 

Flax,  hemp,  jute,  etc.,  manufactures  of 4,397,185 

Hats,  bonnets,  and  hoods,  materials  for  (caused 
by  transfer  in  part  to  free  list) 2, 725, 722 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  value  of  our  imports  in  1891  over  1890 
from — 

Brazil $23,911,839 

The  West  Indies 8,457,464 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 8,234,346 

Mexico 4,605,077 

China 3,061,379 

British  East  Indies 2,552,670 

British  Australasia 1,961,345 

Central  American  States 1,746,678 

Hawaiian  Islands 1,581,689 

And  a decrease  from — 

Philippine  Islands 6, 425, 41 7 

Netherlands 4,607,059 

Japan 1,794,126 

Germany 1,521,300 


Imports  entered  for  consumption. 

The  value  of  imported  merchandise  entered  for  consumption  and  the  duty 
collected  thereon,  duiing  the  last  five  fiscal  years,  has  been  as  follows  : 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


161 


Year  ending  June  30 — 

Value  of  merchandise. 

Ordinary 

duty 

collected. 

Average  rate  collected 
on — 

Free  of 
duty. 

Dutiable. 

Dutiable. 

Free  and 
dutiable. 

1885 

$192,912,234 

211,530,759 

233,093,659 

244,104,852 

256.574,630 

266,103,047 

38S,064,404 

$386,667,820 

413,778,055 

450,325,322 

468,143,774 

484,856,768 

507,571,764 

466,455,173 

$177,319,550 

188,379,397 

212,032,424 

213,509,802 

218,701,774 

225,317,076 

215,790,686 

Per  cent. 
45.86 

Per  cent. 
30.59 

1SS6 

54.55 

30.13 

1887 

47.10 

31.02 

1888 

45.13 

29.99 

1889 

45.23 

29.50 

1890 

44.41 

29.12 

1891 

. 46.26 

25.25 

Trade  with  Central  and  South  America. 

Our  total  imports  of  merchandise  from  Mexico,  Central  and  South  Ameri- 
can states,  British  Honduras,  and  the  West  Indies,  during  the  fiscal  year 
1891,  amounted  to  $242,512,577,  or  28.70  per  cent,  of  our  total  imports  of 
merchandise. 

The  value  of  our  exports  of  merchandise  to  these  same  countries  during 
the  same  period  was  $90,413,516,  or  10.22  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  our  total 
exports  of  merchandise. 

Our  total  imports  and  exports  of  merchandise  from  and  to  these  countries, 
during  the  same  period,  amounted  to  $332,926,093,  or  19.26  per  cent,  of  our 
total  imports  and  exports  of  merchandise. 

It  will  he  seen  that  the  excess  of  our  imports  of  merchandise  from  these 
countries  over  our  exports  to  them  amounted  to  $152,099,061.  In  other 
words,  our  imports  of  merchandise  were  72.84  percent,  and  exports  27.16 
of  the  total  trade  with  these  countries,  and  we  imported  merchandise  to  the 
value  of  $2.68  for  every  dollar  in  value  exported  to  these  countries. 

The  excess  of  imports  over  exports  of  merchandise  for  the  fiscal  year  1890 
was  $108,054,472.  For  the  fiscal  year  1889  this  excess  was  $117,917,883. 

A comparison  of  our  commerce  with  this  entire  group  of  countries  for 
the  years  1870,  1880,  and  1891  shows  a gradual  increase  of  both  imports  and 
exports  of  merchandise. 

During  the  year  1870  the  value  of  imports  was  $117,398,951  and  of  ex- 
ports $55,140,322,  an  excess  of  $62,258,629. 

During  the  year  1880  the  value  of  imports  was  $178,985,906  and  of  ex- 
ports $61,546,474,  an  excess  of  $117,439,432. 

The  per  cent,  of  our  commerce  with  these  countries,  as  compared  with 
our  total  commerce,  in  1870,  was  20.82  ; in  1880,  15.99  ; and  in  1891,  19.26. 


OUR  PENSIONERS. 


The  annual  report  of  tlie  Commissioner  of  Pensions  shows  that  on 
June  30,  1891,  there  were  676,100  pensioners  borne  on  the  rolls  of  the  bureau, 
being  138,216  more  than  were  carried  on  the  rolls  at  the  close  of  the  last 
fiscal  year.  These  include:  Widows  and  daughters  of  revolutionary  soldiers, 
23;  army  invalid  pensioners,  413,597;  army  widows,  minor  children,  etc., 
108,537;  navy  invalid  pensioners,  5,449;  navy  widows,  minor  children,  etc., 
2,568;  survivors  of  the  war  of  1812,  7,590;  survivors  of  the  Mexican  war, 
16,379;  widows  of  soldiers  of  the  Mexican  war,  6,976. 

The  number  of  pensions  of  the  several  classes  granted  under  the  act  of 
June  27,  1890,  is  as  follows:  Army  invalid  pensioners,  97,136;  army 
widows,  minor  children,  etc.,  12,209;  navy  invalid  pensioners,  3,976;  navy 
widows,  minor  children,  etc.,  1,436.  During  the  last  fiscal  year  first  pay- 
ments were  paid  upon  131,160  original  claims,  requiring  $31,391,538  for  their 
payment.  This  is  an  increase  in  the  number  of  original  payments  over  the 
year  1890  of  64,532.  The  aggregate  cost,  however,  was  $1,087,302  less. 

There  were  222,521  first  payments  of  every  description,  requiring  $38,552,- 
274,  being  $69,592  less  than  was  required  for  the  130,514  first  payments 
made  during  the  last  fiscal  year.  The  average  value  of  first  payments  made 
during  the  year  was  $239.33  and  the  average  value  of  first  payments  on 
claims  allowed  under  the  act  of  June  27,  1890,  was  $71.28.  The  average 
value  of  first  payments  for  the  preceding  year  was  $485.71,  a reduction  in 
the  average  first  payments  of  $246.38. 

The  aggregate  annual  value  of  the  676,150  pensions  on  the  roll  June  31, 
1891,  was  $89,247,200  and  the  average  annual  value  of  each  pension  was 
$139.99  and  the  average  annual  value  of  each  pension  under  the  act  of  June 
27,  1890,  was  $121.51. 

At  the  end  of  June,  1891,  there  were  38,574  pensioners  on  the  roll  who 
remained  unpaid  for  the  want  of  time  and  who  were  entitled  to  receive 
$4,883,242,  which  will  be  paid  out  of  the  appropriation  for  the  current  fiscal 
year.  There  remained  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1891  in  the  hands  of  the 
several  pension  agents  the  sum  of  $5,713,852.84  which  has  since  been  cov- 
ered into  the  treasury.  This  amount  added  to  $3,607,133.22  of  the  pension 
amount  not  drawn  from  the  treasury  aggregates  $9,320,986.06  of  the  appro- 
priation which  was  not  expended.  There  will  be  a deficiency  in  the  appro- 
priation for  the  payment  of  fees  and  expenses  of  examining  surgeons  of 
about  $300,000. 

The  total  amount  disbursed  on  account  of  pensions,  expenses,  etc.,  during 
the  fiscal  year  was  $118,548,959.71  as  compared  with  $106,493,890.19  dis- 
bursed during  the  preceding  fiscal  year.  So  that  it  appears  that  136,216 
pensions  were  added  to  the  rolls  during  the  fiscal  year  just  closed,  at  an  in- 
creased cost  to  the  nation  of  $12,055,069  as  compared  with  the  expenditures 
for  the  previous  fiscal  year,  and  said  expenditure  includes  $4,357,347  paid 
upon  vouchers  remaining  unpaid  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

The  largest  number  of  certificates  issued  to  any  class  was  4,693  to  men 
who  served  thirty-six  months.  The  age  of  the  greatest  number  of  pensioners 
under  both  the  old  and  new  law  was  forty-seven  years.  During  the  last 
year  20,525  pensioners  were  dropped  from  the  rolls  for  various  causes,  and  of 
this  number  13,229  were  dropped  by  reason  of  death. 

The  loss  to  the  pension  rolls  by  the  decease  of  widows  and  dependent 

163 


164 


OUR  PENSIONERS. 


mothers  and  fathers  was  at  the  rate  of  thirty-five  per  1,000  in  1891.  It  is 
estimated  that  of  the  soldiers  who  served  the  country  during  the  late  war, 
1,004,658  were  killed  in  battle  or  died  during  and  since  the  war.  On  June 
30  last  124, .750  of  these  deceased  soldiers  were  represented  on  the  pension 
rolls  by  their  widows  or  other  dependents. 

There  are  about  1,208,707  soldiers  of  the  Union  now  living,  and  of  the 
survivors  520,158  are  now  on  the  pension  rolls.  There  are,  therefore,  688,549 
survivors  who  are  not  pensioned  and  879,908  deceased  soldiers  not  represent- 
ed on  the  pension  rolls.  The  commissioner  renews  his  recommendation  of 
last  year  as  to  the  readjustment  of  the  pension  ratings  under  the  act  of 
March  3,  1883,  and  March  4,  1890. 


DISBURSEMENTS,  1891. 

AMOUNT  DISBURSED  AT  U.  S.  PENSION  AGENCIES  DURING  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  ENDING 

JUNE  30,  1891. 


Agencies. 


Augusta 

Boston 

Buffalo 

Chicago 

Columbus 

Concord  

Des  Moiues . . 
Detroit 


Indianapolis  . . 

Knoxville 

Louisville 

Milwaukee 

New  York 

Philadelphia  . . 

Pittsburg 

San  Francisco. 

Topeka 

Washington. . . 


Army. 


Total. 


$3,820, 716.70 
5,865,129.90 
6,438,398.30 
8,997,341.89 
13,063,198.32 
2,937,792.97 
0,887,751.85 
6,144,883.95 
10,631,199.82 
5,481,646.15 
4,025,315.52 
5,967,750.20 
5,279,412.43 
5,710,964.93 
5,107,719.35 
1,527,335.05 
10,732,530.77 
8,545,215.70 


Navy. 


Pensions.  Total 


$580,543.70 


459,029.67 


368,156.13 

324,799.00 


51,600.34 


437,788.32 


Total $114,637,786.25  $116,164,303.92  $2,221,917.16  $2,255,657.15  $12,229.54  $13,922.88  $118,435,827.48 


$580,543.70 


459,029.67 


368,156.13 

324,799.00 


"si ’<300.34 
’•471,528.31 


Arrears  of 
Pensions. 


Army.  Total 


$692.66 

562.07 

1,990.83 

212.13 

1,688.80 

135.00 


624.06 

939.00 

550.67 

2,272.61 

137.44 


722.27 

1,498.20 


179.13 

24.67 


$692.66 

2,255.41 

1,990.83 

212.13 

1,688.80 

135.00 


624.06 

939.00 

550.67 

2,272.61 

137.44 


722.27 

1,498.20 


179.13 

24.67 


Grand 

total. 


$2,821,409.42 

6,447,082.34 

6,440,389.13 

9,457,982.89 

13,064,887.12 

2,937,927.97 

6,887,751.85 

6,145,508.01 

10,632,138.82 

5,482,196.82 

4,027,711.46 

5,968,319.64 

5,647,833.56 

6,036,486.20 

5,109,788.22 

1,578,935.39 

10,732,709.90 

9,016,768.74 


I 


RECENT  PENSION  LAWS. 


Chap.  390,  laws  of  1889,  enacts  that  the  charge  of  desertion  now  standing 
on  the  rolls  and  records  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General  against  any 
soldier  who  served  in  the  late  war  in  the  volunteer  service  shall  be  removed 
in  all  cases  where  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  from  such  rolls  and  records,  or  from  other  satisfactory  testi- 
mony, that  such  soldier  served  faithfully  until  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
enlistment,  or  until  the  1st  day  of  May,  1865,  having  previously  served  six 
months  or  more,  and,  by  reason  of  his  absence  from  his  command  at  the  time 
the  same  was  mustered  out,  failed  to  be  mustered  out  and  to  receive  an  honor- 
able discharge,  or  that  such  soldier  absented  himself  from  his  command,  or 
from  hospital  while  suffering  from  wounds,  injuries,  or  disease  received  or 
contracted  in  the  line  of  duty  and  was  prevented  from  completing  his  term 
of  enlistment  by  reason  of  such  wounds,  injuries,  or  disease. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized  to  remove  the  charge 
of  desertion  from  the  record  of  any  regular  or  volunteer  soldier  in  the  late  war 
upon  proper  application  therefor,  and  satisfactory  proof  in  the  following  cases: 

First.  That  such  soldier,  after  such  charge  of  desertion  was  made,  and 
within  a reasonable  time  thereafter,  voluntarily  returned  to  his  command 
and  served  faithfully  to  the  end  of  his  term  of  service,  or  until  discharged. 

Second.  That  such  soldier  absented  himself  from  his  command  or  from 
hospital  while  suffering  from  wounds,  injuries,  or  disease,  received  or  con- 
tracted in  the  line  of  duty,  and  upon  recovery  voluntarily  returned  to  his 
command  and  served  faithfully  thereafter,  or  died  from  such  wounds,  injuries, 
or  disease  while  so  absent,  and  before  the  date  of  muster  out  of  his  command, 
or  expiration  of  his  term  of  service,  or  was  prevented  from  so  returning  by 
reason  of  such  wounds,  injuries,  or  diseases  before  such  muster  out,  or  expira- 
tion of  service. 

Third.  That  such  soldier  was  a minor,  and  was  enlisted  without  the  con- 
sent of  his  parent  or  guardian,  and  was  released  or  discharged  from  such 
service  by  the  order  or  decree  of  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  on 
habeas  corpus  or  other  proper  judicial  proceedings;  and  in  any  such  case,  no 
pay,  allowance,  bounty,  or  pension  shall  be  allowed  or  granted. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  charge  of  desertion  now  standing  on  the  rolls  and  records 
in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant- General  against  any  regular  or  volunteer  soldier 
who  served  in  the  late  War  of  the  Rebellion  by  reason  of  his  having  enlisted 
in  any  regiment,  troop,  or  company,  or  in  the  United  States  Navy  or  Marine 
Corps,  without  having  first  received  a discharge  from  the  regiment,  troop  or 
company  in  which  he  had  previously  served,  shall  be  removed  in  all  cases 
wherein  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
from  such  rolls  and  records,  or  from  other  satisfactory  testimony,  that  such  re- 
enlistment was  not  made  for  the  purpose  of  securing  bounty  or  other  gratuity 
that  he  would  not  have  been  entitled  to  had  he  remained  under  his  original 
term  of  enlistment;  that  the  absence  from  the  service  did  not  exceed  four 
months,  and  that  such  soldier  served  faithfully  under  his  reenlistment. 

Sec.  4.  That  whenever  it  shall  appear  from  the  official  records  in  the  office 
of  the  Adjutant-General  that  any  regular  or  volunteer  soldier  of  the  late  war 

165 


166 


RECENT  PENSION  LAWS. 


was  formally  restored  to  duty  from  desertion  by  the  commander  competent 
to  order  his  trial  for  the  offence,  or,  having  deserted  and  being  charged  with 
desertion,  was,  on  return  to  the  service,  suffered,  without  such  formal; restora- 
tion, to  resume  his  place  in  the  ranks  of  his  command,  serving  faithfully 
thereafter  until  the  expiration  of  his  term,  such  soldier  shall  not  be  deemed 
to  rest  under  any  disability,  because  of  such  desertion,  in  the  prosecution  of 
any  claim  for  pension  on  account  of  disease  contracted,  or  wounds  or  injuries 
received  in  the  line  of  his  duty  as  a soldier. 

Sec.  5.  That  when  the  charge  of  desertion  shall  be  removed  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  from  the  record  of  any  soldier,  such  soldier,  or,  in  case 
of  his  death,  the  heirs  or  legal  representatives  of  such  soldier,  shall  receive 
the  pay  and  bounty  due  to  such  soldier:  Provided,  however,  That  this  act 
shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  give  to  any  such  soldier,  or,  in  case  of  his 
death,  to  the  heirs  or  legal  representatives  of  any  such  soldier,  any  pay,  bounty 
or  allowance  for  any  time  during  which  such  soldier  was  absent  from  his 
command  without  proper  authority,  nor  shall  it  be  so  construed  as  to  give 
any  pay,  bounty,  or  allowance  to  any  soldier,  his  heirs  or  legal  representa- 
tives, who  served  in  the  army  for  a period  less  than  six  months. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  be  and  he  hereby  is  authorized  and 
directed  to  amend  the  military  record  of  any  soldier  who  enlisted  for  the  war 
with  Mexico,  upon  proper  application,  where  the  rolls  and  records  of  the 
Adjutant-General’s  office  show  the  charge  of  desertion  against  him,  when 
such  rolls  and  records  show  the  facts  set  out  in  the  following  cases : 

First.  That  said  soldier  served  faithfully  the  full  term  of  his  enlistment, 
or  having  served  faithfully  for  six  months  or  more,  and  until  the  4tli  day  of 
July,  1848,  left  his  command  without  having  received  a discharge. 

Second.  That  such  soldier,  after  said  charge  of  desertion  was  entered  on 
the  rolls,  voluntarily  returned  to  his  command  within  a reasonable  time  and 
served  faithfully  until  discharged. 

Sec.  7.  That  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to 
relieve  any  soldier  from  the  charge  of  desertion  who  left  his  command  from 
disaffection  or  disloyalty  to  the  government,  or  to  evade  the  dangers  and 
hardships  of  the  service,  or  whilst  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy  (not  being 
sick  or  wounded),  or  while  in  arrest  or  under  charges  for  breach  of  military 
duty,  or,  in  case  of  a soldier  of  the  Mexican  War,  who  did  not  actually  reach 
the  seat  of  war. 

Sec.  8.  That  when  such  charge  of  desertion  is  removed  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  the  soldier  shall  be  restored  to  a status'  of  honorable  ser- 
vice, his  military  record  shall  be  corrected  as  the  facts  may  require,  and  an 
honorable  discharge  shall  be  issued  in  those  cases  where  the  soldier  has 
received  none:  and  he  shall  be  restored  to  all  his  rights  as  to  pension,  pay  or 
allowances  as  if  the  charge  of  desertion  had  never  been  made;  and  in  case  of 
the  death  of  said  soldier,  his  widow  or  other  legal  heir  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
same  rights  as  in  case  of  other  deceased  honorably  discharged  soldiers:  Pro- 
vided, That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  to  give  to  any  soldier,  or  his  legal 
representatives  or  heir,  any  pay  or  allowance  for  any  period  of  time  he  was 
absent  without  leave,  and  not  in  the  performance  of  military  duty. 

Sec.  9.  That  all  applications  for  relief  under  this  act  shall  be  made  to  and 
tiled  with  the  Secretary  of  War  within  the  period  of  three  years  from  and 
after  July  1,  1889,  and  all  applications  not  so  made  and  filed  within  said  term 
of  three  years  shall  be  forever  barred,  and  shall  not  be  received  or  considered. 
— (Approved  March  2,  1889.) 

Chap.  132. — Provides  that  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  all  persons 
who,  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  Sates  and  in  the  line  of 
duty,  have  lost  both  hands,  shall  be  entitled  to  a pension  of  $100  a month. — 
(Approved  February  12,  1889.) 


RECENT  PENSION  LAWS. 


167 


PENSIONS  TO  THE  TOTALLY  HELPLESS. 

The  act  of  1890  provides  that  all  soldiers,  sailors  and  marines  who  have 
since  the  16th  day  of  June,  1880,  or  who  may  hereafter  become  so  totally  and 
permanently  helpless  from  injuries  received  or  disease  contracted  in  the  ser- 
vice and  line  of  duty  as  to  require  the  regular  personal  aid  and  attendance  of 
another  person,  or  who,  if  otherwise  entitled,  were  excluded  from  the  pro- 
visions of  “An  act  to  increase  pensions  of  certain  pensioned  soldiers  and 
sailors  who  are  utterly  helpless  from  injuries  received  or  disease  contracted 
while  in  the  United  States  service,”  approved  June  16,  1880,  shall  he  entitled 
to  receive  a pension  at  the  rate  of  $72  per  month  from  the  date  of  the  passage 
of  this  act  or  of  the  certificate  of  the  examining  surgeon  or  board  of  surgeons 
showing  such  degree  of  disability  made  subsequent  to  the  passage  of  this  act. 
— (Approved  March  4,  1890.) 


THE  DEPENDENT  PENSION  ACT. 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  in  considering  the  pension  claims  of  dependent 
parents  the  fact  of  the  soldier’s  death  by  reason  of  any  wound,  injury,  casu- 
alty, or  disease  which  under  the  conditions  and  limitations  of  existing  laws 
would  have  entitled  him  to  an  invalid  pension,  and  the  fact  that  the  soldier 
left  no  widow  or  minor  children  having  been  shown  as  required  by  law,  it 
shall  be  necessary  only  to  show  by  competent  and  sufficient  evidence  that 
such  parent  or  parents  are  without  other  present  means  of  support  than  their 
own  manual  labor  or  the  contributions  of  others  not  legally  bound  for  their 
support:  Provided,  That  all  pensions  allowed  to  dependent  parents  under  this 
act  shall  commence  from  the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  application  hereunder 
and  shall  continue  no  longer  than  the  existence  of  the  dependence. 

Sec.  2.  That  all  persons  who  served  ninety  days  or  more  in  the  military 
or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  during  the  late  war  of  the  rebellion  and 
who  have  been  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  and  who  are  now  or  who 
may  hereafter  be  suffering  from  a mental  or  physical  disability  of  a perma- 
nent character  not  the  result  of  their  own  vicious  habits,  which  incapacitates 
them  from  the  performance  of  manual  labor  in  such  a degree  as  to  render 
them  unable  to  earn  a support,  shall,  upon  making  due  proof  of  the  fact  ac- 
cording to  such  rales  and  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may 
provide,  be  placed  upon  the  list  of  invalid  pensioners  of  the  United  States, 
and  be  entitled  to  receive  a pension  not  exceeding  $12  per  month,  and  not 
less  than  $6  per  month,  proportioned  to  the  degree  of  inability  to  earn  a sup- 
port, and  such  pension  shall  commence  from  the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  ap- 
plication m the  Pension  Office,  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  upon  proof  that 
the  disability  then  existed,  and  shall  continue  during  the  existence  of  the 
same:  Provided,  That  persons  who  are  now  receiving  pensions  under  exist- 
ing laws,  or  whose  claims  are  pending  in  the  Pension  Office,  may  by 
application  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  in  such  form  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe, showing  themselves  entitled  thereto,  receive  the  benefits  of  this  act; 
and  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  any  pen- 
sioner thereunder  from  prosecuting  his  claim  and  receiving  his  pension  under 
any  other  general  or  special  act:  Provided,  however,  That  no  person  shall 
receive  more  than  one  pension  for  the  same  period:  And  provided,  further, 
That  rank  in  the  service  shall  not  be  considered  in  applications  filed  under 
this  act. 

Sec.  3.  That  if  any  officer  or  enlisted  man  who  served  ninety  days  or  more 
in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the  late  war  of  the  rebellion. 


168 


RECENT  PENSION  LATVS. 


and  who  was  honorably  discharged,  has  died  or  shall  hereafter  die,  leaving  a 
widow  without  other  means  of  support  than  her  daily  labor,  or  minor  chil- 
dren under  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  such  widow  shall,  upon  due  proof  of  her 
husband's  death,  without  proving  his  death  to  be  the  result  of  his  army  ser- 
vice, be  placed  on  the  pension  roll  from  the  date  of  the  application  therefor 
under  this  act,  at  the  rate  of  $8  per  month  during  her  widowhood,  and  shall 
also  be  paid  $2  per  month  for  each  child  of  such  officer  or  enlisted  man 
under  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  in  case  of  death  or  remarriage  of  the  widow, 
leaving  a child  or  children  of  such  officer  or  enlisted  man  under  the  age  of 
sixteen  years,  such  pension  shall  be  paid  such  child  or  children  until  the  age 
of  sixteen:  Provided,  That  in  case  a minor  child  is  insane,  idiotic,  or  other- 
wise permanently  helpless,  the  pension  shall  continue  during  the  life  of  said 
child  or  during  the  period  of  such  disability,  and  this  proviso  shall  apply  to 
all  pensions  heretofore  granted,  or  hereafter  to  be  granted  under  this  or  any 
former  statute,  and  such  pension  shall  commence  from  the  date  of  applica- 
tion therefor  after  the  passage  of  this  act:  And  provided , further,  That  said 
widow  shall  have  married  said  soldier  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  no  agent,  attorney,  or  other  person  engaged  in  preparing, 
presenting,  or  prosecuting  any  claim  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall, 
directly  or  indirectly,  contract  for,  demand,  receive,  or  retain  for  such  ser- 
vices in  preparing,  presenting,  or  prosecuting  such  claim  a sum  greater  than 
$10,  which  sum  shall  be  payable  only  upon  the  order  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Pensions,  by  the  pension  agent  making  payment  of  the  pension  allowed, 
and  any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section,  or  who 
shall  wrongfully  withhold  from  a pensioner  or  claimant  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  a pension  or  claim  allowed  or  due  such  pensioner  or  claimant  under 
this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  thereof 
shall,  for  each  and  every  such  offense,  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500,  or  be  im- 
prisoned at  hard  labor,  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court. 


MEXICAN  SOLDIERS. 

The  Act  of  March  2,  1891,  amends  Section  2 of  the  Act  of  March  2,  1889, 
to  pension  soldiers  of  the  War  with  Mexico  so  as  to  read  in  Subdivision  3: 
‘ ‘ Third — That  such  soldier  was  a minor,  and  was  enlisted  without  the  consent 
of  his  parent  or  guardian,  and  was  released  or  discharged  from  such  service 
.by  the  order  or  decree  of  any  State  or  U.S.  court  on  habeas  corpus  or  other 
judicial  proceedings,  and  in  such  case  such  soldier  shall  not  be  entitled  to  any 
bounty  or  allowance,  or  pay  for  any  time  such  soldier  was  not  in  the  perform- 
ance of  military  duty.” 


UNION  SOLDIERS  OF  THE  WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION. 

Section  4,787,  Revised  Statutes,  is  amended  to  entitle  those  who  have 
received  artificial  limbs  from  the  War  Department  to  a new  ”mb  or  apparatus 
at  the  expiration  of  every  ‘ ‘ three  ” years  (instead  of  ‘ ‘ five  The  Act  of  March 
3,  1891,  provides  that  hereafter  no  pension  shall  be  allowed  or  paid  to  any 
officer,  non-commissioned  officer,  or  private  in  the  U.  S.  Army,  or  Marine 
Corps,  either  on  the  active  or  retired  list;  that  no  agent  or  attorney  shall  de- 
mand, receive  or  be  allowed  any  compensation  under  existing  law  exceeding 
$2  in  any  claim  for  increase  of  pension  on  account  of  increase  of  disability, 
or  for  services  in  securing  the  passage  of  any  special  act  of  Congress  in  any 
case  that  has  been  presented  at  the  Pension  Office  or  is  allowable  under  the 
general  pension  laws.  Any  agent  instrumental  in  prosecuting  any  claim  for 


RECEXT  PEXSION  LAWS. 


169 


increase  of  pension  on  account  of  increase  of  disability,  or  who  lias  rendered 
services  in  procuring  the  passage  of  any  such  special  act  of  Congress,  who 
shall  directly  or  indirectly  demand  or  retain  any  compensation  for  such  ser- 
vices, except  as  hereinbefore  provided,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and 
shall,  for  each  offence,  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500  or  imprisoned  for  not  ex- 
ceeding two  years,  or  both.  The  foregoing  provisions  in  relation  to  fees  of 
agents  or  attorneys  do  not  apply  to  any  case  now  pending  where  there  is  an 
existing  lawful  contract  expressed  or  implied. 


14b 


NUMBER  OF  PENSIONERS  IN  EACH  STATE  AND  TERRITORY  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AND  IN  EACH  FOREIGN  COUNTRY  ON  THE  ROLLS  JUNE  30,  1891. 


United  States. 

Number. 

Foreign  country. 

Number. 

2,065 

Australia 

21 

14 

13 

289 

8 

5,994 

1 

California 

8^004 

Brazil 

3 

3,381 

13 

8,713 

1 

1,764 

1,315 

0,132 

1 

Florida 

1 ’343 

Chile 

5 

Georgia 

l’671 

12 

'537 

1 

49,711 

1 

55 '704 

5 

1,022 

13 

28  ,'430 

1 

29^421 

2 

21 '441 

36 

1,788 

403 

17,010 

495 

7,867 

1 

25,953 

8 

34,447 

Holland 

2 

10,873 

1 

1,641 

1 

33,135 

17 

792 

3 

12,011 

2 

166 

Mauritius 

1 

7,707 

1 

13*375 

32 

450 

1 

60,325 

8 

2,497 

3 

977 

1 

75,498 

12 

1 387 

1 

2,263 

3 

63,986 

1 

2,889 

1 

814 

5 

3,572 

4 

12,214 

24 

5,270 

56 

544 

1 

8,566 

7 

5,256 

2 ftft* 

99 

9,787 

Total 

2,646 

Wisconsin 

20,969 

364 

676,160 

Total 

673,514 

170 


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PENSION  CLAIMS  ADMITTED 


Comparative  statement  of  pension  claims  settled  by 
ACTS  OF  JULY  14, 


Year. 

Claims  ad- 
mitted and 
rejected. 

Army. 

Navy. 

Invalid. 

Widows,  etc. 

Invalid. 

Origi- 

nal. 

In- 

crease. 

Total. 

Origi- 

nal. 

In- 

crease 

Total . 

Origi- 

nal. 

In- 

crease 

Total. 

1881 . . 

Admitted 

21,143 

12,353 

33,496 

3,717 

200 

3,917 

251 

1.54 

405 

1881 . . 

Rejected 

2,625 

8,875 

11,500 

1,137 

30 

1,167 

55 

65 

120 

Total 

23,768 

21,228 

44,996 

4,854 

230 

5,084 

306 

219 

525 

1882.. 

Admitted 

22,684 

9,435 

32,119 

3,910 

48 

3,958 

262 

88 

350 

1882.. 

Rejected 

4,030 

15,199 

19,229 

1,512 

26 

1,538 

128 

149 

277 

Total 

26,714 

24,634 

51,348 

5,422 

74 

5,496 

390 

237 

627 

1882. . 

Admitted 

31,801 

22,554 

54,355 

5,216 

67 

5,283 

213 

112 

325 

1883.. 

Rejected 

16,901 

19,978 

36,879 

4,512 

28 

4,540 

530 

141 

671 

Total 

48,702 

42,532 

91,234 

9,728 

95 

9,823 

743 

253 

996 

1884.. 

Admitted 

27,173 

22,190 

49,363 

6,260 

56 

6,316 

241 

270 

511 

1884.. 

Rejected 

17,587 

19,887 

37,474 

4,983 

15 

4,998 

347 

139 

486 

Total 

44,760 

42,077 

86,387 

11,243 

71 

11,314 

588 

409 

997 

1885,. 

Admitted 

27,286 

33,648 

60,934 

7,632 

144 

7,776 

294 

182 

476 

1885.. 

Rejected 

9,028 

19,281 

28,309 

3,058 

28 

3,086 

189 

89 

278 

Total 

36,314 

52,929 

89,243 

10,690 

172 

10,862 

483 

271 

754 

1886*. 

Admitted 

31,619 

33,008 

64,627 

8,501 

*65,313 

73,814 

318 

271 

589 

1886.. 

Rejected 

15,918 

41,956 

57,874 

3,728 

50 

3,778 

277 

279 

556 

Total 

47,537 

74,964 

122,501 

12,229 

65,363 

77,592 

595 

550 

1,145 

1887.. 

Admitted  .... 

34,758 

31,791 

66,549 

11,034 

83 

11,117 

525 

223 

748 

1887.. 

Rejected 

7,657 

32,024 

39,681 

3,481 

70 

3,551 

321 

247 

568 

Total 

42,415 

63,815 

106,230 

14,515 

153 

14,668 

846 

470 

1,316 

1888.. 

Admitted  .... 

35,089 

44,785 

79,874 

10,611 

341 

1<L952 

754 

4(9 

1,203 

1888 . . 

Rejected 

32,213 

30,739 

62,952 

11,060 

50 

11,110 

740 

326 

1,066 

Total 

67,302 

75,524 

142,826 

21,671 

391 

22,062 

1,494 

775 

2,269 

1889.. 

Admitted  .... 

35,999 

70,194 

106,193 

11,644 

116 

11,760 

831 

744 

1,576 

1889.. 

Rejected 

11,122 

37,049 

48,171 

5,689 

41 

5,730 

1,160 

442 

1,602 

Total 

47,121 

107,243 

154,364 

17,333 

157 

17,490 

1,991 

1,186 

3,177 

1899. . 

Admitted  ... 

49,453 

76,511 

1257964 

14,323 

120 

14~443 

942 

901 

1,843 

1890.. 

Rejected 

8,120 

99,013 

107,133 

5,791 

50 

5,841 

392 

977 

969 

Total 

57,537 

175,524 

233,097 

20,114 

170 

20,284 

1,334 

1,878 

3,212 

1891 . . 

Admitted 

40,577 

71,579 

112,156 

11,701 

474 

12,175 

804 

661 

1,465 

1891. 

Rejected 

12,998 

188,981 

201,979 

9,899 

237 

10,136 

290 

816 

1,106 

Total 

53,575 

260,560 

314,135 

21,600 

711 

22,311 

1,094 

1,477 

2,571 

*Under  act  of  March  19,  1880,  there  were  79,989  widows’  pensions  increased  (included 
in  the  above)  for  which  no  applications  were  required. 

172 


AND  REJECTED,  1881-1891. 

allowance  and  rejection  each  year  since  1881,  except  arrears. 
1862,  AND  MARCH  3,  1873. 


Navy. 


Widows,  etc. 


u— 

5 = 


203 

S3 


286 


59 


148 


316 

433 

106 

112 

218 

111 

57 

168 

109 

385 

494 


183 

91 


274 


205 

235 


440 


280 

341 


621 


335 

126 


In- 

crease 


10 


*1,280 

2 

1,282 


Total 


213 

83 


296 


100 

59 


159 


100 

346 


446 


107 

113 


220 


122 


179 


1,389 

387 


191 

92 


283 


216 

235 


451 


291 

341 


632 


342 

129 


>s 

> . 

c3  co 


1.344 

20 


1,364 


649 


649 


796 


1,221 

1,221 


1,835 


1,835 


2.229 


2,229 


2,707 


2,707 


2,028 


2,028 

7/754 


1,754 


1,896 


g ^ 
T > 


39,375 

12,890 


52,265 


37,176 

21,103 


58,279 


60,859 

42,438 


103,295 


57,518 

43,071 


100,589 


71,143 

31,730 


102,87c 


*142.648 

62,595 


205,343 


81,312 

43.892 


125,204 


92.245 

75,363 


167.608 


119,819 

55,844 


175,663 


142,592 

114.072 


War  of  1812. 


Survivors. 


Origi- 

nal. 


115 

391 


506 


56 


27 


13 


18 


In- 

crease 


Widows. 


Origi- 

nal. 


1 ,965 
1,605 


3,570 


693 

143 


836 


822 

200 


1,022 


388 

262 


650 


426 

167 


593 


305 

113 


418 


231 

59 


290 


251 

56 


307 


181 

268 


449 


108 

75 


In. 

crease 


13,396 

2 

13,398 


Mexican  war 
(act  of  Jan. 
29, 1887.) 


Surviv- 

ors 

original 


7,552 

251 


7,803 


9,048 

2,062 


11,110 


1,772 

348 


2,120 


794 

177 


903 

14 


917 


4,296 

588 


4,880 


1,206 

209 


1,415 


6' 

106 


O cd 
u R 
■ag 
£73 

£d 

£ 3 


41,455 

14,886 


56,341 


37,895 

21,295 


59,190 


38,192,  61,704 

22,540  42,687 


60,702  104,391 


34,192  57,930 

23,341  43,383 


57,533 


35,767 

12,537 


48,304 


101,313 


,587 

,935 


103,522 


40,857 

20,443 


61,300 


55,194 

11,892 


67,086 


60,252 

46,965 


107,227 


71,068 


66,337 
14/ ““ 


,357 

,732 


219,089 


,008 

,234 


1:34,242 


ass 

080 


,918 


,001 

,679 


179,680 


,179 

,436 


461 


471 


1,896 


256,664 


213 

97 


33 


246 

97 


1,812 


126.042 

213,318 


183 

79 


971 


784 


81,430 


258,615 


336 

148 


385 

101 


54,099  126 
23,533  +213 


,849 

567 


310 


33 


343  1,812 


339,360 


3 79 


484 


7,632 [ 340,416 
which  have  been  found  by  actual  count  to 


tThis  includes  a large 
have  been  thus  disposed 


number  of  claims 
of. 


173 


Comparative  statement  of  pension  claims  settled  by 

ACT  OF  JUNE 


Year. 

Claims  admitted 
and  rejected. 

Army. 

Invalid. 

Widows,  etc. 

Original. 

Additional. 

Total. 

Original. 

Additional. 

Total. 

1891 

1891 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

85,047 

18,588 

13,152 

161 

98,199 

18,749 

12,337 

2,875 

5 

12,342 

2,875 

103,635 

13,313 

116,948 

15,212 

5 

15,217 

INCREASE  IN  PENSION 


ARMY  INVALID  CLAIMS  UNDER  THE  GENERAL  LAW  ALLOWED  EACH  YEAR  SINCE 
WHICH  WERE  FILED  EACH  YEAR  AND  ALLOWED  IN  THE  REPORT 
AND  THE  PERCENTAGE  OF  THE  NUMBER 


•s  a) 
•SE 


.2  0) 
w S 

Sis 


The  several  years  in  which  the  claims  were  allowed  and  the  number  allowed  each  year. 


1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

305 

258 

3,657 

131 

9,331 

7,303 

27 

1,138 

3,459 

10,045 

19 

517 

844 

7,819 

12,724 

20 

395 

562 

1,863 

9,292 

3,586 

12 

235 

253 

685 

2,511 

3,626 

1,641 

11 

185 

166 

417 

1,150 

1,132 

1,692 

2,238 

12 

143 

114 

223 

529 

525 

421 

2,208 

1,040 

20 

293 

239 

382 

732 

724 

502 

1,284 

3,094 

342 

6 

156 

139 

198 

440 

349 

218 

493 

1,639 

1,946 

434 

6 

110 

96 

132 

251 

356 

196 

300 

799 

1,055 

1,638 

1,322 

16 

129 

107 

100 

211 

149 

172 

182 

441 

438 

1,018 

1,762 

794 

4 

159 

101 

92 

185 

153 

89 

142 

278 

348 

371 

674 

1,869 

937 

5 

121 

84 

96 

145 

88 

56 

124 

167 

214 

278 

342 

606 

2,243 

624 

139 

126 

113 

187 

154 

62 

97 

197 

149 

276 

461 

593 

1,169 

2,595 

4 

147 

109 

122 

202 

139 

59 

102 

132 

125 

214 

253 

243 

483 

1,844 

2,217 

908 

rl 

305 

3,915 

16,765 

14,669 

21,923 

15,718 

8,963 

6,991 

5,215 

7,612 

6,018 

6,261 

5,519 

5,397 

5,193 

7,102 

7,303 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 


Total 


Note. — The  total  number  (40,453)  of  claims  allowed  in  1891  excludes  124  old  war 

174 


allowance  and  rejection  each  year  since  1881,  except  arrears. 
27,  1890. 


Navy. 

Aggre- 
gate of 
all  claims. 

Remarks. 

Invalid. 

Widows,  etc. 

Original. 

Additional. 

Total. 

Original. 

Additional. 

Total. 

3,564 

834 

405 

3,969 

834 

1,439 

132 

1,439 

132 

115,949 

22,590 

Those  under  the  head  of 
“ additional  ” consist  of 
applicants  who  have 
also  prior  claims  under 
old  acts. 

4,398 

405 

4,803 

1,571 

1,571 

138,539 

CLAIMS  ALLOWED,  1862-1891. 

JULY  1,  1861,  SHOWING  IN  EACH  YEAR'S  ALLOWANCE  THE  NUMBER  OF  THOSE 
YEARS,  GIVING  ALSO  THE  WHOLE  NUMBER  FILED  EACH  YEAR 
ALLOWED  OUT  OF  THOSE  FILED  EACH  YEAR. 


The  several  years  in  which  the  claims  were  allowed  and  the  number  allowed  each  year. 


1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Total. 

£j3§ 

£ ^ ^ 

5 

24 

78 

38 

18 

9 

16 

15 

17 

9 

10 

7 

16 

1,125 

1,362 

82.6 

135 

281 

415 

392 

384 

263 

280 

269 

248 

230 

191 

195 

150 

19,688 

26,380 

74.6 

100 

228 

395 

328 

305 

240 

264 

220 

226 

194 

142 

138 

121 

16,603 

20,263 

81.8 

92 

172 

335 

234 

284 

189 

204 

168 

160 

110 

125 

121 

85 

24,566 

27,299 

90.0 

158 

257 

477 

368 

335 

255 

236 

219 

208 

177 

136 

130 

125 

31,640 

35,799 

88.4 

104 

190 

339 

281 

262 

202 

263 

187 

184 

131 

107 

97 

77 

13,405 

15,905 

84.3 

49 

109 

177 

99 

124 

93 

190 

80 

92 

61 

52 

51 

31 

6,316 

7,292 

86.6 

54 

143 

312 

267 

208 

180 

282 

141 

141 

115 

92 

90 

69 

9,264 

11,035 

84.0 

121 

220 

451 

379 

319 

243 

363 

233 

234 

164 

138 

115 

123 

10,885 

12,991 

83.8 

100 

228 

368 

293 

243 

218 

241 

211 

165 

125 

116 

116 

78 

7,119 

8,837 

80.6 

153 

251 

404 

328 

288 

211 

314 

226 

193 

144 

116 

110 

81 

7,068 

8,857 

79.8 

123 

257 

454 

330 

274 

209 

221 

197 

186 

161 

103 

136 

93 

7,558 

8,728 

9,302 

86.6 

188 

328 

497 

384 

312 

213 

385 

254 

213 

169 

117 

128 

110 

7,403 

79.6 

273 

455 

756 

559 

478 

349 

461 

323 

277 

239 

158 

176 

137 

9,473 

11.926 

79.4 

608 

758 

1,219 

905 

773 

578 

630 

570 

565 

413 

316 

338 

267 

13,003 

17,030 

76.4 

1,464 

1.063 

1,570 

1,050 

1,006 

709 

740 

698 

618 

444 

331 

340 

284 

13,311 

16,532 

80.5 

2,568 

1,806 

2,385 

1,400 

986 

888 

879 

816 

773 

559 

413 

475 

326 

15,182 

18,812 

80.7 

778 

2,685 

7,767 

4,865 

4,116 

2,298 

2,045 

1,819 

1,618 

1,065 

836 

870 

605 

31,367 

36,835 

85.2 

263 

2,358 

9,825 

17,626 

12,277 

9,706 

1,499 

2,245 

2,517 

2,434 

810 

9,529 

7,880 

5,613 

3.895 

4,159 

2.814 

85,945 

110,673 

77.7 

155 

1,350 

1,485 

582 

1,651 

2,326 

2,579 

917 

1,555 

2,667 

3,279 

3,092 

3,901 

883 

1,463 

2,526 

3,188 

1,109 

2,038 

2,720 

2,363 

909 

1,030 

1,709 

799 

11,677 

18,455 

29,004 

35,039 

28,962 

27,959 

63.3 

133 

1,512 

2,090 

1,834 

2,0:38 

3,849 

5,317 

9,499 

1,557 

1,228 

1,695 

1,380 

1,429 

2,163 

2.826 

4,476 

7,784 

17,869 

20,953 

16,685 

16.499 

61.6 

2,303 

1,929 

2,182 

3,714 

4,967 

9,240 

12,180 

2,407 

59.8 

57.6 

3,443 

5,842 

1,506 

2,696 

59.0 

5>23 

6.383 

2,234 

21,874 

20,999 

25,449 

21,521 

12,782 

35^202 

36,204 

47,349 

62.1 

58.0 

53.7 

51,919 

71,318 

20,199 

41.0 

10.375 

17.9 

706 

706 

3.5 

7,073 

9,718 

20,912 

22,615 

31,758 

27,117 

27,225 

31,552 

34,702 

35,089 

35,999 

49,453 

40,453 

517,9:15 

807,468 

® 2 

,a  s C 


ff 

d o> 

O,  fci) 

■g'g.S 

'n  ^ 


invahds  which  are  included  in  the  number  of  army  invalids  as  reported  in  Table  1. 

175 


PENSION  RATES. 

Statement  showing  the  different  monthly  rates  of  pension,  and  the  number  pen- 
sioned at  each  rate,  of  the  Army  and  Navy  invalids,  and  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
widows,  minors,  and  dependents  (war  of  1861)  on  the  rolls,  under  the  general  law,  June 
30,  1891,  and  a similar  classification  of  those  on  the  rolls  at  the  same  date  under  the 
act  of  June  27,  1890. 

GENERAL  LAW,  JUNE  30,  1891. 


Rate. 

Invalids. 

Widows  & others 

Rate. 

Invalids. 

Widows  & others 

Army 

N’vy 

Total 

Army 

N’vy 

Total 

Army 

N’vy 

Total 

Army 

N’vy 

Total 

SI. 00 

19 

1 

20 

$16.50 

9 

4 

13 

2.00 

16,853 

183 

17,036 

’ 16.75 

12 

12 

2.25 

2 

2 

17.00 

18,253 

191 

18,444 

2,383 

6 

2,389 

2.66§ 

10 

10 

17.25 

2 

2 

3.00" 

1,013 

29 

1,042 

17.50 

15 

22 

3.12J 

1 

1 

17.75 

4 

4 

3.25" 

12 

12 

18.00 

2,823 

34 

2,857 

63 

1 

64 

3.33$ 

1 

1 

18.25 

5 

5 

3.75 

149 

6 

155 

18.50 

12 

1 

13 

4.00 

61,530 

788 

62,318 

18.75 

117 

3 

120 

4.25 

212 

212 

19.00 

12 

3 

15 

4.50 

1 

1 

19.25 

9 

9 

5.00 

773 

57 

830 

19.50 

4 

4 

5.25 

2 

2 

20.00 

5,155 

126 

5,281 

2,558 

156 

2,714 

5.334 

11 

1 

12 

20.50 

1 

1 

5.62" 

1 

1 

20.75 

2 

2 

4 

5.66§ 

4 

4 

21.00 

4 

1 

5 

5.75" 

9 

9 

21.25 

3 

3 

6.00 

52,071 

510 

52,581 

21.50 

2 

1 

3 

6.25 

' 49 

3 

52 

22.00 

3,138 

72 

3,210 

6.374 

3 

3 

22.50 

104 

4 

108 

6.66§ 

1 

1 

23.00 

1 

1 

6.75" 

1 

1 

23.25 

3 

3 

7.00 

109 

2 

in 

23.50 

1 

1 

1 

1 

23.75 

1 

1 

7.50 

477 

9 

486 

24.00 

19,963 

283 

20,246 

3 

3 

7.75 

12 

2 

14 

24.50 

2 

1 

3 

8.00 

82,190 

1,103 

83,299 

414 

18 

432 

25.00 

2,896 

86 

2,982 

701 

126 

827 

8.12.1 

1 

1 

25.25 

1 

1 

8.25" 

11 

1 

12 

25.75 

3 

3 

8.50 

640 

640 

26.25 

4 

4 

8.62$ 

1 

1 

26.75 

1 

2 

3 

8.75" 

4 

1 

5 

1 

27.00 

956 

26 

982 

9.00 

5 

561 

27.50 

7 

7 

9.25 

11 

11 

28.00 

1 

1 

9.50 

13 

6 

19 

28.75 

1 

1 

9.75 

3 

4 

7 

29.50 

1 

1 

10.00 

34,825 

433 

35,258 

2 

1 

3 

30.00 

14,616 

218 

14,834 

648 

201 

849 

10.20 

1 

1 

30.75 

2 

2 

10.25 

6 

1 

7 

31.00 

2 

2 

10.50 

12 

10 

22 

31.25 

58 

58 

10.62 

1 

1 

32.00 

3 

3 

. 1 

1 

10. 60§ 

1 

1 

32.50 

5 

5 

10.75 

1 

14 

15 

33.00 

1 

2 

3 

11.00 

74 

4 

78 

33.50 

1 

1 

11.25 

232 

11 

243 

35.00 

2 

3 

5 

2 

2 

11.33$ 

1 

1 

35.50 

3 

3 

11.50" 

2o 

4 

29 

36.00 

3,169 

41 

3,210 

11.75 

7 

3 

10 

37.00 

1 

1 

12.00 

45,588 

509 

46,097 

100,215 

1,872 

102,087 

37.50 

1 

1 

12  12$ 

1 

1 

38.50 

1 

1 

12.25' 

13 

13 

40.00 

55 

1 

56 

15 

5 

20 

12.50 

153 

24 

177 

1 

1 

40.25 

] 

1 

12.75 

378 

1 

379 

45.00 

2,486 

22 

2,508 

2 

2 

13.00 

586 

5 

591 

47.00 

77 

77 

13.25 

8 

7 

48.00 

1 

1 

13.33$ 

4 

4 

49.00 

2 

2 

13.50" 

24 

7 

31 

50. (X) 

381 

1 

382 

68 

64 

132 

13.75 

9 

1 

10 

53.  (X) 

1 

1 

14.00 

16,737 

141 

16,878 

2 

2 

55.00 

1 

1 

14.25 

19 

3 

22 

57.00 

1 

1 

14.50 

4 

4 

8 

60.00 

14 

14 

1 

1 

14.75 

6 

6 

72.00 

3,074 

87 

3,161 

14.874 

1 

1 

75.00 

1 

1 

5 

5 

15.00' 

2,940 

102 

3,042 

1,450 

112 

1,562 

100.00 

33 

3 

36 

15 

3 

18 

15.25 

1 

1 

I66.665 

6 

1 

7 

15.50 

3 

3 

6 

208.33$ 

1 

1 

15.75 

6 

6 

416.66J 

3 

3 

16.00 

17,682 

1&3 

17,865 

1 

1 

2 

16.25 

7 

1 

8 

Total. 

413,597 

5,449 

419,046 

108,560 

2,568 

111,128 

176 


Statement  showing  the  different  monthly  rates  of  pension,  and  the  number  pen- 
sioned at  each  rate,  of  the  Army  and  Navy  invalids,  etc. — Continued. 


ACT  OF  JUNE  27,  1890. 


Rate. 

Invalids. 

Widows  and  others. 

Army. 

Navy. 

Total. 

Army. 

Navy. 

Total. 

$6.00 

15,726 

19,563 

4,681 

57,163 

664 

806 

185 

2,321 

16,390 

20,369 

4,869 

59,484 

'8.00 

10.00 

10,833 

1,400 

12,233 

12.00 

Total 

Giand  total 

1,376 

36 

1,412 

97,136 

3,976 

101,112 

12,209 

1,436 

13,645 

510,733 

9,425 

520,158 

120,769 

4,004 

124,773 

THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ARMY. 


The  army  of  the  United  States,  in  1890,  consisted  of  the  following  forces, 
in  officers  and  men  : 


Ten  cavalry  regiments 

Five  artillery  regiments 

Twenty-five 'infantry  regiments 

Engineer  battalion,  recruiting  parties.ordnance 
department,  hospital  service,  Indian  scouts, 
West  Point,  signal  detachment,  and  general 
service 

Total 


Officers. 

Enlisted  Men. 

Aggregate, 

432 

6,050 

6,482 

282 

3,675 

3,957 

877 

12,125 

13,002 

579 

3,370 

3,949 

2,170 

25,220 

27,390 

The  United  States  are  divided  into  eight  military  departments  as  follows: 

Department  of  the  East. — New  England  States,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Alabama, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Department  of  the  Missouri. — Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  Indian  and  Oklahoma  Territories. 

Department  of  California. — California  (excepting  that  portion  south 
of  the  35th  parallel)  and  Nevada. 

Department  of  Dakota. — Minnesota,  South  Dakota  (excepting  so 
much  as  lies  south  of  the  44th  parallel),  North  Dakota,  Montana  and  the 
post  of  Fort  Yellowstone,  Wyo. 

Department  of  Texas. — State  of  Texas. 

Department  of  the  Platte. — Iowa,  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
(excepting  the  post  of  Fort  Yellowstone,  Wyo.),  Utah,  so  much  of  Idaho  as 
lies  east  of  a line  formed  by  the  extension  of  the  western  boundary  of  Utah 
to  the  northeastern  boundary  of  Idaho,  and  so  much  of  South  Dakota  as  lies 
south  of  the  44th  parallel. 

Department  of  Arizona. — Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  California 
south  of  the  35th  parallel. 

Department  of  the  Columbia. — Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho  and 
Alaska,  excepting  so  much  of  Idaho  as  is  embraced  in  the  Department  of  the 
Platte. 


177 


178  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 

PAY  OP  OFFICERS  IN  ACTIVE  SERVICE. 


GRADE. 

Pay  of  grade. 

Monthly  pay. 

Yearly. 

Monthly. 

After 

5 years’ 
se'rvice, 
10  p.  c. 

After 

10  years’ 
service, 
20  p.  c. 

After 

15  years1 
service, 
30  p.  c. 

After 

20  years’ 
service, 
40  p.  c. 

Major-General 

$7,500.00 

5.500.00 

3.500.00 

3.000. 00 

2.500.00 

2.000. 00 

1.800.00 
1,800.00 
1,800.00 
1,600.00 
1,500.00 

1.500.00 

1.400.00 

1.500.00 

$625.00 

458.33 

291.67 

250.00 

208.33 

166.67 

150.00 
150.00 

150.00 

133.33 

125.00 
125.00 
116.07 
125.00 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain,  mounted 

Captain,  not  mounted 

Regimental  Adjutant 

Reg’tal  Quartermaster 

First  Lieutenant,  mounted 
First  Lieutenant,  not  m’t’d 
Second  Lieut.,  mounted. . . 
Second  Lieut., not  mounted 
Chaplain 

$320.83 

275.00 
229.17 

183.33 

165.00 
165.00 
165.00 
146.67 
137.50 
137.50 

128.33 
137.50 

$350.00 

300.00 

250.00 

200.00 
180.00 
180.00 
180.00 
160.00 
150.00 

150.00 

140.00 

150.00 

$375.00 

325.00 
270.83 

216.67 

195.00 
195.00 
195.00 
173.33 
162.50 
162.50 

151.67 
162.50 

$375.00 

333.33 

291.67 

233.33 
210.00 
210.00 
210.00 

186.67 
175.00 
175.00 

163.33 
175.00 

PAY  OF  RETIRED  OFFICERS. 


GRADE. 

Pay  of 

grade. 

Monthly  pay. 

Yearly. 

Monthly. 

After 

5 years’ 
service. 

After 

10  years’ 
service. 

After 

15  years’ 
service. 

After 

20  years’ 
service. 

$5,625.00 

$468.75 

~4’l25.00 

’'$43.75 

Colonel 

2^625.00 

218.75 

$240.62 

$262.50 

$281.25 

$281.25 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

2,250.00 

187.50 

206.25 

225.00 

243.75 

250.00 

Major 

1,875.00 

156.25 

171.87 

187.50 

203.12 

218.75 

Captain,  mounted 

1,500.00 

125.00 

137.50 

150.00 

162.50 

175.00 

Captain,  not  mounted 

1,350.00 

112.50 

123.75 

135.00 

146.25 

157.50 

First  Lieutenant,  mounted 

1,200.00 

100.00 

110.00 

120.00 

130.00 

140.00 

First  Lieutenant,  not  m’t’d 

1,125.00 

93.75 

103.12 

112.50 

121.87 

131.25 

Second  Lieut.,  mounted. . . 

1,125.00 

93.75 

103.12 

112.50 

121.87 

131.25 

Second  Lieut., not  mounted 

1,050.00 

87.50 

96.25 

105.00 

113.75 

122.50 

Chaplain 

1,350.00 

112.50 

123.75 

135.00 

146.25 

157.50 

NOTES. 

1.  An  Aide-de-Camp  to  a Major-General  is  allowed  $200  per  year  in  addition  to  the 
pay  of  his  rank,  not  to  be  included  in  computing  the  service  increase. — (Section  1,261, 
Revised  Statutes.) 

2.  An  Aide-de-Camp  to  a Brigadier-General  is  allowed  $150  a year  in  addition  to  the 
pay  of  his  rank,  not  to  be  included  in  computing  the  service  increase. — (Section  1,261, 
Revised  Statutes.) 

3.  An  Acting  Commissary  of  Subsistence  is  allowed  $100  per  year  in  addition  to 
the  pay  of  his  rank,  not  to  be  included  in  computing  the  service  increase.— (Section 
1,261,  Revised  Statutes.) 

4.  Assistant  Surgeons  are  entitled  to  the  pay  of  Captain  after  five  years’  service, 
service  to  be  reckoned  from  date  of  acceptance  of  appointment  or  commission. 

5.  Retired  officers  receive  75  per  cent,  of  pay  (salary  and  increase)  of  their  rank. 

6.  A retired  Chaplain  receives  75  per  cent,  of  pay  (salary  and  increase)  of  his  rank 
(Captain  not  mounted). 

7.  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  public  buildings  and  grounds  (Washington)  has, 
while  so  serving,  the  rank,  pay  and  emoluments  of  a Colonel. 


THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


179 


8.  For  additional  pay  as  mounted  officers,  see  pars.  2,385  and  2,386,  Regulations  of 
the  Army,  1881. 

9.  The  principal  assistant  in  the  Ordnance  Bureau  of  the  War  Department  shall 
receive  a compensation,  including  pay  and  emoluments,  not  exceeding  that  of  a Major 
of  Ordnance. 

10.  An  Act  ing  Judge-Advocate,  detailed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  is  entitled  to  the 
pay  and  allowances  of  Captain  of  Cavalry. 


COST  OF  THE  MILITARY  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


(FISCAL  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1891.) 


Pay  Department $13,289,626.98 

Pay  Department,  bounty  and  miscellaneous 1,316,794.71 

Commissary  Department 1,685,577.24 

Quartermaster’s  Department 9,002,882.33 

Medical  Department 807,406.49 

Ordnance  Department 2,233,741.64 

Armories  and  arsenals 635,876.36 

Military  Academy 236,399.14 

Improving  rivers  and  harbors 12,250,627.23 

Damages  by  improvement  of  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers 158,293.87 

Fortifications 676,465.81 

Construction  of  military  posts,  roads,  etc 687,628.42 

National  cemeteries,  roads,  etc 231,718.17 

Expenses  of  recruiting 104,841.48 

Contingencies  of  the  Army 16,580.57 

Signal  Service 753,284.70 

Expenses  of  military  convicts 5,889.36 

Publication  of  official  records  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion 199,560.38 

Support  of  National  Homes  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers 3,082,411.37 

Support  of  Soldiers’  Home 308,458.44 

Soldiers’  Home  permanent  fund  and  interest  account 278,160.93 

Support  of  military  prison,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas 70,836.45 

Yellowstone  National  Park 49,999.90 

Claims,  reimbursements,  reliefs,  etc 607,977.05 

Miscellaneous  items 23,025.99 


Total  Military  Establishment $48,720,065.01 


ARMY  LEGISLATION. 

SOLDIERS’  RESERVE  PAY. 

Since  July  1, 1890,  $4  a month  has  been  retained  from  the  pay  of  each  en- 
listed man  in  the  Army  for  the  first  year  of  his  enlistment,  to  be  paid  him  at 
discharge  from  the  service,  and  forfeited  unless  he  serves  honestly  and  faith- 
fully to  the  date  of  discharge — this  sum  to  he  treated  as  a deposit  and  bear 
interest  from  the  end  of  the  year  in  which  it  shall  have  accrued.  Enlist- 
ments shall  continue  to  be  made  for  five  years,  but  at  the  end  of  three  years 
every  soldier  whose  antecedent  service  has  been  faithful  shall  be  entitled  to  a 
furlough  for  three  months  and  at  the  end  of  such  furlough,  in  time  of  peace, 
shall  he  entitled  to  his  discharge  on  application,  hut  soldiers  so  discharged 
shall  not  be  entitled  to  the  allowances  provided  in  Section  1,290  of  the 
Revised  Statutes. 

In  time  of  peace  the  President  may,  in  his  discretion  and  under  such 
rales  and  upon  such  conditions  as  he  shall  prescribe,  permit  any  enlisted 
man  to  purchase  his  discharge  from  the  Army.  The  purchase  money  to  he 
paid  under  this  section  shall  he  paid  to  a paymaster  of  the  Army  and  he  de- 
posited in  the  Treasury  to  the  credit  of  one  or  more  of  the  current  appropria- 
tions for  the  support  of  the  Army,  to  he  indicated  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
and  he  available  for  the  payment  of  expenses  incurred  during  the  fiscal  year 
in  which  the  discharge  is  made. 


180 


THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 


The  Army  ration,  provided  by  law,  has  been  increased  by  the  addition 
thereto  of  one  pound  of  vegetables,  the  proportion  to  be  tixed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War. 


DETAIL  OF  OFFICERS  TO  COLLEGES. 

The  act  of  Jan.  13,  1891,  amends  Section  1,225,  Revised  Statutes,  con 
cerning  details  of  officers  of  Army  and  Navy  to  educational  institutions,  so 
as  to  permit  the  President  to  detail  not  to  exceed  75  U.  S.  Army  officers. 
The  maximum  number  of  Army  and  Navy  officers  to  be  detailed  at  any  one 
time  under  the  act  passed  Sept.  26,  1888,  amending  Section  1,225,  Revised 
Statutes,  is  increased  to  85.  No  officer  shall  be  detailed  to  or  maintained  at 
any  of  the  educational  institutions  mentioned  where  instruction  and  drill  in 
military  tactics  is  not  given  ; and  nothing  in  the  act  shall  be  construed  to 
prevent  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Navy  as  professors 
in  scientific  schools  or  colleges  as  now  provided  by  act  of  Congress  approved 
Feb.  26,  1879. 


CERTIFICATES  OF  MERIT  TO  ENLISTED  MEN. 

The  act  of  Feb.  9,  1891,  amends  Section  1,216,  Revised  Statutes,  to  read 
that  when  any  enlisted  man  of  the  Army  shall  have  distinguished  himself  in 
the  service  the  President  may,  at  the  recommendation  of  his  commanding- 
officer,  grant  him  a certificate  of  merit.  It  also  amends  Section  1,285,  Re- 
vised Statutes,  to  read  that  a certificate  of  merit  granted  to  an  enlisted  man 
for  distinguished  service  shall  entitle  him  to  additional  pay  at  the  rate  of 
$2  per  month  while  he  is  in  the  military  service. 

TRANSFER  OF  OFFICERS  TO  UNLIMITED  LIST. 

The  act  of  Feb.  16,  1891,  provides  that  when  officers  placed  on  the  retired 
list  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  64  they  shall  be  transferred  to  unlimited 
list.  The  limited  retired  list  hereafter  is  to  consist  of  350  instead  of  400,  as 
now  fixed  by  law.  Officers  who  have  been  placed  on  the  retired  list  by 
special  authority  of  Congress  are  not  to  form  part  of  the  limited  retired  list 
established  by  this  act 


C0 

£ 


FLAG  SHIP  “CHICAGO.’' 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY,  t 

NEW  VESSELS. 


Vessels. 

Condit’n. 

Ma- 

terial 

Displac’t, 

Tons. 

Speed, 

Knots. 

Horse- 

Power. 

ARMORED  VESSELS. 

3,815 

10.5 

1 600 

New  York 

Building.. 

Steel. 

8,150 

20 

16,500 

Monterey 

Built  .... 

“ 

4,000 

16 

5,400 

Massachusetts 

Building.. 

“ 

10,298 

16.2 

9,000 

Oregon 

“ .. 

“ 

10,298 

16.2 

9,000 

Texas 

Built  . . . . 

“ 

6,300 

17 

8,600 

Maine 

“ .... 

“ 

6,648 

17 

9,000 

Puritan 

“ .... 

“ 

6,060 

13 

3,700 

Amphitrite 

“ .... 

“ 

3,815 

12 

1,600 

Monadnock 

“ .... 

“ 

3,815 

12 

1,600 

Terror 

“ .... 

“ 

3,815 

12 

1,600 

Cruising  Monitor 

Building.. 

“ 

3,130 

17 

7,500 

Pirate 

4‘ 

44 

8,150 

20 

16,500 

Ajax  

Built  

Iron . 

2,100 

(3 

340 

Comanche  

44 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Oanonicus 

44 

44 

2,100 

6 

340 

Catskill 

44 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Jason  

44 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Lehigh 

11 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Mahopac 

44 

44 

2,100 

6 

340 

Manhattan 

44 

44 

2,100 

6 

340 

Montauk 

44 

44 

1,875 

6 

.340 

Nabant 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Nantucket  

44 

44 

1,875 

7 

340 

Passaic 

44 

44 

1,875 

6 

340 

Wyandotte 

44 

44 

2,100 

6 

340 

Harbor  Defense  Ram . 

Building.. 

Steel. 

2,050 

17 

4,800 

UNARMORED  VESSELS. 

Chicago 

Built  

44 

4,500 

14 

5,084 

Boston 

44 

44 

3,189 

15.  G 

4,030 

Atlanta 

44 

44 

3,189 

15.6 

4,030 

Dolphin 

44 

44 

1,485 

15.5 

2,240 

Newark 

44 

4,083 

18 

8,500 

Charleston 

“ 

44 

3,730 

18 

7,520 

Baltimore 

44 

44 

4,600 

19.5 

10,064 

San  Francisco 

44 

44 

4,083 

20.7 

10,400 

Philadelphia 

44 

44 

4,324 

19.6 

8,815 

Cruiser  No.  6 

Building.. 

44 

5,500 

20 

13,500 

“ 7 

44 

44 

3,185 

19 

10,000 

Raleigh 

44 

44 

3,893 

19 

10,000 

Mobile 

44 

44 

2,000 

17 

5,400 

Detroit 

44 

44 

2,000 

17 

5,400 

Cruiser  No.  11 

44  

44 

2,000 

17 

5,400 

“ “ 12 

“ .... 

“ 

7,400 

21 

21,000 

GUNBOATS. 

Yorktown 

Built  .... 

44 

1,700 

16.6 

3,660 

Concord  

44 

44 

1,700 

16 

3,400 

Bennington 

44 

44 

1,700 

16 

3,400 

Petrel 

44 

44 

890 

11.5 

1,045 

No.  5 

Building.. 

*4 

1,050 

14 

1,600 

“ 6 

44 

44 

1,050 

14 

1,600 

SPECIAL  CLASS. 

Practice  Cruiser 

Building* 

44 

838 

13 

1 ,300 

Vesuvius 

Built  .... 

44 

725 

21.5 

3,795 

Dynamite  Cruiser 

Building.. 

44 

No.  2 

44 

44 

Torpedo  Cruiser 

44 

44 

Stiletto*  

Built  

Wood 

31 

18 

359 

Cushing* 

44 

Steel. 

116 

22.5 

1,720 

No.  2* 

Building.. 

“ 1 

— 

Armament. 


4 10  in.,  2RF.4MG. 

(68  in.,  12  4 in.  R F,  8 6 in.  R F, 
1 41pdr.,  4 MG. 

I  2 12  in.,  2 10  in.,  6 6pdrs.,  4 3 pdrs., 
1 2 R F,  2 M 6. 

j 4 13  in.,  8 8 in.,  4 6 in.,  28  R Faml 
1 MG. 

J 4 13  ill.,  8 8 in.,  4 6 in., 28  R F and 

1 M G. 

j 2 12  in.,  46  tons  B L R,  6 6 in.,  8 
I R F,  4 millimetres, 
j 40  10  in.,  26  tons  B L R,  6 6 in.,  8 
'I  R F,  17  millimetres. 

( 4 12  ill.,  25  tons  B L R,  4 R F,  4 
| millimetres. 

j 4 10  in.,  25  tons  B L R,  2 R F,  4 
| millimetres. 

j 4 10  ill.,  25  tons  B L R,  2 R F,  4 
| millimetres. 

I 4 10  in.,  25  tons  B L R,  2 R F,  4 
j millimetres. 

3 2 10  in.,  1 6 ill.,  6 R F,  1 15  in., 
| Dynamite. 

6 8 in.,  12  4 in.  B L R,  16  R F G. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

None. 

2  15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  SB. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

2 15  in.  S B. 

Not  yet  settled. 

4 8 in.,  8 6 in.,  2 5 in.  B L R,  12 
R F 

2 8 in.,  <i  6 in.  B L R,  12  R F. 

Same  as  Boston. 

1 6 in.  BLR,  8 R F. 

12  6 in.  B L R,  16  R F. 

2 8 in.,  6 6 ill.  B L R,  4 R F,  4 M G. 
4 8 in.,  6 6 in.  B L R,  14  R F. 

12  6 in.  B LR,  17  R F. 

Same  as  Sail  Francisco. 

4 8 in.,  10  5 in.  B L R,  24  R F. 

1 6 in.,  10  4 in.  B L R,  14  R F. 
ill.,  10  4 in.  B LR,  14  R F. 

2 6 in.,  8 4 in.  B L R,  10  R F. 

Same  as  Mobile. 

Same  as  Mobile. 

1 8 in.,  2 6 in.,  12  4 in.-B  L R,  28 
R F. 

6 6 in.  BLR,  9R  F. 

6 in.  B L R,  4R  F,  5 MG. 

6 6 in.,  4R  F,  5 M G. 

4 6 in.  B L R,  7 R F. 

8 4 in.  B L R,  8 R F. 

Same  as  No.  5. 

4 4 in.  BLR,  7 RF. 

3 15  in.  Dynamite,  3 R F. 

Not  settled. 

Not  settled. 

Not  settled. 

None. 

3  1 pdr.  R F. 

Not  settled. 


* Torpedo  boats.  R F,  Rapid  Fire  Gun.  B L R,  Breech-Loading  Rifle.  M G,  Machine  Gun. 

THE  OLD  NAVY. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  Navy  possesses  59  iron  and  wooden  sailing  and  steam  vessels, 
tugs,  school-ships,  etc.  Of  these,  30  are  in  commission. 


+ For  revisions  and  additions  to  this  list,  up  to  the  moment  of  going 
Addenda , preceding  Index. 

181 


to  press,  see 


PAY  OP  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


Rank. 

At  sea. 

On  shore 
duty. 

On  leave 
or  wait’g 
orders. 

$13,000 

$13,000 

$13,000 

Rear-Admirals 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

Commodores 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

4,500 

3,500 

2,800 

Commanders 

3,500 

3,000 

2,300 

Lieutenant-Commanders — 

First  four  years  afterdate  of  commission 

2,800 

2,400 

2,000 

After  four  years  from  date  of  commission 

3,000 

2,600 

2,200 

Lieutenants— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

2,400 

2,000 

1,600 

After  five  years  from  date  of  commission 

2,000 

2,200 

1,800 

Lieutenants  (Junior  Grade)— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

1,800 

1,500 

1,200 

After  five  years  from  date  of  commission 

2,000 

1,700 

1,400 

Ensigns— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

1,200 

1,000 

800 

After  five  years  from  date  of  commission 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

Naval  Cadets* 

500 

500 

500 

900 

700 

500 

Medical  and  Pay  Directors  and  Medical  and  Pay  Inspec- 
tors, and  Chief  Engineers,  having  the  same  rank,  at 

4,400 

4,400 

Fleet-Surgeons,  Fleet-Paymasters,  and  Fleet-Engineers.. 

Surgeons,  Paymasters,  and  Chief  Engineers — 

First  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

2,800 

2,400 

2,000 

Second  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

3,200 

2,800 

2,400 

Third  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

3,500 

3,200 

2,600 

Fourth  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

3,700 

3,600 

2,800 

After  twenty  years  from  date  of  commission 

4,200 

4,000 

3,000 

Passed  Assistant  Surgeons  and  Passed  Assistant  Pay- 
masters— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,000 

1,800 

1,500 

After  five  years  from  date  of  appointment 

2,200 

2,000 

1,700 

Passed  Assistant  Engineers — 

First  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,000 

1,800 

1,500 

Second  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,200 

2,000 

1,700 

Third  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,4.50 

2,250 

1,900 

Fourth  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,700 

2,350 

1,950 

Assistant  Surgeons,  Assistant  Paymasters  and  Assistant 
Engineers— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

1,700 

1,400 

1,000 

After  five  years  from  date  of  appointment 

1,900 

1,600 

1,200 

Naval  Constructors — 

First  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

3,200 

2,200. 

Second  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

3,400 

2,400 

Third  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

. . 

3,700 

2,700 

Fourth  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

4,000 

3,000 

After  twenty  years  from  date  of  appointment 

4,200 

3,200 

Assistant  Naval  Constructors — 

First  four  years  after  date  of  appointment  

2,000 

1,500 

Second  four  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,200 

1,700 

After  eight  years  from  date  of  appointment 

2,600 

1,900 

Chaplains — 

1,600 

First  five  years  after  date  of  commission 

2,500 

2,000 

After  five  years  from  date  of  commission , 

2,800 

2,300 

1,900 

Professors  of  Mathematics  and  Civil  Engineers— 

First  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,400 

2,400 

1,500 

Second  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

2,700 

2,700 

1,800 

Third  five  years  after  date  of  appointment 

3,000 

3,000 

2,100 

After  fifteen  years  from  date  of  appointment 

3,-500 

3,500 

2,600 

Boatswains,  Gunners,  Carpenters  and  Sailmakers — 

First  three  years  after  date  of  appointment  

1,200 

900 

700 

Second  three  years  after  date  of  appointment 

1,300 

1,000 

800 

Third  three  years  after  date  of  appointment 

1,400 

1,300 

900 

Fourth  three  years  after  date  of  appointment 

1,600 

1,300 

1,000 

After  twelve  years  from  date  of  appointment 

1,800 

1,600 

1,200 

* After  leaving  Academy,  at  sea,  in  other  than  practice-ships,  $950  per  annum. 


182 


CRUISER  "ROSTOV.’' 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAYY. 


183 


Rank. 


Pay  per 
annum. 


Secretaries — 

To  Admiral  and  Vice-Admiral  (on  shore) 

To  Naval  Academy 

Clerks — 

First  Clerk  to  Commandants  of  navy -yards 

Second  Clerk  to  Commandants  of  navy-yards 

To  Commandants  at  navy-yard,  Mare  Island  

To  Commandants  of  Nav'al'Stations 

Clerks  to  Paymasters — 

At  navy-yard,  Mare  Island 

At  navy-yards,  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Washington 

At  navy-yards,  Kittery,  Norfolk  and  Pensacola -. 

At  other  stations 

At  receiving-ship,  Boston,  New  York  and  Philadelphia 

At  receiving-ship,  Mare  Island 

At  other  receiving-ships,  on  vessels  of  the  first  rate,  at  the  Naval 

Academy,  and  at  the  Naval  Asylum 

On  vessels  of  the  second  rate  and  to  fleet-paymasters 

On  vessels  of  the  third  rate  and  supply  vessels  and  store  ships 

To  Inspectors  in  charge  of  provisions  and  clothing  at  navy-yards,  Boston, 

New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Washington 

At  other  inspections 


$2,500 

1,800 


1,500 

1,200 

1,800 

1,500 


1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,300 

1,600 

1,800 


1,300 

1,100 

1,000 

1,600 

1,300 


Note. — From  and  after  July  1,  1870,  the  spirit  ration  is  totally  abolished,  and  in  lieu 
thereof  the  Navy  ration,  under  the  appropriation  of  provisions  for  the  Navy,  is  30 
cents  per  day. 

No  officer  on  the  retired  list  of  the  Navy  shall  he  employed  on  active  duty  except 
in  time  of  war.  And  those  officers  on  the  retired  list,  and  those  hereafter  retired,  who 
were,  or  who  may  be,  retired  after  forty  years’  service,  or  on  attaining  the  age  of  sixty- 
two,  in  conformity  with  section  1 of  the  act  of  December,  1861,  and  its  amendments, 
dated  June  25,  1804,  or  those  who  were  or  may  be  retired  from  incapacity  resulting 
from  long  and  faithful  service,  from  wounds  or  injuries  received  in  the  line  of  duty, 
from  sickness  or  exposure  therein,  shall  be  entitled  to  seventy-five  per  centum  of  the 
present  sea-pay  of  their  grade  or  rank  at  time  of  retirement.  The  rear-admirals  pro- 
vided for  in  the  act  of  June  5,  1872,  shall  be  considered  as  having  been  retired  as  rear- 
admirals.  (Act  3d  March,  1873.) 


UNITED  STATES  NAVAL  ACADEMY. 

Students  and  Course. — The  students  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  are  styled  Naval  Cadets.  One  cadet  is  allowed  for  every 
member  or  delegate  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  one  for  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  ten  at  large.  No  more  than  ten  appointed  at  large  are  allowed 
in  the  Academy  at  any  one  time.  The  course  of  study  is  six  years,  four  years 
at  the  Academy  and  two  at  sea,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  Cadet  returns  to 
the  Academy  for  final  graduation,  and  the  district  then  becomes  vacant. 

Nominations. — The  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  as  soon  after  March  5 in  each 
year  as  possible,  notifies  in  writing  each  member  and  delegate  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  any  vacancy  in  his  district.  The  nomination  of  a candi 
date  to  fill  the  vacancy  is  made  on  the  recommendation  of  the  member  or 
delegate,  if  such  recommendation  is  made  by  July  1 of  that  year  : but  if  not 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  fills  the  vacancy.  The  candidate  allowed  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  and  all  the  candidates  appointed  at  large  are  selected  by 
the  President.  Candidates  allowed  for  Congressional  districts,  for  Territories 
and  for  the  District  of  Columbia  must  be  actual  residents  of  the  districts  or 
Territories  from  which  they  are  nominated.  And  all  candidates  must,  at  the 
time  of  their  examination  for  admission,  be  between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and 
twenty,  physically  sound,  well  formed,  and  of  robust  constitution. 

Entrance  Examination. — Candidates  nominated  in  time  toeuablethem 
to  reach  the  Academy  by  May  15,  receive  permission  to  present  themselves 


184 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


on  that  date  to  the  Superintendent  for  examination  for  admission.  Those  not 
nominated  in  time  to  present  themselves  at  the  May  examination  are  exam- 
ined on  the  first  of  September  following.  When  either  of  the  above  dates 
falls  on  Sunday  the  candidates  present  themselves  on  the  Monday  follow- 
ing. Candidates  are  required  to  enter  the  Academy  immediately  after  pass- 
ing the  prescribed  examinations.  No  leave  of  absence  is  granted  to  cadets  of 
the  fourth  class. 

Graduate  Appointments. — Appointments  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may 
occur  during  a year  in  the  lower  grades  of  the  Line  and  Engineer  Corps  of 
the  Navy  and  of  the  Marine  Corps  are  made  from  the  Naval  Cadets,  gradu- 
ates of  the  year,  at  the  conclusion  of  their  six  years’  course,  in  the  order  of 
merit  as  determined  by  the  Academic  Board.  At  least  fifteen  appointments 
from  such  graduates  will  be  made  each  year.  To  surplus  graduates  who  do 
not  receive  such  appointments  will  be  given  a certificate  of  graduation,  an 
honorable  discharge,  and  one  year’s  sea  pay,  as  provided  for  Naval  Cadets. 


COST  OF  THE  NAVAL  ESTABLISHMENT. 

(FISCAL  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1891.) 


Pay,  etc.,  of  the  Navy $7,879,200.05 

Contingent,  Navy 56,516.66 

Marine  Corps 930,886.28 

Naval  Academy 274,544.76 

Navigation 217,476.73 

Ordnance 410,443.19 

Equipment 1,158,810.03 

Yards  and  Docks . . 1,208,500.88 

Medicine  and  Surgery 230,553.15 

Provisions  and  Clothing 1,461,192.47 

Construction  and  Repair 1,283,438.85 

Steam  Engineering 670,260.57 

Increase  of  the  Navy 10,609,197.15 

Mileage  under  Graham  decision 72,060.45 

Commissions  on  new  navy-yards 14,515.73 

Relief  of  sufferers  by  wreck  of  United  States  steamers 122,892.77 

Miscellaneous  items  and  reliefs 182,315.43 


Total $26,782,805.15 


INCREASE  OF  THE  NAVY.* 


The  Navy  Appropriation  Act,  1890,  provided  for  the  construction,  by 
contract,  of  three  sea-going  coast-line  battle-ships  to  carry  the  heaviest  armor 
and  most  powerful  ordnance  upon  a displacement  of  about  8,500  tons,  with 
a coal  endurance  of  about  5,000  knots  on  the  total  coal  capacity  at  the  most 
economical  rate  of  speed,  and  to  have  the  highest  practicable  speed  for  vessels 
of  their  class,  to  cost,  exclusive  of  armament  and  of  any  premiums  that  may 
be  paid  for  increased  speed,  not  exceeding  $4,000,000  each;  one  protected 
cruiser  of  about  7,300  tons  displacement,  at  a cost,  exclusive  of  armament, 
not  to  exceed  $2,750,000,  to  have  a maximum  speed  of  not  less  than  twenty- 
one  knots;  one  swift  torpedo  cruiser  of  about  750  tons  displacement,  at.  a cost, 
exclusive  of  armament,  not  to  exceed  $350,000,  to  have  a maximum  speed  of 
not  less  than  twenty-three  knots;  and  one  torpedo  boat,  at  a cost  not  to  ex- 
ceed $125,000.  The  contracts  to  be  made  subject  to  the  Act  of  August  3, 
1886.  One  of  these  vessels  to  be  built  on  or  near  the  Pacific  Ocean  or  the 
waters  connecting  therewith,  one  of  them  on  or  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  or 
the  waters  connecting  therewith,  and  two  of  them  on  or  near  the  Atlantic 

* For  most  recent  legislation  under  this  heading,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to 
press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


0 


WAR  VESSEL  “ BALTIMORE-’' 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


185 


Ocean  cor  the  waters  connecting  therewith,  unless  it  he  found  as  to  the  Pacific 
and  the  Gulf  vessels  that  they  cannot  he  contracted  at  a fair  cost,  and  then 
they  may  be  built  elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  And  if  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  shall  he  unable  to  contract  at  reasonable  prices  for  the  construction 
of  any  of  said  vessels,  then  he  may  build  such  vessel  or  vessels  in  such  navy- 
yards  as  he  may  designate. 

Other  appropriations  were  made:  $2,500,000  for  the  armament  and  armor 
of  domestic  manufacture  for  vessels  previously  authorized;  $5,475,000  toward 
the  construction  and  completion  of  the  vessels  heretofore  and  herein  author- 
ized, and  $145,000  for  a gun  plant  at  the  Washington  City  Navy-Yard.  Total 
for  increase  of  the  Navy,  $8,120,000. 

The  House  being  in  Committee  of  the  Whole,  the  provision  for  three 
coast-line  battle-ships  was  struck  out  by  a vote  of  98  to  70.  In  the  House 
this  was  not  concurred  in.  Twenty-three  Republicans,  1 “ Wheeler  ” and  81 
Democrats  voted  to  concur  in  this;  and  103  Republicans  and  28  Democrats 
voted  to  not  concur  in  it.  A motion  to  substitute  one  coast-line  battle-ship 
instead  of  three  was  lost — yeas,  98  (Republicans  15,  Democrats  83);  nays,  129 
(Republicans  105,  Democrats  24).  In  the  Senate,  on  the  same  proposition  for 
one  instead  of  three,  the  yeas  -were  18  (Republicans  7,  Democrats  11),  nays, 
33  (Republicans  24,  Democrats  9).  The  Senate  added  the  torpedo  cruiser 
and  torpedo  boat,  and  the  House  agreed  in  adopting  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Conference. 

The  Navy  Appropriation  Act,  1891,  provides  that,, for  the  purpose  of  increas- 
ing the  U.S.  Naval  Establishment,  the  President  is  authorized  tohave  construct- 
ed by  contract  one  protected  cruiser  of  about  7, 300  tons  displacement,  at  a cost, 
exclusive  of  armament,  not  to  exceed  $2,750,000,  to  have  a maximum  speed 
of  not  less  than  21  knots,  and  in  the  construction  all  of  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Aug.  3,  188G,  entitled : “ An  act  to  increase  the  Naval  Establishment  ” as 
to  materials  for  the  vessel,  its  engines,  boilers  and  machinery,  the  contract 
under  which  it  is  built,  the  notice  of  any  proposals  for  the  same,  the  plans, 
drawings,  specifications  therefor,  and  the  method  of  executing  the  contract, 
shall  be  observed  and  followed,  and  the  vessel  shall  be  built  in  compliance 
with  the  terms  of  that  act,  save  that  in  all  its  parts  it  shall  be  of  domestic 
manufacture.  In  the  contract  for  construction,  provisions  for  minimum  speed 
and  for  premiums  for  increased  speed  and  penalties  for  deficient  speed,  may 
be  made  subject  to  the  terms  of  this  bill,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  and  if  the  Secretary  shall  be  unable  to  contract  at  reasonable  prices 
for  the  construction,  then  he  may  build  the  same  in  such  navy-yard  as  he 
may  designate.  So  much  of  the  act  approved,  March  2,  1889,  as  authorized 
the  construction  by  contract  of  one  armored  steel  cruising  monitor  of  not  less 
than  3,000  tons  displacement,  at  a cost  not  exceeding  $1,500,000,  exclusive  of 
armament  and  any  premium  for  increased  speed,  is  hereby  repealed. 

Other  minor  appropriations  were  made  for  equipment,  etc.,  making  the 
total  for  increase  of  the  Navy,  $16,607,000.  It  was  also  enacted  that  no  con- 
tract for  the  purchase  of  gun-steel  or  armor  for  the  Navy  shall  hereafter  be 
made  until  the  subject  matter  of  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  pub- 
lic competition  by  the  Department  by  advertisement. 


15b 


THE  VETO  POWER.  * 


According  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  President  has 
the  power  to  veto  bills  passed  by  Congress,  but  such  bills  may  be  passed 
over  the  veto  and  become  a law  by  a two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present 
of  each  branch  of  Congress.  The  first  exercise  of  the  veto  power  was  by 
Washington,  April  5,  1792.  There  had  been  but  nine  vetoes  up  to  1839 ; two 
bv  Washington;  none  by  Adams  and  Jefferson;  six  by  Madison  and  one  by 
Monroe.  Madison  vetoed  the  bill  to  establish  a United  States  Bank,  Jan.  30, 
1815;  the  Internal  Improvement  bill,  March  3,  1817,  and  the  Cumberland 
Road  bill,  May  4,  1822.  Jackson  vetoed  nine  bills:  Clay’s  Distribution  Bill 
(after  giving  it  a pocket  veto  at  the  preceding  session),  December  5,  1833. 
A New  United  States  Bank  bill,  July  10,  1832;  for  fixing  a day  for  the  Meet- 
ing of  Congress  bill,  June  10,  1836,  and  the  other  vetoes  were  put  upon  In- 
ternal Improvement  bills.  During  Tyler’s  administration,  he  vetoed  two 
United  States  Bank  bills,  August  16  and  September  9,  1841;  two  tariff  bills, 
June  29,  and  August  9,  1842;  a bill  for  Harbor  Improvements  in  Eastern 
States,  June  11,  1844,  and  a bill  for  building  two  revenue  cutters,  Feb.  20, 
1845.  Polk  vetoed  two  bills:  a River  and  Harbor  bill,  August  3,  1846,  and 
a bill  for  the  settlement  of  French  Spoliation  claims,  Aug.  8,  1846.  An  In- 
ternal Improvement  bill,  passed  March  3,  1847,  which  had  been  disposed  of 
by  a pocket  veto,  was  formally  vetoed  at  the  following  session,  Dec.  15,  1847. 
Pierce  vetoed  nine  bills:  on  a bill  appropriating  land  for  the  insane  poor, 
May  13,  1854;  an  Internal  Improvement  bill,  August  4,  1854;  a French 
Spoliation  Claims  bill,  Feb.  17,  1855;  and  appropriation  for  the  Collins 
Ocean  Mail  Steamers,  March  3,  1855;  two  special  Internal  Improvement 
bills,  May  19,  1856,  another  May  22,  and  two  others,  August  11  and  August 
14.  Buchanan  vetoed  a Homestead  Bill,  June  22,  1860  (caused  by  the  very 
low  figure  of  reduction  of  public  lands  to  25  cents  per  acre).  Lincoln,  a bill 
to  allow  the  circulation  of  bank  notes  of  less  than  $5  value  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  July  12,  1862.  During  1866  there  were  vetoes  of  the  first  Freed- 
men’s  Bureau  bill,  Feb.  19;  of  the  Civil  Rights  bill,  March  27;  of  the  Colo- 
rado bill,  May  15,  and  of  the  second  Freedmen’s  Bureau  bill,  July  16.  On 
the  adoption  of  the  14th  amendment  a message  was  sent  to  Congress,  suggest 
ing  “ grave  doubts  ” as  to  the  power  of  Congress  to  frame  an  amendment 
while  eleven  states  were  refused  representation.  In  1867  there  were  vetoes 
of  the  bill,  Jan.  5,  regulating  suffrage  iu  the  District  of  Columbia;  of  the 
second  Colorado  bill,  Jan.  29;  of  the  Nebraska  bill,  Jan.  30;  of  the  Tenure 
of  Office  bill,  March  2;  of  the  Reconstruction  Bill,  March  2,  and  of  the  sup 
plementary  Reconstruction  Bills,  March  23,  and  July  19.  In  1868  there 
were  the  vetoes  of  the  bills  regulating  appeals  on  Habeas  Corpus,  March 
25;  of  the  bills  for  the  readmission  of  Arkansas,  June  20;  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Louisiana,  June  25;  and  of 
the  joint  resolution  denying  validity  to  the  electoral  votes  of  reconstructed 
States.  Two  bills  that  had  been  ‘ ‘ pocketed  ” by  his  predecessor  and  again 
passed,  were  signed  by  President  Grant.  Grant's  two  vetoes  were  those  to 
increase  the  amount  of  “Greenbacks”  to  $400,000,000,  and  to  authorize  the 
issue  of  $46,000,000  in  national  bank  notes,  April  22,  1874;  and  the  bill  to  re- 
peal the  increase  of  the  President’s  salary  to  $50,000,  April  19,  1876.  Presi- 
dent Hayes  vetoed  a number  of  bills  and  among  them  were:  the  bill  to  au- 
thorize the  coinage  of  silver  dollars,  Feb.  23,  1878;  the  bill  to  restrict  Chinese 
immigration,  March  1,  1879;  and  the  bill  to  fund  $700,000,000  of  the  nation 
al  debt  at  3 per  cent.,  March  3,  1881.  President  Arthur  vetoed  a bill  to  re- 
strict Chinese  immigration,  also  a River  and  Harbor  bill  of  about  $20,000,- 
000,  during  1882. 

* For  any  further  notes  on  this  subject,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see 
Addenda , preceding  Index. 


186 


CIVIL  SERVICE  RULES. 


^ The  headquarters  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  is  at  the  City  Hall, 
Washington,  D.  C.  The  Commissioners  are:  President,  Charles  Lyman,  of 
Connecticut  ; Theodore  Roosevelt,  of  New  York  and  Hugh  S.  Thompson,  of 
South  Carolina.  Chief  Examiner,  William  H.  Webster;  Secretary,  John  T. 
Doyle. 

The  Civil  Service  Bill  was  drawn  by  Dorman  B.  Eaton,  Esq.,  of  New 
L ork  (afterward  one  of  the  Commissioners)  and  was  presented  in  the  United 
States  Senate  by  Senator  Pendleton,  of  Ohio.  It  passed  the  Senate  after 
considerable  debate  and  after  several  amendments  had  been  made  to  it;  and 
the  House,  under  a suspension  of  the  rules  without  debate,  January  16,  1883. 
It  was  approved  by  President  Arthur,  and  went  into  effect  July  16,  1883. 

THE  PURPOSE  OF  THE  BILL. 

As  declared  in  the  title  of  the  bill,  its  purpose  is  “to  regulate  and  im- 
prove the  Civil  Service  of  the  United  States.”  It  makes  it  the  duty  of  the 
Commission  to  aid  the  President  as  he  may  request  in  preparing  suitable 
rules  for  carrying  the  Act  into  effect;  to  make  regulations  for  and  control 
the  examinations  provided  for,  and  supervise  and  control  the  records  of  the 
same;  and  to  make  investigations  and  report  upon  all  matters  touching  the 
enforcement  and  effect  of  the  rides  and  regulations. 

THE  CLASSIFIED  SERVICE. 

There  are  about  32,000  places  in  the  Classified  Departmental  Service,  em- 
bracing all  places  in  the  Departments  at  Washington,  excepting  messengers, 
laborers,  workmen  and  watchmen  (not  including  any  person  designated  as  a 
skilled  laborer  or  workman)  and  no  person  so  employed  can,  without  exam- 
ination under  the  mles,  be  assigned  to  clerical  duty,  and  also  excepting  those 
appointed  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Sen- 
ate. The  Classified  Customs  Service  embraces  the  customs  districts  where 
the  officials  are  as  many  as  fifty  (50),  including  the  places  giving  $900  a year, 
and  all  those  giving  a larger  salary  where  the  applicant  is  not  subject  to  con- 
firmation by  the  Senate.  The  Classified  Postal  Service  embraces  the  Post- 
office  where  the  officials  are  as  many  as  fifty  (50),  including  all  places  above 
the  grade  of  a laborer.  The  Postal  Railway  Service  also  comes  within  the 
Classified  Service. 

SPECIAL  EXAMINATIONS. 

Special  examinations  are  held  for  places  in  the  Classified  Service,  where 
technical  additional  qualifications  are  needed.  In  the  Departmental  Service 
they  are  held  for  the  State  Department,  the  Pension,  Patent  and  Signal 
offices,  Geological  and  Coast  Survej's,  and  other  offices. 

PERSONS  EXCEPTED  FROM  EXAMINATIONS. 

Persons  excepted  from  examination  for  appointment  are:  Confidential 
Clerks  of  heads  of  departments  or  offices;  Cashiers  of  Collectors  and  Post- 
masters; Superintendents  of  Money  Order  Divisions  in  Post-offices;  Custo- 
dians of  Money,  for  whose  fidelity  another  officer  is  under  bond;  Disbursing 
Officers  who  give  bonds;  persons  in  the  Secret  Service;  Deputy  Collectors 
and  Superintendents  and  Chiefs  of  Divisions  or  Bureaus,  and  others. 

187 


188 


CIVIL  SERVICE  RULES. 


APPLICATIONS  AND  EXAMINATIONS. 

Applicants  for  examinations  must  be  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  the 
proper  age.  No  person  habitually  using  intoxicating  liquors  can  be  ap- 
pointed. No  discrimination  is  made  on  account  of  sex,  color,  or  political  or 
religious  opinions.  The  limitations  of  age  are  as  follows:  For  the  Depart- 
mental Service,  not  under  twenty  years;  in  the  Customs  Service,  not  under 
twenty-one  years,  except  clerks  or  messengers,  who  must  not  be  under 
twenty  years;  in  the  Postal  Service,  not  under  eighteen  years,  except  mes- 
sengers, stampers,  and  other  junior  assistants,  who  must  not  be  under  sixteen 
or  over  forty-live  years,  and  carriers,  who  must  not  be  under  twenty-one  or 
over  forty;  and  in  the  Railway  Mail  Service,  not  under  eighteen  or  over 
thirty-five  years.  The  age  limitations  do  not  apply  to  any  person  honorably 
discharged  from  the  Military  or  Naval  Service  of  the  United  States,  by  rea- 
son of  disability  resulting  from  wounds  or  sickness  incurred  in  the  line  of 
duty.  Such  persons  are  preferred  under  Section  1,754  R.  S.  Every  one 
seeking  an  examination  must  first  file  an  application  blank.  The  Blank  for 
the  Departmental  or  Postal  Railway  Service  should  be  requested  directly  from 
the  Civil  Service  Commission,  at  Washington.  The  blank  for  the  Customs 
or  Postal  Service  must  be  requested  in  writing  by  the  persons  desiring  exam- 
ination of  the  Customs  or  Postal  Board  of  Examiners  at  the  Office  where 
service  is  sought.  These  papers  should  be  returned  to  the  offices  from  which 
they  emanated.  Persons  passing  an  examination  are  graded  and  registered. 
The  Commission  give  a certificate  to  the  person  stating  whether  he  or  she 
passed  or  failed  to  pass.  The  Clerk  examination  is  used  only  in  the  Depart- 
mental and  Customs  Services  for  clerkships  of  $1,000  and  upward,  requiring 
no  peculiar  information  or  skill.  It  is  limited  to  the  following  subjects: 
First,  orthography,  penmanship  and  copying;  second,  arithmetic — funda- 
mental rules,  fractions  and  percentage;  third,  interest,  discount  and  elements 
of  bookkeeping  and  of  accounts;  fourth,  elements  of  the  English  language, 
letter  writing  and  the  proper  construction  of  sentences;  fifth,  elements  of  the 
geography,  history  and  government  of  the  United  States. 

For  places  in  which  a lower  degree  of  education  suffices,  as  for  employees 
in  post-offices  and  those  below  the  grade  of  clerks  in  custom  houses  and  in 
the  departments  at  Washington,  the  Commission  limits  the  examination  to 
less  than  these  five  subjects,  omitting  the  third  and  parts  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  subjects;  and  this  is  known  as  the  examination  for  copyists. 

REQUISITES  FOR  APPOINTMENT. 

No  one  is  certified  for  appointment  whose  standing  upon  a just  grading 
in  the  clerk  or  copyist  examination  is  less  than  70  per  centum  of  complete 
proficiency,  except  that  applicants  claiming  military  or  naval  preference  un- 
der Section  1,754  R.  S.  need  obtain  but  65.  The  law  also  prescribes  compet- 
itive examinations  to  test  the  fitness  of  persons  in  the  Service,  for  promotion 
therein. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM. 

The  purposes  of  Civil  Service  Reform  are  twofold:  The  removal  of 
abuses  in  the  public  service — Federal,  State  and  Municipal;  and  the  develop- 
ment of  such  a public  opinion,  and  adoption  of  such  methods  for  doing  the 
work  of  public  administration,  as  will  be  effective  for  purity,  efficiency  and 
economy.  In  other  words,  the  correction  of  such  abuses  as  the  Spoils  Sys- 
tem, political  assessments,  removals,  patronage,  promotions,  tenure  of  office, 
etc.  The  subject  of  Civil  Service  Reform  has  only  thus  far  been  treated  in 
matters  which  pertain  almost  exclusively  to  the  Executive  Department  of 
the  government,  the  number  of  officers  of  which,  filled  by  appointment,  are 


CIVIL  SERVICE  RULES. 


189 


about  100,000.  “A  complete  Civil  Service  Reform  would  have  to  deal 
directly  with  abuses  connected  with  our  elections,  our  legislation  and  our 
elective  and  partisan  judiciary.  A thorough  Civil  Service  Reform,  by  leaving 
few  offices  to  be  filled  by  favor  or  to  be  won  as  spoils,  would  effectively  suppress 
bribery  at  elections  through  the  promises  of  places  and  appointments.  It 
would  also  leave  but  little  opportunity  for  Members  of  Congress  or  of  Legis- 
latures to  barter  places  for  votes,  or  to  coerce  executive  appointments  in 
their  own  interest.  It  would  determine  the  bestowal  of  nearly  all  the  official 
places  which  have  been  at  once  the  capital  of  the  partisan  chieftain  and  the 
fuel  of  his  machine.  Though  penal  and  prohibitory  laws  are  in  their  nature 
but  imperfect  and  inadequate  agencies  of  reform,  yet  with  reasonable  sup- 
port from  public  opinion,  they  may  be  made  highly  beneficial.  Intrinsically, 
there  is  no  reason  why  a wise  law,  in  aid  of  a good  administration,  shall  not 
be  as  effective  as  any  of  the  numerous  wise  laws  in  aid  of  good  morals.” 

President  Madison  held  that  “the  wilful  removal  of  officials  known  to  be 
worthy  and  the  wilful  appointment  of  those  known  to  be  unworthy,  for  mere 
personal  or  partisan  reasons,  would  justly  subject  an  officer  to  impeach- 
ment;” and  President  Cleveland  declared  that  “public  office  was  a public 
trust.”  Jackson  declared  in  a message,  that  “Every  citizen  has  an  equal 
right  to  office;”  but  per  contra  Civil  Service  Reform  proposes  that  he  who  is 
best  qualified— who  can  and  will  serve  the  people  most  usefully — has  the 
highest  claim;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  those  having  authority,  to  appoint  or 
elect  him  rather  than  any  other  applicant.  “Experience  in  official  duties 
increases  the  capacity  to  perform  them  well;  and,  as  a general  rule,  increases 
the  probability  that  they  will  be  best  performed  by  the  officer  so  long  as  his 
mental  and  physical  abilities  remain  unimpaired.  The  right  and  interest  of 
the  people  to  have  the  public  work  well  done  are  paramount  to  the  claim  of 
any  citizen  to  an  official  place  or  of  any  party  to  have  its  favorites  in  office; 
and,  therefore,  any  theory  of  short  terms  or  rotation  in  office,  which  would 
turn  out  experienced  and  efficient  public  servants  in  order  to  make  places  for 
fresh  claimants,  is  disastrous  to  the  public  interest.  The  man  among  the 
applicants  having  the  highest  claim  to  office  can  only  be  ascertained  by  his 
proper  examination  in  comparison  with  others.  To  refuse  that  examination 
is  to  do  injustice  to  the  most  meritorious.” 


GRAND  ARMY  OP  THE  REPUBLIC.* 


Tin:  Grand  Array  of  the  Republic  was  instituted  and  organized  at  the 
close  of  the  Civil  War,  and  is  composed  of  soldiers,  sailors  and  marines,  who 
had  been  honorably  discharged  when  hostilities  were  practically  ended  by  the 
surrender  of  General  Lee  to  General  Grant  at  Appomattox.  It  is  a fraternal 
and  charitable  association,  and  has  numerous  Posts  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  There  is  a National  Encampment,  and  State  Departments.  The 
widows  and  children  of  deceased  comrades  who  are  in  adverse  circumstances 
are  looked  after  and  cared  for  by  committees  appointed  by  the  respective 
Posts.  The  motto  of  the  order  is,  “Fraternity,  Charity  and  Loyalty.”  As 
a social  organization  the  Grand  Army  have  their  camp-fires,  and  frequently 
give  musical  and  literary  entertainments,  at  which  the  wives  and  daughters 
of  the  members  take  a prominent  part,  and  which  are  much  enjoyed  by  the 
general  public.  In  the  halls  of  the  Posts  are  displayed  memorials  of  the  war, 
such  as  weapons,  tattered  flags,  etc.  The  custom  of  strewing  the  graves  of 
deceased  comrades  on  each  annual  occurrence  of  May  30  was  first  suggested, 
as  stated,  by  General  John  A.  Logan.  The  day  is  always  marked  by  a parade 
of  the  G.  A.  R.  Posts,  escorted  at  times  by  the  regular  U.  S.  Army  troops. 
At  the  various  cemeteries  musical  exercises  are  held,  and  orations,  depicting 
the  valorous  and  self-sacrificing  deeds  of  the  departed  warriors,  delivered. 
In  some  cities  business  is  entirely  suspended  on  Decoration  or  Memorial  Day 
as  a mark  of  respect  to  both  the  surviving  and  dead  soldiers  who  partici- 
pated in  what  has  been  called  “the  little  unpleasantness.”  The  election  of 
commanders  and  subordinates  of  departments  is  always  entered  into  with 
much  activity,  interest  and  zeal. 

Commander-in-Chief John  Palmer,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

S.T  ice-Com.  H.  >1.  Duffield,  Detroit, Mich.  I Surgeon-Gen.  B.  F.  Stevenson,  Visalia,  Ky. 
J.  Vice-Com. T.  S.  Clarkson,  Omaha,  Neb.  [ C'hap.-in-Ch.  S.  B.  Paine,  St.  Augustine,  Fla. 

OFFICIAL  STAFF. 

Ad/atuaf-Gen.F.Phisterer,  Albany,  N.Y.  I Inspect or-Gen. . J.  F.  Pratt,  E.  Orange, N.  J. 
Quartermaster-Gen  J.  Taylor,  Phila.,  Pa.  | Judge  Adv.-Gen.  .J . W.  O’Neall,  Lebanon, O. 

The  National  Council  of  Administration  has  44  members,  each  department 
being  represented  by  one  member. 


DEPARTMENT  MEMBERSHIP. 


Alabama 

334 

Maine 

. 9,700 

Pennsylvania 

. 43,168 

Arizona 

293 

Maryland 

. 2,423 

Potomac 

. 3,312 

Arkansas  

2,200 

Massachusetts 

. 23,781 

Rhode  Island 

. 2,856 

California 

5,812 

Michigan 

. 19,280 

South  Dakota 

. 2,769 

Colorado  and  Wyom'g 

2,901 

Minnesota 

. 7,947 

Tennessee 

. 3,719 

Connecticut 

6,807 

Missouri 

. 20,822 

Texas 

. 1,305 

Delaware 

1,280 

Montana 

626 

Utah 

184 

Florida 

471 

Nebraska 

4,144 

Vermont 

. 5,487 

Georgia 

455 

New  Hampshire 

. 5,211 

Virginia 

. 1 ,422 

Idaho 

439 

New  Jersey 

. 7,798 

Wash,  and  Alaska. . 

. 2,783 

Illinois 

New  Mexico 

292 

West  Virginia 

. 2,633 

Indiana 

24,726 

New  York 

. 40,444 

Wisconsin 

. 13,710 

Iowa 

20,174 

North  Dakota 

535 

Kansas 

17,716 

Ohio 

. 45,522 

Total  June  30, 1891 

.398,270 

Kentucky 

3,973 

Oklahoma  and  I.  T. 

552 

La.  and  Mississippi. . . 

1,093 

Oregon 

. 2,052 

The  first  post  of  the  Grand  Army  was  organized  at  Decatur,  111.,  April  6,  1866.  The 
first  department  encampment  was  held  at  Springfield,  111.,  July  12,  1866.  The  first  na- 
tional encampment  was  held  at  Indianapolis,  November  20,  1866. 

* For  revisions  and  additions  under  this  heading,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to 
press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 

190 


GRAXD  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC- 


191 


NATIONAL  ENCAMPMENTS  AND  COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. 


1866— Indianapolis Stephen  A.  Hurlbut,  Illinois. 

1868 —  Philadelphia John  A.  Logan,  Illinois. 

1869—  Cincinnati John  A.  Logan,  Illinois. 

1870 —  Washington John  A.  Logan,  Illinois. 

1871 —  Boston A.  E.  Burnside,  Rhode  Island. 

1872 —  Cleveland A.  E.  Burnside,  Rhode  Island. 

1873 —  New  Haven Charles  Devons,  Jr.,  Massachusetts. 

1874 —  Harrisburg Charles  Devons,  Jr.,  Massachusetts. 

1875 —  Chicago John  F.  Hartranft,  Pennsylvania. 

1876 —  Philadelphia John  F.  Hartranft,  Pennsylvania. 

1877—  Providence J.  C.  Robinson,  New  York. 

1878—  Springfield,  Mass J.  C.  Robinson,  New  York. 

1879 —  Albany William  Earnshaw,  Ohio. 

1880 —  Dayton,  O Louis  Wagner,  Pennsylvania. 

1881—  Indianapolis George  S.  Merrill,  Massachusetts. 

1882 —  Baltimore Paul  Van  Der  Voort,  Nebraska. 

1883—  Denver Robert  E.  Beath,  Pennsylvania. 

1884 —  Minneapolis John  S.  Kuntz,  Ohio. 

1885 —  Portland,  Me S.  S.  Burdette,  Washington. 

1886 —  San  Francisco Lucius  Fan-child,  Wisconsin. 

1887 —  St.  Louis John  P.  Rae,  Minnesota. 

1888—  Columbus,  O William  Warner,  Missouri. 

1889—  Milwaukee,  Wis Russell  A.  Alger,  Michigan. 

1890—  Boston,  Mass Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  Vermont. 

1891—  Detroit,  Mich John  Palmer,  New  York. 


COAST  DEFENSES.* 


Among  the  many  valuable  papers  left  by  Hon.  Samuel  J.  Tilden  at  his 
death  at  Graystone,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1886,  was  a letter  that 
he  had  written  to  Hon.  John  G.  Carlisle,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, in  regard  to  the  urgent  necessity  of  liberal  appropriations  for  such 
a system  of  coast  defenses  as  would  place  the  United  States  in  a position  of 
comparative  safety  against  naval  attack.  It  was  the  last  important  public 
document  he  ever  wrote,  and  it  elicited  wide-spread  and  favorable  comment 
from  the  press  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  It  precipitated  the  subsequent 
favorable  action  of  Congress  during  the  administration  of  President  Cleve- 
land, in  making  liberal  appropriations  for  what  is  known  as  the  “New  Navy,  ” 
and  of  which  Mr.  Whitney  will  always  have  the  honor,  as  the  one  who  saw 
the  first  cruiser  (of  the  new  navy)  under  his  official  position  as  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  launched  upon  the  waters  of  the  deep. 

The  coast  defenses,  however,  that  Mr.  Tilden  wanted,  were  land  fortifica- 
tions with  their  proper  armament.  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  March 
3,  1885,  making  provisions  for  fortifications  and  other  works  of  defense,  and 
for  the  armament  thereof,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1886,  and  for 
other  purposes,  for  the  following  ports  recommended  by  the  board  appointed 
by  the  President:  New  York,  San  Francisco,  Boston,  the  Lake  ports,  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  New  Orleans,  Philadelphia,  Washington,  Baltimore,  Portland 
(Me.),  Rhode  Island,  ports  in  Narragansett  Bay,  Key  West,  Charleston 
(S.  C.),  Mobile,  New  London,  Savannah,  Galveston,  Portland  (Ore.),  Pensa- 
cola (Fla.),  Wilmington  (N.  C.),  San  Diego  (Cal.),  Portsmouth  (N.  H.),  de- 
fenses of  Cumberland  Sound  at  Fort  Clinch,  defenses  of  ports  of  the  Kan- 
nebec  River  at  Fort  Popham,  New  Bedford  (Mass.),  defenses  of  ports  on  the 
Penobscot  River  (Me.),  at  Fort  Knox,  and  New  Haven  (Conn.). 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  recommendation  by  the  hoard  and  the  Act  of 
Congress  (1885)  Senator  Dolph,  on  December  15,  1891,  introduced  bill  871, 
asking  for  an  appropriation  of  $100,000,000  for  fortifications  and  their  arma- 
ment, to  be  made  available  as  follows:  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1892,  $10,000,000;  for  each  fiscal  year  thereafter,  for  the  period  of  ten  years, 
$9,000,000;  all  of  said  appropriation  to  be  available  until  expended. 

Section  6 provides  that  the  guns  shall  be  fabricated  at  the  army  gun  fac- 
tory, Watervliet  Arsenal,  New  York,  and  at  such  other  government  gun 
factories  as  may  be  established  under  the  authority  of  Congress.  The  ma- 
terial for  guns  and  armor  shall  be  purchased  by  contract,  and  for  the  purpose 
1 of  providing  the  same  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized,  from  time 
to  time,  as  the  same  shall  be  required,  to  make  contracts  with  responsible 
steel  manufacturers  for  the  supply  of  rough-bored,  rough-turned,  oil  tem- 
pered and  annealed  steel,  in  forms  suitable  for  heavy  ordnance  adapted  to 
modern  warfare,  and  steel  finished,  for  armor  and  other  army  purposes,  in 
quantities  not  less  than  10,000  gross  tons,  in  quality  and  dimensions  con- 
forming to  specifications,  subject  to  inspection  and  tests  at  each  stage  of 
manufacture,  and  including  all  the  parts  of  each  caliber  specified. 

The  bill  was  read  twice  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Coast  Defenses. 
, It  was  again  reported  by  Senator  Dolph,  with  amendments,  January  12,1892. 

An  act  to  increase  the  “Naval  Establishment,”  and  providing  for  floating 
batteries,  torpedo  boats,  etc.,  was  approved  August  3,  1886. 

In  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  Mr.  Squire,  from  the  Committee  on 

* For  most  recent  legislation  on  this  subject,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press, 
see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


192 


COAST  DEFENSES. 


193 


Coast  Defenses,  introduced,  March  7,  1892,  the  following  report,  to  accom- 
pany Senate  Bill  537,  introduced  December  10,  1891,  by  Mr.  Dolpli,  which 
was  read  twice  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Coast  Defenses,  “to  pro- 
vide for  the  establishment  of  a gun  factory  for  the  finishing  and  assembling 
of  heavy  ordnance  on  the  Pacific  coast.  ” 

THE  REPORT. 

The  Committee  on  Coast  Defenses,  having  had  under  consideration  the 
bill  (S.  537)  to  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a gun  factory  for  the  finishing 
and  assembling  of  heavy  ordnance  on  the  Pacific  coast,  submit  the  following 
report : 

The  committee  have  carefully  considered,  in  connection  with  this  bill,  the 
report  of  the  Board  on  Fortifications  or  other  Defenses,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
Board  on  Gun  Factories  and  Steel  Forgings  for  High-power  Guns.  For  the 
purpose  of  securing  the  opinion  of  an  expert  of  the  War  Department,  the 
committee  availed  itself  on  two  occasions  of  the  services  of  Brig.-Gen.  Flagler, 
Chief  of  Ordnance  of  the  Army,  whose  statement  is  herewith  submitted  and 
made  a part  of  this  report. 

The  Board  on  Fortifications  or  other  Defenses,  appointed  under  the  act  of 
March  3,  1885,  recommended  for  twenty-seven  principal  ports  of  the  United 
States  599  guns  of  from  8 to  16  inch  caliber,  and  700  12-incli  mortars,  making 
a total  of  1,299  pieces  of  ordnance.  Of  this  number  about  one-fourth  of  the 
guns  and  about  one-fifth  of  the  mortars  will  be  required  for  the  defense  of 
three  points  only  on  the  Pacific  coast,  namely:  San  Diego,  San  Francisco,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River.  No  provision  was  made  in  this  report 
for  the  defense  of  Puget  Sound,  which  has  become  of  far  greater  importance 
than  it  was  when  the  report  was  made,  nor  of  Gray’s  Harbor,  nor  other  ports 
on  the  Pacific  coast.  At  least  510  guns  and  mortars  will  be  required  for  the 
proper  defense  of  the  Pacific  coast  at  the  four  principal  points  named;  at 
least  200  guns  and  mortars  being  required  for  Puget  Sound  alone. 

As  will  be  seen,  upon  examination  of  his  statement,  Gen.  Flagler  unquali- 
fiedly favors  the  establishment  of  another  gun  factory,  to  be  located  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  for  reasons  which,  to  the  committee,  seem  incontrovertible. 
The  necessity  for  another  gun  factory  and  the  advantages  w7hich  would  accrue 
from  its  location  on  the  Pacific  coast  are  manifest.  Among  others  the  ad- 
vantage of  having  the  factory  near  to  the  fortifications,  a "military  advan- 
tage,” as  it  has  been  termed,  is  of  great  importance.*  Gen.  Flagler  on  this 
point  said : 

“I  would  like  to  invite  attention  to,  and  lay  great  stress  upon,  one  point 
that  I make,  and  that  is  the  very  great  advantage,  amounting  in  some  cases 
to  something  like  a necessity,  of  having  this  establishment  nearer  to  the  forti- 
fications than  the  Atlantic  coast.” 

The  saving  in  the  cost  of  transportation  which  would  result  from  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  proposed  gun  factory  would  be  enormous,  and  would  more 
than  equalize  whatever  slight  difference  there  might  be  in  the  cost  of  manu- 
facturing the  guns  on  the  Pacific  coast  as  compared  with  some  eastern  point. 
There  is  great  doubt  whether  the  larger  guns,  particularly  the  lG-inch,  could 
be  safely  transported  by  rail  across  the  continent  ; and  the  highest  authorities 
question  the  practicability  of  such  an  undertaking. 

The  question  has  arisen  whether  it  may  not  be  preferable  to  double  the 
capacity  of  the  present  factory  at  Watervliet,  so  as  to  provide  for  the  manu- 
facture there  of  the  guns  and  mortars  contemplated,  which,  it  is  estimated, 
could  be  done  for  $150,000  less  than  it  would  cost  to  build  a new  plant.  It 
has  not  been  in  accordance  with  the  policy  of  the  government,  nor  would  it 
seem  wise,  to  locate  both  gun  factories  at  the  same  point.  By  having  them 
located  at  different  points  the  disastrous  results  of  great  fires,  whereby  both 
might  be  destroyed,  are  averted;  and  the  possibility,  however  remote,  of  a 


194 


COAST  DEFENSES. 


total  cessation  of  work,  by  the  capture  of  the  factories  by  hostile  forces,  or 
by  labor  troubles,  is  removed. 

The  objections  to  having  both  factories  at  the  same  point  seem  conclusive, 
and  the  committee  are  of  opinion  that  the  interests  of  the  country  will  be 
best  subserved  by  the  establishment  of  another  separate  gun  factory,  to  be 
located  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Gen.  Flagler  estimates  that  after  deducting  100  guns,  which  are  now  under 
contract  with  the  Bethlehem  Company,  the  Watervliet  factory  will  be  able 
to  manufacture  the  balance  of  the  1,299  guns  and  mortars  referred  to  by  the 
year  1905.  Another  statement  appended  indicates  that  with  the  present 
capacity  of  the  Watervliet  Arsenal  it  will  require  twenty-two  years  to  finish 
the  guns  required  for  the  Atlantic  coast  alone;  for  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
coasts,  twenty-six  years,  and  for  the  Atlantic,  Gulf,  and  Pacific  coasts  it  will 
require  forty  years.  If  the  south  wing  of  the  Watervliet  factory  shall  become 
as  fully  equipped  as  is  the  north  wing  nowT,  the  capacity  of  the  two  wings 
could  only  enable  completion  of  the  guns  for  the  Atlantic  coast  alone  in  ten  or 
twelve  years;  for  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  in  thirteen  years,  and  the  At- 
lantic, Gulf,  and  Pacific  coasts  in  about  twenty  or  twenty-one  years. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  steel  forgings  for  even  the  largest  guns  can  be 
manufactured  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Representations  have  been  made  to  the 
committee  as  to  the  facilities  for  the  production  of  steel  forgings  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  open-hearth  furnaces  capable  of  casting  a 27-ton  steel  forging 
are  now  established;  and  Benicia  has  received  consideration  with  reference 
to  its  suitableness  for  a gun  factory.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  city 
of  Seattle  urges  the  location  of  that  factory  at  or  near  that  point.  J.  Furth, 
president  of  that  body,  says: 

“Iron  and  coal  of  excellent  quality  abound  in  this  city,  and  the  mines 
easily  accessible  from  Seattle.  A large  part  of  the  armament  for  the  coast 
must  be  used  on  Puget  Sound,  and  the  establishment  of  the  foundry  here 
would  save  great  expense  in  transportation.  The  Moss  Bay  Company  at 
Kirkland,  on  Lake  Washington,  is  erecting  a first-class  steel  plant,  on  which 
$250,000  has  already  been  spent,  and  which  will  be  completed  within  a year. 
Responsible  parties  guarantee  a suitable  location  on  Lake  Washington  for  the 
government  foundry.” 

Others,  again,  favor  the  establishment  of  the  proposed  factory  at  some 
point  on  the  Columbia  River  near  which  pig  iron  is  found. 

In  view  of  the  difference  of  opinion  existing  as  to  the  exact  place  on  the 
Pacific  coast  where  the  factory  should  be  located,  the  committee  are  of  the 
opinion  that  its  location  should'be  left  to  the  decision  of  a board  of  competent 
experts,  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  as  provided  for  in  the  bill. 

It  appears  from  the  statement  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  that  if  there  be  no 
large  establishment  of  this  kind  located  on  the  Pacific  coast,  there  will  be 
need  of  two  small  establishments  for  repairs,  one  to  be  located  at  Benicia,  and 
the  other  farther  north,  on  the  Columbia  River  or  on  Puget  Sound. 

The  bill  appropriates  $1,000,000  for  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings,  the 
purchase  of  suitable  machinery,  and  other  materials  necessary  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  at  some  point  on  or  near  the  Pacific  coast  of  a 
plant  for  finishing  and  assembling  the  parts  of  heavy  guns  and  other  ordnance 
for  the  use  of  the  army  and  navy.  It  authorizes  the  President  to  appoint  a 
board,  to  consist  of  three  officers  of  the  army  and  three  officers  of  the  navy, 
to  examine  and  report  what,  in  their  opinion,  is  the  most  suitable  site  for  the 
erection  of  the  plant,  thus  leaving  the  location  dependent  upon  the  report  of 
the  board  of  experts. 

The  committee,  fully  appreciating  the  necessity  of  another  gun  factory, 
and  the  advantages  which  would  result  from  its  location  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
report  the  bill  favorably  and  recommend  that  it  do  pass. 

For  Hon.  Samuel  J.  Tilden’s  letter  on  coast  defenses  see  Appendix  H. 


HARBOR  OF  SAN  DIEGO,  CALIFORNIA,  FROM  WHICH  THE  “ITATA”  SAILED. 


THE  CHILEAN  CONTROVERSY. 


The  Chilean  Controversy  between  the  United  States  government  and 
that  of  Chile  originated  from  the  assault  in  the  streets  of  Valparaiso,  Chile, 
upon  sailors  of  the  United  States  Steamer  Baltimore,  in  command  of  Captain 
Schley,  on  October  16,  1891. 

The  incidents  of  the  affair  are,  briefly,  as  follows: — On  October  16,  Cap- 
tain Schley  who  had  returned  to  Valparaiso  two  days  previously  with  the 
Steamer  Baltimore,  gave  shore  leave  to  one  hundred  and  seventeen  petty 
officers  and  sailors  of  the  ship.  These  men  left  the  ship  about  1.30  p.m. 
No  incidents  of  violence  occurred;  none  of  the  men  were  arrested,  no  com- 
plaint was  lodged  against  them,  nor  did  any  collision  or  outbreak  occur  until 
about  6 p.m.  Captain  Schley  states  that  lie  was  himself  on  shore  and 
about  the  streets  of  the  city  until  5.30  p.m.,  that  he  met  very  many  of  his 
men  who  were  on  leave;  that  they  were  sober  and  were  conducting  them- 
selves with  propriety,  saluting  Chilean  and  other  officers  as  they  met  them. 
Other  officers  of  the  ship,  and  Captain  Jenkins  of  the  merchant  ship  Kewee- 
naw, corroborated  Captain  Schley  as  to  the  general  sobriety  and  good  behav- 
ior of  the  men.  About  6 p.m.  the  assault  began,  in  which  a mob  of  between 
1,500  and  2,000  men  were  engaged.  The  outbreak  began  by  a Chilean  sol- 
dier spitting  in  the  face  of  an  apprentice  from  the  Baltimore,  named  Talbot. 
This  was  resented  by  a knock-down  blow.  Talbot  at  the  time  was  accom- 
panied by  another  sailor  from  the  Baltimore  named  Riggin.  The  two  men 
were  immediately  beset  by  a crowd  of  the  Chilean  citizens  and  soldiers, 
through  which  they  broke  their  way  to  a street  car  and  entered  it  for  safety. 
They  were  pursued  and  driven  from  the  car,  and  Riggin  was  so  seriously 
beaten  that  he  fell  in  the  street  apparently  dead.  The  fight  continued 
through  several  streets  of  the  city,  and  the  American  sailors  (other  than  Tal- 
bot and  Riggin),  unarmed  and  defenseless  as  they  were,  fled  for  their  lives, 
pursued  by  overwhelming  numbers  armed  with  clubs,  stones  and  guns. 
Eighteen  of  them  were  cruelly  stabbed  and  beaten.  The  Sisters  of  Charity 
at  the  hospital  to  which  the  wounded  men  were  taken,  when  inquired  of, 
stated  that  they  were  “sober  when  received.”  Two  of  the  men  died  from 
their  wounds. 

A number  of  American  sailors  were  arrested  and  taken  before  Judge  of 
Crimes  Foster,  but  were,  during  the  four  days  following  the  arrest,  every 
one  discharged,  no  accusation  of  any  breach  of  the  peace  or  other  criminal 
conduct  having  been  sustained  against  a single  one  of  them. 

The  United  States  promptly  demanded  an  apology  and  reparation  from 
the  Chilean  government  for  this  outrage  upon  her  sailors. 

Considerable  correspondence  passed  between  the  State  Department  and 
the  Governor  of  Chile,  in  which  not  only  the  assault  upon  the  American 
sailors  was  discussed,  but  issues  anterior  to  it.  and  which  arose  after  the 
flight  of  Balmaceda,  and  when  our  Minister  at  Santiago,  Mr.  Patrick  Egan, 
gave  shelter  in  the  legation  to  certain  adherents  of  the  Balmaceda  govern- 
ment who  applied  to  him  for  an  asylum.  This  seems  to  have  elicited  a bit 
ter  hostility  against  Air.  Egan  by  some  of  the  Chilean  people,  and  his  recall 
was  requested  by  Senor  Pedro  Montt. 

The  Chilean  government  made  a judicial  investigation  of  the  incidents 
and  sad  results  of  the  assault,  of  which  Pedro  Montt,  in  a note  to  Mr.  Blaine 
of  January  23,  1892,  says:  “It  appeared  that  the  disorder  of  October  16 

195 


196 


THE  CHILEAN  CONTROVERSY. 


began  by  a quarrel  among  drunken  sailors,  which  assumed  considerable  pro- 
portions owing  to  the  condition  of  the  locality  in  which  it  originated,  and 
that  the  police  performed  their  duty  by  re-establishing  tranquillity  and  plac- 
ing the  persons  who  seemed  to  have  been  concerned  in  the  disorder  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Court.  The  goverment  of  Chile  has  no  data  authorizing  it 
to  think  that  the  quarrel  was  due  to  any  dislike  of  the  uniform  of  the  United 
States,  or  that  the  police  failed  to  perform  their  duty.  It  was  the  desire  and 
duty  of  the  government  of  Chile  to  discover  the  truth,  in  order  to  make  its 
future  proceedings  conform  thereto,  and  in  order  that  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment might  be  satisfied  that  nothing  was  neglected  in  order  to  do  full 
justice.” 

In  reference  to  what  was  considered  by  the  United  States  government  an 
insulting  note  addressed  to  Mr.  Egan  by  Mr.  Malta  (December  11)  and  the 
demand  for  its  recall,  Pedro  Montt  says:  “ The  first  time  that  the  honorable 
Secretary  of  State  saw  fit  to  call  my  attention  to  the  aforesaid  note  of  Mr. 
Matta,  I told  him  that  that  note  contained  instructions  addressed  to  me  by 
Mr.  Matta,  and  that  as  I had  not  been  directed  to  communicate  it  officially 
to  the  Department  of  State,  there  was  no  reason  why  the  honorable  Secretary 
should  take  cognizance  of  it.” 

Secretary  Blaine  in  his  reply  to  Senor  Montt  concerning  Matta’s  note  says: 
“By  your  own  statement  you  evidently  attempted  to  justify  the  Matta  note. 
The  Matta  note  was  highly  discourteous  to  the  President  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  imputing  to  them  untruth  and  insincerity.  Such  language 
does  not  admit  of  conditional  or  contingent  apology,  which  you  offered.  It 
could  be  apologized  for  only  by  a frank  withdrawal.  You  did  not  see  the 
great  difference  involved  by  your  government  sending  the  Matta  circular  to 
all  the  legations  of  Chile  and  requesting  its  several  Ministers  to  publish  it. ; so 
that  Chile  was  not  only  responsible  for  the  discourteous  language,  but  for  its 
publication  throughout  the  civilized  world.  That  you  did  not  comply  with 
Chile’s  request  to  publish  it  here  was  the  strongest  proof  of  your  own  dis- 
approval of  the  note.” 

Minister  Egan’s  recall  having  been  asked  for,  Mr.  Blaine  replied  to  Seu- 
or  Montt  to  the  effect,  that  Chile  has  the  right  to  ask  that  a change  be  made 
provided  she  assigns  a reason  why  such  Minister  is  persona  non  grata.  That 
twice  had  arisen  occasions  for  the  United  States  government  to  ask  Great 
Britain  to  recall  her  Minister,  and  in  each  case  a reason  was  given  why  the 
Minister  had  ceased  to  be  usefid,  and  that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  observe 
that  conditions  which  the  United  States  complied  with  'should  likewise  be 
exacted  of  Chile. 

January  25,  1892,  Minister  Egan  telegraphed  Secretary  Blaine,  “I  have 
this  day  received  the  following  reply  to  my  note  of  22d  instant:” 

The  reply  in  substance  from  Luis  Pereira,  is  as  follows: 

“ From  the  nature  of  the  incident  it  would  be  impossible  to  prove  that 
there  was  no  doubt  as  to  the  special  cause  which  served  as  its  origin  or  pre- 
text; but  the  undersigned  can  assert  that  that  cause  was  not  a hostile  feeling 
toward  the  uniform  of  the  Navy  of  the  United  States,  because  the  people  of 
Chile  have  always  esteemed  and  respected  that  uniform  ever  since  the  time 
when  they  saw  it  figuring  honorably  in  the  ranks  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
who,  in  a generous  struggle,  gave  it  independence  and  established  the  Re- 
public. The  undersigned  admits  that  the  occurrence  of  October  16  was  of 
greater  gravity  than  those  which  usually  occur  in  the  same  district  between 
the  sailors  who  frequent  it,  and  the  fact  that  knowing  that  two  deaths  have 
resulted  from  it  among  the  sixteen  wounded  men  of  the  Baltimore , has  suf- 
ficient to  give  it  an  extraordinary  character,  and  to  induce  the  government 
of  Chile  to  hasten  to  adopt  the  measures  necessary  to  discover  and  punish 
the  guilty  parties,  to  offer  in  due  time,  if  there  should  be  ground  for  so  do- 
ing, such  reparation  as  might  be  due.  The  preliminary  examination  was 


THE  CHILEAN  CONTROVERSY. 


197 


commenced  on  the  morning  which  followed  the  night  of  the  conflict,  some 
days  before  you  presented  your  complaint,  but  the  investigation  could  not 
he  finished  with  the  rapidity  that  the  government  of  Chile  desired,  because 
the  rules  of  procedure  in  criminal  matters,  which  are  established  by  our 
laws,  are  of  slow  application  and  it  was  not  possible  for  the  President  of  the 
Republic  to  modify  or  set  them  aside.  This  delay,  which  was  inevitable, 
owing  to  the  independence  with  which  the  judicial  authorities  must  act,  has 
compelled  the  government  of  the  undersigned  to  delay,  greatly  to  its  regret, 
the  settlement  of  the  difficulties  pending  with  your  government,  and  a spon- 
taneous offer  of  reparation  for  the  injury  done  to  the  sailors  of  the  Baltimore , 
that  might  be  attributed  to  Chilean  soldiers  or  sailors,  or  that  might  affect 
the  responsibility  of  Chile.  In  view  of  your  communication,  and  considering 
that  up  to  date,  it  has  been  impossible  for  the  trial  initiated  by  the  Judge  of 
the  Criminal  Court  of  Valparaiso  to  be  decided,  the  undersigned  regards  it 
as  his  duty  to  declare  once  more  that  the  government  of  Chile  laments  the 
occurrence  of  October  16,  and  by  way  of  showing  the  sincerity  of  his  feelings 
and  the  confidence  which  he  has  in  the  justice  of  his  course,  he  declares  his 
willingness  not  to  await  the  decision  of  the  examining  judge,  and  proposes 
to  the  United  States  government  that  the  case  be  submitted  to  the  consider- 
ation of  the  Supreme  Court  of  justice  at  Washington,  to  the  end  that  that 
high  tribunal,  with  its  learning  and  impartiality,  may  determine  without  ap- 
peal whether  there  is  any  ground  for  reparation  and  in  what  shape  it  should 
be  made.” 

Previous  to  the  receipt  of  this  telegram,  President  Harrison  had  submitted 
a message  to  Congress,  January  25,  in  which  he  says  in  effect:  “I  have  as 
yet  received  no  reply  to  our  note  of  the  21st  instant,  but  in  my  opinion  I 
ought  not  to  delay  longer  to  bring  these  matters  to  the  attention  of  Congress 
for  such  action  as  may  be  deemed  appropriate.  In  submitting  these  papers 
to  Congress  for  that  grave  and  patriotic  decision  which  the  questions  involved 
demand,  I desire  to  say  that  I am  of  the  opinion  that  the  demands  made  of 
Chile  by  the  government  should  be  adhered  to  and  enforced.  If  the  dig- 
nity, as  well  as  the  prestige  and  influence  of  the  United  States  are  not  to  be 
wholly  sacrificed,  we  must  protect  those  who,  in  foreign  ports,  display  the 
fla<r  or  wear  the  colors  of  this  government,  against  insult,  brutality,  and 
death,  inflicted  in  resentment  of  the  acts  of  their  government,  and  not  for 
any  fault  of  their  own.  It  has  been  my  desire  in  every  way  to  cultivate 
friendly  and  intimate  relations  with  all  the  governments  of  the  hemisphere. 
We  do  not  covet  their  territory:  we  desire  their  peace  and  prosperity:  we 
look  for  no  advantage  in  our  relations  with  them  except  the  increased  ex- 
changes of  commerce  upon  a basis  of  mutual  benefit.  It  must,  however,  be 
understood  that  this  government,  while  exercising  the  utmost  forbearance 
towards  weaker  powers,  will  extend  its  strong  and  adequate  protection  to  its 
citizens,  to  its  officers,  and  to  its  humblest  sailor,  when  made  victims  of  van- 
tonness’and  cruelty  in  resentment,  not  of  their  personal  misconduct,  but  of 
the  official  acts  of  their  government.” 

This  message  from  the  President  was  looked  upon  by  the  American  peo- 
ple as  the  precursor  of  a virtual  declaration  of  war  by  Congress,  and  it  looked 
as  if  little  Chile  was  doomed.  For  months  previous  to  the  sending  in  of  the 
message,  the  most  active  preparations  had  been  carried  on  in  the  navy-yards, 
in  the  fitting  out  of  the  cruisers,  and  the  air  on  all  sides  was  filled  with  talks 
of  war  and  in  some  instances  disapprobation  of  such  a great  nation  as.  the 
United  States  going  to  war  with  such  a weak  nation  as  Chile,  and  a sister 

Republic.  „ „ 

That  there  was  no  war,  is  explained  by  the  following  subsequent  message 
sent  to  Congress  by  President  Harrison: 


19S 


THE  CHILEAN  CONTROVERSY, 


To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives: 

I transmit  herewith  additional  correspondence  between  this  government 
and  the  government  of  Chile,  consisting  of  a note  of  Mr.  Montt  the  Chilean 
minister  at  this  capital,  to  Mr.  Blaine,  dated  January  23,  a reply  of  Mr. 
Blaine  thereto  of  date  January  27,  and  a dispatch  of  Mr.  Egan,  our  minister 
at  Santiago,  transmitting  the  response  of  Mr.  Pereira,  the  Chilean  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  to  the  note  of  Mr.  Blaine  of  January  21,  which  was  re- 
ceived by  me  on  the  26th  instant.  The  note  of  Mr.  Montt  to  Mr.  Blaine, 
though  dated  January  23,  was  not  delivered  at  the  State  Department  until 
after  12  o’clock,  meridian,  of  the  25th,  and  was  not  translated  and  its  receipt 
notified  to  me  until  late  in  the  afternoon  of  that  day. 

The  response  of  Mr.  Pereira  to  our  note  of  the  21st.  withdraws,  with  ac- 
ceptable expressions  of  regret,  the  offensive  note  of  Mr.  Matta  of  the  11th  ul- 
timo, and  also  the  request  for  the  recall  of  Mr.  Egan.  The  treatment  of  the 
incident  of  the  assault  upon  the  sailors  of  the  Baltimore  is  so  conciliatory  and 
friendly  that  I am  of  the  opinion  that  there  is  a good  prospect  that  the  differ- 
ences growing  out  of  that  serious  affair  can  now  he  adjusted  upon  terms  sat- 
isfactory to  this  government,  by  the  usual  methods  and  without  special  pow- 
ers from  Congress.  This  turn  in  the  affair  is  very  gratifying  to  me,  as  I am 
sure  it  will  be  to  the  Congress  and  to  our  people.  The  general  support  of 
the  efforts  of  the  Executive  to  enforce  the  just  rights  of  the  nation  in  this 
matter  has  given  an  instructive  and  useful  illustration  of  the  unity  and  patri- 
otism of  our  people. 

Should  it  be  necessary,  I will  again  communicate  with  Congress  upon  the 
subject. 

Benj.  Harrison. 

Executive  Mansion,  January  28,  1892. 

The  courts  will  determine  in  due  course  what  amount  of  indemnification 
is  to  be  allowed  the  families  of  the  dead  sailors  and  the  others  who  were  in- 
jured in  the  streets  of  Valparaiso.* 

* For  most  recent  act  ion  in  this  matter,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see 
Addenda , preceding  Index. 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


Tiie  Behring  Sea  controversy,  originating  under  President  Cleveland’s 
administration,  with  Hon.  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  Secretary  of  State,  was  re- 
sumed during  the  present  administration,  President  Harrison,  with  Hon. 
James  G.  Blaine,  Secretary  of  State.  It  can  best  be  summarized  in  form  as 
follows,  the  text  being  from  official  records: 

LIST  OF  PAPERS. 


From  and  to  whom. 


Date. 


Subject. 


Mr.  Phelps  to  Mr.  Bayard 


Mr.  White  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Lincoln  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Lord  Salisbury  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


1888. 
Sept.  12 


1889. 
Dec.  4 


1891. 
Jan.  24 


Feb.  21 


Apr.  14 


Apr.  20 


May  4 


Great  Britain  will  not  enter  into  any  conven- 
tion for  the  protection  of  the  seal  fisheries 
without  the  concurrence  of  Canada,  which 
can  not  be  expected.  Recommends  that 
strong  measures  be  taken  to  prevent  the 
wholesale  slaughter  of  seals. 

Letter  of  Sir  George  Baden-Powell  to  the 
London  Times  with  regard  to  the  Behring 
Sea  question,  and  a letter  of  Mr.  Flower, 
commenting  thereon,  in  the  same  paper, 
transmitted. 

Question  in  the  House  of  Commons  relating 
to  the  status  of  the  Behring  Sea  fisheries 
question,  and  reply  given  by  Sir  J.  Fergu- 
son, transmitted. ' 

Reply  to  Mr.  Blaine’s  note  of  December  17. 
States  that  Great  Britain  took  every  step 
which  it  was  iD  its  power  to  take  in  order 
to  make  it  clear  to  Russia  that  she  did  not 
accept  claim  to  exclude  her  subjects  for 
100  miles  distance  from  the  coast  which 
had  been  put  forward  in  Ukase  of  1821. 
Claims  that  words  “Pacific  Ocean,”  used 
in  treaty  of  1825  with  Russia,  did  include 
Behring  Sea.  Proposes  some  changes  to  the 
questions  to  be  submitted  to  arbitration. 

Gives  six  questions  proposed  for  arbitration. 
The  United  States  claims  the  same  right 
to  power  beyond  3 miles  limit  as  Great 
Britain;  cites  act  of  Parliament  of  1889 
attempting  to  control  body  of  water  on 
coast  of  Scotland  2,700  square  miles  in  ex- 
tent. Map  of  that  body  inclosed.' 

The  stoppage  of  all  sealing  at  sea  and  on 
land  seems  to  be  acceptable  to  Lord  Salis- 
bury, who  wishes  to  know  whether  it  would 
be  preferred  that  the  proposal  come  from 
the  British  Government. 

Reviews  the  negotiations  for  a modus  vi- 
vendi  pending  the  result  of  arbitration; 
concessions  made  by  the  President  in  con- 
sequence thereof ; recital  of  the  obligations 
imposed  on  the  North  American  Co.,  in  re- 
turn for  the  sealing  privilege,  which  make 
it  necessary  that  they  should  be  allowed 
to  take  a limited  number  of  seals  contrary 
to  the  claim  of  Great  Britain  that  sealing 
should  be  absolutely  prohibited  on  both 
sides;  submits  terms'  of  agreement  on  that 
basis. 


» 


199 


200 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


From  and  to  whom. 

Date. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

1891. 
May  5 

Mr.  Adee  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote. 
Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Adee. 

May  20 
May  21 

Mr.  Adee  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote. 

May  26 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Adee. 

May  27 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

June  3 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

June  3 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  4 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  6 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

J une  6 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  8 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote, 

June  9 

Subject. 


Acknowledges  the  above,  of  which  copy  has 
been  mailed,  and  precise  terms  telegraphed 
to  London.  Deprecates  alleged  delay;  re- 
fers to  previous  interviews;  mentions  the 
exception  taken  at  the  two  conditions  that 
the  right  to  kill  a certain  number  of  seals 
was  reserved  for  the  American  Co.,  and 
that  the  modus  vivendi  was  not  to  be  put 
in  force  until  arbitration  was  agreed  upon, 
and  expresses  satisfaction  that  the  latter 
condition  has  been  removed. 

Requests  a reply  to  proposition  of  the  4th. 

Reply  requested  has  not  yet  been  received, 
but  is  expected  to  arrive  in  the  course  of  a 
day. 

Points  to  the  reasons  for  which  a prompt 
reply  is  desired;  revenue  cutters  have  been 
ordered  to  proceed  to  the  fisheries,  and  the 
orders  would  be  made  definite  by  the  con- 
clusion of  an  agreement. 

Regrets  the  delay  and  makes  excuse  on  the 
ground  of  the  lateness  of  the  proposal. 

Proposal  for  modus  vivendi  by  the  British 
government. 

Assents  to  the  first  five  questions  submitted 
by  Mr.  Blaine  on  April  14;  makes  a counter 
proposition  in  respect  of  question  sixth,  and 
of  compensation  for  damages  sustained. 

Proposes  substitutes  for  subdivisions  1 and  2 
of  the  British  proposal  for  modus  vivendi 
of  June  3;  takes  exception  to  subdivision 
3 relative  to  the  appointment  of  consuls, 
and  objects  decidedly  to  the  condition  4 of 
the  previous  assent  of  Russia;  suggests 
that  the  navies  of  both  nations  enforce 
the  agreement  when  it  is  concluded;  reply 
to  proposal  of  June  3. 

Submits  the  telegraphic  reply  to  the  above 
note  accepting  the  proposals  therein  on 
condition  that  the  British  government  be 
allowed  to  supervise  the  execution  of  the 
agreement  on  the  islands,  and  that  the 
prohibition  will  be  extended  to  the  whole 
of  the  Behring  Sea.  Insists  that  the  terms 
of  arbitration  and  modus  be  agreed  on 
simultaneously,  as  the  suspension  of  sealing 
could  not  be  acceded  to  another  year. 

Reply  to  the  above.  Objects  to  the  claim  of 
supervision  by  British  authorities  of  the 
killing  on  land  which  is  already  supervised 
by  American  officials  whose  integrity  is  to 
be  upheld,  but  agrees  to  the  appointment 
of  one  or  two  commissioners  for  the  collec- 
tion of  facts  to  be  placed  before  the  arbi- 
trators. Submits  proposal  embodying  this 
and  other  conditions  agreed  upon. 

Debate  on  the  seal-fishery  bill  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  transmitted.  The  bill  was 
read  in  the  House  of  Lords  without  debate. 

Submits,  in  reply  to  the  above,  an  agreement 
telegraphed  from  London  and  containing 
modifications  of  and  additions  to  that  sub- 
mitted in  said  note. 

Reply  to  the  above.  Protests  against  the 
presenting  of  new  propositions  at  this  time; 
proceeds  to  discuss  them  and  submits  a 
form  of  agreement  drafted  with  slight 
modifications  after  that  presented  on  June 
6;  insists  upon  the  necessity  of  a speedy 
settlement. 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


201 


From  and  to  whom . 

Date. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

1891. 
June  10 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  11 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  11 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  13 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  13 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  20 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  21 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  (memoran- 
dum). 

June  23 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  25 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

June  26 

June  26 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Wharton 
Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

June  27 
July  3 

July  6 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

July  6 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

July  7 

16b 


Subject. 


Presents  a defence  of  the  motives  of  Lord 
Salisbury  in  introducing  new  propositions 
at  this  time,  but  says  they  will  probably 
not  be  insisted  upon  except  that  for  a 
joint  commission  of  four  experts  to  report 
on  the  necessity  for  international  arrange- 
ments. 

Debate  in  the  House  of  Lords  after  passage 
of  the  bill. 

Reply  has  been  received  by  telegraph  from 
Lord  Salisbury  who  regrets  that  the  sug- 
gestions in  regard  to  Russia  have  been  re- 
jected, but  will  authorize  him  to  sign  agree- 
ment if  assurance  is  given  respecting  the 
commission  of  experts. 

Acknowledges  the  above  and  accepts,  pend- 
ing a fuller  reply,  the  terms  therein  pre- 
sented. 

He  has  received  telegraphic  permission  to 
sign  agreement  under  previously  under- 
stood condition  as  to  joint  commission. 

Appointment  for  the  formal  attestation  to 
the  modus  vivendi. 

Proclamation  in  re  modus  vivendi. 

Instructions  issued  by  the  Navy  Department 
in  pursuance  of  the  above  proclamation. 
Sir  J.  Pauncefote  is  furnished  copies  there- 
of and  asked  for  instructions  issued  by  the 
British  government. 

Appointment  of  British  commissioners  under 
the  agreement  announced  to  visit  Pribyloff 
Islands. 

Instructions  issued  to  British  naval  senior 
officer  stated.  Suggestion  of  indemnity 
for  any  act  in  execution  of  the  modus  vi- 
vendi submitted. 

Objections  of  British  government  to  arbitra- 
tion proposition  No.  6,  presented  by  Mr. 
Blaine  on  Dec.  17,  1890.  Reply  to  "Lord 
Salisbury’s  note  of  the  26th  of ‘February, 
1891,  and  of  Sir  J.  Pauncefote’s  of  June  3. 
The  objection  of  the  reference  of  the  ques- 
tion of  closed  time  to  arbitration  in  such 
words  as  to  attribute  abnormal  rights  to 
the  United  States  is  met  by  a new  proposi- 
tion avoiding  that  objection:  submits  also 
a final  clause  in  the  matter  of  indemnifica- 
tion by  which  the  interests  of  the  United 
States  as  owner  of  the  seal  fisheries  are 
not  ignored  as  in  the  suggestion  made  in 
the  note  of  June  3.  Agreement  in  regard 
to  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to 
visit  the  Pribyloff  Islands  proposed. 

Instructions  for  the  reception  of  the  British 
commissioners  at  the  fisheries  transmitted. 

Instructions  issued  to  British  navy,  as  per 
mote  of  the  24th,  have  been  communicated 
to  the  Navy  Department. 

Note  of  the  25th  acknowledged. 

Commissioners  to  visit  the  Behring  Sea.  Pro- 
poses they  go  and  act  together. 

Reply  to  the  above.  Passage  for  the  British 
Commissioners  has  already  been  arranged 
for  but  they  will  be  instructed  to  cooperate 
as  much  as  possible. 

Act  of  Parliament  and  order  in  council  in 
pursuance  of  modus  vivendi  agreement  in- 
closed. 

Instructions  (in  full)  to  the  naval  forces  of 
Great  Britain  in  the  Behring  Sea  in'closed. 


202 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


From  and  to  whom. 


Date. 


Subject. 


Mr.  Adee  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote. 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 
Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton (telegram). 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton (unofficial). 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


1891. 
July  8 

July  9 
July  13 


July  23 


Aug.  8 


Aug.  17 

Aug.  22 
Aug.  24 

Aug.  26 

Aug.  26 


Aug.  26 


Sept.  2 
Sept.  7 


Oct.  10 


Note  of  6th  instant,  inclosing  act  of  Parlia- 
ment and  order  in  council,  acknowledged. 

Note  of  7th  and  inclosure  acknowledged. 

The  proposition  in  regard  to  indemnification 
made  in  the  note  of  June  25  appears  to 
Lord  Salisbury  to  prejudge  the  question  of 
liability.  A form  is  submitted  by  which  not 
only  the  facts  but  the  liability  arising  from 
them  shall  be  passed  upon  by  the  arbitra- 
tors. 

The  objection  presented  in  the  above  note 
was  not  anticipated.  It  is  contended  that 
it  was  made  with  due  regard  to  Lord  Salis- 
bury’s own  language,  and  in  a spirit  of  en- 
tire equality  presents  observations  in  sup- 
port of  that  position;  but,  with  a view  to 
removing  the  last  point  of  difference,  the 
proposition  is  modified  so  as  to  meet  the 
objection  made  against  it. 

Indemnities  for  acts  committed  by  cruisers 
of  either  nation.  Solicits  a reply  to  the 
question  relating  thereto  included  in  the 
memorandum  transmitted  with  his  note  of 
June  23. 

Reply  to  the  above.  The  President  thinks  it 
will  be  time  to  consider  the  question  of  in- 
demnity when  occasion  has  been  given  to 
claim  the  same. 

Requests  a reply  to  his  note  of  July  23. 

Regrets  his  inability  to  furnish  as  yet  the  re- 
ply above  requested. 

Your  note  of  22d.  Important  letter  posted 
to-day. 

The  British  government  can  not  accept  pro- 
posed form  in  note  of  July  23,  because  im- 
plying the  admission  of  the  doctrine  that 
governments  are  liable  for  acts  of  their  na- 
tionals. Without  leaving  the  question  of 
damages  entirely  out,  as  suggested  by  Mr. 
Wharton  at  one  time,  a middle  course 
might  be  adopted,  and,  omitting  the  ques- 
tion of  liability,  questions  of  fact  might  be 
referred  to  the  arbitrators.  Submits  the 
wording  of  the  clause  drafted  on  that  basis. 

The  killing  of  seals  is  permitted,  according  to 
reports  received  from  the  Behring  Sea  Com- 
missioners, to  continue,  although  the  num- 
ber agreed  upon,  7,500,  is  already  exceeded, 
the  excuse  being  that  the  limitation  begins 
witli  the  signature  of  the  modus  vivendi 
agreement.  This  government  is  convinced 
the  President  will  not  countenance  any 
such  evasion  of  the  spirit  of  said  agree- 
ment. 

Note  of  August  26  (above)  shall  receive  im- 
mediate attention. 

The  objection  presented  in  (unofficial)  note  of 
August  26  is  groundless.  The  President 
does  not  assume  liability  on  the  part  of 
Great  Britain,  but,  on  the  contrary,  wishes 
to  put  the  question  of  liability  to  the  arbi- 
trators. He  can  not  accept  the  counter 
proposition  to  submit  the  question  of  facts 
only,  as  those  are  well  known,  and  must  in- 
sist that  the  question  of  liability  shall  go  to 
arbitration. 

Alleged  killing  of  seals  in  excess  of  number 
provided  for  by  agreement.  A reply  to  the 
note  of  August  26  has  been  delayed  by  the 
necessity  of  waiting  for  the  United  States 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


203 


From  and  to  whom. 

Date. 

1891. 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

Oct.  12 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

Oct.  13 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

Oct.  17 

Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 

Oct.  22 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Whar- 
ton. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Oct.  23 

Nov.  23 

Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

Nov.  27 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Dec.  1 

Subject. 


agent’s  report.  The  agent’s  interpretation 
that  the  limitation  should  begin  with  t he 
signing  of  the  agreement  was  concurred  in 
by  the  Unit  ed  States  naval  officers  and  the 
commissioners  of  both  parties;  a large 
number  had  been  killed  between  that  date 
and  that  of  the  receipt  of  instruct  ions  by 
the  agent,  leaving  then  but  3,029  to  be  taken 
“ for  the  subsistence  and  care  of  the  na- 
tives ” from  July  2,  1891,  toMav  1,  1892,  and 
the  agent  seeing  that' it  would  be  inade- 
quate, called  upon  the  lessees  to  supply 
the  deficiency  with  salt  meat. 

Delay  of  ten  weeks  in  replying  to  the  pro- 
posal of  July  23,  for  tire  settlement  of 
claims  for  damages  is  called  to  Sir  Paunce- 
fote’s  attention,  together  with  the  fact 
that  the  modus  vivendi  expires  May  2, 1892. 
The  President  feels  that  if  any  effective 
action  is  to  be  taken  in  the  matter  before 
the  next  fishing  season  opens  all  the  terms 
of  agreement  of  arbitration  should  be  dis- 
posed of  immediately. 

Reply  to  the  above.  Lord  Salisbury  is  ex- 
pected in  London  this  week;  much  of  the 
period  of  ten  weeks  was  taken  up  in  infor- 
mal discussions. 

The  British  government  insists  upon  its  in- 
terpretation of  the  damage  clause  as  pre- 
sented in  his  note  of  August  26.  The  same 
proposition  is  practically  renewed. 

Regrets  the  determination  reported  in  the 
above  note  and  discusses  it  at  some  length, 
but  with  a view  to  induce  a prompt  solu- 
tion submits  a wording  of  the  clause  in 
conformity  to  the  wish  that  questions  of 
fact  only  shall  be  submitted  to  arbitration, 
the  question  of  liability  being  reserved  for 
future  negotiations. 

Acceptance  of  the  above  proposition  has 
been  received  by  telegraph. 

States  that  two  reservations  are  desired  in 
article  6,  viz.,  that  the  necessity  and  nature 
of  any  regulations  are  left  to  the  arbitra- 
tors, and  that  such  regulations  will  not  be- 
come obligatory  upon  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  until  they  have  received 
the  assent  of  the  maritime  powers. 

States  that  within  a few  days  the  minister 
had  furnished  the  exact  points  that  had 
been  agreed  upon  for  arbitration;  that  he 
now  informs  him  by  his  note  of  the  23d  in- 
stant that  two  reservations  are  desired  in 
the  sixth  article ; that  all  regulations  should 
be  left  to  the  arbitrators,  and  that,  they 
shall  be  accepted  by  the  other  maritime 
powers  before  becoming  obligatory  upon 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  Such 
a proposition  will  postpone  the  matter  in- 
definitely, and  it  can  not  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration. There  is  no  objection  to  sub- 
mitting it  to  the  maritime  powers  for  their 
assent,  but  the  United  States  can  not  agree 
to  make  the  adjust  ment  with  Great  Britain 
dependent  upon  the  action  of  third  parties, 
who  have  no  direct  interest  in  the  seal 
fisheries. 

States  that  with  regard  to  the  first  reserva- 
tion proposed  in  his  note  of  23d  ultimo,  the 
statement  made  in  Department  noteof  the 


204 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


From  and  to  whom.  Date. 


181)1. 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote  Dec.  2 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Dec.  8 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Dec.  10 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Dec.  11 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Dec.  14 


Subject. 


27tli  ultimo  assures  the  same  and  it  may  be 
put  aside.  The  object  of  the  second  reser- 
vation was  to  prevent  the  fisheries  from 
beingput  at  the  mercy  of  some  third  power. 
The  regulation  might  be  evaded  by  British 
and  American  sealers  by  simply  hoisting 
the  flag  of  a non-adhering  power.'  Suggests 
that  after  the  lapse  of  one  year  if  either 
government  complains  that  injury  is  being 
done  to  the  fisheries  it  may  give  notice  of 
a suspension  of  the  regulations.  Suggests 
also  that  if  any  dispute  arises  between  the 
two  nations  the  question  in  controversy 
shall  be  referred  to  an  admiral  of  eacli, 
who  may  choose  an  umpire. 

In  reply  to  note  of  1st  instant,  states  that 
President  is  unable  to  see  the  apprehended 
danger  of  a third  nation  engaging  in  seal- 
ing; no  other  nation  ever  has.  Russia  will 
not  dissent  from  the  agreement  because  it 
will  endanger  her  own  sealing  property. 
We  may  look  to  her  to  sanction  and 
strengthen  it.  The  two  nations,  however, 
should  unite  in  a note  to  the  principal 
powers  advising  them  of  what  has  been 
done  and  asking  their  approval.  If  the 
agreement  is  disturbed  by  a third  nation 
Great  Britain  and  United  States  can  act 
conjointly.  It  is  therefore  hoped  that  arbi- 
tration may  be  allowed  to  proceed. 

States  that  his  government  does  not  fear 
that  the  powers  will  reject  the  regulations, 
but  that  they  will  refuse  to  allow  the  ar- 
rest of  their  ships  which  may  engage  in 
sealing  in  violation  of  the  regulations.  It 
is  probable  that  during  the  close  season 
sealing  will  go  on  under  other  flags. 

States,  in  reply  to  note  of  8th  instant,  that 
since  the  dispute  began  not  a vessel  of 
France  or  Germany  has  ever  engaged  in 
sealing ; it  would  be  unprofitable  for  them 
to  sail  20,000  miles  to  do  so.  If  we  wait  un- 
til they  agree  that  their  ships  may  be 
searched  the  last  seal  will  have  been  taken. 
Russia  is  regarded  as  an  ally  and  no  Ameri- 
can country  will  loan  its  flag.  To  stop  now 
for  outside  nations  is  to  indefinitely  post- 
pone the  whole  question.  The  President  ad- 
heres to  his  ground,  that  we  must  have  the 
arbitration  as  already  signed. 

States  that,  in  view  of  the  strong  opinion  of 
the  President  that  the  danger  apprehended 
by  Lord  Salisbury  is  too  remote  to  justify 
delay,  the  British  government  will  not 
press  the  point,  explained  in  his  note  of  the 
8th  instant,  but  it  reserves  the  right  of 
raising  it  when  the  question  of  framing  the 
regulations  comes  before  the  arbitrators. 
It  is  understood  that  they  may  attach  such 
conditions  to  them  as  they  may  “ a priori  ” 
judge  to  be  necessary  and  just,  to  the  two 
powers.  States  that  he  is  authorized  to 
sign  the  text  of  the  seven  articles  and  of 
the  joint  commission  article.  Will  call  at 
Department  at  any  time  appointed. 

In  reply  to  note  of  11th  instant,  states  that 
President  objects  to  Lord  Salisbury's  mak- 
ing any  reservation  at  all,  and  cannot 
yield  to  him  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  ar- 
bitrators to  decide  any  point  not  embraced 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


205 


From  and  to  whom. 

Date. 

1891. 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Dec.  15 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Dec.  17 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Dec.  30 

1892. 

Mr.  Lincoln  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Jan.  6 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Jan.  16 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blai.ie 

Jan.  21 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Jan.  30 

Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

Feb.  4 

Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

Feb.  4 

Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 

Feb.  6 

Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 

Feb.  6 

Subject. 


in  the  articles;  to  claim  this  right  is  to  en- 
tirely change  the  arbitration.  The  Presi- 
dent claims  the  right  to  have  the  seven 
points  arbitrated.  The  matters  to  be  ar- 
bitrated must  be  distinctly  understood  be- 
fore the  arbitrators  are  chosen.  Is  pre- 
pared to  sign  the  articles  without  any  res- 
ervation whatever,  and  will  be  glad  to 
have  him  call  at  the  Department  on  the 
16th,  at  11  a.  M. 

Will  transmit  note  of  14th  instant  to  his 
government.  Pending  further  instructions, 
it  is  not  in  his  power  to  proceed  to  the 
signature  of  the  articles. 

States  in  reply  to  note  of  14th  instant  that 
Lord  Salisbury  states  that  owing  to  the 
difficulties  of  telegraphic  communication 
he  has  been  misunderstood,  and  will  defer 
discussion  as  to  the  course  to  be  followed 
in  case  the  regulations  are  evaded  by  a 
change  of  flag.  States  that  no  reservation 
was  embodied  in  his  note  of  the  11th  in- 
stant, and  agrees  with  the  President  that 
no  point  should  be  submitted  to  the  arbi- 
trators not  embraced  in  the  agreement. 
Is  ready  to  sign  the  articles. 

Declines  to  have  the  number  of  the  arbitra- 
tors reduced  from  seven  to  five,  but  prefers 
that  each  country  should  be  represented 
by  two  and  the  other  three  appointed  by 
foreign  governments. 

Speech  of  Sir  George  Baden-Powell  to  his 
constituents  relative  to  the  Behring  Sea 
question,  on  Jan.  5,  1892,  transmitted. 

States  that  Messrs.  Baden-Powell  and  Daw- 
son will  arrive  on  the  29th. 

His  government  accepts  that  the  arbitrators 
shall  be  chosen  by  France,  Italy,  and 
Sweden. 

Asks  whether  Department  is  prepared  to 
proceed  at  once  to  the  preparation  and 
signature  of  the  formal  arbitration  con- 
vention and  Joint  Commission. 

Inclosing  arbitration  convention  and  Joint 
Commission  agreement  and  states  that  he 
is  ready  to  proceed  at  once  to  the  signature 
of  the  convention. 

States  that  commissioners  have  been  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  and  report,  conjoint- 
ly with  British  commissioners,  upon  facts 
relative  to  preservation  of  seal  life;  will  be 
ready  to  confer  informally  with  British 
colleagues  at  their  convenience. 

Note  of  February  4 acknowledged.  States 
that  Sir  Baden-Powell  and  Prof.  Dawson 
have  been  appointed  commissioners  in  the 
matter  of  the  preservation  of  seal  life,  and 
trusts  that  arrangements  will  be  made  at 
once  for  the  meeting  of  the  commission  on 
Monday,  8th  instant. 

Regrets  that  the  British  commissioners  are 
men  who  have  already  publicly  expressed 
an  opinion  as  to  the  merits  of  the  question, 
but  hopes  this  will  not  prevent  a fair  and 
impartial  investigation.  Supposed  that 
before  this  the  arbitration  convention 
would  be  signed  and  thus  have  enabled  the 
commissioners  to  proceed  officially  to  a 
discharge  of  their  duties,  but  as  it  became 
necessary  to  await  approval  of  the  draft 


206 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


From  and  to  whom. 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 


Mr.  Blaine  to  Sir  J.  Pauncefote 
Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Sir  J.  Pauncefote  to  Mr.  Blaine 


Date. 


189a. 
Feb.  8 


Feb.  9 


Feb.  11 


Feb.  la 


Feb.  13 


Feb.  19 


Feb.  24 


Feb.  2G 


Feb. 
Feb.  29 


Mar. 


Subject. 


of  the  instrument,  has  interposed  no  ob- 
jection to  preliminary  conferences. 

Deprecates  the  intimation  that  the  British 
commissioners  may  be  biased  by  previous 
public  expressions  of  opinion ; presents  the 
defense  of  both  of  them;  remarks  that  the 
same  observation  might  be  urged  in  the 
case  of  the  American  commissioners,  and 
expresses  satisfaction  that  the  course 
adopted  is  in  accord  with  that  suggested 
by  him  in  the  note  dated  April  29,  1890. 

The  British  commissioners  wishing  to  post- 
pone joint  conferences  until  arbitration 
convention  shall  have  been  signed,  the 
United  States  commissioners  have  been 
instructed  to  make  known  their  readiness 
to  proceed  without  further  delay,  the 
United  States  government  regarding  the 
convention  as  substantially  agreed  upon. 

Acknowledges  above;  makes  mention  of  two 
preliminary  conferences,  and  says  the  Brit- 
ish commissioners  hope  to  arrange  for  the 
formal  opening  of  their  session. 

Refusal  to  discuss  modus  vivendi  by  the 
British  commissioners;  the  value  of  the 
work  of  the  commission  will  be  diminished 
thereby.  What  is  the  scope  of  the  duties 
of  the  British  commissioners  ? 

He  is  awaiting  instructions  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury, to  whom  the  draft  of  arbitration 
convention  inclosed  in  the  note  of  Febru- 
ary 4 has  been  forwarded. 

No  opinion  can  be  expressed  by  the  British 
government  as  to  the  modus  vivendi  ques- 
tion raised  in  the  interview  of  the  2d  in- 
stant, until  they  know  what  is  proposed. 

Urges  the  necessity  of  a modus  vivendi ; 
the  terms  should  be  similar  to  those  of  last 
year,  but  better  executed;  asks  that  the 
contents  of  this  note  be  transmitted  by 
telegraph,  every  day  of  delay  involving 
great  trouble  to'botli  governments. 

Sealing  schooners  are  reported  by  United 
States  consul  at  Victoria  to  have  cleared 
to  the  number  of  forty-six  with  six  or 
seven  more  to  go,  as  against  thirty  same 
date  last  year. 

The  need  of  an  agreement  will  soon  be  over 
if  it  is  not  arrived  at  soon. 

Fixes  the  29tli  as  the  day  on  which  to  sign 
the  treaty  of  arbitration. 

Reply  to  the  note  of  the  24th.  Lord  Salisbury 
does  not  admit  that  the  delays  have  been 
greater  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain;  the 
British  commissioners  have  reported  that 
there  is  no  danger  of  a serious  diminution 
of  the  seals,  and  therefore  the  necessity  of 
a modus  vivendi  is  not  apparent.  Still  he 
would  not  object  to  the  prohibition  limited 
to  a zone  not  more  than  30  miles  around 
the  Pribyloif  Islands,  provided  the  catch 
on  the  islands  be  limited  to  30,000.  The 
simile  of  trees  would  be  more  appropriate 
if  applied  to  grass,  which,  like  the  seals, 
will  be  produced  next  year,  pending  the 
result  of  arbitration. 

Presents  arguments  in  support  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury’s refusal  to  accede  to  another  modus 
vivendi;  the  first  was  agreed  to  (as  per 
note  of  June  G,  1891)  under  stipulation  that 


THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 


207 


From  and  to  whom. 


Mr.  Wharton  to  Sir  J.  Paunce- 
fote. 


Date. 


1892. 


Mar.  8 


Subject. 


the  measure  could  not  be  repeated;  there 
is  no  apparent  danger  to  the  seal  species; 
the  zone  proposed  is  more  extensive  than 
that  mentioned  by  Mr.  Blaine  on  March  16, 
1891;  the  anticipation  of  conflicts,  consid- 
ered in  the  note  of  May  4,  1891 , has  been 
met  by  the  provisions  of  the  Behring  Sea 
act  of  Parliament  and  order  in  council. 

The  President  regrets  that  Great  Britain 
should  decline  to  agree  to  an  effective 
mode  of  protecting  a property  the  title  to 
which  is  being  submitted  to  arbitration,  a 
course  demanded  by  common  equity.  The 
simile  of  grass  cutting  refuted.  If  Great 
Britain  declines,  as  shown  by  quotations 
from  previous  correspondence,  to  assume 
responsibility  for  acts  of  her  subjects  she 
should  restrain  the  same  from  committing 
such  acts.  The  prohibition  of  seal  killing 
was  a matter  of  comity  before  arbitration 
was  agreed  upon:  it  is  now  a matter  of  ob- 
ligation. The  killing  under  t he  restrictions 
of  last  year  was  four  times  that  made  on 
land:  it  would  become  enormous  in  the  ab- 
sence of  any  restriction.  The  impractica- 
bility of  a 30-mile  zone,  now  proposed  by 
Lord  Salisbury,  was  pointed  out  by  himseif 
when  the  proposal  came  from  this  govern- 
ment. The  United  States  can  not  be  ex- 
pected to  forego  protecting  its  property 
while  the  arbitration  is  proceeding. 


For  most  recent  action  in  this  matter,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press,  see 
Addenda,  preceding  Index. 


i 


THE  WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


The  location  at  which  it  is  to  be  held  was  decided  by  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  the  Senate  concurring  in  the  same.  The  contest- 
ing cities  were  Chicago,  New  York,  Washington  and  St.  Louis.  Eight  bal- 
lots were  taken,  Chicago  having  the  lead  in  all  of  them,  with  New  York 
second  and  St.  Louis  a good  third.  The  total  vote  was  308;  necessary  for  a 
choice,  154.  On  the  eighth  ballot,  Chicago  received  157  votes,  against  107 
votes  for  New  York. 

The  following  is  the  vote  in  detail  at  each  ballot : 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Chicago 

. . ..  115 

121 

127 

134 

140 

149 

155 

157 

New  York 

. . . . 72 

83 

92 

95 

110 

116 

112 

107 

St.  Louis 

. . . . 61 

59 

53 

48 

38 

28 

27 

26 

Washington 

. . . . 56 

46 

34 

29 

24 

18 

17 

18 

Cumberland  Gap 

1 

Total 

....  305 

309 

306 

306 

312 

311 

311 

308 

Necessary  to  choice 

. . . . 153 

155 

154 

154 

157 

156 

156 

155 

At  the  election  in  November,  1890,  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  of 
the  State  of  Illinois,  submitted  by  the  Legislature,  was  adopted  by  the  people, 
which  authorizes  the  city  of  Chicago  to  issue  $5,000,000  of  thirty-year  bonds 
at  5 per  cent,  interest,  the  proceeds  to  be  applied  under  the  direction  of  the 
World’s  Columbian  Exposition;  said  corporate  authorities  of  Chicago  to  be 
repaid  the  same  proportionate  amount  as  is  repaid  to  the  stockholders  on  the 
sums  subscribed  and  paid  by  them,  and  to  be  permitted  to  take,  in  whole  or 
in  part,  of  the  sum  coming  to  them,  any  permanent  improvements  placed  on 
land  held  or  controlled  by  them.  The  indebtedness  so  created  by  Chicago  is 
to  be  paid  by  the  city  of  Chicago  alone,  and  not  by  the  State,  or  from  any  State 
revenue,  tax  or  fund. 

The  subscriptions  and  the  proceeds  of  these  bonds  will  till  the  require- 
ments of  the  act  as  to  funds. 

The  World’s  Fair  act  was  approved  April  25,  1890.  It  provides  for  an 
exhibition  of  arts,  industries,  manufactures  and  products  of  the  soil,  mine 
and  sea  in  1892  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  in  celebration  of  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus.  A com- 
mission of  two  persons  from  each  State  and  Territory,  to  be  appointed  by 
the  President  on  the  nomination  of  the  Governors,  and  of  eight  commission- 
ers-at-large  and  two  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  be  appointed  by  the 
President,  in  ah  which  there  shall  be  one  from  each  of  the  two  leading  polit- 
ical parties — with  alternates — shall  be  the  World’s  Columbian  commission, 
with  power  to  accept  the  site,  etc.,  on  condition  of  their  being  satisfied  that 
$10,000,000  are  secured  for  the  complete  preparation  for  said  exposition. 
The  commission  is  required  to  appoint  a board  of  lady  managers,  who  may 

208 


HOUSE  IN  WHICH  COLUMBUS  WAS  BORN. 


THE  WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


209 


appoint  one  or  more  members  of  all  committees  authorized  to  award  prizes  for 
exhibits  which  may  be  produced  in  whole  or  part  by  female  labor.  A naval 
review  is  directed  to  be  held  in  New  York  Harbor  in  April,  1893,  and  the 
President  is  authorized  to  extend  to  foreign  nations  an  invitation  to  send 
ships  of  war  to  join  the  IT.  S.  Navy  in  rendezvous  at  Hampton  Roads  and 
proceed  thence  to  said  review.  The  buildings  shall  be  dedicated  October  12, 
1892,  and  the  exposition  open  not  later  than  May  1,  1893,  and  close  not  later 
than  October  30,  1893.  The  commission  shall  exist  no  longer  than  January 
1,  1S98.  A government  building  for  $400,000  shall  be  erected,  to  contain 
the  government  exhibits.  The  tmited  States  shall  not  in  any  manner,  nor 
under  any  circumstances,  be  liable  for  any  of  the  acts,  doings,  proceedings 
or  representations  of  the  said  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  its  officers,  agents,  servants  or  employes,  or  any  of  them,  or 
for  the  service,  salaries,  labor  or  wages  of  said  officers,  agents,  servants  or 
employes,  or  any  of  them,  or  for  any  subscriptions  to  the  capital  stock,  or 
for  any  certificates  of  stock,  bonds,  mortgages  or  obligations  of  any  kind 
issued  by  said  corporation,  or  for  any  debts,  liabilities  or  expenses  of  any 
kind  whatever  attending  such  corporation  or  accruing  by  reason  of  the  same. 

The  buildings,  their  dimensions,  area  and  cost  are  : 

Woman’s,  200x400  feet;  area,  1.8  acres;  cost,  $120,000. 

Electricity,  345  x 700  feet;  area  5.5  acres;  cost  $375,000. 

Mines  and  mining,  350x700  feet;  area,  5.6  acres;  cost,  $260,000. 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts,  787x1,687  feet;  area,  30.5  acres;  cost, 
$1,500,000. 

Transportation,  250x900  feet;  area,  5.5  acres;  cost,  $280,000. 

Horticultural,  230  x 1,000  feet;  area,  5.8  acres;  cost,  $300,000. 

Administration,  200x260  feet;  area,  1.6  acres;  cost,  $450,000. 

Agriculture,  500x800  feet;  area,  9.2  acres  (cost,  $540,000);  Annex,  328 x 
500  feet;  area,  3.8  acres  (cost,  $200,000);  total  cost  (including  Assembly  Hall, 
etc.),  nearly  $1,000,000. 

Machinery,  500x850  feet;  area,  9.8  acres;  Annexes  (2),  400x551  feet; 
area,  6.2  acres;  total  cost,  $1,200,000. 

Fish  and  Fisheries,  163x363  feet;  area,  1.4  acres;  Annexes  (2),  135  feet 
in  diameter;  area,  8 acres;  total  cost,  $200,000. 

Fine  Arts,  320x500  feet;  area,  3.7  acres;  Annexes  (2),  120x120  feet;  area, 
1.1  acre;  total  cost,  $500,000. 

Forestry,  200x500  feet;  area,  2.3  acres;  cost,  $100,000. 

Saw  Mill,  125x300  feet;  area,  .9  acres;  cost,  $35,000. 

Dairy,  95x200  feet;  area  .5  acres;  cost,  $30,000. 

Live  Stock  (3),  65x200  feet;  area,  .9  acres;  and  Live  Stock  Sheds,  40 
acres;  total  cost,  $150,000. 

Casino,  175x300  feet;  area,  1.2  acres;  cost  (with  pier),  $150,000. 

United  States  Government,  350x420  feet;  area,  3.4  acres;  cost,  $400  000 

Battle-Ship,  348x69.25  feet;  area,  3 acres;  cost,  $100,000;  Illinois  State 
and  State  Annexes  (2),  160x450  feet;  area,  1.7,  and  .3  acres;  cost,  $250,000. 
Making  a grand  total  of  $6,740,000. 

Exclusive  of  these  buildings  a large  number  more  will  be  erected  by  dif- 
ferent States  of  the  Union  and  foreign  governments.  These  will  be  located 
at  the  north  end  of  the  lagoon. 

Other  foreign  features  (exclusive  of  Venice  and  its  gondolas)  may  be 
decided  upon  by  the  respective  committees  of  gentlemen  who  went  abroad 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  cooperation  of  foreign  countries  in  the  great 
Columbian  Fair. 

The  foreign  participants  in  the  Exposition,  and  the  amounts  they  have 
appropriated  for  that  purpose,  are  : 


210 


THE  WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


Argentine  Republic. . 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

China 

Chile 

Colombia 

Costa  Rica 

Denmark 

Danish  West  Indies. 

Ecuador 

Egypt  (informal). 

France 

Algeria 

French  Guiana 

Germany 

Great  Britain 

Barbadoes 

British  Columbia. . . 

British  Guiana 

British  Honduras. . . 

Cape  Colony 

Ceylon 

India 

Jamaica 

Mashonaland 

Malta 

New  South  Wales. . 

New  Zealand 

Queensland 

Tasmania 


$100,000  Trinidad $ 15,000 

147.000  Victoria 

....  Guatemala 120,000 

150.000  Hayti .... 

550.000  Hawaii .... 

....  Honduras 20,000 

100.000  Italy  (informal) 

100,000  Italy  Erythia .... 

100.000  Japan 700,000 

....  Madagascar .... 

10.000  Mexico 750,000 

125.000  Netherlands  (informal) 

....  Dutch  Guiana 6,000 

400.000  DutchWest  Indies 10,000 

....  Nicaragua 30,000 

....  Orange  Free  State .... 

215.000  Paraguay .... 

125.000  Persia .... 

....  Peru 140,000 

....  Russia .... 

20.000  Salvador 30,000 

7,000  San  Domingo .... 

25.000  Siam 

40.000  Spain 

Cuba 25,000 

10.000  Porto  Rico .... 

....  Transvaal .... 

....  Turkey .... 

....  Uruguay 

27,500  Venezuela 

....  Zanzibar 


All  the  governments  named  above  have  accepted  the  invitation,  those 
marked  “ informal  ” having  declared  an  intention  to  assist  exhibitors  in  an 
unofficial  manner. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  BUILDINGS. 

Woman's  Building. — The  first  building  completed  was  the  Woman’s 
Building.  It  is  prominently  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  park, 
facing  t lie  lagoon,  is  400  feet  in  width  and  200  feet  in  depth,  and  has  a stair- 
case and  landing  leading  to  a terrace  six  feet  above  the  water.  The  style  of 
architecture  is  Italian  Renaissance,  and  the  building  is  two  stories  in  height. 
A lobby  40  feet  wide  leads  into  the  rotunda  (70  x 65  feet),  which  is  surmounted 
by  an  ornamental  skylight.  Around  the  rotunda  is  a two-story  open  arcade. 
On  the  first  floor  is  a model  hospital,  a model  kindergarten,  each  80  x 60 
feet,  and  the  whole  floor  of  the  south  pavilion  has  been  set  apart  for  the 
reform  work  and  charity  organizations.  Each  floor  80  x 200  feet.  Opposite 
the  main  front  entrance  are  the  library,  bureau  of  information,  records,  etc. 
In  the  second  story  are  the  ladies’  dressing-rooms  and  parlors,  and  an  assembly- 
room,  with  an  elevated  stage  for  speakers,  and  club-room.  The  south  pavilion 
has  been  provided  with  model  kitchen  and  refreshment-rooms.  The  building 
cost  $120,000. 

Administrative  Building. — This  building  is  located  at  the  west  side  of  the 
great  court  and  cost  $450,000.  It  is  260  feet  square,  and  consists  of  four 
pavilions,  84  feet  square,  one  at  each  of  the  four  angles  of  the  square.  It  is 
crowned  by  a dome  120  feet  in  diameter  and  220  feet  in  height.  The  ground 


ADMINISTRATION  BUILDING,  WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


THE  -WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


211 


floor  contains  in  one  pavilion  the  Fire  and  Police  Departments,  with  cells  for 
the  detention  of  prisoners;  in  the  second  pavilion  are  the  offices  of  the  Ambu- 
lance service,  the  Physician  and  Pharmacy,  the  Foreign  Departments  and 
the  Information  Bureau ; in  the  third  pavilion  the  Post-office  and  a Bank,  and 
in  the  fourth  the  offices  of  Public  Comfort  and  a Restaurant.  Ample  pro- 
vision has  been  made  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth  stories  for  the  Board- 
rooms,  the  Committee-rooms,  the  rooms  of  the  Director-General,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Publicity  and  Promotions,  and  for  the  United  States  Columbian 
Commission. 

Machinery  Ilall. — The  building  known  as  Machinery  Hall  is  800  x 500  feet 
in  dimensions  and  presents  a most  imposing  appearance.  It  is  located  at  the 
extreme  south  end  of  the  park  and  south  of  the  Administrative  Building. 
Its  cost  with  Annex  and  Power  House,  $1,200,000.  The  building  is  spanned 
by  three  arched  trusses,  and  its  interior  resembles  railroad  train  houses.  The 
Annex  covers  between  four  and  live  acres  and  increases  the  length  of  the 
Machinery  building  to  about  1,400  feet.  It  is  the  second  largest  structure 
on  the  ground. 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Buildings. — The  largest  of  all  the  build- 
ings for  the  Exposition  is  that  constructed  for  Manufactures  and  the  Liberal 
Arts.  It  is  1,687  feet  long  by  787  feet  wide  and  covers  an  area  of  thirty  and 
a half  acres.  It  cost  $1,500,000.  The  great  central  hall  has  a clear  space  of 
1,280  feet  by  380  feet,  and  is  surrounded  by  a nave  and  two  galleries.  The 
apex  of  the  roof  is  24514  feet,  which  is  supported  by  twenty-two  steel 
arches.  The  total  length  of  the  gallery  is  3,504  feet.  The  east  and  west 
halls  of  the  nave  are  1,588  feet  long,  and  total  length  of  the  nave,  4,119  feet. 
The  building  is  three  times  as  large  as  St.  Peter’s  Cathedral  in  Rome.  The 
style  of  architecture  of  the  building  is  Corinthian,  and  it  has  four  great 
entrances,  one  in  the  centre  of  each  fa9ade. 

Transportation  Building. —The  Transportation  Building,  costing  $280,000, 
lies  between  the  Horticultural  and  Mines  Buildings  and  faces  eastward.  It 
is  of  the  Romanesque  style  of  architecture  and  is  surmounted  by  a cupola. 
The  interior  of  the  building  has  broad  naves  and  aisles,  and  the  roof  is  in 
three  divisions.  The  cupola  is  reached  by  eight  elevators.  The  main  build- 
ing is  960  feet  front  by  250  feet  deep.  From  this  extends  westward  to  Stony 
Island  avenue,  an  Annex  covering  9 acres.  It  is  but  one  story  in  height. 
What  is  known  as  the  Transportation  Exhibit  includes  everything  known  in 
the  way  of  transportations,  such  as  baby-carriages,  cars,  engines,  vessels, 
carrier  pigeons,  etc. 

Horticultural  Building. — The  Horticultural  Building  cost  $300,000.  It 
is  immediately  south  of  the  entrance  to  Jackson  Park  from  the  Midway 
Plaisance  and  faces  east  on  the  lagoon.  The  building  is  1,000  feet  long  and 
250  feet  in  width.  It  has  a central  and  two  end  pavilions,  each  connected 
with  the  central  one  by  front  and  rear  curtains,  forming  two  interior  courts, 
each  88  x 270  feet.  The  centre  pavilion  is  roofed  by  a crystal  dome  187  feet  , 
in  diameter  and  113  feet  high,  under  which  are  exhibited  tall  palms,  bam- 
boos, ferns,  etc.  There  are  galleries  in  each  of  the  pavilions.  The  galleries 
of  the  end  pavilions  are  designed  for  cafes.  The  exhibit  in  this  building 
consists  of  varieties  of  flowers,  plants,  vines,  seeds,  horticultural  imple- 
ments, etc. 

Agricultural  Building. — The  style  of  architecture  of  this  beautiful  build- 
ing is  classic  Renaissance.  It  is  located  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and 
is  surrounded  by  the  lagoons  that  lead  into  the  park  from  the  lake.  Its 
dimensions  are  500x800  feet,  and  cost,  with  annex,  $1,000,000.  The  building 
covers  an  area  of  more  than  9 acres  and  its  annex  3.8  acres.  It  is  a single- 
story  building.  On  either  side  of  the  main  entrance  are  Corinthian  pillars 
50  feet  high  and  5 feet  in  diameter.  The  centre  pavilion  is  144  feet  square. 
The  entire  building  is  overtopped  by  a glass  dome  130  feet  high,  and  the 


212 


THE  WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


rotunda  is  100  feet  in  diameter.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  building  is  a 
structure  known  as  a Live  Stock  and  Agricultural  Assembly  Hall.  The 
structure  is  conveniently  near  one  of  the  stations  of  the  elevated  railway. 
On  the  first  floor  is  a Bureau  of  Information,  suitable  committee  rooms  for 
Live  Stock  Associations,  waiting  rooms  for  ladies,  lounging  rooms  for  gentle- 
men and  toilet  accommodations.  The  Assembly  room,  upstairs,  has  a seating- 
capacity  of  1,500,  and  where  lectures  will  be  delivered  upon  every  topic 
relative  to  agriculture,  live  stock,  etc.  Adjacent  to  the  Agricultural  Build- 
ing and  its  annex  are  buildings  for  the  forestry  and  dairy  exhibits,  whose 
dimensions  are  200  by  500  feet  and  95  by  200  feet  respectively. 

Dairy  Building.  — The  Dairy  Building  is  95  x 200  feet,  with  an  area  of  .5 
acres,  and  cost  $30,000.  In  this  building  will  be  a school  of  contest  both 
between  herds  and  individuals  of  the  chief  breeds  of  dairy  cattle,  with  a 
view  of  ascertaining  the  respective  merits  of  each  in  milk-giving  and  butter- 
producing.  There  will  be  all  kinds  of  dairy  utensils  and  appliances  on 
exhibition.  The  “Dairy  School  ” is  the  special  feature  of  this  building. 

Forestry  Building. — This  eligibly  located  building  is  200  x 500  feet  in 
dimensions  and  is  of  a rustic  order  of  architecture.  There  is  a veranda  sup- 
porting the  roof,  the  colonnade  of  which  is  composed  of  tree  trunks  each  25 
feet  in  length,  all  of  them  in  their  natural  state.  The  roof  is  thatched  with 
tan  bai'k  and  other  barks.  The  various  wood  finishings  of  the  interior  are 
both  unique  and  attractive.  The  tree  trunks  were  contributed  by  different 
States  and  Territories  and  Foreign  Countries,  the  name  of  each  tree  being 
known  by  a placard.  The  building  has  on  exhibit  forest  products,  logs  and 
sections  of  trees,  dressed  lumber,  such  as  flooring,  casing,  shingles,  etc.,  dye 
woods  and  barks,  lichens,  wood  pulp,  rattan  willow  ware,  woodenware  and 
numerous  other  specimens.  Several  complete  sawmills  will  be  in  operation. 
The  sawmill  plants  occupy  a building  125  x 300  feet  in  size  and  costing  about 
$35,000.  The  forestry  building  proper  cost  $100,000. 

Fisheries  Building. — The  location  of  the  Fisheries  Building  is  at  a point 
northwest  of  the  United  States  Government  Building.  Its  proportions  are 
1,100  feet  in  length  by  200  feet  in  depth.  It  cost  ,$200,000,  inclusive  of  two 
smaller  polygonal  buildings.  The  aquaria,  ten  in  number,  are  supplied  with 
gold,  tench  and  other  fish  and  have  a capacity  of  from  7,000  to  27,000  gal- 
lons each.  The  total  water  capacity  of  the  aquaria,  exclusive  of  reservoir,  is 
18,725  cubic  feet,  or  140,000  gallons.  The  glass  fronts  of  the  aquaria  are 
about  575  feet  in  length  and  have  3,000  square  feet  of  surface.  The  supply 
of  sea  water  was  secured  by  evaporating  the  necessary  quantities  at  the 
Woods  Holl  station  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  to  about  one 
fifth  of  its  bulk,  thus  reducing  both  quantity  and  weight  for  transportation 
about  80  per  cent.  The  fresh  water  required  to  restore  it  to  its  proper 
density  was  supplied  from  Lake  Michigan. 

Hall  of  Mines  and  Mining. — The  Hall  of  Mines  and  Mining  is  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance  order  of  architecture,  and  is  located  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  western  lagoon,  just  between  the  Electricity  and  Transpor- 
tation Structures.  In  dimensions  it  is  700  feet  in  length  by  '350  feet  in  width 
and  it  cost  $260,000.  On  the  ground  floor  are  restaurants  and  toilet  rooms. 
The  galleries  are  25  feet  high  and  60  feet  wide.  The  covered  promenades 
are  each  25  feet  in  width  by  230  feet  in  length.  Between  the  main  entrance 
and  the  pavilions  are  ornamental  arcades  forming  a loggia  on  the  ground 
floor  and  a recessed  promenade  on  the  gallery  floor:  a great  portion  of  the 
roof  is  covered  with  glass. 

Electrical  Building. — This  building  is  opposite  the  Manufactures  Build- 
ing, and  on  the  west  side  faces  the  Mines-  Building.  It  cost  $375,000.  The 
exterior  of  the  building  is  of  the  Corinthian  order  of  architecture,  and  the 
general  plan  is  that  of  a longitudinal  nave  115  feet  wide  and  114  feet  high, 
crossed  in  the  middle  by  a transept  having  a pitched  roof  with  skylights,  the 


HARBOR  OF  GENOA. 


THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


213 


rest  of  tlie  building  a flat  roof  'with  skylights.  The  area  of  the  galleries  in 
the  second  story  is  118,546  square  feet,  or  2.7  acres.  The  east  and  west 
central  pavilions  are  composed  of  towers  168  feet  high.  From  each  upper 
pilaster  is  a pedestal  hearing  a lofty  mast  for  the  display  of  banners  by  day 
and  electric  lights  by  night.  In  the  centre  of  the  attic  niche  is  a colossal 
statue  of  Franklin. 

Art  Palace. — The  Art  Palace  is  oblong  in  shape,  and  is  of  the  classic 
Grecian-Ionic  style  of  architecture.  In  size  it  is  500  x 320  feet,  and  it  is  125 
feet  in  height  to  the  top  of  the  dome.  It  is  intersected  on  all  sides  by  a nave 
and  transept,  100  feet  wide  and  70  feet  high,  and  the  dome,  60  feet  in  diam- 
eter, is  surmounted  by  a colossal  statue  of  Winged  Victory.  Around  the 
entire  building  are  galleries  40  feet  wide.  The  interior  and  exterior  of  the 
building  are  ornamented  with  wall  paintings,  sculptures  and  portraits  in  bas- 
relief  of  the  masters  of  ancient  art.  The  main  building  is  entered  by  four 
large  portals  ornamented  with  sculptured  designs.  The  wall  paintings  illus- 
trate the  history  and  progress  of  the  arts.  The  building  is  located  in  the 
northern  portion  of  the  park  with  the  south  front  facing  the  lagoon.  It  cost 
between  $500,000  and  $600,000. 

Naval  Exhibit. — The  United  States  Naval  Exhibit  is  an  imitation  battle- 
ship building  erected  on  pilings  on  the  lake  front,  in  the  northeast  portion 
of  Jackson  Park.  The  structure  is  made  to  represent,  a battle-ship  of  the 
new  navy  for  coast-line  defense,  designed  by  the  Bureau  of  Construction 
and  Kepairs,  the  battle  ships  now  under  construction  to  cost  $1,000,000  each. 
The  structure  is  surrounded  by  water  and  has  all  the  guns,  turrets,  torpedo 
tubes,  torpedo  nets,  booms,  anchors,  chain  cables  and  all  other  fittings  and 
appliances  of  a regular  battle-ship.  During  the  exhibition,  the  ship  will  be 
manned  by  the  customary  contingent  of  officers,  sailors  and  marines,  and  all 
explanations  in  regard  to  the  mode  of  life  upon  a man-of-war  will  be  made, 
and  the  modus  operandi  of  handling  the  vessel  during  an  engagement.  The 
dimensions  of  the  structure  are:  length,  348  feet,  width  amidships,  69  feet  3 
inches,  and  from  the  water-line  to  the  top  of  the  main  deck  12  feet,  or  the 
exact  dimensions  in  detail  of  a battle-ship.  The  battery  is  mounted  the  same 
as  on  a regular  ship.* 

* For  most  recent  legislation,  etc.,  on  this  subject,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to 
press,  see  Addenda , preceding  Index. 


NATURALIZATION  LAWS. 


Previous  to  an  important  State  or  National  election  it  frequently  occurs 
that  many  persons  are  naturalized  and  given  thereby  citizenship  and  the 
right  of  suffrage.  This  right  is  conferred  by  the  Judges  of  Courts  of  States 
and  Territories  after  having  heard  testimony  as  to  the  length  of  time  the 
applicant  for  franchise  has  been  in  this  country,  his  moral  character,  etc. 
If  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Court  to  which  the  alien  or  for- 
eigner has  applied,  that  he  has  resided  continuously  within  the  United  States 
for  at  least  live  vears  and  within  the  State  or  Territory  where  such  Court  is 
at  the  time  he  id,  one  year  at  least;  and  that  during  that  time  “he  has 
behaved  as  a man  of  good  moral  character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order  and 
happiness  of  the  same,”  he  will  be  admitted  to  citizenship  after  having  sub- 
scribed to  the  following  oath,  administered  by  the  Clerk  of  the  Court: 
“ That  he  will  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  that  he 
absolutely  and  entirely  renounces  and  abjures  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to 
every  foreign  prince,  potentate,  State  or  Sovereignty^  and  particularly  by 
name  to  the  prince,  potentate,  State  or  Sovereignty  of  which  he  was  before 
a citizen  or  subject.”  These  proceedings  are  regularly  entered  upon  the 
records  of  the  Court.  If  the  applicant  lias  borne  any  hereditary  title  or 
order  of  nobility,  he  must  make  an  express  renunciation  of  the  same  at  the 
time  of  his  application. 

OTHER  NATURALIZATION  PROVISIONS. 

An  alien  of  twenty-one  years  and  upward,  who  has  been  in  the  armies  of 
the  United  States  and  has  been  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  may  become 
a citizen  upon  his  petition,  without  any  previous  declaration  of  intention,  pro- 
vided that  he  has  resided  in  the  United  States  at  least  one  year  previous  to  his 
application,  and  is  of  good  moral  character. 

An  alien  under  twenty-one  who  has  resided  in  the  United  States  three 
years  next  preceding  his  arriving  at  that  age,  and  who  has  continued  to 
reside  therein  to  the  time  he  may  make  application  to  be  admitted  a citizen 
thereof,  may,  after  he  arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  after  he 
has  resided  within  the  United  States,  including  the  three  years  of  his 
minority,  be  admitted  a citizen;  but  he  must  make  a declaration  on  oath  and 
prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Court  that  for  two  years  next  preceding  it 
has  been  his  bona  fide  intention  to  become  a citizen. 

The  children  of  persons  who  have  been  duly  naturalized,  being  under  the 
age  of  sixteen  years  at  the  time  of  the  naturalization  of  their  parents,  shall  if 
dwelling  in  the  United  States  be  considered  as  citizens  thereof.  The  children 
of  persons  who  now  are  or  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  are, 
though  born  out  of  the  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  consid- 
ered as  citizens  thereof. 

Section  2000  R.  S.  U.  S.  declares  that  all  naturalized  citizens  of  the 
United  States  while  in  foreign  countries  are  entitled  to  and  shall  receive  the 
same  protection  of  persons  and  property  which  is  accorded  to  native-born 
citizens.  Even  after  five  years’  residence  and  due  naturalization  of  an  alien 
he  is  not  entitled  to  vote  unless  the  laws  of  the  State  confer  the  privilege 
upon  him.  In  one  State  ( Minnesota)  he  may  vote  four  months  after  landing, 
if  he  has  immediately  declared  his  intention,  under  the  United  States  law,  to 
become  a citizen.  Naturalization  is  a Federal  right  and  is  a gift  of  the 
entire  Union,  but  the  right  to  vote  comes  from  the  State  and  is  a State  gift. 

214 


MACHINERY  BUILDING  AND  CANAL,  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


VOTING  QUALIFICATIONS. 

An  the  States  and  Territories  limit  the  suffrage  to  males  of  21  years  of  age  or  over,  and  other  qualifications  are  exacted  as  noted  below. 


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VOTING  QUALIFICATIONS.— Continued. 


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VOTING  QUALIFICATIONS.— Continued. 


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219 


(5)  Except  where  head  of  family,  who  lias  resided  in  State  1 year  and  in  county  30  days,  removes  in  good  faith  within  the  same  counl 

(6)  Subject  to  XVth  Amendment  to  Federal  Constitution. 

(7)  Or,  if  previously  qualified  voter  or  native-born  citizen,  he  shall  have  removed  therefrom  and  returned,  then  0 months. 


REGISTRATION  OF  VOTERS. 


The  registration  of  voters  is  required  in  tire  States  of  Alabama,  California, 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Florida,  Idaho,  Iowa,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  Mississippi,  Nevada,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina, 
Vermont,  Virginia  and  Wyoming. 

In  Georgia  registration  is  required  in  most  counties  by  local  law,  and  in 
South  Dakota  in  a few  counties. 

In  Kansas  registration  is  required  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  in 
Nebraska  in  cities  of  and  over  2,500  inhabitants,  in  North  Dakota  in  cities  of 
over  3,000  and  in  Ohio  in  cities  of  not  less  than  9,000  inhabitants. 

In  Illinois  registration  is  required  for  cities  and  general  elections  in  the 
State. 

In  Missouri  it  is  required  in  cities  of  100,000  inhabitants,  in  Wisconsin  in 
cities  having  3,000  inhabitants  and  over,  and  in  Kentucky  having  5, 000  in- 
habitants and  over. 

In  New  York  it  is  required  in  all  cities  and  in  all  incorporated  villages  of 
over  7,000  inhabitants. 

In  Rhode  Island  non-taxpayers  are  required  to  register  yearly  before  De- 
cember 31. 

The  registration  of  voters  is  not  required  in  the  States  of  Delaware, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Oregon  and  Tennessee.  It  is  prohibited  in  Arkansas, 
Texas  and  West  Virginia  by  Constitutional  provision. 


220 


MAPS  OF  THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 

SHOWING 

COUNTY  BOUNDARIES  AND  CONGRESSIONAL 
DISTRICTS  UP  TO  DATE, 

WITH 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ELECTORAL,  POPULAR, 
AND  COUNTY  VOTE,  1872-1892. 


222 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


ALABAMA. 


■\'--vl.AUDERDALE 

1 V — ^ 


I 


I 1 

•COLBERT \ “ 

r—L*  5 

• FRANKLIN  I 


___  ~ i u i m t.  • * 

'“^'LSTONE  i 

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/MARION 

/ 5 > 1 WALKER 

/ 2 I 1 

. < |FAYETTE 

/ -»  * r— S 

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GENEVA  J 


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• ° . 


As  redistricted  February  13,  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


223 


ALABAMA. 


Electoral  Vo/e. — Iu  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  10  votes;  1876,  Tilden(D.),  10; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  10;  1884,  Cleveland  (I).),  10;  1888,  Cleve- 
land (D.),  10.  There  will  be  11  votes  in  1892. 

Total  Slate  Vote— 1872,  169,716;  1876,  170,232;  1880,  151,507;  1884,  153,- 
489;  1888,  174,100;  1890  (Gov.),  183,841. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  10,828  (IT);  1876,  33,772  (D. );  1880,  34,509  (D.);  1884, 
33,829  (D.);  1888,  61,123  (D.);  1890,  97,470  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  14,125. 

New  Counties. — Chilton,  Cullman  and  Lamar  Counties  have  been  formed 
since  1872. 

Variations  in  County  Vote,  1884-1888.— The  following  variations  are  noted: 

County  1884.  1888. 

Franklin 395  (D.) 52  (R.) 

Greene 679  (R.) 623  (D.) 

Hale 278  (R.) 1,436  (D.) 

Limestone 20  (R.) 306  (D.) 

Montgomery 2,623  (R.) 746  (D.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  iu  1888  as  compared 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1890: 

County.  1888.  1890. 

Colbert 41  (R.) 300  (D.) 

Franklin 52  (R.) 486  (D.) 

Madison 459  (R.) 401  (D.) 

Talladega 196  (R.) 1,535  (D.) 

From  the  above  it  may  be  noted  that  five  counties  changed 
sides  in  1888  and  four  in  1890 — Franklin  County  having  changed 
twice.  Choctaw  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Democratic 
plurality  since  1872,  as  follows;  506,  516,  530,  597,  760,  769. 
Although  many  counties  have  given  Democratic  pluralities 
without  a break,  no  other  county  than  the  one  mentioned  has  a 
gradually  ascending  record  since  1872. 

No.  of  Counties. — The  total  number  of  counties,  1890,  is  66. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,262,505;  1890,  1,513,- 
017. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Jefferson  (88,501); 
Montgomery  (56,172);  Mobile  (51,587);  Dallas  (49,350);  and 
Madison  (38,119). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


224 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


AEKANSAS. 


*-  C L 4 V \ 


As  redistricted  by  the  legislature  of  1890-91. 


ARKANSAS. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1876  Tilden  (D.)  received  6 votes;  1880,  Hancock  (D.), 
6;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  7;  1888,  Cleveland  (D.),  7.  There  will 
be  8 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  79,300;  1876,  96,740;  1880,  106,229;  1884,  125,580; 
1888,  155,941;  1890  (Gov.),  191,448. 

Pluralities.— m2,  3,446  (R);  1876,  19,113  (D.);  1880,  18,828  (D.);  1884, 
22,032  (D.);  1888,  27,210  (D.);  1890,  21,086  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  112,148. 

New  Counties. — Baxter,  Clay,  Cleburne,  Cleveland,  Dorsey,  Faulkner,  Gar- 
land, Greene,  Howard,  Jackson,  Johnson,  Lee,  Logan,  Lonoke, 
Miller,  Poinsett,  Scott,  Stone  and  Yell  Counties  have  been 
formed  since  1872. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


225 


Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — Tlie  following  variations  are 
noted : 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Ashley 

100  (R.) 

289  (D.) 

Conway 

315  (R.j 

80  (D.) 

Drew 

47  (R.) 

146  (D.) 

Ouachita 

157  (R.) 

138  (D.) 

Hempstead 

22  (D.) 

155  (R.) 

Lee 

494  (D.j 

577  (R.) 

St.  Francis 

237  (D.) 

85  (R.) 

Woodruff 

215  (D.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared  with 
that  for  Governor  in  1890. 

County.  1888.  1890. 

Arkansas 40  (R.) 190  (D.) 

Lee 577  (R.) 1,153  (D.) 

Mississippi 74  (R.) 80  (D.) 

Pulaski 1,573  (R.) 2,238  (D.) 

Carroll 456  (D.) 21  (R.) 

Drew 146  (D.) 13  (R.) 

Prairie 158  (D.) 59  (R.) 

White 1,398  (D.) 71  (R.) 

From  the  above  it  may  be  noted  that,  practically  eight,  coun- 
ties changed  sides  in  1888,  and  eight  in  1890.  Drew  and  Lee 
Counties  changed  sides  twice. 

Jefferson  County  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Republican 
plurality  since  1872,  as  follows:  1,804,  2,300,  2,311,  2,431,  3,508, 
4,442,  being  the  only  county  having  that  record. 

Columbia  County  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Demo- 
cratic plurality  since  1872,  as  follows:  432,  550,  591,  709,  948, 
1,119. 

On  the  Democratic  side,  Washington  and  Franklin  Counties 
came  within  11  and  8,  respectively,  of  a gradual  increase  since 
1872. 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  next  in  order  hav- 
ing a gradually  increasing  Democratic  plurality  at  presidential 


elections: 

County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 

Benton 915  1,542  1,666  1,835  2,051 

Bradley 269  365-  387  389  605 

Columbia 432  550  591  709  948 

Craighead 375  416  491  842  995 

Grant 263  289  373  414  550 

Sevier 157  385  450  605  789 

Washington 464  1,071  1,149  1,149  1,230 

Yell — 478  662  813  1,192 


No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  seventy-five  coun- 
ties in  Arkansas. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  802,525;  1890,  1,128,179. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  Pulaski  (47,329);  Jeffer- 
son (40,881);  Sebastian  (33,200);  Washington  (32,024),  and  Ben- 
ton (27,716). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


226 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 


CALIFORNIA. 


As  redistricted  March  11,  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


227 


CALIFORNIA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (II. ) received  6 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  6; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  5;  and  Garfield  (R.),  1;  1884,  Blaine  (R  ), 
8;  1888,  Harrison  (R. ),  8.  There  will  be  9 votes  in  1892. 

Total  Stale  Vote.— 1872,  95,806;  1876,  155,733;  1880,  164,166;  1884,  193,738; 
1888,  251,339;  1890  (Gov.),  252,386. 

Pluralities.— m2,  13,302  (R.);  1876,  2,805  (R.);  1880,  78  (D.);  1884,  13,128 
(R.);  1888,  7,087  (R. );  1890,  7,945  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  is  156,580. 

New  Counties. — San  Benito  and  Ventura  Counties  have  been  formed  since 
1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884^1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Butte 57  (R.) 24  (D.) 

Del  Norte 16  (R.) 50  (D.) 

San  Francisco. . . . 4,315  (R.) 2,991  (D.) 

Sonoma 100  (R.) 101  (D.) 

Trinity 16  (R.) 1 (D.) 

Yuba 222  (R.) 40  (D.) 

Plumas 157  (D. ) 78  (R.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1890: 

County.  1888.  1890. 

Trinity 1 (D.) 19  (R.) 

Yuba 40  (D.) 26  (R.) 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  seven  counties  changed 
sides  in  1888,  and  two  in  1890.  Trinity  and  Yuba  Counties 
changed  sides  twice. 

Alameda  County  gave  a gradually  increasing  Republican  plu- 
rality from  1872  to  1888,  as  follows:  1,337,  1,601,  1,999,  2,739, 
3,147. 

Colusa  County  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Democratic 
plurality  since  1872  up  to  date,  the  figures  running  thus:  9,  703, 
726,  774,  894,  985. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  latest  reports  there  are  fifty-three  counties  in 
California. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  864,694;  1890,  1,208,- 
130. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  San  Francisco  (298,997); 
Los  Angeles  (101,454);  Alameda  (93,864);  Santa  Clara  (48,005); 
Sacramento  (40,339). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


228 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


COLORADO. 


COLORADO. 

Electoral  Vote. — In  1876  Hayes  (R.)  received  3 votes;  1880,  Garfield  (R.),  3; 

1884,  Blaine  (R.),  3;  1888,  Harrison  (R.),  3.  There  will  be  4 
votes  in  1892. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


229 


Total  State  Vote. — The  first  vote  for  President  was  in  1880,  when  the  total 
vote  was  recorded  as  53,532;  1884,  66,492;  1888,  91,796;  1890 
(Gov.),  83,465. 

Pluralities.— 1880,  2,803  (R.);  1884,  8,563  (R.);  1888,  13,207  (R.);  1890, 
6,468  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1880  is 
29,933. 

Hew  Counties,  1880-1888. — Archuleta,  Delta,  Dolores,  Eagle,  Garfield,  Lo- 
gan, Mesa,  Montrose,  Pitkin,  San  Miguel  and  Washington 
Counties  were  formed  between  1880  and  1888. 

Variations  in  County  Vote,  1884r-1888. — The  following  variations  are  noted: 

County.  1884.  . 1888. 

Bent 64  (D.) 264  (R.) 

Elbert 63  (D.) 206  (R.) 

Huerfano 207  (D.) 76  (R.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded,  con- 
sidering only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared  with 
that  for  Governor  in  1890: 


County. 

1888. 

1890. 

Archuleta 

50  (R.) 

22  (D.) 

Delta 

18  (R.).. . ...... 

57  (F.  A.) 

Eagle 

204  (R.) 

38  (D.) 

Lake 

486  (R.) 

,...1,666  (D.) 

Montrose 

136  (R.) 

32  (F.  A.) 

Park 

176  (R.) 

35  (D.) 

Pitkin 

308  (R.) 

142  (D.) 

San  Miguel 

162  (R.) 

14  (D.) 

Summit 

144  (R.) 

34  (D.) 

13  counties  (not  included  in  the  foregoing  statement  of  new 
counties)  have  cast  their  first  vote  as  such  since  1888.  The  fol- 
lowing statement  will  show  the  political  tendency  of  each: 


COUNTY. 

TOTAL  VOTE. 

PLURALITY. 

PARTY. 

Baca 

312 

14 

...(R.) 

Cheyenne;. . 

131 

35 

...(R.) 

Kiowa 

..  ..241 

32 

...(R.) 

Kit  Carson. 

426 

....114 

,..(R.) 

Lincoln 

161 

4 

. (R.) 

Morgan  . . . . 

405 

....107 

..(F.  A.) 

Phillips 

469 

13 

..(F.  A.) 

Prowers. . . . 

442 

96 

■ (R- ) 

Sedgwick.  . 

257 

79 

- (R.) 

Yuma 

436 

5 

..(R.) 

Montezuma. 

441 

35 

■ •(D.) 

Otero 

811 

21 

■ (D.) 

Rio  Blanco. 

341 

4 

...(P.) 

The  above  shows  the  vote  cast  for  Governor,  1890,  in  each  of 
the  counties  given. 

Prom  the  statement  above  given  of  changes  from  1884  to  1890,  it 
will  be  seen  that  3 counties  changed  sides  in  1888  and  15  in  1890. 

Rio  Grande  County  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Repub- 
lican plurality  since  1880,  as  follows:  100,  187,  192,  293. 

Boulder  County  has  recorded  a gradually  decreasing  Repub- 
lican plurality  since  1880,  viz.:  576,  489,  462,  108. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  55  counties  in 
Colorado. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  194,327;  1890,  412,198. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  Arapahoe  (132,135); 
Pueblo  (31,491);  El  Paso  (21,239);  Las  Animas  (17,208),  and 
Lake  (14,663). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


230 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


CONNECTICUT. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


231 


CONNECTICUT. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  6 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  6; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  6;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  6;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  6.  There  will  be  6 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  96,928;  1876,  122,156;  1880,  132,770;  1884,  137,233; 
1888,  153,978;  1890  (Gov.),  135,298. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  4,348  (R.);  1876,  2,900  (D.);  1880,  2,656  (R.);  1884,  1,284 
(D.);  1888,  336  (D.);  1890,  26  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote,  comparing 
1872  with  1888,  was  57,050.  A comparison  of  1872  with  1890 
gives  an  increase  of  38,370. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Hartford 271  (D.) 565  (R.) 

Litchfield 470  (D.) 290  (R.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1890: 

County.  1888.  1890. 

Hartford 565  (R.) 384  (D.) 

New  London 144  (R.) 112  (D.) 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  Hartford  County  has 
changed  sides  twice  since  1884. 

The  only  county  showing  anything  like  a gradual  increase  is 
New  Haven,  recording  from  1876  pluralities  as  follows:  1,749 
(D.),  2,180  (D.),  3,016  (D.),  3,110  (D.),  [3,482  (D.)  for  Gov- 
ernor.] 

JVo.  of  Counties.—  There  are  eight  counties  in  Connecticut. 

Podulation. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  622,700;  1890,  746,258. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  New  Haven  (209,058); 
Fairfield  (150,081);  Hartford  (147,180);  New  London  (76,634); 
Litchfield  (53,542). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


232 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


DELAWARE. 


Delaware  has  but  one  Congressman,  and  therefore  is  not  divided  into 
Congressional  districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


233 


DELAWARE. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  3 votes;  1876,  Tilden(D.),  3; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  3;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  3;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  3.  There  will  be  3 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  21,808;  1876,  24,135;  1880,  29,333;  1884,  30,103; 
1888,  29,763;  1890  (Gov.),  35,197. 

Pluralities.— m2,  422  (R.);  1876,  2,629  (D.);  1880,  1,033  (D.);  1884,  3,923 
(D.);  1888,  3,441  (D. );  1890,  543  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  13,389. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.— Sussex  County  gave  Cleveland  a 
plurality  of  1,428  in  1884,  and  Hancock  a plurality  of  63  in 
1888. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — New  Castle  County  gave  Cleve- 
land a plurality  of  2,332  in  1888,  and  Richardson  (Republican 
nominee  for  Governor),  1890,  a plurality  of  323. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  three  counties  in  Delaware. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  146,608;  1890,  168,493. 

The  counties  iu  order  of  population  are:  New  Castle  (97,182); 
Sussex  (38,647);  Kent  (32,664). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


18s 


234 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


FLORIDA. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


235 


FLORIDA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  (Grant  (R.)  received  4 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  4; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  4;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  4;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  4.  There  will  be  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote,— 1872,  33,190;  1876,  48,774;  1880,  51,618;  1884,  59,872; 

1888,  66,641.  A Governor  was  elected  in  1888.  The  next  will 
be  elected  in  1892. 

Pluralities.— m2,  2,336  (R. );  1876  (disputed);  1880,  4,310  (D.);  1884,  3,738 
(D.);  1888,  12,904  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote.— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  33,451. 

New  Counties. — Brevard,  Citrus,  De  Soto,  Lake,  Lee,  Osceola  and  Pasco 
counties  have  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Alachua 

354  (R.) 

616  (D.) 

Jefferson 

781  (R.j 

11  (D.) 

Leon 

1,364  (R.) 

1,126  (D.) 

Madison 

32  (R.) 

544  (D.) 

Manatee 

454  (R.) 

250  (D.) 

Marion 

513  (R.) 

70  (D.) 

Nassau 

141  (R.j 

47  (D.) 

Volusia 

65  (D.) 

145  (R.) 

From  the  above  it  may  be  noted  that  8 counties  changed  sides 
in  1888. 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  having  a gradu- 
ally increasing  Democratic  plurality  at  presidential  elections: 


County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 


Baker. 53. . . .95. . ..109. . .161. . .220 

Bradford 249 ...  501 ....  620 ...  634 ...  640 

Brevard — . . . .53. . . .145. . .196. . .210 

Hillsborough 41 ...  604 ....  717 ...  905. . 1, 013 

Lafayette 101. . .247...  .277. . .335. . .537 

Polk 362 ...  450 ....  499 ...  692 ...  958 


No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  45  counties  in 
Florida. 

Population, — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  269,493;  1890,  391,422. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Duval  (26,800);  Alachua 
(22,934);  Marion  (20,796);  Escambia  (20,188);  Monroe  (18,786). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


236 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


GEORGIA. 


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As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


237 


GEORGIA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Horace  Greeley,  Democratic  and  Liberal-Republican 
candidate  for  President,  having  died  before  the  electoral  vote 
was  cast,  the  electors  voted,  as  shown  on  page  42  (in  the  foot- 
note). In  1876  Tiki en  (D.)  received  11  votes;  1880,  Hancock 
(D.),  11;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  12;  1888,  Cleveland  (D.),  12. 
There  will  be  13  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  138,906;  1876,  180,534;  1880,  155,651;  1884,143,- 
543;  1888,  142,939;  1890  (Gov. ),  105,365  [no  opposition]. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  9,806  (D.);  1876,  79,642  (I).);  1880,  49,874  (D.);  1884, 
46,961  (D.);  1888,  60,003  (I).). 

Increase  or  Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote 
of  1876  over  that  of  1872  was  41,628.  Since  that  time  there  has 
been  a decrease  in  round  numbers  as  follows:  1880,  25,000; 
1884,  12,000;  1888,  1,000;  1890  (Gov.)  37,000.  The  total  de- 
crease since  1876  is  therefore,  in  round  numbers,  75,000. 

New  Counties. — Oconee  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.- — Variations  as  under  are  recorded; 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Decatur 

76  (R.) 

805  (I).) 

Glynn 

222  (R.) 

19  (D.) 

Greene 

77  (R.) 

89  (I).) 

Jasper 

8(R.) 

411  (D.) 

Talbot 

424  (R.) 

186  (D.) 

Towns 

18  (D.) 

8(R.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote.  —Although  there  is  an  unusually  large  number  of 
counties  in  Georgia,  there  are  none  having  a gradually  increas- 
ing or  decreasing  Democratic  or  Republican  plurality  since  1872. 
There  are  slight  or  considerable  variations  in  every  instance. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  137  counties  iu 
Georgia. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880, was  1,542,180;  1890,  1,837,- 
353. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Pulton  (84,655);  Chat- 
ham (57,740);  Richmond  (45,194);  Bibb  (42,370);  Burke  (28,- 
501). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


238 


STATES  AXB  TERRITORIES. 


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IDAHO. 


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Idaho  has  but  one  Congressman,  and  therefore  is  not  divided  into  Con- 
gressional districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


239 


IDAHO. 


Electoral  Vote. — Idaho  was  admitted  to  the  Union  July  3,  1890.  There  will 
he  three  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote. — As  a basis  for  comparison  it  may  be  stated  that  the  total 
vote  cast  for  members  of  Congress,  or,  rather,  Congressional 
nominees,  1888,  was  16,013.  In  1890  the  total  vote  for  Gov- 
ernor was  18,210. 

Pluralities. — 1888  (Congress),  1,747  (R.);  1890  (Governor),  2,314  (R. ) 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — According  to  the  foregoing  figures  the  in- 
crease in  the  popular  vote,  comparing  1888  with  1890,  was 
2,197. 

New  Counties. — Latah  County  voted  for  the  first  time,  according  to  the 
records,  in  1888,  and  Elmore  and  Logan  counties  for  the  first 
time  in  1890. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1886-1890.  — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1886  (cong.) 

1888  (cong.) 

1890  (gov.) 

Ada 

. . .168  (D.),. . . 

..347  (R.),... 

. . .51  (R.) 

Bear  Lake  . 

....20  (R.)... 

...450  (I).)... 

..117  (R.) 

Boise 

. . ..48  (R.).... 

..107  (R.)... 

. . .17  (D.) 

Idaho 

. . .129  (D.).. . . 

..110(1).)... 

..  .28  (R.) 

Kootenai..  . 

...125'(D.).... 

...  .9  (D.). . . 

..167  (R.) 

Nez  Perces. 

..304  (D.j.... 

..276  (I.  R.). 

...43  (IL) 

Owyhee  . . . 

2 (D. ). . . . 

. .130  (R.)... 

..112  (R.) 

Counties.  — According 
Idaho. 

to  the  latest  reports,  there 

are  18  counties 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  32,610;  1890,  84,385. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Bingham  (13,575); 
Latah  (9,173);  Ada  (8,368);  Oneida  (6,819),  and  Bear  Lake 
(6,057). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


240 


STATES  AN1>  TERRITORIES. 


ILLINOIS. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 
Two  Representatives  will  he  elected  at  large  to  the  Fifty-third  Congress. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


241 


ILLINOIS. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  21  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  21; 

1880,  Gartield  (R.),  21;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  22;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  22.  There  will  be  24  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vole.— 1872,  429,940;  1876,  554,066;  1880,  622,312;  1884,  672,- 
849;  1888,  747,781.  A Governor  was  elected  in  1888.  The  next 
will  be  elected  in  1892. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  53,948  (R.);  1876,  19,631  (R.);  1880,  40,716  (R.);  1884, 
24,827  (R.);  1888,  22,195  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872  is 
317,746. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Coles 

41  (D.) 

138  (R.) 

Lawrence 

57  (D.) 

26  (R.) 

Madison 

. . . .252  (D.j 

310  (R.) 

McDonough. . . . 

1 (D.j 

51  (R.) 

Stephenson. . . . 

. . . .198  (D.) 

55  (R.) 

Jackson 

. . . .202  (R.) 

65  (D.) 

Marshall 

28  (R.) 

84  (I).) 

Perry 

2 (R.) 

15  (D.j 

From  t he  above  it  may  be  noted  that  8 counties  changed  sides 
in  1888. 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  having  a grad- 
ually increasing  or  decreasing  Republican  or  Democratic  plu- 
rality since  1872; 

GRADUAL  INCREASE  (R.). 


County 

1872.  : 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1888. 

Edwards 

.460. .. 

.504. .. 

.602... 

.608.. 

..653 

Williamson 

..18. . . 

..28... 

..28... 

,.272.. 

..327 

GRADUAL 

DECREASE  (R. 

•). 

County 

...1872 

1876 

1880 

1884 

1888 

Champaign 

..1,827. 

.1,427. 

.1,248. 

..1052. 

.1,001 

Jo  Daviess 

. . . .750 

...631 

...631 

. ..288. 

....8 

Piatt 

. . ..510 

. ..491 

...337. 

...259. 

. .235 

Whitesides 

...1,926. 

.1,720. 

.1,703. 

.1,460. 

.1,390 

No  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  102  counties  in 
Illinois. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  3,077,871;  in  1890, 
3,826,351. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Cook  (1,191,922);  La 
Salle  (80,798);  Peoria  (70,378);  St.  Clair  (66,571),  and  Kane  (65,- 
061). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


42 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


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INDIANA. 


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As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AXD  TERRITORIES. 


243 


INDIANA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  15  votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  15; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  15;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  15;  1888,  Harri- 
son (R.),  15.  There  will  be  15  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  351,196;  1876,  431,070;  1880,  470,678;  1884,  494,- 
793;  1888,  536,901.  The  total  vote  cast  for  Secretary  of  State, 
1890,  was  477,643. 

Pluralities. — 1872,  21,098  (R,);  1876,  5,505  (D.);  1880,  6,636  (R.);  1884,6,512 
(D.);  1888,  2,348  (R.);  1890  (Sec.  of  State),  19,579. 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  185,705. 

New  Counties. — Hancock  County  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Boone 

199  (D.) 

117  (R.) 

Carroll 

. . . .122  (D.) 

48  (R.  ) 

Clinton 

243  (D.) 

241  (R.) 

Daviess 

202  (D.) 

3 (R.) 

Fountain 

205  (D.) 

83  (R.) 

Huntington 

19  (D.) 

78  (R.) 

Orange 

23  (D.) 

125  (R.) 

Pike 

56  (D.) 

99  (R.) 

Ripley 

122  (D.) 

24  (R.) 

Spencer 

122  (D.) 

48  (R.) 

Yanderburg. . . . 

63  (D.) 

137  (R.) 

Marion 

. . ..226  (R.) 

379  (D.) 

Switzerland. . . . 

10  (R.) 

77  (D.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  vote  for  Secretary  of  State 
does  not  show,  strictly  speaking,  the  party  tendency;  but  as  the 
vote  was  heavy,  and  apparently  created  more  than  usual  inter- 
est, the  variations  may  be  of  service.  They  are  as  follows: 


County. 

1888  (Pres.) 

1890  (S.  S.) 

Boone 

. . ..117  (R.) 

106  (IX) 

Carroll 

48  (R.) 

110  (D.) 

Fountain 

83  (R.) 

139  (D.) 

Huntington. . . . 

78  (R.) 

265  (D.) 

Jay 

70  (R.) 

181  (D.) 

Monroe 

239  (R.) 

18  (D.) 

Montgomery. . . 

....248  (R.) 

220  (D.) 

Noble 

47  (R.) 

187  (D.) 

Spencer 

48  (R.) 

401  (D.) 

Vanderburg. . . 

138  (R.) 

865  (D.) 

Vermillion 

. ..  .292  (R.) 

2 (D.) 

Vigo 

....171  (R.j 

592  (D.) 

An  analysis  of  the  variations  as  stated  above  shows  that  13 
counties  changed  sides  in  1888  and  12  in  1890.  Boone,  Carroll, 
Fountain,  Huntington,  Spencer  and  Yanderburg  counties 
changed  twice. 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  having  a gradu- 
ally increasing  Democratic  plurality  at  presidential  elections 
since  1872: 

County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 

Adams 531 1,165.  ...1,212.  ...1,502.  ...1,659 

No.  of  Counties.  - — -According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  92  counties  in 
Indiana. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State, 1880,  was  1,978,301;  1890,2,192,457. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Marion  (141,156),  Allen 
(66,689);  Vanderburgh  (59,809);  Vigo  (50,195;  St.  Joseph 
(42,457). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


344 


STATES  A X D TERRIT0&I7’; 

IOWA. 


No  change  in  Congressiunal  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


245 


IOWA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  11  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  11; 

1880,  Garfield,  (R.),  11;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  13;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  13.  There  will  be  13  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  204,983;  1876,  292,463;  1880,  322,706;  1884,  375,969; 

1888,  404,130;  1889  (Gov.),  360,631;  1890  (Gov.),  390,305;  1891 
(Gov.),  420,152. 

Pluralities.— m2,  58,149  (R.);  1876,  50,191  (R.);  1880,  78,  059  (R.);  1884, 
19, 773 (R,);  1888,  31, 711  (R. );  1889  (Gov.),  6,523  (D.);  1890  (Gov.), 
3,366  (R.);  1891  (Gov.),  8,216  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  199,157. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are  noted: 


County. 

1884. 

' 1888. 

Appanoose 

68  (D.) 

266  (R.) 

Keokuk 

.. . .219  (D.) 

55  (R.) 

Marion 

237  (D.) 

52  (R.) 

Monroe 

32  (D.) 

209  (R.) 

Warren 

348  (D.) 

766  (R.) 

Wayne 

9(D-) 

211  (R.) 

Bremer 

206  (R.) 

115  (D.) 

Shelby 

61  (R.) 

48  (D.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888 — Variations  as  under  are  recorded,  con- 
sidering only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared  witli 
that  for  Governor  in  1891: 


County. 

1888. 

1891. 

Benton 

122  (R.) 

561  (D.) 

Cedar 

3('R.) 

175  (D.) 

Fayette 

599  (R.) 

214  (D.) 

Grundy 

240  (R.) 

107  (D.) 

Harrison 

134  (R.) 

382  (D.) 

Ida 

182  (R.) 

126  (D.) 

Jones 

241  (R.) 

104  (I).) 

Keokuk 

55  (R.) 

270  (D.) 

Linn 

874  (R.) 

567  (D.) 

Lyon 

....  276  (R.) 

240  (D.) 

Marion 

52  (R.) 

Mont  gomery  . . . 

..  .1,032  (R.) 

750  (D.) 

Tama 

11  (R-) 

Wapello 

181  (R.) 

387  (D.) 

Webster 

269  (D.) 

Winneshiek. . . . 

516  (R.) 

90  (D.) 

Woodbury 

1,453  (D.) 

Bremer 

115  (D.) 

693  (R.) 

Iowa 

. . . .314  (D.) 

699  (R.) 

Palo  Alto 

10  (D.) 

209  (R.) 

Analysis  of  the  above  variations  shows  that  8 counties  changed 
sides  in  1888  and  20  in  1891. 

Keokuk  and  Marion  counties  changed  twice  (noting  only  the 
elections  of  1888  and  1891). 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  having  a gradu- 
ally increasing  Republican  plurality  at  presidential  elections: 


County.  1872  1876"  1880  1884  1888 

Emmett 140 210 252 285 367 

Humboldt 288. . . . 340. . . .419  . . . .484 596 


No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  99  counties  in  Iowa. 
Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1.624,615;  1890, 1,911.896. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Polk  (65,410);  Wood- 
bury (55,632);  Dubuque  (48,848);  Pottawattamie,  (47,430);  Linn, 
(45,303). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  sec  Appendix, 


246 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


KANSAS. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 
One  Representative  will  be  elected  at  large  to  the  Fifty-third  Congress, 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


247 


KANSAS. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (I!.)  received  5 votes;  1876,  Haves  (R.),  5; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  5;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  9;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
9.  There  will  he  10  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  100,614;  1876,  124,110;  1880,  201,019;  1884,  265,- 
844;  1888,  330,217;  1890  (Gov.),  294,588. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  33,482  (R.);  1876.  32,511  (R.);  1880,  61,731  (R.);  1884, 
64,274  (R.);  1888,  79,190  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  8,053  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  229,603. 

JVew  Counties. — The  following  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872: 


Barbour, 

Gove, 

Kiowa, 

Scott, 

Chautauqua, 

Graham, 

Lane, 

Seward, 

Cheyenne, 

Grant, 

Logan, 

Sheridan, 

Clark, 

Gray, 

Meade, 

Sherman, 

Comanche, 

Greuly, 

Morton, 

Stafford, 

Decatur, 

Hamilton, 

Ness, 

Stanton, 

Edwards, 

Harper, 

Pratt, 

Stevens, 

Elk, 

Haskell, 

Pawnee, 

Thomas, 

Finney, 

Hodgeman, 

Rooks, 

Trego, 

Ford, 

Kearney, 

Rawlings, 

Wichita. 

Garfield, 
in  the  County 

Kingman, 

Vote,  1884-1888. 

Rush, 

— Leavenworth 

County  gave 

Variations 

Blaine  (R.)  108  plurality  in  1884,  and  Cleveland  (D.),  244  plural- 
ity in  1888. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1890: 

County.  1888.  1890. 

Barton 125  (R.) 76  (F.  A.) 

Ellsworth 328  (R.) 4 (D.) 

Ford 252  (R.) 64  (D.) 

Sedgwick 2,046  (R.) 2,188  (D.) 

Wyandotte 1,276  (R.) 905  (D.) 

The  figures  as  under  will  show  the  counties  having  a gradu- 
ally increasing  Republican  plurality  at  presidential  elections: 


County. 

1872 

1876 

1880 

1884  1888 

Bourbon  . . . . 

...626. 

. 1,149. 

. 1,159. 

. 1,303.  .1,738 

Decatur 

. . . . 

. . . . 

. . .144. 

. . .255 493 

Harvey 

...376. 

. . .971. . 1,090 

Hodgeman  . . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . .124. 

. . .138. . . .343 

Osborne 

...385. , 

. . .473. . 

. . .857. . 

. .969. . . .994 

Republic. . . . 

. ..980. 

. . .982. 

. 1,214. 

. 1,377. . 1,390 

Rice 

. ..160. 

...481.. 

. . .610. . 

. . .705. . . .917 

Rooks 

— 

. . ..67. 

. . .467. 

. . .600. . . .700 

Sedgwick.  . . 

.. . 508. 

. . .799. 

. . .934. , 

. . .997. . 2,046 

JVo.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  106  counties  in 
Kansas. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  996,096;  1890,  1,427,- 
096. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Wyandotte  (54,407); 
Shawnee  (49,172);  Sedgwick  (43,626);  Leavenworth,  (38,485) ; 
and  Cowley  (34,478). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


248 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


KENTUCKY. 


As  redistricted  in  1890, 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


249 


KENTUCKY. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Hendricks  (D.)  received  8 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.), 
12;  1880,  Hancock  (D.),  12;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  13;  1888, 
Cleveland  (D.),  13.  There  will  be  13  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— m2,  191,135;  1876,  259,608;  1880,  264,304;  1884,  275,915; 
1888,  344,781;  1891  (Gov.),  289,176. 

Pluralities.— m2,  8,855  (2D.);  1876,  59,772  (D.);  1880,  43,449  (D.);  1884, 
34,839  (D.);  1888,  28,666  (D.);  1891  (Gov.),  28,081  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  153,646. 

New  Counties. — Carlisle,  Knott  and  Leslie  counties  have  been  formed  since 
1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.— The  following  variations  are 
noted : 


County.  1884.  1888. 

Adair 70  (D.) 155  (R.) 

Bourbon 8 (D.) 62  (R.) 

Casey 6 (D.) 79  (R.) 

Edmondson 88  (D.) 2 (R.) 

Grayson 146  (D.) 52  (R.) 

Lawrence 188  (D.) 62  (R.) 

Martin 223  (D.) 307  (R.) 

Muhlenburg 287  (D.) 49  (R.) 

Ohio 174  (D.) 34  (R.) 

Perry 234  (D.) 403  (R.) 

Pike 69  (D.) 17  (R.) 

Russell 58  (D.) 107  (R.) 

Trigg 416  (D.) 50  (R.) 

Washington 11  (D.) 37  (R.) 

Campbell 206  (R.) 19  (D.) 

Fayette 407  (R.) 134  (D.) 

Valuations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Variations  as  under  are  recorded, 
considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  compared 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1891; 


County.  1888.  1891. 

Bourbon 62  (R.) 3 (D.) 

Grayson 52  (R.) 120  (D.) 

Ohio 34  (R.) 107  (D.) 

Pike 17  (R.) 108  (D.) 

Trigg 50  (R.) 202  (D.) 

Washington 37  (R.) 169  (D.) 

Campbell 19  (D.) ..57  (R.) 

Fayette 134  (D.) 138  (R.) 

From  the  above  statements  it  may  be  seen  that  16  counties 
changed  sides  in  1888,  and  8 counties  in  1891. 

Bourbon,  Grayson,  Ohio,  Pike,  Trigg,  Washington,  Camp- 
bell and  Fayette  counties  changed  sides  twice. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  159  counties  in 
Kentucky. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,648,690;  1890,  1,858,- 
635. 


The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Jefferson  (188,598); 
Kenton  (54,161);  Campbell  (44,208);  Fayette  (35,698);  and 
Christian  (34,118). 


For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 
19b 


250 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


LOUISIANA. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reappomonruent  act  of  1890 


BONNE. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


251 


LOUISIANA. 


Electoral  Vote. — -For  particulars  concerning  the  electoral  vote  for  1872,  see 
foot-note  on  page  42.  In  1876  Hayes  (R.)  received  8 votes;  1880, 
Hancock  (D. ),  8;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  8;  1888,  Cleveland  (D.), 
8 votes.  There  will  be  8 votes  in  1892. 

Total  Slate  Vote.— 1872,  128,692;  1876,  145,643;  1880,  97,901;  1884,  109,234; 
1888,  115,894;  1891  (Gov.),  174,890. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  14,634  (R.);  1876,4,627  (R.);  1880,  27,316  (D.);  1884,  16,- 
199  (D.);  1888,  54,548  (D.);  1891  (Gov.),  32,531  (D.). 

Increase  or  Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — Comparing  1872  with  1888,  there 
was  a decrease  of  12,948  in  the  popular  vote;  comparing  1872 
with  1891,  an  increase  of  46,198  is  noted. 

New  Parishes. — Terre  Bonne,  Acadia,  Carroll  (West),  Jefferson  (R.  B.),  Jef- 
ferson (L.  B.),  Lincoln,  St.  James  and  St.  Tammany  Parishes 
have  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  Parish  Vote,  1884-1888.  — • The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


Parish. 

1884. 

1888. 

Ascension 

. . . .1,213  (R.) 

1,075  (I).) 

Assumption . . . . . 

658  (R.) 

1,194  (D.) 

Avoyelles 

73  (R.) 

900  (D.) 

Carroll  (E.) 

. . . .1,027  (R.) 

1,622  (D.) 

Concordia 

. . . .1,384  (R.) 

2,011  (I).) 

Iberville 

. . ..1,931  (R.) 

955  (D.) 

Madison 

470  (R.) 

2,357  (D.) 

Point  Coupee . . . 

230  (R.) 

87  (D.) 

St.  Bernard 

102  (R.) 

211  (I).) 

St.  Martin’s 

452  (R.) 

1,005  (D.) 

St.  Mary’s 

. . .2,066  (R.) 

336  (D.) 

Terre  Bonne . . . . 

629  (R.) 

410  (D.) 

Variations  in  the  Parish  Vote  since  1888. — It  would  hardly  be  fair  to  make 
any  comparison  to  include  the  last  vote  for  Governor,  owing  to 
the  somewhat  peculiar  and  extraordinary  features  of  the  con- 
test, there  being  no  less  than  five  candidates  for  the  office.  Ac- 
cording to  amended  returns,  Foster  received  79,270  votes;  Mc- 
Enery,  46,739;  Leonard,  29,014;  Breaux,  11,308;  and  Tannehill, 
8,559. 

Tangipahoa  parish  has  the  record  of  a gradually  increasing 
Democratic  plurality  from  1872  to  1888,  the  figures  being  as 
follows:  164,  290,  375,  416,  511. 

No.  of  Parishes.  — There  are  59  parishes  in  Louisiana. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  939,946;  1890,  1,118,- 
587. 

The  five  most  populous  parishes  are:  Orleans  (242,039);  St. 
Landry  (40,250);  Caddo  (31,555);  Rapides  (27,642);  and  East 
Baton  Rouge  (25,922). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


252 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MAINE. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


253 


MAINE. 


Electoral  Vote.- — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  7 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  7; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  7;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  6;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
6.  There  will  be  6 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  90,509;  1876,  116,786;  1880,  143,853;  1884,  129,509; 
1888,  128,250;  1890  (Gov.),  113,824. 

Pluralities. — 1872,  32,335  (R.);  1876,  15,814  (R.);  1880,  8,868  (R.);  1884, 
20,060  (R.);  1888,  23,253  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  18,883  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  37,741. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — Although  5 counties  gave  a de- 
creased Republican  plurality  in  1888,  none  of  the  counties 
changed  sides. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Waldo  County  gave  Harrison 
(R.)  a plurality  of  619  in  1888,  and  Thompson  (D.)  a plurality 
of  15  in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  16  counties  in  Maine. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  648,936;  1890,  661,086. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  Cumberland  (90,949); 
Penobscot  (72,865);  York  (62,829);  Kennebec  (57,012);  and 
Aroostook  (49,589). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


254 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MARYLAND. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


255 


MARYLAND. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Hendricks  (D.)  received  8 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.), 
8;  1880,  Hancock  (D.),  8;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  8;  1888,  Cleve- 
land (D.),  8.  Tliere  will  be  8 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  134,466;  1876,  163,804;  1880,  173,039;  1884,  186,- 
019;  1888,  210,921;  1891  (Gov.),  192,047. 

Pluralities.— m2,  908  (D.);  1876,  19,756  (D.);  1880,  15,191  (D.);  1884,  11,- 
118  (D.);  1888,  6,182  (D.);  1890  (Gov.),  30,151. 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  76,455. 

New  Counties. — Garrett  County  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Anne  Arundel 239  (D.) ..... .13  (R.) 

Talbot 7 (D.) 162  (R.) 

Caroline 34  (D.) 79  (R.j 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  variations  since  the  last  pres- 
idential election  are  as  under; 


County. 

1888. 

1891.  (Gov.) 

Anne  Arundel . . . 

....  13  (R.). . . . 

991  (D.) 

Calvert 

..  .230  (R.). ... 

148  (D.) 

Caroline 

....70  (R.j 

352  (D.) 

Charles 

1(R) 

379  (D.) 

Dorchester 

. . .488  (R.) 

378  (D.) 

Frederick 

..  .437  (R.) 

350  (D.) 

Somerset 

. ..447  (R.).  ... 

220  (D.) 

St.  Mary’s 

..  .221  (R.j 

308  (D.) 

Talbot 

. . .162  (R.) 

356  (D.) 

Washington 

. ..394  (R.) 

204  (D.) 

From  the  above  statements  it  may  be  seen  that  3 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888  and  10  in  1891. 

Anne  Arundel,  Caroline  and  Talbot  Counties  have  changed 
sides  twice. 

Garrett  County  has  given  a gradually  increasing  Republican 
plurality  since  1876  at  presidential  elections,  as  follows:  17,  86, 
197,  294. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  24  counties  in  Maryland. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  934,943;  1890,  1,042,- 
390. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Baltimore  [including 
Baltimore  city]  (507,348);  Frederick  (49,512);  Allegany  (41,571); 
Washington  (39,782),  and  Anne  Arundel  (34,094). 

For  Congressional  and  city  fig  ures  see  Appendix. 


256 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

* 


Nantu,cKrt,  1. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


257 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  13  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  13; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  13;  1S84,  Blaine  (R.),  14;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  14.  There  will  he  15  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872, 192,732;  1876,  259,703;  1880,  282.512;  1884,  303,383; 

1888,  344,508;  1889  (Gov.),  263,111;  1890  (Gov.),  285,526;  1891 
(Gov.),  321,673. 

Pluralities.— m2.  74,212  (R.);  1876,  40,423  (R.);  1880,  53.215  (R.);  1884, 
24,372  (R.);  1888,  32,037  (R.);  1889  (Gov.),  28,069  (R.);  1890 
(Gov.),  9,053  (D.);  1891  (Gov.),  6,467  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  151,716. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884^1888. — None  of  the  counties  changed 
sides  in  1888,  but  Bristol  County  gave  a decreased  Republican 
plurality.  Worcester  County  has  a similar  record.  Suffolk 
County  recorded  a decreased  Democratic  plurality  of  nearly 
4,000. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted,  considering  only  the  vote  for  President  in  1888  as  com- 
pared with  that  for  Governor  in  1891; 

County.  1888.  1891.  (Gov.) 

Berkshire 753  (R.) 436  (D.) 

Hampden 3,196  (R.) 1,189  (D.) 

Norfolk 2,041  (R.) 228  (D.) 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  14  counties  in  Massachusetts. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,783,085;  1890,  2,238,- 
943. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Suffolk  (484,780);  Mid- 
dlesex (431,167);  Essex  (299,995);  Worcester  (280,787),  and  Bris- 
tol (186,465). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


258 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MICHIGAN. 


ISLE  ROYAL 
c^* 


As  redistricted  in  1891, 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


259 


MICHIGAN. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  11  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  11; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  11;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  13;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  13.  There  will  be  14  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  220,942;  1876,  316,689;  1880,  352,441;  1884,  401,- 
186;  1888,  476,273;  1890  (Gov.),  397,779. 

Pluralities.— m2,  55,968  (R.);  1876,  15,542  (R.);  1880,  53,890  (R.);  1884, 
3,308  (R.);  1888,  22,911  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  11,520  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  from  1872 
to  1888  was  254,371. 

New  Counties. — Alger,  Arenac,  Baraga,  Crawford,  Gladwin,  Gogebec,  Iron, 
Keweenaw,  Luce,  Montmorency,  Oscoda,  Ogemaw,  Otsego 
and  Roscommon  Counties  have  been  formed  since  1872. 


Variations  in  the  County 
noted: 

Vote,  1884-1888.— The 

following 

variations  are 

County. 

1884. 

1888. 

County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Arenac  . . 

. . .284  (D.). . . 

..96  (R.) 

Shiawassee 

..436  (D.). , 

820  (R.) 

Barry. . . . 

..  238  (D.). . . 

.536  (R.) 

St.  Clair . . , 

,.651  (D.).. 

133  (R.) 

Berrien . . , 

13  (D.). . . 

.439  (R.) 

Baraga.  — 

..89  (R.).. 

17  (D.j 

Clinton. . . 

..438  (D.). . . 

.245  (R.) 

Crawford . . 

..81  (R.).. 

43  (D.) 

Gratiot . . , 

....60  (D.)... 

.813  (R.) 

Iosco 

.152  (R.). . 

...  .134  (D.) 

Ionia 

..262  (D,)... 

.657  (R.) 

Oakland . . . 

.544  (R.). . 

21  (ID 

Jackson . . 

. . 648  (D.). . . 

.476  (R.) 

Oscoda. . . . 

. 112  (R,). . 

22  (D.) 

Kent 

. .632  (D.). . . 

.947  (R.) 

Presque  Isle.  169  (R.). . 

76  (D.) 

Newaygo  ....  80  (D.). . . 
Roscommon. . .8  (D.).  . . 

516  (R.) 

. . .2  (R.) 

Wayne...  3, 615  (R.).. 

. .4,660  (D.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888 — The  variations  since  the  last  pres- 


idential election  are  as  under: 


County.  1888.  1890.  (Gov.) 

Arenac 96  (R.). . . .139  (D.) 

Berrien 439  (R.). . . .277  (D.) 

Clinton 245  (R.). . . .200  (D.) 

Delta 255  (R.). . . .280  (D.) 

Genesee. . . 1,500  (R.). . . .147  (D.) 

Ionia 657  (R.) 25  (D.) 

Iron 78  (R.) 46  (D.) 

Jackson 476  (R.). . . .770  (D.) 

Kent 947  (R.)..2,059  (D.) 


County. 

1888. 

1890.  (Gov.) 

Oceana. . . . 

..300  (R.)., 

236  (D.) 

Ogemaw . . . 

...41  (R.)., 

5(D.) 

Ontonagon . . 234  (R. ) . 

225  (D.) 

Osceola. . . , 

. .792  (R.). . 

38  (D.) 

Ottawa . . . 

1,111  (R.). . 

144  (D.) 

Roscommon. . .2  (R.). . 

97  (D.) 

Schoolcraft 

...  1 (R.). . 

137  (D.) 

Shiawassee.  .820(R.). , 

77  (D.) 

St.  Clair. . , 

..133  (R.).. 

904  (D.) 

Iosco 

,.134(D.). 

2 (R.) 

Montmorency  .2  (D.). 

32  (R.) 

Oscoda. . . . 

...22  (D.). 

75  (R.) 

Lewanee 804  (R.). . . .290  (D.) 

Mason 124  (R.) 81  (D.) 

Muskegon.  1,007  (R.). . . .291  (D.) 

From  the  above  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  19  counties 


changed  sides  in  1888,  and  24  in  1890. 

Arenac,  Berrien,  Clinton,  Ionia,  Iosco,  Jacksoh,  Kent,  Os- 
coda, Roscommon,  Shiawassee  and  St.  Clair  have  changed 
sides  twice. 

■No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  84  counties  in 
Michigan. 

Population.—  The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,636,937;  1890,  2,093,- 
889. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Wayne  (257,114);  Kent 
(109,922) ; Saginaw  (82,273) ; Bay  (56,412),  and  St.  Clair 
(52.105). 


For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


260 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 


MINNESOTA. 


As  redisti'icted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


261 


MTNTOnSOTA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  5 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  5; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  5;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  7;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
7.  There  will  be  9 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  89,540;  1876,  124,294;  1880,  150,771;  1884,  190,017; 
1888,  263,285;  1890  (Gov.),  240,893. 

Pluralities.— 1S12,  20,694  (R.);  1876,  21,780  (R.);  1880.  40,588  (R.);  1884, 
41,620  (R.);  1888,  38,106  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  2,267  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  173, 766. 

New  Counties. — Beltrami,  Cook,  Hubbard,  Isanti,  Itasca,  Kittson,  Lake,  Le 
Sueur,  Lyon,  Murray,  Marshall,  Nobles,  Norman,  Pipestone, 
Sibley,  Traverse  and  Wadena  Counties  have  been  formed  since 
1872. 


Variations  in  the  County  Vote, 

1884-1888.— The 

following  variations  are 

noted : 

County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Cook 

38  (R.)..., 

5(D.) 

Ramsey 

1,203  (R.).... 

932  (D.) 

Hubbard 

26  (R.). ... 

12  (I),  j 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  variations  since  the  last  pres- 

idential  election  are  as  under: 

County. 

1888. 

1890.  (Gov.) 

Hennepin .... 

6,170  (R.). . . . 

3,038  (D.) 

Houston 

248  (R.).... 

11  (D.j 

Jackson 

542  (R.j. ... 

91  (F.  A.) 

Le  Sueur 

194  (R.).  ... 

654  (D.) 

Lincoln 

304  (R.). . . . 

431  (F.  A.) 

Olmsted 

338  (R.j.  ... 

86  (D.) 

Polk 

....1,385  (R.). ... 

3,430  (F.  A.) 

Swift 

356  (R.) 

313  (F.  A.) 

Traverse 

92  (R.). . . . 

291  (F.  A.) 

Waseca 

328  (R.).... 

114  (D.) 

Benton 

235  (D.).  . . . 

166  (D.) 

Cook 

5(D.j.... 

29  (R.) 

Hubbard 

12  (D.).... 

117  (F.  A.) 

Itasca 

47  (D.)... 

107  (R.) 

From  the  above 

statements  it  will 

be  seen  that  3 counties 

changed  sides  in  1888,  and  14  in  1890. 

Cook  and  Hubbard  Counties  changed  twice. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  80  counties  in 

Minnesota. 

• 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  780,773;  1890,  1,301,- 

826. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Hennepin  (185,294); 
Ramsey  (139,796);  St.  Louis  (44,862);  Stearns  (34,844),  and 
Otter  Tail  (34,232). 

For  Congressional  and  city  fig  ures  see  Appendix. 


*■« 


202 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


263 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  8 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D),  8; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  8;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  9;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  9.  There  will  be  9 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  129,463;  1876,  164,778;  1880,  117,078;  1884,  120,- 
019;  1888,  115,807;  18S9  (Gov.),  84,929  (no  opposition). 

Pluralities.— 1872,  34,887  (R.);  1876,  59,568  (D.);  1880,  40,896  (D.);  1884, 
33,001  (D.);  1888,  55,375  (D.). 

Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  decrease  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  13,656. 

New  Counties. — Quitman,  Sumner,  Tate,  Webster  and  Sharkey  Counties  have 
been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Attala 53  (R.) 997  (D.) 

Grenada 117  (R.) 455  (D.) 

Panola 849  (R.) 529  (D.) 

Washington 874  (R.) 528  (D.) 

Quitman 3 (D.) 62  (R.) 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  75  counties  in 

Mississippi. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,131,597;  1890,  1,289,- 
600. 

The  five  most  poptdous  counties  are:  Washington  (40,414); 
Hinds  (39,279);  Yazoo  (36,394);  Warren  (33,164),  and  Holmes 
(30,970). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


264 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MISSOURI. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 
One  member-at-large  will  be  elected. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


265 


i 


MISSOURI. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Hendricks  (D.)  received  6 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.), 
15;  1880,  Hancock  (D.),  15;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  16;  1888, 
Cleveland  (D.),  16.  There  will  be  17  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Fete.— 1872,  273,050;  1876,351,604;  1880,397,221;  1884,441,074; 

1888,  511,402.  An  election  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
was  held  in  1890,  but  has  no  political  significance  for  purposes 
of  comparison  with  Presidential  votes,  although  a heavy  vote 
(464,336)  is  recorded. 

Pluralities— 1872,  29,809  (D.);  1876,  54,389  (D.);  1880,  55,042  (D.);  1884,. 

33,059  (D.);  1888,  25,717  (D.).  The  plurality  in  1890,  at  the 
election  of  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  was  61,788  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  250,148. 

New  Counties. — Douglas,  Putnam,  St.  Louis  City  and  St.  Louis  County  have 
been  formed  as  counties  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Barry 

76  (R.). 

59  (D.) 

Livingston  .... 

. . ..197  (R.). 

51  (D.) 

Linn 

Hi  (R-). 

83  (D.) 

Daviess 

33  (R.). 

....271  (D.) 

• Worth 

....128  (R.). 

18  (D.) 

Cape  Girardeau 

6 (D.j. 

. . . .304  (R.) 

Crawford 

53  (D.). 

83  (R.) 

Carroll 

. . . .119  (D.). 

24  (R.) 

Pettis 

. . .410  (D.). 

27  (R.) 

St.  Louis  City. . 

....577  (D.). 

..6,255  (R.) 

Counties  as  under  have  recorded 

a gradually  increasing  Re- 

publican  plurality  since  1872: 
County.  1872  1876 

1880 

1884  1888 

Grundy 

649. . . .697. . 

.815. . 

.923. . . .981 

Stone 

226. . . .273. . 

.295. . 

.439 551 

Warren 

440. . . .450. . 

.681. . 

.753. . . .800 

Wright 

.69 107. . 

.232. . 

.292 601 

Putnam 

....669.. 

.788.. 

.901. . . .940 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there 

are  115  counties  in 

Missouri. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880, 

was  2,168,380;  1890,  2,679,- 

184. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  St.  Louis  City  (451,770); 
Jackson  (160,510);  Buchanan  (70,100);  Jasper  (50,500),  and 
Greene  (48,616). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


266 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


MONTANA. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


267 


MONTANA. 


Electoral  Vote. — Montana  was  admitted  to  the  Union  November  8,  1889. 
There  will  be  3 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote. — As  a basis  for  comparison,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  total 
vote  cast  for  members  of  Congress,  or,  rather,  Congressional 
nominees,  in  1888,  was  40,014.  In  1889  the  total  vote  for  Gov- 
ernor was  38,552.  In  1890  the  Congressional  vote  was  31,090. 

Pluralities. — 1888  (Cong.),  5,126  (R.);  1889  (Gov.),  556  (D.);  1890  (Cong.), 
283  (D.). 

Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — According  to  the  foregoing  figures,  the  de- 
crease in  the  popular  vote,  comparing  1888  with  1889  (rather 
than  1890),  was  1,462. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1888-1890. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1888  (Cong.) 

1889  (Gov.) 

1890  (Cong.) 

Choteau 

....222  (D. ). . . 

....32  (R.).. 

1 (D.) 

Deer  Lodge. . , 

...1,111  (R.).. . 

...546  (D.).  . 

....680  (D.) 

Jefferson 

. ..  .169  (R.)... 

. . . 106  (D. ) . . 

9(D.) 

Lewis  and  Clarke  . 515  (R. ).. ., . 

...311  (D.).  . 

98  (D.) 

Meagher 

157  (R.)... 

....36  (D.).. 

54  (R.) 

Missoula 

678  (R.)... 

. ...  27  (R.).  . 

66  (D.) 

Silver  Bow. . . 

...1,533  (R.)... 

...166  (D.).. 

. ..  .192  (I).) 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  16  counties  in 
Montana. 

Population.—  The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  39,159;  1890,  132,159. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Silver  Bow  (23,744); 
Lewis  and  Clarke  (19,145);  Deer  Lodge  (15,155);  Missoula  (14,- 
427),  and  Cascade  (8,755). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


268 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NEBRASKA. 


As  redistrictecl  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


•269 


NEBRASKA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1S72  Grant  (R.)  received  3 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  3; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  3;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  5;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
5.  There  will  be  8 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  26,141;  1876,  53,389;  1880,  87,355;  1884,  134,204; 
1888,  202,653;  1890  (Gov.),  214,090. 

Pluralities.— m2,  10,517  (R. ) ; 1876,  10,326  (R.);  1880,  26,456  (R.);  1884, 
22,512  (R.);  1888,  27,873  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  1,144  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote, — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  187,949.  This  number  is  the  difference  between  the  total 
vote  cast  for  President  in  1872  and  that  for  Governor  in  1890. 

New  Counties. — Blaine,  Box  Butte,  Brown,  Chase,  Cherry,  Custer,  Dawes, 
Dundy,  Furnas,  Garfield,  Gosper,  Grant,  Greeley,  Hayes, 
Hitchcock,  Holt,  Keith,  Keya  Paha,  Knox,  Logan,  Loup,  Mad- 
ison, Nance,  Perkins,  Phelps,  Red  Willow,  Sheridan,  Sherman, 
Sioux,  Thomas,  Valley  and  Wheeler  Counties  have  been  formed 
since  1872. 


Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted; 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Dakota 

18  (R.) 

190  (D.) 

Douglas 

392  (R.) 

573  (D.) 

Otoe 

84  (R.) 

98  (D.) 

Pierce 

47('R.j 

19  (D.j 

Sarpy 

6(R.) 

217  (D.) 

Keith 

5(D.) 

56  (R.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  following  variations  are  on 
record,  considering  the  Presidential  vote  of  1888  as  compared 
with  that  of  Governor  in  1890; 

County.  1888.  1890.  (Gov.) 

Cass 128  (R.) 250  (D.) 

Hall 398  (R.) 326  (D.) 

Holt 458  (R.) 271  (F.  A.) 

Washington 331  (R.) 451  (D.) 

Wayne 173  (R.) 144  (D.) 

Seward 146  (R.) 240  (D.) 

Grant 7 (D.) 2 (R.) 

Greeley 50  (D.) 512  (Ind.) 

Howard 47  (D.) 387  (Ind.) 

Sioux 6 (D.) .3  (R.) 

The  counties  named  as  under  gave  an  increasing  Republican 
plurality  from  1872  to  1888  at  Presidential  elections: 


County. 

1872 

1876 

1880 

1884 

1888 

Burt 

....183.. 

..364.. 

. .630. . 

. .921. 

. 1,014 

Dawson. . . . 

7. . 

. ..95. . 

..168.. 

. .302. 

. . .473 

Nuckolls. . . 

43.. 

..119.. 

. .263. . 

. .400. 

From  the  above  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  6 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888,  and  10  in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  90  counties  in 

pIlTPsI^  j), 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  452,402;  1890,  1,058,910. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Douglas  (158,008); 
Lancaster  (76,395);  Gage  (36,344);  Otoe  (25,403),  and  Adams 
(24,303.) 


For  Congressional  and  city  fig  u res  see  Appendix. 


270 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NEVADA. 


Nevada  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congressional 
districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


271 


NEVADA. 


Electoral  Vote — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  3 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  3; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  3;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  3;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
3.  There  will  be  3 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— m2,  14,649;  1876,  19,691;  1880,  18,343;  1884,  12,797; 
1888,  12,632;  1890  (Gov.),  12,392. 

Pluralities.  — 1872,  2,177  (R.);  1876,  1,075  (R.);  1880,  879  (D.);  1884,  1,615 
(R.);  1888,  1,867  (R. );  1890  (Gov.),  810  (R.). 

Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  decrease  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  2,017. 

Neic  Counties. — Eureka  County  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.— Churchill  County  gave  Blaine 
(R.)  a plurality  of  8 in  1884,  and  Cleveland  (D.)  a plurality  of 
3 in  1888. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Elko  County  gave  Harrison  (R.) 

a plurality  of  98  in  1888,  and  Winters  (D.)  a plurality  of  150  in 
1890  for  Governor. 

Nye  County  gave  Harrison  (R.)  a plurality  of  61  in  1888  and 
Winters  (D.)  a plurality  of  9 in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  14  counties  in 
Nevada. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  62,266;  in  1890,  45,761. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Storey  (8,806);  Washoe 
(6,437);  Ormsby  (4,883);  Elko  (4,794),  and  Humboldt  (3,434). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


27-3 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


r 


i 

i 

i 


i 

i 


-x 

% 


to 

o 

o 

V 


I 

i 

c 

I 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


273 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R. ) received  5 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  5; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  5;  1884,  Blaine  (R. ),  4;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
4.  There  will  be  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  Stale  Vote.— 1872,  68,892;  1876,  80,048;  1880,  86,363;  1884,  84,566; 
1888,  90,829;  1890  (Gov.),  86,240. 

Pluralities. — 1872,  5,444  (R.);  1876,  2,954  (R.);  1880,  4,058  (R.);  1884,  4,063 
(R.);  1888,  2,272  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  93  (R.). 

Increase  in  thePopular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  21,941. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Belknap 9 (D.) 150  (R.) 

Merrimack 493(R.) 118  (D.) 

Rockingham 480  (R. ) 103  (D.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Grafton  County  gave  Harrison 
(R.)  39  plurality  in  1888,  and  Amsden  (D.)  a plurality  of  414  in 
1890  for  Governor.  Merrimack  County  gave  Cleveland  (D.)  a 
plurality  of  118  in  1888,  and  Tuttle  (R.)  a plurality  of  119  in 
1890  for  Governor. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  10  counties  in  New  Hampshire. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  346,991;  1890,  376,530. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Hillsborough  (93,247); 
Rockingham  (49,650);  Merrimack  (49,435);  Stratford  (38,442), 
and  Grafton  (37,217). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


4 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


275 


NEW  JERSEY. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  9 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  9; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  9;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  9;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  9.  There  will  he  10  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Fete.— 1872,  168,742;  1876,  220,236;  1880,  245,928;  1884,  261,537; 
1888,  303,741;  1889  (Gov.),  269,103. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  14,570  (R.);  1876,  11,690  (D.);  1880,  2,010  (D.);  1884, 
4,412  (D.);  1888,  7,149  (D.);  1889  (Gov.),  14,253  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  134,999. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote. — None  of  the  counties  changed  sides  in  1888, 
comparing  results  with  those  of  1884.  In  considering  the  vote  of 
1888  for  President  in  comparison  with  the  vote  of  1889  for  Gov- 
ernor, it  is  noted  that  Essex  County  gave  Harrison  (R.)  a plu- 
rality of  116  in  1888,  and  Abbett  (D.)  a plurality  of  858  in  1890 
for  Governor.  Morris  County  gave  Harrison  (R.)  a plurality  of 
246  in  1888,  and  Abbett  (D. ) a plurality  of  100  in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  21  counties  in  New  Jersey. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,131,116;  1890,  1,444,- 
933. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Hudson  (275,126); 
Essex  (256,098);  Passaic  (105,046);  Camden  (87,687),  and  Mer- 
cer (79,978). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


276 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NEW  YORK. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 


277 


NEW  YORK. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  35  votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D  ),  35  ; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  35;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  36  ; 1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  36.  There  will  he  36  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  T ote.— 1872,  829,672;  1876,  1,015,502;  1880,  1,104,605;  1884, 
1,171,312;  1888,  1,321,149;  1891  (Gov.),  1,162,853. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  51,800  (R.) ; 1876,  26,568  (D.)  ; 1880,  21,033  (R.) ; 1884, 
1,047  (D.) ; 1888,  13,002  (R.)  ; 1891  (Gov.),  47,937  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  490,437. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted  : 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Hamilton 

46  (D.) 

47  (R.) 

Niagara 

316  (D.j 

457  (R.) 

Oneida 

30  (D.) 

1,965  (R.) 

Otsego 

436  (I).) 

857  (R.) 

Suffolk 

553  (D.) 

567  (R.) 

Sullivan 

275  (D.) 

103  (R.) 

Chemung 

479  (R.) 

570  (D.) 

A complete  analysis,  as  near  as  may  be  within  the  space  available,  is  given 
as  under  by  counties,  showing  the  variations  in  certain  districts  for  such  of 
the  counties  as  show  a fluctuation  in  the  popular  vote  : 


County. 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua . 
Chemung 
Chenango . . . 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee  

Greene 

Hamilton 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis  

Livingston  . . 
Montgomery 
Niagara  

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 


Districts  giving  D.)  plurality  in 
1884  and  (R.)  plurality  in  1888. 


Alma,  Almond 


Ellicottville,Franklinville,Ischua, 

Persia 

Mentz 

Charlotte 

Chemung 

Plymouth,  Smyrna 

Beckmanton,  Pl'attsburg 


Colchester 

Clinton,  Pleasant  Valley,  Pough- 
keepsie (ward  2) 

Colden,  Holland 

Chateaugay , Constable 


Districts  giving  (R.)  plurality  in 
1884  and  (D.)  plurality  in  1888. 


Albany  City  (wards  7 and  10) . 
Wellsville. 

Binghamton  (ward  4). 


Auburn  (ward  4). 


Elmira  (wards  2,  4 and  5). 
Pitcher. 


An  cram,  Greenport,  Livingston. 
Truxton . 

Stamford . 

Pine  Plains. 


Buffalo  (ward  13),  Cheektowaga. 
Oppenheim,  Stratford. 


Bergen.  Darien 

Coxsackie Durham,  Greenville. 

Lake  Pleasant,  Wells • 

Watertown  (ward  4),  Worth 

Brooklyn  (wards  7,  21,  22),  Graves- 

end 

Diana,  Osceola,  Watson,  West  

Turin 

Groveland 

Canajoharie,  Florida,  Glen 

Lewiston,  Lockporttown,  (wards 

1,  4),  Newfane 

Annsville,  Bridgewater.  Floyd, 

Utica  (ward  7).Verona,Western 

Syracuse  (ward  2) 

Geneva Gorham,  Victor. 


278 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


County. 

Districts  giving  D.  plurality  in 
1884  and  R.  plurality  in  1888. 

Districts  giving  R.  plurality  in 
1884  and  D.  plurality  in  1888. 

Orange 

Oswego 

Newburg,  Newburg  City  (ward  4). 
Oswego  (ward  4),  Redfield,  West 
Monroe,  Williamstown 

Chester. 

Otsego 

Hartwick.New  Lisbon,  Roseboom, 
Worcester 

Putnam 

Philipstown 

Rensselaer 

Hoosick. 

Rotterdam. 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Schenectady  City  (ward  1) 

Gilboa 

Seneca  

Ovid. 

Steuben  

Addison,  Corning,  Fremont,  Hor- 
nellsville,  Prattsburg,  Wheeler. 

Suffolk 

Babylon,  East  Hampton,  Islip, 
Southold 

Sullivan 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Denning,  Kingston  (ward  6), Lloyd, 
Wawarsing 

Washington 

Westchester 

The  following  statement  will  show  the  number  of  districts  in  each  county 
having  increased  or  decreased  pluralities  in  1888  : 


Counties. 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua. 

Chemung 

Chenango  . . . 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortlandt 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee  

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston. . . 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery 
New  York. . . 
Niagara 


Districts. 

Counties. 

Districts. 

Republican 

Democratic 

Republican 

Democratic 

Increased 

plurality 

Decreased 

plurality 

Increased 

plurality 

Decreased 

plurality 

1 Increased 

plurality 

Decreased 

plurality 

Increased 

plurality 

Decreased 

plurality 

8 

5 

10 

2 

Oneida 

19 

2 

4 

10 

23 

3 

— 

— 

Onondaga 

18 

5 

SB 

3 

14 

3 

— 

3 

Ontario 

6 

4 

— 

1 

18 

4 

1 

3 

Orange 

5 

5 

4 

5 

15 

13 

1 

1 

Orleans 

5 

3 

2 

— 

18 

5 

1 

— 

Oswego 

18 

2 

— 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

Otsego 

10 



1 

8 

7 

5 

1 

4 

Putnam 

2 

3 

— 

— 

6 

5 

1 

— 

Queens 

1 

— 

1 

5 

7 

2 

6 

4 

Rensselaer 

10 

5 

8 

4 

6 

4 

2 

2 

Richmond 

— 

1 

2 

2 

7 

3 

1 

4 

Rockland 

1 

— 

2 

2 

6 

9 

1 

5 

St.  Lawrence 

24 

6 

— 

— 

13 

8 

5 

7 

Saratoga 

8 

9 

2 

1 

13 

3 

1 

— 

Schenectady 

3 

3 

o 

— 

13 

1 

— 

1 

Schoharie 

2 

— 

i 

11 

2 

3 

1 

2 

Schuyler 

5 

1 

i 

1 

8 

3 

— 

— 

Seneca 

2 

— 

i 

5 

2 

2 

1 

5 

Steuben  

17 

4 

— 

4 

2 

— 

2 

2 

Suffolk 

4 

— 

— 

2 

9 

7 

— 

2 

Sullivan' 

6 

— 

5 

3 

13 

6 

3 

i 

Tioga 

6 

2 

— 

1 

6 

1 

10 

7 

Tompkins 

5 

1 

1 

6 

2 

1 

5 

Ulster 

10 

2 

6 

7 

10 

1 

2 

2 

Warren 

8 

2 

— 

— 

12 

1 

— 

1 

Washington 

9 

7 

— 

— 

13 

15 

4 

1 

Wayne 

10 

4 

— 

— 

1 

2 

2 

2 

Westchester 

3 

5 

5 

7 

1 

3 

18 

2 

Wyoming 

8 

2 

2 

3 

5 

2 

— 

5 

Y ates 

7 

2 

— 

— 

499 

204 

128 

166 

STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


279 


Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Considering  only  the  Presidential 
vote  1888,  as  compared  with  the  vote  for  Governor  in  1891,  the 
following  variations  are  recorded  : 


County. 

1888. 

1891. 

Columbia 

...  410  (R.) 

98 

Dutchess 

. . .1,016  (R.) 

75 

Erie 

. . .2,069  (R.) 

1,280 

Montgomery. . . . 

...  688  (R.) 

129 

Niagara 

...  457  (R.j 

496 

Rensselaer 

...  309  (R.) 

1,709 

Schenectady. . . . 

...  304  (R.) 

503 

Tompkins 

. ..1,164  (R.) 

880 

Ulster 

...  338  (R.).  ...... 

1,095 

Wyoming 

. ..1,733  (R.) 

972 

(D.) 

From  the  above  statements  it  may  be  noted  : 

(1)  7 counties  changed  sides  at  the  Presidential  election 
in  1888.  Taking  the  districts  in  each  county,  115  districts 
changed  sides  in  1888. 

(2)  499  districts  gave  an  increased  Republican  plurality  in 
1888;  204  districts  gave  a decreased  Republican  plurality;  128 
districts  gave  an  increased  Democratic  plurality,  and  166  dis- 
tricts gave  a decreased  Democratic  plurality. 

(3)  10  counties,  considering  only  the  presidential  election  of 
1888  (as  compared  with  that  for  Governor  in  1891),  changed 
sides  at  the  last  election. 

Niagara  County  is  recorded  as  having  changed  in  1888  and 
in  1891. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  60  counties  in  New  York. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  5,082,871  ; 1890, 
5,997,853. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  : New  York  (1,515,301)  ; 
Kings  (838,547)  ; Erie  (322,981)  ; Monroe  (189,586),  and  Albany 
(164,555). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


281 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  (Grant  (R)  received  10  votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  10; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  10;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  11;  1888,  Cleve- 
land (D.),  11.  There  will  be  11  votes  in  1892.  - 

Total  Stale  Fete.— 1872, 164,863;  1876,  333,844;  1880,241,218;  1884,268,474; 

1888,  285,503.  The  total  vote  cast  for  Chief  Justice,  1890,  was 
242,303. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  24,675  (R);  1876,  17,010  (D.);  1880,  8,326  (D.);  1884, 17,- 
884  (D.);  1888,  13,118  (D. ).  The  majority  at  the  election  for 
Chief  Justice,  1890,  was  42,329  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  120,610. 

New  Counties. — Currituck,  Durham,  Bender  and  Vance  Counties  have  been 
formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884r-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Ashe 

53  (D.) 

102  (R.) 

Camden 

. . . . 135  (D.) 

26  (R.) 

Forsyth 

. . . .119  (D.) 

375  (R.) 

Granville 

74  (D. ) 

228  (R.) 

Guilford 

....160  (D.) 

259  (R) 

Richmond 

. . . .241  (D.) 

14  (R.) 

Randolph 

78  (D.) 

218  (R.) 

Transylvania. . . . 

. . . .122  (D.) 

42  (R.) 

Wake 

. . ..459  (D.) 

518  (R.) 

Watauga 

. . . .128  (D.) 

68  (R.) 

Bertie 

....369  (R.) 

109  (D.) 

Bladen 

. ...122(R.) 

145  (D.) 

Brunswick  

8(R.) 

58  (D.) 

Hertford 

. . . .215  (R.) 

52  (D.) 

Polk 

47  (R.) 

18  (D.) 

Surry 

11  (R.) 

61  (D.) 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are  96  counties  in  North  Carolina. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,399,750;  1890,  1,617,- 
947. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Wake  (49,207);  Meck- 
lenburg (42, 673) ; Buncomb  (35, 266) ; Robeson  (31,483),  and  Hal 
ifax  (28,908). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


21b 


282 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


NORTH  DAKOTA, 


sional  districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


283 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 


Electoral  Vote. — North  Dakota  was  admitted  to  the  Union  November  3, 
1889.  There  will  be  3 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote. — The  total  Congressional  vote  in  1888  was  41,091;  vote  for 
Governor,  1889,  38,098;  vote  for  Governor,  1890,  36,489. 

Pluralities. — Congressional,  1888,  9,489  (R.);  for  Governor,  1889,  12,632 
(R.);  for  Governor,  1890,  6,449  (R.). 

Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — Comparing  the  Congressional  vote  of  1888 
with  the  vote  for  Governor,  there  has  been  a decrease  of  4, 602. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1889-1890. — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 

County.  1889.  (Gov.)  1890.  (Gov.) 

Cavalier .113  (R.) 187  (D.) 

Grand  Forks 666  (R.) 187  (D.) 

Richland 428  (R.) 109  (D.) 

The  following  counties  (with  population,  1890),  do  not  ap- 
pear in  the  available  election  returns,  therefore  no  vote  is  shown, 
nor  is  there  any  information  as  to  their  political  leaning  or  ten- 
dency should  they  vote  for  President  in  1892:  Allred  (no  re- 
turns), Boreman  (511),  Bowman  (6),  Buford  (803),  Church  (74), 
Dunn  (159),  Flannery  (72),  Garfield  (33),  Hettinger  (81),  Mc- 
Kenzie (3),  Mountraille  (122),  Renville  (99);  Sheridan  (5),  Ste- 
vens (16),  Wallace  (24),  Wallette  (no  returns),  and  Williams 
(100).  The  figures  in  parenthesis  after  each  county  name  show 
the  population  as  recorded  in  the  census  returns  of  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  55  counties  in 
North  Dakota. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  36,909;  1890,  182,719. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Cass  (19,613);  Grand 
Forks  (18,357);  Walsh  (16,587);  Pembina  (14,334),  and  Rich- 
land (10,751). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


284 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


OHIO. 


Showing  Congressional  districts  prior  to  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


285 


OHIO. 

Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  22  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  22; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.).  22;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  23;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  23.  There  'will  be  23  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  529,436;  1876,  658,573;  1880,  724,967;  1884,  784,807; 
1888,  841,941;  1889  (Gov.),  775,721;  1891  (Gov.),  795,635. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  34,268  (R.);  1876,  2,747  (R.);  1880,  34,227  (R.);  1884,  31,- 
796  (R.);  1888,  19,599 (R.);  1889  (Gov.)  10,872  (D.);  1891  (Gov.), 
21,511  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  312, 505. 

Variations  in  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are  noted: 

County.  1884.  " 1888. 

Clermont 49  (R.) 83  (D.) 

Montgomery 198  (R.) 651  (D.) 

Stark 320  (R.) 331  (D.) 

Hancock 252  (D.) 95.(R. ) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Considering  the  vote  for  Governor, 
1889  and  1891,  as  compared  with  the  Presidential  vote  in  1888, 
variations  as  under  are  recorded: 

County.  1888.  1889.  1891. 

Adams 152  (D.) 2 (R.) 177  (D.) 

Auglaize. . . . 1,716  (D. )...  .1,978  (R,). . . 1,489  (D.) 

Butler 3,311  (D.). . . 3,575  (R.). . . 3,266  (D.) 

Erie 601  (D.) 345  (D.) 1 (R.) 

Hamilton. . . 3,846  (R.) . . . 7,253  (D.). . . 5,759  (R.) 

Hancock 95  (R.) 74  (D.) 219  (R.) 

Knox 60  (R.) 90  (D.) 32  (R.) 

Muskingum.  ..350  (R.) 213  (D.) 206  (R.) 

Noble 428  (R.) 311  (R.) 414  (D.) 

Ottawa 1,335  (D.). . ..1,398  (D.) . ...1,331  (R.) 

Paulding 194  (R.) 192  (D.) 112  (R.) 

Perry 54  (R.) 467  (D,) 71  (D.) 

Van  Wert 13  (R.) 272  (D.) 138  (D.) 

Yinton 33  (D.) 308  (D.) 8 (R.) 

Williams 94  (R.) 217  (D.) 178  (R.) 

Logan  County  recorded  a gradually  increasing  Republican 
plurality  for  President  from  1872  to  1888,  as  follows:  840,  973, 
1,271,  1,373,  1,582. 

Lucas  County  recorded  a gradually  decreasing  Republican 
plurality  from  1872  to  1888,  as  follows:  2,171,  1,369,  1,172,  957, 
805. 

The  counties  as  under  show  a gradually  increasing  Demo- 
cratic plurality  from  1872  to  1888: 


County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 

Henry 350. . .918.  .1,133..  1,214.  .1,536 

Ottawa 317. . .872.  .1,049.  .1,167.  .1,335 

Seneca 334. . .722. . .,837. ..  .946. . 1,067 

AYyandot 279 ...  540 ....  583 ....  694 ....  725 


No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports  there  are  88  counties  in 
Ohio. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  3,198,062;  1890,  3,672, - 
316. 

The  fiv^  most  populous  counties  are:  Hamilton  (374,573); 
Cuyahoga'  (309,970);  Franklin  (124,087);  Lucas  (102,296  and 
Montgomery  (100,852). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


286 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


OREGON. 


As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


287 


OREGON. 


Electoral  Vote.—  In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  3 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  3; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  3;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  3;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
3.  There  will  he  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  20,121;  1876,  29,873;  1880,  40,816;  1884,  52,682; 
1888,  61,911;  1890  (Gov.),  72,705. 

Pluralities.— W12,  3,517  (R.);  1876,  547  (R.);  1880,  671  (R.);  1884,  2,256  (R.); 

1888,  6,769  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  5,151  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1890,  comparing  the  Presidential  vote  of  the  former  year 
with  the  vote  for  Governor  at  the  last  election,  is  recorded  as 
52,584. 

New  Counties. — Crook,  Gillian,  Klamath,  Lake,  Malheur,  Morrow  and  Wal- 
lonia  Counties  have  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted; 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Baker 

156  (D.) 

96  (R.) 

Grant 

34  (D.) 

38  (R.) 

Josephine 

59  (D.) 

7 (R.j 

Union 

77(D.) 

80  (R.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Comparing  the  Presidential  vote  of 
1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  variations  as  under  are  re- 
corded: 


County. 

1888. 

1890.  (Gov. 

Baker 

96  (R.) 

190  (D.) 

Benton 

237  (R.) 

269  (D.) 

Douglas 

188  (R.) 

170  (D.) 

Gilliam 

161  (R.) 

146  (D.) 

Grant 

38  (R.) 

51  (D.) 

Josephine 

7 (R.) 

1(D.) 

Malheur 

27  (R.) 

25  (D.) 

Morrow 

119  (R.) 

240  (D.) 

Polk 

56  (R.) 

335  (D.) 

Tillamook 

173  (R.) 

22  (D.) 

Union 

80  (R.) 

723  (I).) 

Wasco 

541  (R.) 

364  (I).) 

From  the  foregoing  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  4 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888,  and  12  in  1890. 

Baker,  Grant,  Josephine  and  Union  changed  sides  twice. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  returns,  there  are  31  counties  in 
Oregon. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  174,768;  1890,  313,767. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Multnomah  (74,884); 
Marion  (22,934);  Linn  (16,265);  Clackamas  (15,233),  and  Lane 
(15,198). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


288 


STATES  AXD  TERRITORIES. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890 
Two  additional  Representatives-at-large  will  be  elected. 


CITY  OF  ALLEGHENY  PITTSBURGH  CITY 
23  22 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


289 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  29  votes;  1876,  Hayes (R.),  29; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  29;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  30;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  30.  There  will  be  32  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  563,260;  1876,  758,869;  1880,  874,783;  1884,  899,- 
328;  1888,  997,568;  1890  (Gov.),  927,972. 

Pluralities.  — 1872,  135,918  (R.);  1876,  17,964  (R.);  1880,  37,276  (R.);  1884, 
81,019  (R.);  1888,  79,452  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  16,554  (D.). 
Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  434,308. 


New  Counties. — Lackawanna  Countv  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

I a nations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are  noted : 

County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Fayette 

. .779  (D.).. 

83  (R.) 

Luzerne 

. .952  (D.). . 

325  (R.) 

Mifflin 

3 (D.). . 

237  (R.j 

Northumberland. . 

. .117  (D.).  . 

...31  (R.) 

Westmoreland 

. . . .7  (D.). . 

324  (R.j 

Wyoming 

. ..67  (D.). . 

185  (R.) 

Schuylkill 

...72  (R.).  . 

532  (D.j 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. 

— Comparini 

g the  Presidential  vote  of 

1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890, 

variations  as  under  are  re- 

corded : 

County. 

1888. 

1890.  (Gov.) 

Butler 

,1,372  (R,).. 

652  (D.) 

Cameron 

. .231  (R,). . 

4 (D.j 

Crawford 

2,076  (R.). . 

978  (D.) 

Erie 

.2,261  (R.). . 

7(D.) 

Fayette 

...83(R.). . 

1,830  (D.) 

Jefferson 

. .833  (R, ). . 

117  (D.) 

Lackawanna 

. .421  (R.). . 

2,044  (D.) 

Luzerne 

. .325  (R.).. 

2,408  (D.) 

McKean 

.1,144  (R.).  . 

795  (D.) 

Mifflin 

. .237  (R.). . 

199  (D.) 

Montgomery 

. .863  (R.). . 

1,130  (D.) 

Northumberland  . . 

. ..31  (R.).  . 

1,451  (D.) 

Venango 

. .949  (R.). . 

250  (D.) 

Warren 

1,689  (R.)  . 

571  (D.) 

Washington 

1,954  (R.).  . 

32  (D.  j 

Westmoreland  . . . . 

. .324  (R.).  . 

1,387  (D.) 

Wyoming 

. .185  (R.). . 

132  (D.) 

From  the  foregoing  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  7 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888,  and  17  in  1890. 

Fayette,  Luzerne,  Mifflin,  Northumberland,  Westmoreland 
and  Wyoming  changed  sides  twice. 

Chester  County  has  recorded  an  increasing  Republican  plu- 
rality for  President  since  1872,  as  follows:  544,  3,088,  3,774, 
3,793,  4,037.  Snyder  has  a corresponding  record,  as  follows: 
160,  383,  541,  726,  867. 

No.  of  Counties.— According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  61  counties  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  4,282,891;  1890,  5,258,- 
014. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Philadelphia  (1,046,- 
964);  Allegheny  (551,959);  Luzerne  (201,203);  Schuylkill  (154,- 
163),  and  Lancaster  (149,095). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


2'JO 


STATES  AXD  TERRITORIES. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


/ 


' BlocTt  J 
or 

<Hew  Shoreham. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


291 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  4 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  4; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  4:  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  4;  1888,  Harrison  (R,), 
4.  There  will  be  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  18,994;  1876,  26,627;  1880,  29,235;  1884,  32,771; 

1888,  40,766;  1889  (Gov.),  43,111;  1890  (Gov.),  42,108;  1891 
(Gov.),  45,457;  1892  (Gov.),  54,661. 

Pluralities. — 1872,  8,336  (R.);  1876,  5,075  (R.);  1880,  7,410  (R.);  1884,6,439 
(R.);  1888,  4,438  (R.);  1889  (Gov.),  4,419  (D.);  1890  (Gov.), 
1,560  (D.);  1891  (Gov.),  1,254(D.);  1892  (Gov.),  2,037  (R,). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote,  comparing; 

the  Presidential  vote  of  1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1892, 
is  13,895. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — The  only  variations  noted  since 
1888  are  in  Providence  County. 

No  of  Counties. — There  are  5 counties  in  Rhode  Island. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  276,531;  1890,  345,506. 

The  population  of  the  counties  is  as  follows:  Providence, 
255,123;  Newport,  28,552;  Kent,  26,754;  Washington,  23,649, 
and  Bristol,  11,428. 

For  Congressional  and  city  fig  ures  see  Appendix. 


292 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


293 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  7 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R. ),  7; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  7;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  9;  1888,  Cleveland 
( D. ),  9.  There  will  be  9 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  95,180;  1876,  182,776;  1880,  170,956;  1884,  91,578; 
1888,  79,941;  1890  (Gov.),  74,124. 

Pluralities.— 18^2,  49,400  (R.);  1876,  964  (R,);  1880,  5,424  (D.);  1884,  4,803 
(D.);  1888,  52,089  (D. );  1890  (Gov.),  44,331  (D.). 

Decrease  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  decrease  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  15,619. 

New  Counties. — Berkeley  and  Hampton  Counties  have  been  formed  since 
1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — Berkeley  County  gave  Blaine  (R.) 

a plurality  of  646  in  1884,  and  Cleveland  (D.)  a plurality  of  293 
in  1888.  Georgetown  County  recorded  a plurality  of  515  for 
Blaine  in  1884,  and  gave  Cleveland  a plurality  of  75  in  1888. 

Florence  County  (formed  since  1888)  recorded  a Democratic 
majority  of  725  at  the  election  for  Governor  in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  £tre  35  counties  in 
South  Carolina. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  995,577;  1890,  1,151,- 
149. 

The  live  most  populous  counties  are:  Charleston  (59,903); 
Berkeley  (55,428);  Spartanburgli  (55,385);  Orangeburgh  (49,- 
393),  and  Edgefield  (49,259). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


294 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportiomnent  act  of  1890. 
Two  members  are  elected  at  large. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


295 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Electoral  Vote. — South  Dakota  was  admitted  to  the  Union  November  3, 1889. 
There  will  be  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote. — The  vote  for  Governor,  1889,  was  77,804;  for  Governor, 
1890,  77,562. 

Pluralities  — 1889  (Gov.),  30,124  (R);  1890  (Gov.),  9,896  (R). 

Increase  or  Decrease  in  State  Tote.— Comparing  the  total  vote  cast  for  Gov- 
ernor in  1889  with  that  of  1890,  there  is  shown  a decrease  of 
242. 

New  Counties. — The  following  counties  were  in  1890  unorganized,  or  not  re- 
turned as  voting.  This  being  the  case,  it  is  not  possible  to  show 
at  present  what  the  political  tendencies  of  these  counties  are: 
pop.  ’90.  pop.  ’90.  pop.  ’90. 


Choteau  . . 

..  .8 

Myer 

Schuasse — 

Delano. . . . 

..40 

Nowlin. . . 149 

Sterling 96 

Ewing . . . . 

. .16 

Presho 181 

Todd 188 

Gregory . . . 

.295 

Pratt 23 

Tripp 

Harding. . . 

.167 

Pyatt 34 

Wagner 

Jackson. . . 

..30 

Rinehart . . 

Washington. . .40 

Lugenbell . 

. 

Rusk 

W ashabaugh . — 

Lyman . . . 

..233 

Scobey.  ...32 

Ziebach 510 

Martin 

...7 

Shannon. . 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote. — The  following  variations  in  the  vote*  for 
Governor  are  noted: 


County. 

1889. 

1890. 

Bonliomme  

121  (R.) 

Brule 

131  (R.) 

161  (D.j 

Hanson 

276  (R.) 

14  (F.  A. 

McCook 

151  (R.) 

104  (D.) 

Hushes 

25  (D.) 

149  (R.) 

Hutchinson 

307  (D.) 

458  (R.) 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  78  counties  in 
South  Dakota. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  98,268;  1890,  328,808. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Minnehaha  (21,879); 
Brown  (16,855);  Lawrence  (11,673);  Spink  (10,581),  and  Hutch- 
inson (10,469). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


296 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 
TENNESSEE. 


As  redistricted  in  1891. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


297 


TENNESSEE. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Hendricks  (D.)  received  12  votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.), 
12;  1880,  Hancock  (D.),  12;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  12;  1888, 
Cleveland  (D.),  12.  There  will  be  12  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  180,046;  1876,  222,732;  1880,  241,827;  1884,  259,- 
468;  1888,  303,784;  1890  (Gov.),  202,712. 

Pluralities.  — 1872,  8,736  (D.);  1876,  43,600  (D.);  1880,  20,514  (D.);  1884, 
9,180  (D.);  1888,  19,791  (D.);  1890  (Gov.),  37,468  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  123,690. 

New  Counties. — Crockett,  Moore,  Pickett  and  Unicoi  Counties  have  been 
formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 

County.  1884.  1888. 

Fayette 908  (R.) 2,833  (D.) 

Haywood 1,426  (R.) 238  (D.) 

Shelby 1,539  (R.) 3,655  (D.) 

Rhea 157  (D.) 237  (R.) 

Variations  in  County  Vote  since  1888. — Comparing  the  Presidential  vote  of 
1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  variations  as  under  are  re- 
corded : 

County.  1888.  1890.  (Gov.) 

Carroll 481  (R.) 28  (D.) 

Henderson 260  (R.) 101  (D.) 

Rhea 237  (R.) 38  (D.) 

The  following  counties  are  recorded  as  having  given  a grad- 
ually increasing  Republican  plurality  for  President  since  1872: 


County. 

1872 

1876 

1880 

1884 

1888 

Fentress. . . . 

79. 

. . .161. 

. . .197. 

. . .234. 

. . .353 

Grainger. . . 

149. 

. . .263. 

. . .327. 

...463. 

. . .485 

Hancock  . . . 

247. 

. . .252. 

. . .455. 

. . .624. 

. . .736 

(Morgan 

110. 

...179. 

...189. 

. . .307. 

. . .491 

Roane 

782. 

. . .801. 

...823. 

. 1,035. 

. 1,198 

Sevier 

..  . 1,038. 

. 1,204. 

. 1,614. 

. 1,774. 

. 2,341 

Van  Buren  County  is  recorded  as  giving  a gradually  increas- 
ing Democratic  plurality  since  1872,  as  fellows:  131,  207,  221, 
289,  320. 

From  the  two  preceding  tabular  statements,  it  will  be  seen 
that  4 counties  changed  sides  in  1888  and  4 in  1890. 

Rhea  County  changed  twice. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  96  counties  in 
Tennessee. 

Population, — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,542,359;  1890,  1,767,- 
518. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Shelby'  (112,740);  Da- 
vidson (108,174);  Knox«(59, 557) ; Hamilton  (53,482),  and  Maury 
(38,112). 


For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 

22b 


298  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

TEXAS. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


299 


TEXAS. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Hendricks  (D.)  received  8 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.), 
8;  1880,  Hancock  (D.),  8;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  13;  1888, 
Cleveland  (D.),  13.  There  will  be  15  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  116,405;  1876,  149,555;  1880,  241,478;  1884,  322,- 
209;  1888,  357,513;  1890  (Gov.),  347,733. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  16,595  (D.);  1876,  59,955  (D.);  1880,  98,383  (D.);  1884, 
131,978  (D.);  1888,  146,461  (D.);  1890  (Gov.),  184,690  (II.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  241,108. 

New  Counties. — Sixty -four  counties  were  formed  between  1872  and  1888,  as 


follows: 

Archer, 

El  Paso, 

Limpscomb, 

Scurry, 

Baylor, 

Fisher, 

Martin, 

Shackelford, 

Brewster, 

Franklin, 

McCulloch, 

Somerville, 

Callahan, 

Goliad, 

McMullen, 

Stephens, 

Camp, 

Greer, 

Menard, 

Taylor, 

Carson, 

Gregg, 

Midland, 

Throckmorton, 

Chilldress, 

Hale, 

Mitchell, 

Tom  Green, 

Clay, 

Hardeman, 

Morris, 

Val  Verde, 

Coleman, 

Haskell, 

Nolan, 

Waller, 

Concho, 

Howard, 

Oldham, 

Webb, 

Crosby, 

Jeff  Davis, 

Pecos, 

Wheeler, 

Dimmitt, 

Jones, 

Potter, 

Wichita, 

Donley, 

Kinible, 

Presidio, 

Wilbarger, 

Duval, 

Knox, 

Reeves, 

Wilson, 

Eastland, 

La  Salle, 

Rockwall, 

Young, 

Edwards, 

Lee, 

Runnels, 

Zavala. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Austin 

217  (R.) 

917  (D.) 

Colorado 

341  (R.) 

226  (D.) 

Comal 

63  (R.) 

257  (D.) 

Gillespie 

10  (R.) 

366  (D.) 

Gregg 

113  (R.) 

162  (D.) 

Harrison 

435  (R.) 

1,151  (D.) 

Jackson 

13  (R.) 

8 (D.j 

Kinney 

143  (D.j 

120  (R.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1888-1890. — Considering  the  vote  for  Presi- 
dent in  1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  the  following  vari- 
ations are  recorded ; 


300 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


County. 

1888. 

1890. 

Jackson  

8(D.) 

129  (R.) 

Kendall 

192  (R.) 

34  (D.) 

Kinney 

122  (R.) 

48  (D.) 

La  Salle 

136  (R.) 

403  (D.j 

Robertson 

266  (R.) 

926  (D.) 

Victoria 

120  (R.) 

36  (D.) 

From  the  foregoing  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  8 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888,  and  6 in  1890. 

Jackson  and  Kinney  Counties  changed  sides  twice. 

The  following  counties  voted  for  the  first  time  in  1890,  ac- 
cording to  the  record.  The  vote  cast  and  plurality  are  as  fol- 
lows: 


County. 

Total  vote  1890. 

Plurality. 

Armstrong.  . . 

232 

232  (D.) 

Coke 

417 

417  (D.) 

Deaf  Smith. . 

91 

91  (D.) 

Floyd 

186 

186  (I).) 

Hansford 

122 

18  (D.) 

Irion 

185 

183  (D.) 

King 

Ochiltree. . . . 

64 

36  (I).) 

Randall 

67 

67  (D.) 

Roberts 

91 

55  (I).) 

Sherman  . . . . 

11 

9(D.) 

Stonewall.. . . 

226 

226  (D.) 

Sutton 

164 

164  (D.) 

Swisher 

51 

51  (D.j 

According  to  the  latest  reports  (1891-1892),  there  are  50  un- 
organized counties. 

Marion  County  (no  vote  recorded  for  1888)  gave  a gradually 
increasing  Republican  plurality  from  1872  to  1884,  as  follows: 
263,  367,  661,  731. 

The  following  counties  gave  a gradually  increasing  Demo- 
cratic plurality  for  President  from  1872  to  1888: 

County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 


Angelena 193. . . .193. . . .770 894. . . .968 

Bell 284. . 1,916. . 2,749. . 4,009. . 4,130 

Bexar 194. . . .521  . .1,060. . 1,329. . 1,578 

Bosque 406. . . .682. . 1,413. . 1,658. . 1,671 

Burnet 131 483  599. . 1,010. . 1,082 

Cherokee 596 648. . . .892. . 1,253. . 1,317 

Coleman . . . .123. . . .414 705. . . .858 

Collin.. . 497. . 1,909. . 3,061. . 4,203. . 5,091 

Dallas 694. . 2,221. . 2,605. . 3,845.  .4,030 

Delta 170. . . .416. . . .647. . . .866. . 1,312 

Ellis 543. . 1,781 . . 2,731 ..  3,681 . . 4,031 

Fannin 268. . 1,225. . 2,501 ..  2,881 . . 3,939 

Franklin 466. . . .639. . . .901. . . .921 

Hayes 216. . . .345. . . .748. . . .790. . . .911 

Hunt 421. . 1,518. . 2,388. . 3,269. . 3,817 

Kaufman 458. . 1,351 ..  1,909. . 2,785. . 3,025 

Kimble 9 88. . . .265. . . .319 

Lavaca 447. . . .648. . . .893. . 1,105.  1,890 

Live  Oak 120. . . .154. . . .255. . . .292. . . .322 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


301 


County.  1872  1876  1880  1884  1888 


McCulloch . . . .121. . . .169. . . .368. . . .375 

Orange 27 50. . . .145. . . .383. . . . 

McLennan 237. . 1,201. . 1,726. . 1,760. . 2,234 

Menard . . . .— . . . .141. . . .158. . . .224 

Navarro 684. . 1,099. . 1,707. . 2,294. . 2,545 

Sabine 79. . . .341. . . .429. . . .458. . . .680 

Shelby 245. . . .674. . 1,308. . 1,485.  . 1,732 

Tom  Green . . . . . . . .192. . . .313. . . .460 

Van  Zandt 290. . . .579. . 1,204. . 1,801. . 1,854 

Wilson . . . .205. . . .213. . . .888. . 1,416 

Rockwall — . . . .200. . . .518. . . .660. . . .979 


No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  245  counties  in 

TgX3tS 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,591,749;  1890,  2,235,- 
523. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Dallas  (67,042);  Gray- 
son (53,211);  Bexar  (49,266);  Tarrant  (41,142),  and  McLennan, 
(39,204). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


302 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


VERMONT. 


X3S  5 3 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


303 


VERMONT. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  5 votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R.),  5; 

1880,  Garfield  (R.),  5;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  4;  1888,  Harrison  (R.), 
4.  There  will  he  4 votes  in  1892. 

Total  StateVote.— 1872,  53,001;  1876,  64,460;  1880,  64,593;  1884,  59,382;  1888, 
63,440;  1890  (Gov.),  54,226. 

Pluralities.— m2,  29,961  (R,);  1876,  23,838  (R.);  1880,  26,909  (R.);  1884, 
22,183  (R,);  1888,  28,404  (R.);  1890  (Gov.),  14,163  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popoular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  10,439. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1872. — Every  county  in  Vermont  has 
given  a Republican  plurality  at  each  Presidential  election  since 
1872;  and  a similar  record  is  shown  as  the  result  of  the  vote  for 
Governor  in  1890. 

No  of  Counties. — There  are  14  counties  in  Vermont. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  332,286;  1890,  332,422. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  Rutland  (45,397);  Chit- 
tenden (35,389);  Windsor  (31,706);  Franklin  (29,755),  and  Wash- 
ington (29,606). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


304 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


VIRGINIA. 


II 


No  change  in  Congressional  districts  under  reapportionment  act  of  1890. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


305 


VIRGINIA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  11  votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  11; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  11;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  12;  1888,  Cleve- 
land (D.),  12.  There  will  be  12  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Fate.— 1872, 185,164;  1876,235,228;  1880,212,135;  1884,  334,505; 
1888,  304,093;  1889  (Gov.),  284,028. 

Pluralities.— m2,  1,772  (R.);  1876,  44,112  (D.);  1880,  43,956  (D.);  1884, 
6,141  (D.);  1888,  1,539  (D.);  1889  (Gov.),  42,177  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  118,929. 

New  Counties. — Dickenson  Comity  has  been  formed  since  1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.  — The  following  variations  are 
noted : 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Fluvanna 

..221  (D.).. 

. .735  (R.) 

Rockingham. . 

1 (D.).. 

. .280  (R.) 

Montgomery. . 

..108  (I).).. 

. .181  (R.) 

Spottsylvania. 

. ..24  (D.). . 

. ..46  (R.) 

Northumberland  .31  (D.). . 

Wise 

..  ..49  (D.). . 

...20  (R.) 

Orange 

..228  (I).).. 

...27  (R.) 

Wythe 

8(D.).. 

, .181  (R.) 

Page 

...68  (D.).. 

. .138  (R.) 

Isle  of  Wight , 

. . . .76  (R.). . 

. ..84  (I).) 

Princess  Anne. 

...15(1).).. 

. .160  (R.) 

Lunenburg. . . 

...201  (R,). . 

. .399  (D.) 

Rockbridge. . . 

..102  (I).).. 

...44  (R.) 

Variations  in 

County  Vote  since  1888- 

— Considering 

the  vote  for  President 

in  1888  as  compared  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  varia- 
tions as  under  are  recorded: 


County. 

1888. 

1889.  (Gov. 

Alleghany .... 

. .236  (R.). 

. . . .69  (D.) 

Appomattox . . 

. ..98  (R.). 

. . ..23  (D.j 

Buchanan 

...65  (D.). 

....46  (R.) 

Buckingham. . 

. .336  (R.). 

. . .171  (D.) 

Caroline 

. .146  (R.). 

....53  (I).) 

Essex 

. 314  (R.). 

5(D.) 

Fluvanna 

..735  (R.). 

. . .475  (D.) 

Greenessville . . 

..179  (R.). 

....  50 (D. ) 

Henrico 

..614  (R.). 

. . ..25  (D.) 

King  George. . 

. .178  (R.). 

. . ..32  (D.) 

King  William. 

..347  (R.). 

. . .257  (D.) 

. .520  (R.). 

. . .190  (I).) 

Lancaster 

...89  (R.). 

....94  (D.) 

Montgomery . . 

..181  (R.). 

. . .425  (D.j 

County.  1888.  1889.(Gov.) 

Nansemond 704  (R.) 113  (D.j 

Norfolk 1,771  (R.). . . .496  (D.) 

Northumberland  .54  (R.j. . . .163  (D.j 

Orange 27  (R.j 374  (D.j 

Page ! 138  (R.) 20  (D.) 

Princess  Anne. . 160  (R.j 217  (D.j 

Rockbridge 44  (R.j. . . .538  (D.) 

Rockingham. . . .280  (R.j 784  (D.) 

Southampton. . ..557  (R.)  . . .547  (D.j 
Spottsylvania.  . . .46  (R.j. . . .196  (D.j 

Stafford 288  (R.j 11  (D.) 

Surrey 440  (R.) 152  (D.j 

Wythe 181  (R.). . . .372  (D.) 

York 477  (R.) 41  (D.j 


From  the  foregoing  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  13  counties 
changed  sides  in  1888  and  28  in  1890. 

Fluvanna,  Montgomery,  Northumberland,  Orange,  Page, 
Princess  Anne,  Rockbridge,  Rockingham,  Spottsylvania  and 
Wythe  Counties  changed  twice. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  101  counties  in 
Virginia. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,512,565;  1890,  1,655,- 
980. 


The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Henrico  (103,394);  Nor- 
folk (77,038);  Pittsylvania  (59,941);  Campbell  (41,087),  and 
Augusta  (37,005). 


For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


306 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 


WASHINGTON. 


Washington  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congression- 
al districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


307 


WASHINGTON. 


Electoral  Vote. — Washington  was  admitted  to  the  Union  November  11, 1889. 
There  will  he  4 votes  in  1893. 

Total  State  Vote. — The  vote  for  Congress,  1888,  was  46,358;  Governor,  1889, 
58,443;  Congress,  1890,  54,803. 

Pluralities.— 1888  (Cong.),  7,371  (11,);  1889  (Gov.),  8,979  (R.);  1890  (Cong.), 
6,323  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — Considering  the  vote  for  Congress  in  1888,  as 
compared  with  that  for  Governor  in  1889,  there  has  been  an  in- 
crease of  12,090  in  the  popular  vote. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1888-1890. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 

County.  1888.  (cong.)  1889.  (gov.)  1890.  (cong.) 

Clallam 21  (R.) 10  (D.) 216  (R.) 

Columbia 1 (D.) 18  (R.) 87  (D.) 

Skamania 30  (D.) 10  (D.) 3 (R.) 

Wahkiakum 85  (R.) 149  (D.) 75  (R.) 

Whitman 244  (R.) 305  (R.) 81  (D.) 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  34  counties  in 
Washington. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  75,116;  1890,  349,390. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  King  (63,989);  Pierce 
(50,940);  Spokane  (37,487);  Whitman  (19,109),  and  Whatcom 
(18,591). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


308 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


309 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Electoral  Vote. — In  1872,  Grant  (R.)  received  5 votes;  1876,  Tilden  (D.),  5; 

1880,  Hancock  (D.),  5;  1884,  Cleveland  (D.),  6;  1888,  Cleveland 
(D.),  6.  There  will  be  6 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vole.— 1872,  62,366;  1876,  34,563;  1880,  112,713;  1884,  132,157; 
1888,  159,440. 

Pluralities.— 1872,  2,264  (R.);  1876,  12,384  (D.);  1880,  11,148  (D.);  1884, 
4,221  (D.);  1888,  1,873  (D.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote.—  The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between  1872 
and  1888  was  96,822. 

New  Counties. — McDowell  and  Pleasants.  Counties  have  been  formed  since 
1872. 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888.  — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Berkeley  . . . 

77  (D.) 

172  (R.) 

Clay 

30  (D.) 

50  (R.) 

McDowell . . 

17  (D.j 

173  (R.) 

Mercer 

486  (D.) 

28  (R.) 

Mineral 

92  (D.) 

42  (R.) 

Wyoming. . . 

20  (D.) 

125  (R.) 

Marion 

8(R.) 

23  (D.) 

Logan  County  is  recorded  as  having  given  a gradually  in- 
creasing Democratic  plurality  for  President  since  1872,  as  fol- 
lows: 98,  622,  743,  862,  1,140. 

Wetzel  has  a corresponding  Democratic  record  as  follows: 
159,  778,  834,  889,  910. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  54  counties  in 
West  Virginia. 

Population.— The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  618,457;  1890,  762,794. 

The  live  most  populous  counties  are:  Kanawha  (42,756); 
Ohio  (41,557);  Wood  (28,612);  Cabell  (23,595),  and  Mason  (22,- 
863). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


310 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


WISCONSIN. 


WISCONSIN. 

Electoral  Vote.— In  1872  Grant  (R.)  received  10  votes;  1876,  Hayes  (R  ) 10- 
1880  Garfield  (R.),  10;  1884,  Blaine  (R.),  11;  1888,  Harrison 
(R.),  11.  1 here  will  be  12  votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote.— 1872,  192,308;  1876,  257,312;  1880,  267,172-  1884  319  942- 
1888,  354,614;  1890  (Gov.),  309,149. 

Pluralities.— 1872.  17,686  (R.);  1876,  5,205  (R.);  1880,  29,763  (R.V  1884  14  - 
698  (R.);  1888,  21,321  (R,);  1890  (Gov.),  28,320  (D.).’ 


STATES  AND  TERRITOKIES. 


311 


Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  between 
1872  and  1888  was  162,306. 

New  Counties. — Florence,  Forest,  Langlade,  Lincoln,  Marinette,  Oneida, 
Price,  Sawyer,  Taylor  and  Washburn  Counties  have  been  form- 
ed since  1872: 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote,  1884-1888. — The  following  variations  are 
noted: 


County. 

1884. 

1888. 

Crawford 

75  (D.) 

235  (R.) 

Dane 

189  (D.) 

401  (R.) 

Marquette 

138  (D.) 

114  (R.) 

Sheboygan 

475  (D.) 

629  (R.) 

Waukesha 

57  (D.j 

383  (R.) 

Variations  in  the  County  Vote  since  1888. — Considering  the  Presidential  vote 
of  1888  with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  variations  as  under  are 
recorded: 


County. 

1888. 

1890.  (Gov.) 

Chippewa 

179  (R.) 

379  (D.) 

Crawford 

. . . .235  (R.) 

147  (D.) 

Dane 

. . . .401  (R.) 

580  (D.) 

Eau  Claire 

791  (R.j 

137  (D.) 

Forest 

17  (R.j 

14  (D.) 

Green 

561  (R.) 

23  (D.) 

Green  Lake 

. . . .287  (R.j 

390  (D.) 

Iowa 

. . . .227  (R.) 

13  (I).) 

Kenosha 

3(R.) 

286  (D.) 

La  Crosse 

227  (R.) 

718  (D.) 

Lincoln 

106  (R.) 

497  (D.) 

Marinette 

8 (R.j 

237  (D.j 

Marquette 

114  (R.) 

442  (D.) 

Milwaukee 

. .4,092  (R.) 

6,207  (D.) 

Monroe 

557  (R.) 

76  (D.) 

Oconto 

. . . .167  (R.) 

253  (D.) 

Portage 

. . . .281  (R.) 

602  (D.) 

Price 

295  (R.) 

19  (D.) 

Racine 

621  (R.) 

Sauk 

. . . .762  (R.  ) 

246  (D.) 

Taylor 

73  (R.j 

315  (D.) 

Washburn 

...  .151  (R.) 

4 (D.j 

Waukesha 

. . . .383  (R.) 

1.714  (D.) 

Winnebago 

. . . .327  (R.) 

578  (D.) 

From  the  foregoing  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  5 counties 
changed  sides  in  1888  and  24  in  1890. 

Crawford,  Dane,  Marquette  and  Waukesha  Counties  changed 
sides  twice. 

Barron  County  is  recorded  as  having  given  an  increased  Re- 
publican plurality  at  every  Presidential  election  since  1872,  as 
follows:  82,  387,  633,  903,  915. 

No.  of  Counties. — According  to  the  latest  reports,  there  are  68  counties  in  Wis- 
consin. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  1,315,497;  1890  1 686  - 
880. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are:  Milwaukee  (236,101); 
Dane  (59,578);  Winnebago  (50,097);  Dodge  (44,984),  and  Fond 
du  Lac  (44,088). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


312 


STATES  ANT)  TERRITORIES. 


WYOMING. 


Wyoming  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congressional 
districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


313 


WYOMING. 


Electoral  Vote. — Wyoming  was  admitted  to  the  Union  July  11,  1890.  There 
will  be'  3 votes  in  1892. 

Total  State  Vote. — The  vote  for  Congress  in  1886  was  9,372;  Congress,  1888, 
18,010;  Governor,  18907  10,032. 

Pluralities. — 1886  (Cong.)  7,146  (R,);  1888  (Cong.),  2,894  (R.);  1890  (Gov.), 
1,726  (R.). 

Increase  in  the  Popular  Vote. — Comparing  the  Congressional  vote  of  1886 
with  that  for  Governor  in  1890,  the  increase  in  the  popular  vote 
up  to  the  last-named  election  was  6,660.  The  Congressional 
vote  of  1888  was  nearly  2,000  larger  than  the  vote  for  Governor 
in  1890. 

New  Counties — According  to  the  latest  available  returns,  Converse  and  Sheri- 
dan Counties  voted  for  the  first  time  in  1888;  Natrona  and 
Weston  Counties  voted  for  the  first  time  in  1890. 

Variations  in  the  County  v ote. — Fremont  County  gave  a Republican  plural- 
ity of  388  in  1886;  a Democratic  plurality  of  126  in  1888,  and  a 
Republican  plurality  of  70  in  1890.  Johnson  County  gave  a 
Republican  plurality  of  675  in  1886,  a Democratic  plurality  of 
192  in  1888,  and  a Republican  plurality  of  149  in  1890. 

No.  of  Counties. — There  are,  according  to  the  last  reports,  12  counties  in 
Wyoming. 

Population. — The  population  of  the  State,  1880,  was  20,789;  1890,  60,705. 

The  five  most  populous  counties  are  : Laramie  (16,777); 
Albany  (8,865);  Yinta  (7,881);  Carbon  (6,857),  and  Sweetwater 
(4,941). 

For  Congressional  and  city  figures  see  Appendix. 


23b 


314 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


ARIZONA. 


Arizona  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congressional 
districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


315 


NEW  MEXICO. 


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New  Mexico  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congres- 
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316 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


OKLAHOMA. 


Oklahoma  having  but  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congressional 
districts. 


APACHES 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


317 


UTAH. 


Utah  having  hut  one  Congressman  is  not  divided  into  Congressional 
districts. 


Alexandria,. 


318 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


Land  area,  60  square  miles;  water,  10  square  miles;  total,  70  square 
miles. 

© Naval  Observatory,  the  point  from  which  longitude  is  reckoned  from 
Washington. 


Hon.  ROGER  Q.  MILLS. 


APPENDIX 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


Principal  Provisions  Concerning  Imports. 


Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  October,  1888,  the 
following  articles  mentioned  in  this  section,  when  imported,  shall  be  exempt 
from  duty: 

Timber,  hewed  and  sawed,  and  timber  used  for  spars  and  in  building 
wharves. 

Timber  squared  or  sided. 

Wood  unmanufactured,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Sawed  boards,  planks,  deals,  and  all  other  articles  of  sawed  lumber. 

Hubs  for  wheels,  posts,  last-blocks,  wagon-blocks,  oar-blocks,  gun-blocks, 
heading-blocks,  and  all  like  blocks  or  sticks,  rough,  hewed,  or  sawed  only. 

Staves  of  wood. 

Pickets  and  palings. 

Laths. 

Shingles. 

Clapboards,  pine  or  spruce. 

Logs. 

Provided,  That  if  any  export  duty  is  laid  upon  the  above-mentioned  arti- 
cles, or  either  of  them,  by  any  country  whence  imported,  all  said  articles 
imported  from  said  country  shall  be  subject  to  duty  as  now  provided  by  law. 

Salt,  in  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or  other  packages,  or  in  bulk,  when  imported 
from  any  country  which  does  not  charge  an  import  duty  upon  salt  exported 
from  the  United  States. 

Flax  straw. 

Flax,  not  hackled  or  dressed. 

Tow  of  flax,  or  hemp. 

Hemp,  manila,  and  other  like  substitutes  for  hemp 

Jute-butts. 

Jute. 

Sunn,  sisal-grass,  and  other  vegetable  fibers. 

Burlaps,  not  exceeding  60  inches  in  width,  of  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  of 
which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  either  of  them,  shall  be  the  component  material 
of  chief  value. 

Bags  of  jute  for  grain. 

Machinery  designed  for  the  conversion  of  jute  or  jute-butts  into  cotton- 
bagging, to  wit,  cards,  roving-frames,  winding-frames,  and  softeners. 

Iron  or  steel  sheets,  or  plates,  or  taggers  iron,  coated  with  tin  or  lead,  or 
with  a mixture  of  which  these  metals  is  a component  part,  by  the  dipping  or 
any  other  process,  and  commercially  known  as  tin-plates,  terne-plates,  and 
taggers  tin. 


320 


APPENDIX. 


Beeswax. 

Glycerine,  crude,  brown,  or  yellow,  of  the  specific  gravity  of  1.25  or  less 
at  a temperature  of  60°  Fahr.,  not  purified  by  refining  or  distilling. 

Phosphorus. 

Soap-stocks,  fit  only  for  use  as  such. 

Soap,  hard  and  soft,  all  which  are  not  otherwise  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for. 

Sheep-dip. 

Extract  of  hemlock,  and  other  bark  used  for  tanning. 

Indigo,  extracts  of,  and  carmined. 

Iodine,  resublimed. 

Oil,  croton. 

Hemp-seed  and  rape-seed  oil. 

Petroleum. 

Alumina — alum,  patent  alum,  alum  substitute,  sulphate  of  alumina,  and 
aluminous  cake,  and  alum  in  crystals  or  ground. 

All  imitations  of  natural  mineral  waters,  and  all  artificial  mineral  waters. 

Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  barytes,  unmanufactured. 

Boracic  acid,  borate  of  lime,  and  borax. 

Copper,  sulphate  of,  or  blue  vitriol. 

1 ron,  sulphate  of,  or  copperas. 

Potash,  crude,  carbonate  of,  or  fused,  and  caustic  potash. 

Chlorate  of  potash  and  nitrate  of  potash,  or  saltpeter,  crude. 

Sulphate  of  potash. 

Sulphate  of  soda,  known  as  salt-cake,  crude  or  refined,  or  niter-cake, 
crude  or  refined,  and  Glauber’s-salt. 

Nitrate  of  soda. 

Sulphur,  refined,  in  rolls. 

Wood-tar. 

Coal-tar,  crude. 

Aniline  oil  and  its  homologues. 

Coal-tar,  products  of,  such  as  naphtha, benzine, benzole,  dead  oil,  and  pitch. 

All  preparations  of  coal-tar  not  colors  or  dyes,  and  not  acids  of  colors  and 
dyes. 

Logwood  and  other  dyewoods,  extracts  and  decoctions  of. 

Alizarine,  natural  or  artificial. 

Spirits  of  turpentine. 

Ocher  and  ochery  earths,  umber  and  umber  earths. 

Olive-oil,  salad-oil,  cotton-seed  oil,  whale-oil,  seal-oil  and  neat’s-foot  oil. 

All  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds,  bulbs,  bulbous  roots,  and  ex- 
crescences, such  as  nut-galls,  fruits,  flowers,  dried  fibers,  grains,  gums,  and 
gum-resins,  herbs,  leaves,  lichens,  mosses,  nuts,  roots,  and  stems,  vegetables, 
seeds,  and  seeds  of  morbid  growth,  weeds,  woods  used  expressly  for  dyeing, 
and  dried  insects,  any  of  the  foregoing  which  are  not  edible  and  not  specially 
enumerated  or  provided  for. 

All  non-dutiable  crude  minerals,  but  which  have  been  advanced  in  value 
or  condition  by  refining  or  grinding,  or  by  other  process  of  manufacture,  not 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

All  earths  or  clays  unwrought  or  unmanufactured. 

Glass  plates  or  discs  unwrought,  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  optical  in- 
struments, spectacles,  and  eyeglasses. 

Opium,  crude  and  not  [adulterated,  containing  9 per  cent,  and  over  of 
morphia,  for  medicinal  purposes. 

Iron  and  steel  cotton  ties  for  hoops,  for  baling  or  other  purposes,  not 
thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge. 

Needles,  sewing,  darning,  knitting,  and  all  others  not  specially  enumer- 
ated or  provided  for  in  this  act. 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


82 1 


Copper,  imported  in  the  form  of  ores,  regulus  of,  and  black  or  coarse 
copper  and  copper  cement,  old  copper  fit  only  for  remanufacture. 

Antimony,  as  regulus  or  metal. 

Quicksilver. 

Chromate  of  iron  or  chromic  ore. 

Mineral  substances  in  a crude  state  and  metals  unwrought  not  specially 
enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Brick,  other  than  fire-brick. 

German  looking-glass  plates,  made  of  blown  glass  and  silvered. 

Vegetables  in  all  their  natural  state  or  in  salt  or  brine,  not  specially  enu- 
merated or  provided  for. 

Chicory-root,  ground  or  unground,  burned  or  prepared. 

Acorns  and  dandelion-root,  raw  or  prepared,  and  all  other  articles  used, 
or  intended  to  be  used,  as  coffee  or  substitutes  therefor,  not  specially  enumer- 
ated or  provided  for. 

Cocoa,  prepared  or  manufactured. 

Dates. 

Currants,  Zante  or  other. 

Figs. 

Meats,  game  and  poultry. 

Milk,  fresh. 

Egg-yolks. 

Beans,  pease,  and  split  pease. 

Bibles,  books,  and  pamphlets,  printed  in  other  languages  than  English, 
and  books  and  pamphlets  and  all  publications  of  foreign  governments,  and 
publications  of  foreign  societies,  historical  or  scientific,  printed  for  gratuitous 
distribution. 

Bristles. 

Bulbs  and  bulbous  roots,  not  medicinal. 

Feathers  of  all  kinds,  crude  or  not  dressed,  colored,  or  manufactured. 
Finishing  powder. 

Grease. 

Grindstones,  finished  or  unfinished. 

Curled  hair,  for  beds  and  mattresses. 

Human  hair,  raw,  uncleaned  and  not  drawn. 

Hemp  and  rape  seed,  and  other  oil-seeds  of  like  character 
Garden  seeds. 

Osier  or  willow,  prepared  for  basket-makers’  use. 

Broom-corn. 

Brushwood. 

Rags,  of  whatever  material  composed. 

Rattans  and  reeds,  manufactured  but  not  made  up  into  finished  articles. 
Stones,  manufactured  or  undressed,  freestone,  granite,  sandstone,  and  all 
building  or  monumental  stone. 

All  strings  of  gut  or  any  other  like  material. 

Tallow. 

Waste,  all  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Sec.  2.  That  on  the  1st  day  of  October,  1888,  in  lieu  of  the  duties  here- 
tofore imposed  on  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned,  there  shall  be  levied, 
collected,  and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said  articles  severally: 
Glycerine,  refined,  3 cents  per  pound. 

Acid,  acetic,  acetous,  or  pyroligneous  acid,  exceeding  the  specific  gravity 
of  1.047,  5 cents  per  pound. 

Castor  beans  or  seeds,  25  cents  per  bushel  of  50  pounds. 

Castor-oil,  40  cents  per  gallon. 

Flaxseed  or  linseed  oil,  15  cents  per  gallon. 

Licorice,  paste  or  rolls,  5 cents  per  pound. 


322 


APPENDIX. 


Licorice  juice,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  barytes,  manufactured,  one-eighth  of  1 cent  per 
pound. 

Chromate  of  potash,  2)4  cents  per  pound. 

Bichromate  of  potash,  2)4  cents  per  pound. 

Acetate  of  lead,  brown,  2 cents  per  pound. 

Acetate  of  lead,  white,  3 cents  per  pound. 

White  lead,  when  dry  or  in  pulp,  or  when  ground  or  mixed  in  oil,  2 cents 
per  pound. 

Orange  mineral,  and  red  lead,  1 }4  cents  per  pound. 

Litharge,  1)4  cents  per  pound. 

Nitrate  of  lead,  2 cents  per  pound. 

Magnesia,  medicinal,  carbonate  of,  3 cents  per  pound. 

Magnesia,  calcined,  7 cents  per  pound. 

Magnesia,  sulphate  of,  or  Epsom  salts,  one-fourth  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Prussiate  of  potash,  red,  7 cents  per  pound. 

Prussia®  of  potash,  yellow,  3 cents  per  pound. 

Nitrate  of  potash,  refined,  or  refined  saltpeter,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Sal-soda,  or  soda  crystals,  one-eighth  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Bicarbonate  of  or  supercarbonate  of  soda,  and  saleratus,  calcined  or  pearl- 
ash,  three-fourths  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Hydrate  or  caustic  soda,  one-half  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Soda  silicate  or  other  alkaline  silicate,  one-fourth  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Sulphur,  sublimed  or  flowers  of,  $12  per  ton. 

Ultramarine,  3 cents  per  pound. 

Paris  green,  12)4  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Colors  and  paints,  including  lakes,  whether  dry  or  mixed,  or  ground 
with  water  or  oil,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  20  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Zinc,  oxide  of,  when  dry,  1 cent  per  pound;  when  ground  in  oil,  1)4  cents 
per  pound. 

All  medicinal  preparations  known  as  cerates,  conserves,  decoctions,  emul- 
sions, extracts,  solid  or  fluid,  infusions,  juices,  liniments,  lozenges,  mixtures, 
mucilages,  ointments,  oleo-resins,  pills,  plasters,  powders,  resins,  suppositories, 
sirups,  vinegars,  and  waters,  of  any  of  which  alcohol  is  not  a component  part, 
which  are  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  ground  or  powdered  spices  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for, 
3 cents  per  pound. 

Proprietary  preparations,  to  wit:  All  cosmetics,  pills,  powders,  troches  or 
lozenges,  sirups,  cordials,  bitters,  anodynes,  tonics,  plasters,  liniments,  salves, 
ointments,  pastes,  drops,  waters,  essences,  spirits,  oils,  or  preparations  or 
compositions  recommended  to  the  public  as  proprietary  articles  or  prepared 
according  to  some  private  formula  as  remedies  or  specifics  for  any  disease  or 
diseases  or  affections  affecting  the  human  or  animal  body,  including  all  toi- 
let preparations  whatever  used  as  applications  to  the  hair,  mouth,  teeth,  or 
skin,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Morphia  or  morphine  and  all  salts  thereof,  50  cents  per  ounce. 

Acid,  tannic  or  tannin,  50  cents  per  pound. 

China,  porcelain,  parian,  and  bisque,  earthen,  stone,  or  crockery  ware 
composed  of  earthy  or  mineral  substance,  including  plaques,  ornaments, 
charms,  vases,  and  statuettes,  painted,  printed,  enameled,  or  gilded,  or  other- 
wise decorated  in  any  manner,  50  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

China,  porcelain,  parian,  and  bisque  ware  not  decorated  in  any  manner, 
40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

White  granite,  common  ware,  plain  white  or  cream-colored,  lustered  or 
printed  under  glaze  in  a single  color;  sponged,  dipped,  or  edged  ware,  35 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


323 


Brown  earthenware,  common  stoneware,  gas-retorts,  and  roofing-tiles,  not 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  and  not  decorated  in  any  manner,  20 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  other  earthen,  stone,  and  crockery  ware,  white,  colored,  or  bisque, 
composed  of  earthy  or  mineral  substances,  not  specially  enumerated  or  pro- 
vided for  in  this 'act,  and  not  decorated  in  any  manner,  35  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Paving-tiles,  not  encaustic,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Encaustic  tiles,  not  glazed  or  enameled,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  glazed  or  enameled  tiles,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Slates,  slate  pencils,  slate  chimney-pieces,  mantels,  slabs  for  tables,  and 
all  other  manufactures  of  slate,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Green  and  colored  glass  bottles,  vials,  demijohns,  and  carboys  (covered 
or  uncovered),  pickle  or  preserve  jars,  and  other  plain,  molded,  or  pressed 
green  and  colored  bottle-glass,  not  cut,  engraved,  or  painted,  and  not  special- 
ly enumerated  or  provided  for,  1 cent  per  pound ; if  filled,  and  not  otherwise 
provided  for,  and  the  contents  are  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty,  or  to  a rate 
of  duty  based  on  their  value,  the  value  of  such  bottles,  vials,  or  other  vessels 
shall  be  added  to  the  value  of  the  contents  for  the  ascertainment  of  the  duti- 
able value  of  the  latter;  but  if  filled  and  not  otherwise  provided  for,  and  the 
contents  are  not  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty  or  to  a rate  of  duty  based  on 
their  value,  they  shall  pay  a duty  of  1 cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  duty, 
if  any,  on  their  contents. 

Cylinder  and  crown  glass,  polished,  above  24  by  30  inches  square  and 
not  exceeding  24  by  60  inches  square,  20  cents  per  square  foot ; all  above 
that,  30  cents  per  square  foot. 

Unpolished  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  window-glass,  not  exceeding 
10  by  15  inches  square,  l3g  cents  per  pound;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
16  by  24 inches  square,  1°8  cents  per  pound;  above  that  and  not  exceeding 
24  by  30  inches  square,  2 cents  per  pound;  all  above  that  2 Yi  cents  per 
pound:  Provided,  That  unpolished  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  window- 
glass,  imported  in  boxes  containing  50  square  feet  as  nearly  as  sizes  will  per- 
mit, now  known  and  commercially  designated  as  50  feet  of  glass,  single 
thick  and  weighing  not  to  exceed  55  pounds  of  glass  per  box,  shall  be  entered 
and  computed  as  50  pounds  of  glass  only;  and  that  said  kinds  of  glass  im- 
ported in  boxes  containing,  as  nearly  as  sizes  will  permit,  50  feet  of  glass, 
now  known  and  commercially  designated  as  50  feet  of  glass,  double  thick 
and  not  exceeding  90  pounds  in  weight,  shall  be  entered  and  computed  as  80 
pounds  of  glass  only;  but  in  all  other  cases  the  duty  shall  be  computed  ac- 
cording to  the  actual  weight  of  glass. 

Cast  polished  plate-glass,  silvered,  or  looking-glass  plates,  above  24  by  30 
inches  square  and  not  exceeding  24  by  60  inches  square,  25  cents  per  square 
foot;  all  above  that,  45  cents  per  square  foot. 

Porcelain  and  Bohemian  glass,  chemical  glassware,  painted  glassware, 
stained  glass,  and  all  other  manufactures  of  glass,  or  of  which  glass  shall  be 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Iron  in  pigs,  iron  kentledge,  $6  per  ton. 

Iron  railway  bars,  weighing  more  than  25  pounds  to  the  yard,  $11  per  ton. 

Steel  railway  bars  and  railway  bars  made  in  part  of  steel,  weighing  more 
than  25  pounds  to  the  yard,  $11  per  ton. 

Bar-iron,  rolled  or  hammered,  comprising  flats  not  less  than  1 inch  wide 
nor  less  than  three-eighths  of  1 inch  thick,  seven-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound ; 
comprising  round  iron  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  1 inch  in  diameter,  and 
square  iron  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  1 inch  square,  and  flats  less  than  1 
inch  wide  or  less  than  tliree-eighths  of  1 inch  thick,  round  iron  less  than 
three-fourths  of  1 inch  and  not  less  than  seven-sixteenths  of  1 inch  in  diam- 


324 


APPENDIX. 


eter,  and  square  iron  less  than  three-fourths  of  1 inch  square,  1 cent  per 
pound  : Provided,  That  all  iron  in  slabs,  blooms,  loops,  or  other  forms  less 
finished  than  iron  in  bars,  and  more  advanced  than  pig-iron,  except  castings, 
shall  he  rated  as  iron  in  bars,  and  pay  a duty  accordingly;  and  none  of  the 
above  iron  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem  : Pro- 
vided further,  That  all  iron  bars,  blooms,  billets,  or  sizes  or  shapes  of  any 
kind,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  charcoal  is  used  as  fuel,  shall  be  subject 
to  a duty  of  not  less  than  $20  per  ton. 

Iron  or  steel  T-rails,  weighing  not  over  25  pounds  to  the  yard,  $14  per 
ton;  iron  or  steel  flat  rails,  punched,  $15  per  ton. 

Round  iron,  in  coils  or  rods,  less  than  seven-sixteenths  of  1 inch  in  diam- 
eter, and  bars  or  shapes  of  rolled  iron,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Iron  or  steel,  flat  with  longitudinal  ribs,  for  the  manufacture  of  fencing, 
four-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Sheet-iron,  common  or  black,  thinner  than  1 inch  and  not  thinner  than 
No.  20  wire  gauge,  1 cent  per  pound;  thinner  than]  No.  20  wire  gauge  and 
not  thinner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge,  one  and  one-tenth  of  1 cent  per  pound; 
thinner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge  and  not  thinner  than  No.  29  wire  gauge,  one 
and  one-fourth  of  1 cent  per  pound;  thinner  than  No.  29  wire  gauge,  and 
all  iron  commercially  known  as  common  or  black  taggers  iron,  whether  put 
up  in  boxes  or  bundles  or  not,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem;  Provided,  That  on  all 
such  iron  and  steel  sheets  or  plates  aforesaid,  excepting  on  what  are  known 
commercially  as  tin-plates,  terne-plates,  and  taggers  tin,  when  galvanized  or 
coated  with  zinc  or  spelter,  or  other  metals,  or  any  alloy  of  those  metals,  one- 
fourth  of  1 cent  per  pound  additional  when  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire 
gauge;  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge  and  not  thinner  than  No.  25  wire 
gauge,  one-lialf  cent  per  pound  additional,  and  when  thinner  than  No.  25 
wire  gauge,  three-fourths  of  1 cent  per  pound  additional. 

Hoop  or  band  or  scroll  or  other  iron,  8 inches  or  less  in  width,  and  not 
thinner  than  No.  10  wire  gauge,  1 cent  per  pound;  thinner  than  No.  10  wire 
gauge  and  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge,  1.1  cent  per  pound;  thinner 
than  No.  20  wire  gauge,  1.3  cent  per  pound:  Provided,  That  all  articles  not 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  whether  wholly  or  partly  manufac- 
tured, made  from  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  herein  provided  for, 
or  of  which  such  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  shall  be  the  material 
of  chief  value,  shall  pay  one-fourth  of  1 cent  per  pound  more  duty  than  that 
imposed  on  the  iron  from  which  they  are  made,  or  which  shall  be  such  ma- 
terial of  chief  value. 

Cast-iron  pipe,  six-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Cut  nails  and  spikes,  of  iron  or  steel,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Cut  tacks,  brads,  or  sprigs,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Iron  or  steel  railway  fish-plates  or  splice-bars,  eight-tenths  of  1 cent  per 
pound. 

Wrought-iron  or  steel  spikes,  nuts  and  washers,  and  horse,  mule,  or  ox 
shoes,  1%  cents  per  pound. 

Anvils,  anchors,  or  parts  thereof,  mill-irons  and  mill-cranks,  of  wrought- 
iron,  and  wrought-iron  for  ships,  and  forgings  of  iron  and  steel,  for  vessels, 
steam-engines,  and  locomotives,  or  parts  thereof,  weighing  each  25  pounds 
or  more,  1 % cents  per  pound. 

Iron  or  steel  rivets,  bolts,  with  or  without  threads  or  nuts,  or  bolt-blanks, 
and  finished  hinges  or  hinge-blanks,  1%  cents  per  pound. 

Iron  or  steel  blacksmiths’  hammers  and  sledges,  track-tools,  wedges,  and 
crowbars,  1%  cents  per  pound. 

Iron  or  steel  axles,  parts  thereof,  axle-bars,  axle-blanks,  or  forgings  for 
axles,  without  reference  to  the  stage  or  state  of  manufacture,  cents  per 
pound. 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


325 


Horseshoe  nails,  hob-nails,  and  wire  nails,  and  all  other  wrought  -iron  or 
steel  nails,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  cents  per  pound. 

Boiler-tubes  or  other  tubes  or  flues  or  stays,  of  wrought-iron  or  steel,  V/2 
cents  per  pound. 

Chain  or  chains,  of  all  kinds,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  less  than  three-fourths 
of  1 inch  in  diameter,  1 'X  cents  per  pound;  less  than  three-fourths  of  1 inch 
and  not  less  than  three-eighths  of  1 inch  in  diameter,  1 *-.<  cents  per  pound; 
less  than  three-eighths  of  1 inch  in  diameter,  2 cents  per  pound. 

Hand,  back,  and  all  other  saws,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Files,  file-blanks,  rasps,  and  floats  of  all  cuts  and  kinds,  35  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Iron  or  steel  beams,  girders,  joists,  angles,  channels,  car-truck  channels, 
TT  columns  and  posts,  or  parts  or  sections  of  columns  and  posts,  deck  and 
bulb  beams,  and  building  forms,  together  with  all  other  structural  shapes  of 
iron  or  steel,  six-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Steel  wheels  and  steel-tired  wheels  for  railway  purposes,  whether  wholly 
or  partly  finished,  and  iron  or  steel  locomotive,  car,  and  other  railway  tires, 
or  parts  thereof,  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  2 cents  per  pound ; iron  or 
steel  ingots,  cogged  ingots,  blooms  or  blanks  for  the  same  without  regard  to 
the  degree  of  manufacture,  1 y2  cents  per  pound. 

Iron  and  steel  wire  and  iron  and  steel  wire  galvanized,  and  all  manufac- 
tures of  iron  and  steel  wire  and  of  iron  and  steel  wire  galvanized  shall  pay 
the  duties  now  provided  by  law:  Provided,  That  no  such  duty  shall  be  in  ex- 
cess of  60  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Clippings  from  new  copper,  fit  only  for  manufacture,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Copper  in  plates,  bars,  ingots,  Chili  or  other  pigs,  and  in  other  forms,  not 
manufactured,  2 cents  per  pound;  in  rolled  plates,  called  braziers’  copper, 
sheets,  rods,  pipes,  and  copper  bottoms,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Lead-ore  and  lead-dross,  three-fourths  of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Lead,  in  pigs  and  bars,  molten  and  old  refuse  lead  run  into  blocks,  and 
bars  and  old  scrap  lead  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  ly  cents  per  pound. 
Lead  in  sheets,  pipes,  or  shot,  2%  cents  per  pound. 

Sheathing  or  yellow  metal,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Nickel,  in  ore  or  matte,  10  cents  per  pound  on  the  nickel  contained  therein. 

Zinc-ores,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Zinc-spelter,  or  tutenegue,  in  blocks  or  pigs,  and  old  worn-out  zinc  fit 
only  to  be  remanufactured,  l1^  cents  per  pound;  zinc,  spelter,  or  tutenegue, 
in  sheets,  2 cents  per  pound. 

Hollowware,  coated,  glazed,  or  tinned,  2x/2  cents  per  pound. 

Needles  for  knitting  and  sewing-machines,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Pens,  metallic,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Type  metal,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

New  type  for  printing,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Manufactures,  articles,  or  wares,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  copper,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem  ; manu- 
factures, articles,  or  wares,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  com- 
posed of  iron,  steel,  lead,  nickel,  pewter,  tin,  zinc,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  or 
any  other  metal,  or  of  which  any  of  the  foregoing  metals  may  be  the  com- 
ponent material  of  chief  value,  and  whether  partly  or  wholly  manufactured, 
40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Cabinet  and  house  furniture  of  wood,  finished,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Manufactures  of  cedar  wood,  granadilla,  ebony,  mahogany,  rosewood, 
and  satinwood,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Manufactures  of  wood,  or  of  which  wood  is  the  chief  component  part, 
not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  sugars  not  above  No.  13  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  pay  duty  on 
their  polariscopic  test  as  follows,  namely: 


326 


APPENDIX. 


All  sugars  not  above  No.  13  Dutch  standard  in  color,  all  tank  bottoms, 
sirups  of  cane-juice  or  of  beet-juice,  melada,  concentrated  melada,  concrete 
and  concentrated  molasses,  testing  by  the  polariscope  not  above  seventy-live 
degrees,  shall  pay  a duty  of  1.15  cents  per  pound,  and  for  every  additional 
degree  or  fraction  of  a degree  shown  by  the  polariscopic  test  they  shall  pay 
thirty -two  thousandths  of  1 cent  per  pound  additional. 

All  sugars  above  No.  13  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  be  classified  by  the 
Dutch  standard  of  color,  and  pay  duty  as  follows,  namely: 

All  sugars  above  No.  13  and  not  above  No.  16  Dutch  standard,  2.20 
cents  per  pound. 

All  sugars  above  No.  16  and  not  above  No.  20  Dutch  standard,  2.40  cents 
per  pound. 

All  sugars  above  No.  20  Dutch  standard,  2 80  cents  per  pound. 

Molasses  testing  not  above  fifty-six  degrees  by  the  polariscope  shall  pay  a 
duty  of  2%  cents  per  gallon;  molasses  testing  above  fifty-six  degrees  shall 
pay  a duty  of  6 cents  per  gallon:  Provided , That  if  an  export  duty  shall  here- 
after be  laid  upon  sugar  or  molasses  by  any  country  whence  the  same  may 
be  imported,  such  sugar  or  molasses  so  imported  shall  be  subject  to  duty  as 
provided  by  law  at  the  date  of  the  passage  of  this  act. 

Sugar-candy,  not  colored,  5 cents  per  pound. 

All  other  confectionery,  40  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Potato  or  corn  starch,  rice-starch,  and  other  starch,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Rice,  cleaned,  2 cents  per  pound;  uncleaned,  or  rice  free  of  the  outer  hull 
and  still  having  the  inner  cuticle  on,  1L£  cents  per  pound. 

Rice-flour  and  rice-meal,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paddy,  or  rice  having  the  outer  hull  on,  1 cent  per  pound. 

Raisins,  1%  cents  per  pound. 

Peanuts  or  ground-beans,  three-fourths  of  1 cent  per  pound;  shelled,  1 
cent  per  pound. 

Mustard,  ground  or  preserved,  in  bottles  or  otherwise,  6 cents  per  pound. 

Cotton  thread,  yarn,  warps,  or  warp  yarn,  whether  single  or  advanced 
beyond  the  condition  of  single  by  twisting  two  or  more  single  yarns  together, 
whether  on  beams  or  in  bundles,  skeins,  or  cops,  or  in  any  other  form,  valued 
at  not  exceeding  40  cents  per  pound,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem ; valued  at  over 
40  cents  per  pound,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

On  all  cotton  cloth,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Spool-thread  of  cotton,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flax,  hackled,  known  as  dressed  line,  $10  per  ton. 

Brown  and  bleached  linens,  ducks,  canvas,  paddings,  cot  bottoms,  diapers, 
crash,  huckabacks,  handkerchiefs,  lawns,  or  other  manufactures  of  flax, 
jute,  or  hemp,  or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp  shall  be  the  component  ma- 
terial of  chief  value,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  25  per  cent, 
ad  valorem;  Provided,  That  cuffs,  collars,  shirts,  and  other  manufactures  of 
wearing  apparel,  made  in  whole  or  in  part  of  linen,  and  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for,  and  hydraulic  hose,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flax,  hemp,  and  jute  yarns,  and  all  twines  of  hemp,  jute,  jute-butts, 
sunn,  sisal-grass,  ramie,  and  China-grass,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flax  or  linen  thread,  twine,  and  packed  thread  and  all  manufactures  of 
flax,  or  of  which  flax  shall  be  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  25  percent,  ad  valorem. 

Oil-cloth  foundations  or  floor-cloth  canvas  or  burlaps,  exceeding  60  inches 
in  width,  made  of  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or 
either  of  them,  shall  be  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  25  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

Oil-cloths  for  floors,  stamped,  painted,  or  printed,  and  on  all  other  oil- 
cloth (except  silk  oil  cloth),  and  on  water-proof  cloth,  not  otherwise  provided 
for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


327 


Gunny-cloth,  not  bagging,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Bags  and  bagging,  and  like  manufactures,  not  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for,  including  bagging  for  cotton  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
flax,  hemp,  jute,  gunny-cloth,  gunny-bags,  or  other  material,  three-eighths 
of  1 cent  per  pound. 

Tarred  cables  or  cordage,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

TJntarred  manila  cordage,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  other  untarred  cordage,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Seines  and  seine  and  gilling  twine,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Sail-duck,  or  canvas  for  sails,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Russia  and  other 
sheetings  of  flax  or  hemp,  brown  or  white,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  All 
other  manufactures  of  hemp  or  manila,  or  of  which  hemp  or  .manila  shall  be 
a component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Grass-cloth  and  other  manufactures  of  jute,  ramie,  China  and  sisal-grass, 
not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem:  Provided , 
That  as  to  jute,  jute-butts,  sunn,  and  sisal-grass,  and  manufactures  thereof, 
except  burlaps,  not  exceeding  sixty  inches  in  width,  this  act.  shall  take  effect 
Jan.  1,  1889;  and  as  to  flax,  hemp,  manila,  and  other  like  substitutes  for 
hemp,  and  the  manufactures  thereof,  upon  July  1,  1889. 

See.  3.  On  and  after  Oct.  1,  1888,  there  shall  be  admitted,  when  imported, 
free  of  duty:  All  wools,  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat,  and  other  like  animals. 
Wools  on  the  skin.  Woolen  rags,  shoddy,  mungo,  waste,  and  flocks. 

On  and  after  Jan.  1,  1889,  in  lieu  of  the  duties  heretofore  imposed  on  the 
articles  hereinafter  mentioned  in  this  section,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected, 
and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said  articles  severally:  Woolen  and 
worsted  cloths,  shawls,  and  all  manufactures  of  wool  of  every  description, 
made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool  or  worsted,  not  specially  enumerated  or  pro- 
vided for,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flannels,  blankets,  hats  of  wool,  knit  goods,  and  all  goods  made  on  knit- 
ting-frames, balmorals,  woolen  and  worsted  yarns,  and  all  manufactures  of 
every  description,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool  or  worsted,  the  hair 
of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for,  40  per  cent  ad  valorem:  Provided , That  from  and  after  the  passage  of 
this  act,  and  until  the  1st  day  of  October,  1888,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  and  directed  to  classify  as  woolen  cloth  all 
imports  of  worsted  cloth,  whether  known  under  the  name  of  worsted  cloth, 
or  under  the  name  of  “worsteds”  or  “diagonals,”  or  otherwise. 

Bunting,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Women's  and  children’s  dress-goods, 
coat-linings,  Italian  cloths,  and  goods  of  like  description,  composed  in  part 
of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  40  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

Clothing,  ready-made,  and  wearing  apparel  of  every  description,  not  spe- 
cially enumerated  or  provided  for,  and  balmoral  skirts  and  skirting,  and 
goods  of  similar  description  or  used  for  like  purposes,  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  made 
up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufac- 
turer,  except  knit  goods,  45  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Cloaks,  dolmans,  jackets,  talmas,  ulsters,  or  other  outside  garments  for 
ladies’  and  children’s  apparel,  and  goods  of  similar  description  or  used  for 
like  purposes,  composed  whftlly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the 
alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  made  up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part 
by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufacturer  (except  knit  goods),  45  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

Webbings,  gorings,  suspenders,  braces,  beltings,  bindings,  braids,  gal- 
loons, fringes,  gimps,  cords,  cords  and  tassels,  dress-trimmings,  head-nets, 
buttons,  or  barrel  buttons,  or  buttons  of  other  forms  for  tassels  or  ornaments 


328 


APPENDIX. 


wrought  by  hand  or  braided  by  machinery,  made  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair 
of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  or  of  which  -wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of 
the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals  is  a component  material,  50  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Hemp  and  jute  carpeting  6 cents  per  square  yard. 

Floor-matting  and  floor-mats  exclusively  of  vegetable  substances,  20  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

“All  other  carpets  and  carpetings,  druggets,  bookings,  mats,  rugs,  screens, 
covers,  hassocks,  bed-sides  of  wool,  flax,  cotton  or  parts  of  either  or  other 
material,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem.” 

Endless  belts  or  felts  for  paper  or  printing  machines,  30  per  cent,  ad 
Valorem. 

Sec.  4.  That  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  October,  1888,  in  lieu  of  the  du- 
ties heretofore  imposed  on  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned,  there  shall  lie 
levied,  collected,  and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said  articles  sever- 
ally: 

Paper,  sized  or  glued,  suitable  only  for  printing  paper,  15  per  cent,  ad 
Valorem. 

Printing  paper,  unsized,  used  for  books  and  newspapers  exclusively,  12 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  boxes,  and  all  other  fancy  boxes,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  25 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  envelopes,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  hangings,  and  paper  for  screens  or  fire-boards,  surface-coated  paper, 
and  all  manufactures  of  which  surface-coated  paper  is  a component  material, 
not  otherwise  provided  for,  and  cardboard,  paper  antiquarian,  demy,  draw- 
ing, elephant,  foolscap,  imperial,  letter,  note,  and  all  other  paper  not  spe- 
cially enumerated  or  provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Beads  and  bead  ornaments  of  all  kinds,  except  amber,  40  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Blacking  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Bonnets,  hats,  and  hoods  for  men,  women,  and  children,  composed  of 
hair,  whalebone,  or  any  vegetable  material,  and  not  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Brooms  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Brushes  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Canes  and  sticks,  for  walking,  finished,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Card  clothing,  20  cents  per  square  foot;  when  manufactured  from  tem- 
pered steel  wire,  40  cents  per  square  foot. 

Carriages,  and  parts  of,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  30  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

Dolls  and  toys,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Fans  of  all  kinds,  except  palm-leaf  fans,  of  whatever  material  composed, 
30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Feathers  of  all  kinds,  when  dressed,  colored,  or  manufactured,  including 
dressed  and  finished  birds  and  artificial  and  ornamental  feathers  and  flowers, 
or  parts  thereof,  of  whatever  material  composed,  not  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Friction  and  lucifer  matches  of  all  descriptions,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Gloves  of  all  descriptions,  wholly  or  partially  manufactured,  40  per  cent, 
ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  gloves  made  of  silk  faff  eta  shall  be  taxed  50  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

Gun  wads  of  all  descriptions,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Gutta-percha,  manufactured,  and  all  articles  of  hard  rubber  not  specially 
enumerated  or  provided  for,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Hair,  human,  if  clean  or  drawn,  but  not  manufactured,  20  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


329 


Bracelets,  braids,  chains,  rings,  curls,  and  ringlets  composed  of  hair,  or 
of  which  hair  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  and  all  manufactures 
of  human  hair,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Hats,  materials  for:  Braids,  plaits,  flats,  willow  sheets  and  squares,  fit  only 
for  use  in  making  or  ornamenting  hats,  bonnets,  and  hoods,  composed  of 
straw,  chip,  grass,  palm-leaf,  willow,  hair,  whalebone,  or  any  vegetable  ma- 
terial, not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Hat-bodies  of  cotton,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Hatter’s  plush,  composed  of  silk  or  of  silk  and  cotton,  15  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Inks  of  all  kinds,  and  ink-powders,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Japanned  ware  of  all  kinds  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  30 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Kaolin,  crude,  $1  per  ton. 

China  clay  or  wrought  kaolin,  $2  per  ton. 

Marble  of  all  kinds,  in  block,  rough,  or  squared,  40  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

Marble,  sawed,  dressed,  or  otherwise,  including  marble  slabs  and  marble 
paving-tiles,  85  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

All  manufactures  of  marble  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  30 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Papier-mache,  manufactures,  articles,  and  wares  of,  25  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Percussion  caps,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Philosophical  apparatus  and  instruments,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Umbrella  and  parasol  ribs,  and  stretcher  frames,  tips,  runners,  handles, 
or  other  parts  thereof,  when  made  in  whole  or  chief  part  of  iron,  steel,  or  any 
other  metal,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem;  umbrellas,  parasols,  and  shades,  when 
covered  with  silk  or  alpaca,  50  per  cent,  ad  valorem;  all  other  umbrellas  30  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

Watches,  watch-cases,  watch-movements,  parts  of  watches,  watch-glasses, 
and  watch-keys,  whether  separately  packed  or  otherwise,  and  watch  materials 
not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for  in  this  act,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Webbing,  composed  of  cotton,  flax,  or  a mixture  of  these  materials,  not 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for  in  this  act,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  following  amendments  to  and  provisions  for  existing 
laws  shall  take  effect  on  and  after  the  passage  and  approval  of  this  act : 

Section  6 of  the  act  of  March  3,  1883,  entitled  “An  act  to  reduce  internal 
revenue  taxation,  and  for  other  purposes,”  providing  a substitute  for  title  33 
of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  is  hereby  amended  as  to  certain 
of  the  sections  and  parts  of  sections  or  schedules  in  such  substituted  title,  so 
that  they  shall  be  as  follows,  respectively  : 

“Sec.  2,499.  Each  and  every  imported  article  not  enumerated  or  pro- 
vided for  in  any  schedule  in  this  title,  which  is  similar,  either  in  mate- 
rial, quality,  textures,  or  the  use  to  which  it  may  be  applied,  to  any  article 
enumerated  in  this  title  as  chargeable  with  duty,  shall  pay  the  same  rate  of 
duty  which  is  levied  on  the  enumerated  article  which  it  most  resembles  in 
any  of  the  particulars  before  mentioned ; and  if  any  non-enumerated  article 
equally  resembles  two  or  more  enumerated  articles  on  which  different  rates 
of  duty  are  chargeable,  there  shall  be  levied  on  such  non-enumerated  article 
the  same  rate  of  duty  as  is  chargeable  on  the  article  which  it  resembles  pay- 
ing the  highest  rate  of  duty;  and  on  articles,  not  otherwise  provided  for, 
manufactured  from  two  or  more  materials,  the  duty  shall  be  assessed  at  the 
rate  at  which  the  dutiable  component  material  of  chief  value  may  be  charge- 
able; and  the  words  ‘component  materia!  of  chief  value,’  whenever  used  in 
this  title,  shall  be  held  to  mean  that  dutiable  component  material  which  shall 
exceed  in  value  any  other  single  component  materfal  found  in  the  article; 
and  the  value  of  each  component  material  shall  be  determined  by  the  ascer- 
24b 


330 


APPENDIX. 


tained  value  of  such  material  in  its  last  form  and  condition  before  it  became 
a component  material  of  such  article.  If  two  or  more  rates  of  duty  shall  he 
applicable  to  any  imported  article,  it  shall  pay  duty  at  the  highest  of  such 
rates:  Provided,  That  any  non -enumerated  article  similar  in  material  and 
quality  and  texture  and  the  use  to  which  it  may  be  applied  to  any  article 
on  the  free  list,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  which  no  dutiable  materials  are 
used,  shall  be  free  of  duty.” 

Sec.  2,502.  Schedule  A— Chemical  products. — By  striking  out  from  this 
schedule  the  words  ‘ ‘ distilled  spirits  containing,  50  per  cent,  of  anhydrous 
alcohol,  $1  per  gallon;”  also,  by  striking  out  the  words  “alcohol  containing 
94  per  cent,  anhydrous  alcohol,  $2  per  gallon.” 

THE  FREE  HIST. 

Sec.  2,503.  By  striking  out  the  clause  in  this  section  commencing  with 
the  words  “articles  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of  the  United 
States,”  and  inserting  in  lieu  thereof  the  following: 

“Articles  the  growth,  produce  and  manufacture  of  the  United  States, 
when  returned  after  having  been  exported  without  having  been  advanced  in 
value  by  any  process  of  manufacture  or  by  labor  thereon ; casks,  barrels,  car- 
boys, bags,  and  other  vessels  of  American  manufacture  exported  filled  with 
American  products,  or  exported  empty  and  returned  filled  with  foreign 
products,  including  shooks  when  returned  as  barrels  or  boxes;  but  proof  of 
the  identity  of  such  articles  shall  be  made  under  general  regulations  to  be 
prescribed  by  the  Secretaxy  of  the  Treasury;  and  if  any  of  such  articles  are 
subject  to  internal  tax  at  the  time  of  exportation,  such  tax  shall  be  proved  to 
have  been  paid  before  exportation,  and  not  refunded:  Provided,  That  this 
clause  shall  not  include  any  article  upon  which  an  allowance  of  drawback 
has  been  made,  the  reimportation  of  which  is  hereby  prohibited  except  upon 
payment  of  duties  equal  to  the  drawbacks  allowed.” 

The  clause  relating  to  “wearing  apparel,”  etc.  (tariff,  paragraph  815),  is 
hereby  amended  so  that  it  shall  read  as  follows  : 

“ Wearing  apparel,  implements,  instruments,  and  tools  of  trade,  occupa- 
tion, or  employment,  professional  books,  and  other  personal  effects  (not  mer- 
chandise) of  persons  arriving  in  the  United  States,  not  exceeding  in  value 
$500,  and  not  intended  for  the  use  of  any  other  person  or  persons,  nor  for 
sale;  but  this  exemption  shall  not  be  construed  to  include  machinery  or  other 
articles  imported  for  use  in  any  manufacturing  establishment  or  for  sale  : 
Provided,  however.  That  the  limitation  in  value  above  specified  shall  not  apply 
to  wearing  apparel  and  other  personal  effects  which  may  have  been  taken  from 
the  United  States  to  foreign  countries  by  the  persons  returning  therefrom ; and 
such  last-named  articles  shall,  upon  production  of  evidence  satisfactory  to 
the  collector  or  officer  acting  as  such  that  they  have  been  previously  exported 
from  the  United  States  by  such  persons,  and  have  not  been  advanced  in  value 
or  improved  in  condition  by  any  process  of  manufacture  or  labor  thereon 
since  so  exported,  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  duty:  And  provided  fur- 
ther, That  all  articles  of  foreign  production  or  manufacture  which  may  have 
been  once  imported  into  the  United  States  and  subjected  to  the  payment  of 
duty  shall,  upon  reimportation,  if  not  improved  in  condition,  except  by 
repairs,  by  any  means,  since  their  exportation  from  the  United  States,  be 
entitled  to  exemption  from  duty  upon  their  identity  being  established,  under 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

“Theatrical  scenery  and  actors’  and  actresses’  wardrobes  brought  by  the- 
atrical managers  and  professional  actors  and  actresses  arriving  from  abroad, 
for  their  temporary  usg,in  the  United  States;  works  of  art,  drawings,  engrav- 
ings, photographic  pictures,  and  philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus  brought, 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


331 


by  professional  artists,  lecturers,  or  scientists  arriving  from  abroad  for  use 
by  them  temporarily  for  exhibition,  and  in  illustration,  promotion,  and  encour- 
agement of  art,  science,  or  industry  in  the  United  States;  and  wearing  apparel 
and  other  personal  effects  of  tourists  from  abroad  visiting  the  United  States 
shall  be  admitted  to  free  entry  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  prescribe;  and  bonds  shall  be  given,  whenever  required  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  for  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of  such  du- 
ties as  may  be  imposed  by  law  upon  any  and  all  such  articles  as  shall  not  be 
exported  within  six  months  of  such  importation:  Provided  however,  That  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may,  in  his  discretion,  extend  such  period  for  a 
further  term  of  six  months  in  cases  where  application  therefor  shall  be  made. 

“ Wearing  apparel,  old  and  worn,  not  exceeding  $100  in  value,  upon  pro- 
duction of  evidence  satisfactory  to  the  collector  and  naval  officer  (if  any)  that 
the  same  has  been  donated  and  imported  in  good  faith  for  the  relief  or  aid  of 
indigent  or  needy  persons  residing  in  the  United  States,  and  not  for  sale.” 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


(PROVISIONS  RELATING  TO  IMPORTS.) 

This  Law  Took  Effect  From  October  6,  1890. 

An  Act  to  reduce  tlie  revenue  and  equalize  duties  on  imports,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled , That  on  and  after  the  sixth  day  of 
October,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety,  unless  otherwise  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  there  shall  he  levied,  collected,  and  paid  upon  all  articles  im- 
ported from  foreign  countries,  and  mentioned  in  the  schedules  herein  con- 
tained, the  ra.tes  of  duty  which  are,  by  the  schedules  and  paragraphs,  re- 
spectively prescribed,  namely: 

Schedule  A. — Chemicals,  Oils,  and  Paints. 

Acids. — 1.  Acetic  or  pyroligneous  acid,  not  exceeding  the  specific  gravity 
of  one  and  forty -seven  one-thousandths,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound ; 
exceeding  the  specific  gravity  of  one  and  forty -seven  one-thousandths,  four 
cents  per  pound. 

2.  Boracic  acid,  five  cents  per  pound. 

3.  Chromic  acid,  six  cents  per  pound. 

4.  Citric  acid,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

5.  Sulphuric  acid  or  oil  of  vitriol,  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for, 
one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

6.  Tannic  acid  or  tannin,  seventy-five  cents  per  pound. 

7.  Tartaric  acid,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

8.  Alcoholic  perfumery,  including  cologne  water  and  other  toilet  wate-s, 
two  dollars  per  gallon  and  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  alcoholic  compounds 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  two  dollars  per  gallon  and  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

9.  Alumina,  alum,  alum  cake,  patent  alum,  sulphate  of  alumina,  and 
aluminous  cake,  and  alum  in  crystals  or  ground,  six-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

Ammonia. — 10.  Carbonate  of,  one  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound; 
muriate  of,  or  sal-ammoniac,  three  fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  sulphate 
of,  one  half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

11.  Blacking  of  all  kinds,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

12.  Blue  vitriol,  or  sulphate  of  copper,  two  cents  per  pound. 

13.  Bone-char,  suitable  for  use  in  decolorizing  sugar,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

14.  Borax,  crude,  or  borate  of  soda,  or  borate  of  lime,  three  cents  per 
pound;  refined  borax,  five  cents  per  pound. 

15.  Camphor,  refined,  four  cents  per  pound. 

16.  Chalk,  prepared,  precipitated,  French,  and  red,  one  cent  per  pound; 
all  other  chalk  preparations  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

17.  Chloroform,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound. 


332 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


333 


Coal-tar  preparations. — 18.  All  coal-tar  colors  or  dyes,  by  whatever  name 
known,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

19.  All  preparations  of  coal-tar,  not  colors  or  dyes,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

20.  Cobalt,  oxide  of,  thirty  cents  per  pound. 

21.  Collodion  and  all  compounds  of  pyroxyline,  by  whatever  name  known, 
fifty  cents  per  pound;  rolled  or  in  sheets,  but  not  made  up  into  articles, 
sixty  cents  per  pound;  if  in  finished  or  partly  finished  articles,  sixty  cents 
per  pound  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

22.  Coloring  for  brandy,  wine,  beer,  or  other  liquors,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

23.  Copperas  or  sulphate  of  iron,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

24.  Drugs,  such  as  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds,  bulb,  and  bulbous 
roots,  and  excrescences,  such  as  nutgalls,  fruits,  flowers,  dried  fibers,  grains, 
gums,  and  guin  resins,  herbs,  leaves,  lichens,  mosses,  nuts,  roots  and  stems, 
spices,  vegetables,  seeds  (aromatic,  not  garden  seeds),  and  seeds  of  morbid 
growth,  weeds,  woods  used  expressly  for  dyeing,  and  dried  insects,  any  of 
the  foregoing  which  are  not  edible,  but  which  have  been  advanced  in  value 
or  condition  by  refining  or  grinding,  or  by  other  process  of  manufacture,  and 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

25.  Ethers,  sulphuric,  forty  cents  per  pound;  spirits  of  nitrous  ether, 
twenty-five  cents  per  pound;  fruit  ethers,  oils,  or  essences,  two  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  per  pound;  ethers  of  all  kinds  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  one  dollar  per  pound. 

26.  Extracts  and  decoctions  of  logwood  and  other  dyewoods,  extract  of 
sumac,  and  extracts  of  bark,  such  as  are  commonly  used  for  dyeing  or  tan- 
ning, not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  seven-eighths  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  extracts  of  hemlock  bark,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

27.  Gelatin,  glue,  and  isinglass  or  fish-glue  valued  at  not  above  seven 
cents  per  pound,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound ; valued  at  above  seven 
cents  per  pound,  and  not  above  thirty  cents  per  pound,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem ; valued  at  above  thirty  cents  per  pound,  thirty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

28.  Glycerin,  crude,  not  purified,  one  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound ; 
refined,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

29.  Indigo,  extracts,  or  pastes  of,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound; 
cannined,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

30.  Ink  and  ink-powders,  printers’  ink,  and  all  other  ink  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

31.  Iodine,  resublimed,  thirty  cents  per  pound. 

32.  Iodoform,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

33.  Licorice,  extracts  of,  in  paste,  rolls,  or  other  forms,  five  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound. 

34.  Magnesia,  carbonate  of,  medicinal,  four  cents  per  pound;  calcined, 
eight  cents  per  pound;  sulphate  of,  or  Epsom  salts,  three-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

35.  Morphia,  or  morphine,  and  all  salts  thereof,  fifty  cents  per  ounce. 

Oils. — 36.  Alizarine  assistant,  or  soluble  oil,  or  oleate  of  soda,  or  Turkey 

red  oil,  containing  fifty  per  centum  or  more  of  castor  oil,  eighty  cents  per 
gallon;  containing  less  than  fifty  per  centum  of  castor  oil,  forty  cents  per 
gallon;  all  other,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

37.  Castor  oil,  eighty  cents  per  gallon. 

38.  Cod-liver  oil,  fifteen  cents  per  gallon. 

39.  Cotton-seed  oil,  ten  cents  per  gallon  of  seven  and  one-half  pounds 
weight. 

40.  Croton  oil,  thirty  cents  per  pound. 


334 


APPENDIX. 


41.  Flaxseed  or  linseed  and  poppy-seed  oil,  raw,  boiled,  or  oxidized, 
thirty-two  cents  per  gallon  of  seven  and  one-half  pounds  weight. 

42.  Fusel  oil,  or  amylic  alcohol,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

43.  Hemp-seed  oil  and  rape-seed  oil,  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

44.  Olive  oil,  fit  for  salad  purposes,  thirty-live  cents  per  gallon. 

45.  Peppermint  oil,  eighty  cents  per  pound. 

46.  Seal,  herring,  whale,  and  other  fish  oil  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act,  eight  cents  per  gallon. 

47.  Opium,  aqueous  extract  of,  for  medicinal  uses,  and  tincture  of,  as 
laudanum,  and  all  other  liquid  preparations  of  opium,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

48.  Opium  containing  less  than  nine  per  centum  of  morphia,  and  opium 
prepared  for  smoking,  twelve  dollars  per  pound;  but  opium  prepared  for 
smoking  and  other  preparations  of  opium  deposited  in  bonded  warehouse 
shall  not  be  removed  therefrom  without  payment  of  duties,  and  such  duties 
shall  not  be  refunded. 

Paints , colors , and  varnishes. — 49.  Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  barytes,  includ- 
ing barytes  earth,  unmanufactured,  one  dollar  and  twelve  cents  per  ton; 
manufactured,  six  dollars  and  seventy-two  cents  per  ton. 

50.  Blues,  such  as  Berlin,  Prussian,  Chinese,  and  all  others,  containing 
ferrocyanide  of  iron,  dry  or  ground  in  or  mixed  with  oil,  six  cents  per  pound ; 
in  pulp  or  mixed  with  water,  six  cents  per  pound  on  the  material  contained 
therein  when  dry. 

51.  Blauc-fixe,  or  satin  white,  or  artificial  sulphate  of  barytes,  three- 
fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

52.  Black,  made  from  bone,  ivory,  or  vegetable,  under  whatever  name 
known,  including  bone-black  and  lampblack,  dry  or  ground  in  oil  or  water, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

58.  Chrome  yellow,  chrome  green,  and  all  other  chromium  colors  in 
which  lead  and  bichromate  of  potash  or  soda  are  component  parts,  dry,  or 
ground  in  or  mixed  with  oil,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  in  pulp  or 
mixed  with  water,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  on  the  material  con- 
tained therein  when  dry. 

54.  Ocher,  and  ochery  earths,  sienna  and  sienna  earths,  umber  and  umber 
earths  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  dry,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  ground  in  oil,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

55.  Ultramarine  blue,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

56.  Varnishes,  including  so-called  gold  size  or  japan,  thirty -five  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  and  on  spirit  varnishes  for  the  alcohol  contained  therein,  one 
dollar  and  thirty-two  cents  per  gallon  additional. 

57.  Vermilion  red,  and  colors  containing  quicksilver,  dry  or  ground  in  oil 
or  water,  twelve  cents  per  pound. 

58.  Wash  blue,  containing  ultramarine,  three  cents  per  pound. 

59.  Whiting  and  Paris  white,  dry,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound;  ground 
in  oil,  or  putty,  one  cent  per  pound. 

60.  Zinc,  oxide  of,  and  white  paint  containing  zinc,  but  not  containing 
lead,  dry,  one  and  one-fourtli  cents  per  pound;  ground  in  oil,  one  and  three- 
fourth  cents  per  pound. 

61.  All  other  paints  and  colors,  whether  dry  or  mixed,  or  ground  in  water 
or  oil,  including  lakes,  crayons,  smalts,  and  frostings,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  and  artists’  colors  of  all  kinds,  in  tubes  or  otherwise,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  paints  and  colors,  mixed  or  ground  with 
water  or  solutions  other  than  oil,  and  commercially  known  as  artists’  water- 
color  paints,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Lead  products. — 62.  Acetate  of  lead,  white,  five  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound;  brown,  three  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

63.  Litharge,  three  cents  per  pound. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


335 


64.  Nitrate  of  lead,  three  cents  per  pound. 

65.  Orange  mineral,  three  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

66.  Red  lead,  three  cents  per  pound. 

" 67.  White  lead,  and  white  paint  containing  lead,  dry  or  in  pulp,  or  ground 
or  mixed  with  oil,  three  cents  per  pound. 

68.  Phosphorous,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

Potash. — 69.  Bichromate  and  chromate  of,  three  cents  per  pound. 

70.  Caustic  or  hydrate  of,  refined  in  sticks  or  rolls,  one  per  cent,  per 
pound. 

71.  Hydriodate,  iodide,  and  iodate  of,  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

72.  Nitrate  of,  or  saltpetre,  refined,  one  cent  per  pound.  ■ 

73.  Pmssiate  of,  red,  ten  cents  per  pound;  yellow,  five  cents  per  pound. 

Preparations  — 74.  All  medicinal  preparations,  including  medicinal  pro- 
prietary preparations,  of  which  alcohol  is  a component  part,  or  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  which  alcohol  is  used,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  cents 
per  pound. 

75.  All  medicinal  preparations,  including  medicinal  proprietary  prepara- 
tions, of  which  alcohol  is  not  a component  part,  and  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  calomel  and  other  mer- 
curial medicinal  preparations,  thirty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

76.  Products  or  preparations  known  as  alkalies,  alkaloids,  distilled  oils, 
essential  oils,  expressed  oils,  rendered  oils,  and  all  combinations  of  the  fore- 
going, and  all  chemical  compounds  and  salts,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

77.  Preparations  used  as  applications  to  the  hah',  mouth,  teeth,  or  skin, 
such  as  cosmetics,  dentifrices,  pastes,  pomades,  powders,  and  tonics,  includ- 
ing all  known  as  toilet  preparations,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

78.  Santonine,  and  all  salts  thereof  containing  eighty  per  centum  or  over 
of  santonine,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

79.  Soap:  Castile  soap,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound;  fancy,  per- 
fumed, and  all  descriptions  of  toilet  soap,  fifteen  cents  per  pound ; all  other 
soaps,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Soda. — 80.  Bicarbonate  of  soda  or  supercarbonate  of  soda  or  saleratus, 
one  cent  per  pound. 

81.  Hydrate  of,  or  caustic  soda,  one  cent  per  pound. 

82.  Bichromate  and  chromate  of,  three  cents  per  pound. 

83.  Sal-soda,  or  soda  crystals,  and  soda  ash,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

84.  Silicate  of  soda,  or  other  alkaline  silicate,  one-half  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

85.  Sulphate  of  soda,  or  salt  cake,  or  niter  cake,  one  dollar  and  twenty- 
five  cents  per  ton. 

86.  Sponges,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

87.  Strychnia,  or  strychnine,  and  all  salts  thereof,  forty  cents  per  ounce. 

88.  Sulphur,  refined,  eight  dollars  per  ton;  sublimed,  or  flowers  of,  ten 
dollars  per  ton. 

89.  Sumac,  ground,  four-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

90.  Tartar,  cream  of,  and  patent  tartar,  six  cents  per  pound. 

91.  Tartars  and  lees  crystals,  partly  refined,  four  cents  per  pound. 

92.  Tartrate  of  soda  and  potassa,  or  Rochelle  salts,  three  cents  per  pound- 

Schedule  B. — Earths,  Earthenware,  and  Glassware. 

Brick  and  Tile. — 93.  Fire  brick,  not  glazed,  enameled,  ornamented,  or 
decorated  in  any  manner,  one  dollar  and  twenty -five  cents  per  ton;  glazed, 
enameled,  ornamented,  or  decorated,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

94.  Tiles  and  brick,  other  than  fire  brick,  not  glazed,  ornamented,  painted. 


33G 


APPENDIX. 


enameled,  vitrified,  or  decorated,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  orna- 
mented, glazed,  painted,  enameled,  vitrified,  or  decorated,  and  all  encaustic, 
forty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Cement,  Lime,  and  Plaster. — 95.  Roman,  Portland,  and  other  hydraulic 
cement,  in  barrels,  sacks,  or  other  packages,  eight  cents  per  one  hundred 
pounds,  including  weight  of  barrel  or  package;  in  bulk,  seven  cents  per  one 
hundred  pounds;  other  cement,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

96.  Lime,  six  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds,  including  weight  of  barrel 
or  package. 

97.  Plaster  of  Paris  or  gypsum,  ground,  one  dollar  per  ton ; calcined,  one 
dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  per  ton. 

Clays  or  Earths. — 98.  Clays  or  earths,  unwrought  or  unmanufactured, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  ton; 
wrought  or  manufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  three  dol- 
lars per  ton;  china  clay  or  kaolin,  three  dollars  per  ton. 

Earthenware  and  China. — 99.  Common  brown  earthenware,  common 
stoneware,  and  crucibles,  not  ornamented  or  decorated  in  any  manner, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

100.  China,  porcelain,  pariau,  bisque,  earthen,  stone  and  crockery  ware, 
including  plaques,  ornaments,  toys,  charms,  vases,  and  statuettes,  painted, 
tinted,  stained,  enameled,  printed,  gilded,  or  otherwise  decorated,  or  orna- 
mented in  any  manner,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  plain  white,  and 
not  ornamented  or  decorated  in  any  manner,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

101.  All  other  china,  porcelain,  parian,  bisque,  earthen,  stone,  and  crock- 
ery ware,  and  manufactures  of  the  same,  by  whatsoever  designation  or  name 
known  in  the  trade,  including  lava  tips  for  burners,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  if  ornamented  or  decorated  in  any  manner,  sixty  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  if  not  ornamented  or  decorated,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

102.  Gas  retorts,  three  dollars  each. 

Glass  and  Glassicare. — 103.  Green,  and  colored,  molded  or  pressed,  and 
flint  and  lime  glass  bottles,  holding  more  than  one  pint,  and  demijohns,  and 
carboys  (covered  or  uncovered),  and  other  molded  or  pressed  green  and  col- 
ored and  flint  or  lime  bottle  glassware,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
one  cent  per  pound.  Green,  and  colored,  molded  or  pressed,  and  flint,  and 
lime  glass  bottles,  and  vials,  holding  not  more  than  one  pint,  and  not  less 
than  one-quarter  of  a pint,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  if  holding  less 
than  one-fourth  of  a pint,  fifty  cents  per  gross. 

104.  All  articles  enumerated  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  if  filled,  and 
not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  the  contents  are  subject  to  an  ad 
valorem  rate  of  duty,  or  to  a rate  of  duty  based  upon  the  value,  the  value  of 

^ such  bottles,  vials,  or  other  vessels,  shall  be  added  to  the  value  of  the  con- 
tents for  the  ascertainment  of  the  dutiable  value  of  the  latter;  but  if  filled, 
and  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  the  contents  are  not  subject 
to  an  ad  valorem  rate  of  duty,  or  to  rate  of  duty  based  on  the  value,  or  are 
free  of  duty,  such  bottles,  vials,  or  other  vessels,  shall  pay,  in  addition  to  the 
duty,  if  any,  on  their  contents,  the  rates  of  duty  prescribed  in  the  preceding- 
paragraph:  Provided,  That  no  article  manufactured  from  glass  described  in 
the  preceding  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

105.  Flint  and  lime,  pressed  glassware,  not  cut,  engraved,  painted,  etched, 
decorated,  colored,  printed,  stained,  silvered,  or  gilded,  sixty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

106.  All  articles  of  glass,  cut,  engraved,  painted,  colored,  printed,  stained, 
decorated,  silvered,  or  gilded,  not  including  plate  glass  silvered,  or  looking- 
glass  plates,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

107.  Chemical  glassware  for  use  in  laboratory,  and  not  otherwise  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


337 


108.  Thin  blown  glass,  blown  with  or  without  a mold,  including  glass 
chimneys  and  all  other  manufactures  of  glass,  or  of  which  glass  shall  be  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  sixty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

109.  Heavy  blown  glass,  blown  with  or  without  a mold,  not  cut  or  deco- 
rated, finished  or  unfinished,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

110.  Porcelain  or  opal  glassware,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

111.  All  cut,  engraved,  painted,  or  otherwise  ornamented  or  decorated 
glass  bottles,  decanters,  or  other  vessels  of  glass,  shall,  if  filled,  pay  duty  in 
addition  to  any  duty  chargeable  on  the  contents,  as  if  not  filled,  unless  other- 
wise specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

112.  Unpolished  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  window  glass,  not  exceed- 
ing ten  by  fifteen  inches  square,  one  and  three-eighth  cents  per  pound;  above 
that,  and  not  exceeding  sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square,  one  and  seven- 
eighth  cents  per  pound;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty 
inches  square,  two  and  three-eighth  cents  per  pound;  above  that,  and  not 
exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty-six  inches  square,  two  and  seven-eighth 
cents  per  pound;  all  above  that,  three  and  one-eighth  cents  per  pound:  Pro- 
vided, That  unpolished  cylinder,  crown  and  common  window  glass,  imported 
in  boxes,  shall  contain  fifty  square  feet,  as  nearly  as  sizes  will  permit,  and 
the  duty  shall  be  computed  thereon  according  to  the  actual  weight  of 
glass. 

113.  Cylinder  and  crowned  glass,  polished,  not  exceeding  sixteen  by 
twenty-four  inches  square,  four  cents  per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not 
exceeding  twenty -four  by  thirty  inches  square,  six  cents  per  square  foot; 
above  that,  and  not  exceeding  tw'enty-four  by  sixty  inches  square,  twenty 
cents  per  square  foot;  above  that,  forty  cents  per  square  foot. 

111.  Fluted,  rolled,  or  rough  plate  glass,  not  including  crown,  cylinder, 
or  common  window^  glass,  not  exceeding  ten  by  fifteen  inches  square,  three- 
fourths  of  one  cent  per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  sixteen 
by  twenty-four  inches  square,  one  cent  per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not 
exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty  inches  square,  one  and  one-half  cents  per 
square  foot;  all  above  that,  two  cents  per  square  foot;  and  all  fluted,  rolled, 
or  rough  plate  glass,  weighing  over  one  hundred  pounds  per  one  hundred 
square  feet,  shall  pay  an  additional  duty  on  the  excess  at  the  same  rates 
herein  imposed  : Provided , That  all  of  the  above  plate  glass  when  ground, 
smoothed,  or  otherwise  obscured,  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  rate  of  duty  as 
cast  polished  plate  glass  unsilvered. 

115.  Cast  polished  plate  glass,  finished  or  unfinished  and  unsilvered,  not 
exceeding  sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square,  five  cents  per  square  foot; 
above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty  inches  square,  eight 
cents  per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty -four  by  sixty 
inches  square,  twenty -five  cents  per  square  foot;  ail  above  that,  fifty  cents 
per  square  foot. 

116.  Cast  polished  plate  glass,  silvered,  and  looking-glass  plates,  not  ex- 
ceeding sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square,  six  cents  per  square  foot; 
above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty  inches  square,  ten  cents 
per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  sixty  inches 
square,  thirty-five  cents  per  square  foot;  all  above  that,  sixty  cents  per  square 
foot. 

117.  But  no  looking-glass  plates,  or  plate  glass  silvered,  when  framed, 
shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  that  imposed  upon  similar  glass  of  like  de- 
scription not  framed,  but  shall  pay  in  addition  thereto  upon  such  frames  the 
rate  of  duty  applicable  thereto  when  imported  separate. 

118.  Cast  polished  plate  glass,  silvered  or  unsilvered,  and  cylinder,  crown, 
or  common  window  glass,  when  ground,  obscured,  frosted,  sanded,  enam- 
eled, beveled,  etched,  embossed,  engraved,  stained,  colored,  or  otherwise 


338 


APPENDIX. 


ornamented  or  decorated,  shall  he  subject  to  a duty  of  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem  in  addition  to  the  rates  otherwise  chargeable  thereon. 

119.  Spectacles  and  eyeglasses,  or  spectacles  and  eyeglass  frames,  sixty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

120.  On  lenses,  costing  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  gross  pairs,  or  less, 
sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

121.  Spectacle  and  eyeglass  lenses  with  their  edges  ground  or  beveled  to 
fit  frames,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

122.  All  stained  or  painted  window  glass  and  stained  or  painted  glass  win- 
dows, and  hand,  pocket,  or  table  mirrors,  not  exceeding  in  size  one  hundred 
aud  forty-four  square  inches,  with  or  without  frames  or  cases,  of  whatever 
material  composed,  lenses  of  glass  or  pebble,  wholly  or  partly  manufactured, 
aud  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  fusible  enamel,  forty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Marble  and  stone,  manufacturers  of. — 123.  Marble  of  all  kinds  in  block, 
rough  or  squared,  sixty-five  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

124.  Veined  marble,  sawed,  dressed,  or  otherwise,  including  marble  slabs 
and  marble  paving-tiles,  one  dollar  and  ten  cents  per  cubic  foot  (but  in  meas- 
urement no  slab  shall  be  computed  at  less  than  one  inch  in  thickness). 

125.  Manufactures  of  marble,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Stone. — 126.  Burr  stones,  manufactured  or  bound  up  into  millstones,  fif- 
teen per  centum  ad  valorem. 

127.  Freestone,  granite,  sandstone,  limestone,  and  other  building  or  mon- 
umental stone,  except  marble,  unmanufactured  or  undressed,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  eleven  cents  per  cubic  foot., 

128.  Freestone,  granite,  sandstone,  limestone,  and  other  building  or  mon- 
umental stone,  except  marble,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  hewed, 
dressed,  or  polished,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

129.  Grindstones,  finished  or  unfinished,  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents 
per  ton. 

Slate. — 130.  Slates,  slate  chimney  pieces,  mantels,  slabs  for  tables,  and 
all  other  manufactures  of  slate,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

131.  Roofing  slates,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Schedule  C. — Metals  and  Manufactures  of. 

Iron  and  Steel. 

132.  Chromate  of  iron,  or  chromic  ore,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

133.  Iron  ore,  including  manganiferous  iron  ore,  also  the  dross  or  residu- 
um from  burned  pyrites,  seventy-five  cents  per  ton.  Sulphur  ore,  as  pyrites, 
or  sulphuret  of  iron  in  its  natural  state,  containing  not  more  than  three  and 
one-half  per  centum  copper,  seventy-five  cents  per  ton : Provided,  That  ore 
containing  more  than  two  per  centum  of  copper  shall  pay,  in  addition  thereto, 
one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound  for  the  copper  contained  therein  : Provided, 
also.  That  sulphur  ore,  as  pyrites,  or  sulphuret  of  iron  in  its  natural  state, 
containing  in  excess  of  twenty-five  per  centum  of  sulphur,  shall  be  free  of 
duty,  except  on  the  copper  contained  therein,  as  above  provided:  And  pro- 
vided further.  That  in  levying  and  collecting  the  duty  on  iron  ore  no  deduc- 
tion shall  be  made  from  the  weight  of  the  ore  on  account  of  moisture  which 
may  be  chemically  or  physically  combined  therewith. 

134.  Iron  in  pigs,  iron  kentledge,  spiegeleisen,  ferro-manganese,  ferro- 
silicon,  wrought  and  cast  scrap  iron,  and  scrap  steel,  three-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  but  nothing  shall  be  deemed  scrap  iron  or  scrap  steel  except 
waste  or  refuse  iron  or  steel  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured. 

135.  Bar  iron,  rolled  or  hammered,  comprising  flats  not  less  than  one  inch 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


339 


wide  nor  less  than  three-eighths  of  one  inch  thick,  eight-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  round  iron,  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  one  inch  in  diameter, 
and  square  iron,  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  one  inch  square,  nine-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound;  flats  less  than  one  inch  wide  or  less  than  three-eighths 
of  one  inch  thick;  round  iron,  less  than  three-fourths  of  one  inch  and  not 
less  than  seven-sixteenths  of  one  inch  in  diameter;  and  square  iron  less  than 
three-fourths  of  one  inch  square,  one  cent  per  pound. 

136.  Round  iron,  in  coils  or  rods,  less  than  seven-sixteenths  of  one  inch 
in  diameter,  and  bars  or  shapes  of  rolled  iron,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act,  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound : Provided,  That  all  iron  in  slabs, 
blooms,  loops,  or  other  forms  less  finished  than  iron  in  bars,  and  more  ad- 
vanced than  pig  iron,  except  castings,  shall  be  rated  as  iron  in  bars,  and  be 
subject  to  a duty  of  eight-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  and  none  of  the  iron 
above  enumerated  in  this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  thirty- 
live  per  centum  ad  valorem  : Provided,  further.  That  all  iron  bars,  blooms, 
lets,  or  sizes  or  shapes  of  any  kind,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  charcoal  is 
used  as  fuel,  shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  not  less  than  twenty-two  dollars 
per  ton. 

137.  Beams,  girders,  joists,  angles,  channels,  car-truck  channels,  TT 
columns  and  posts  or  parts  of  sections  of  columns  and  posts,  deck  and  bulb 
beams,  and  building  forms,  together  with  all  other  structural  shapes  of  iron 
or  steel,  whether  plain  or  punched,  or  fitted  for  use,  nine-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

138.  Boiler  or  other  plate  iron  or  steel,  except  saw  plates  hereinafter  pro- 
vided for,  not  thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge,  sheared  or  unsheared, 
and  skelp  iron  or  steel  sheared  or  rolled  in  grooves,  valued  at  one  cent  per 
pound  or  less,  five-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  one  cent  and 
not  above  one  and  four-tenth  cents  per  pound,  sixty-five  hundreths  of  one 
cent  per  pound ; valued  above  one  and  four-tenth  cents  and  not  above  two 
cents  per  pound,  eight-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  two  cents 
and  not  above  three  cents  per  pound,  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound ; val- 
ued above  three  cents  and  not  above  four  cents  per  pound,  one  and  five- 
tenth  cents  per  pound ; valued  above  four  cents  and  not  above  seven  cents 
per  pound,  two  cents  per  pound;  valued  above  seven  cents  and  not  above 
ten  cents  per  pound,  two  and  eight-tenth  cents  per  pound;  valued  above 
ten  cents  and  not.  above  thirteen  cents  per  pound,  three  and  one-half  cents 
per  pound;  valued  above  thirteen  cents  per  pound,  forty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem : Provided,  That  all  plate  iron  or  steel  thinner  than  number  ten  wire 
gauge  shall  pay  duty  as  iron  or  steel  sheets. 

139.  Forgings  of  iron  or  steel,  or  forged  iron  and  steel  combined,  of  what- 
ever shape,  or  in  whatever  stage  of  manufacture,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  act,  two  and  three-tenth  cents  per  pound ; Provided,  That  no  forgings 
of  iron  or  steel,  or  forgings  of  iron  and  steel  combined,  by  whatever  process 
made,  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

140.  Hoop,  or  band,  or  scroll,  or  other  iron  or  steel,  valued  at  three  cents 
per  pound  or  less,  eight  inches  or  less  in  width,  and  less  than  three-eighths 
of  one  inch  thick  and  not  thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge,  one  cent  per 
pound;  thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge  and  not  thinner  than  number 
twenty  wire  gauge,  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound;  thinner  than  number 
twenty  wire  gauge,  one  and  three-tenth  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That 
hoop  or  band  iron,  or  hoop  or  band  steel,  cut  to"  length,  or  wholly  or  partial- 
ly manufactured  into  hoops  or  ties  for  baling  purposes,  barrel  hoops  of  iron 
or  steel,  and  hoop  or  band  iron  or  hoop  or  band  steel  flared,  splayed  or 
punched,  with  or  without  buckles  or  fastenings,  shall  pay  two-tenths  of  one 
cent  per  pound  more  duty  than  that  imposed  on  the  hoop  or  band  iron  or 
steel  from  which  they  are  made. 

141.  Railway  bars,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  and  railway  bars  made  in  part 


340 


APPENDIX. 


of  steel,  T-rails,  and  punched  iron  or  steel  flat  rails,  six-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

142. '  Sheets  of  iron  or  steel,  common  or  black,  including  all  iron  or  steel 
commercially  known  as  common  or  black  taggers  iron  or  steel,  and  skelp 
iron  or  steel,  valued  at  three  cents  per  pound  or  less:  Thinner  than  number 
ten  and  not  thinner  than  number  twenty  wire  gauge,  one  cent  per  pound; 
thinner  than  number  twenty  wire  gauge  and  not  thinner  than  number  twenty- 
live  wire  gauge,  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound ; thinner  than  number 
twenty -five  wire  gauge,  one  and  four-tenth  cents  per  pound;  corrugated  or 
crimped,  one  and  four-tenth  cents  per  pound;  Provided,  That  all  common 
or  black  sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel  not  thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge 
shall  pay  duty  as  plate  iron  or  plate  steel. 

143.  All  iron  or  steel  sheets  or  plates,  and  all  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron 
or  steel,  excepting  what  are  known  commercially  as  tin  plates,  terne  plates, 
and  taggers  tin,  and  hereinafter  provided  for,  when  galvanized  or  coated 
with  zinc  or  spelter,  or  other  metals,  or  any  alloy  of  those  metals,  shall  pay 
three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound  more  duty  than  the  rates  imposed  by 
the  preceding  paragraph  upon  the  corresponding  gauges,  or  forms,  of  com- 
mon or  black  sheet  or  taggers  iron  or  steel;  and  on  and  after  July  1st,  eight- 
een hundred  and  ninety-one,  all  iron  or  steel  sheets,  or  plates,  or  taggers  iron 
coated  with  tin  or  lead  or  with  a mixture  of  which  these  metals  or  either  of 
them  is  a component  part,  by  the  dipping  or  any  other  process,  and  com- 
mercially known  as  tin  plates,  terne  plates,  and  taggers  tin,  shall  pay  two 
and  two-tenth  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That  on  and  after  July  first, 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-one,  manufactures  of  which  tin,  tin  plates, 
terne  plates,  taggers  tin,  or  either  of  them,  are  component  materials  of  chief 
value,  and  all  articles,  vessels,  or  wares  manufactured,  stamped  or  drawn 
from  sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel,  such  material  being  the  component  of  chief 
value,  and  coated  wholly  or  in  part  with  tin  or  lead  or  a mixture  of  which 
these  metals  or  either  of  them  is  a component  part,  shall  pay  a duty  of  fifty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided  further , That  on  and  after  October 
first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  tin  plates  and  terne  plates  lighter 
in  weight  than  sixty-three  pounds  per  hundred  square  feet  shall  be  admitted 
free  of  duty,  unless  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Pres- 
ident (who  shall  thereupon  by  proclamation  make  known  the  fact)  that  the 
aggregate  quantity  of  such  plates  lighter  than  sixty-tliree  pounds  per  hun- 
dred square  feet  produced  in  the  United  States  during  either  of  the  six  years 
next  preceding  June  thirtieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  has 
equaled  one-third  the  amount  of  such  plates  imported  and  entered  for  con- 
sumption during  any  fiscal  year  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  prior  to 
said  October  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-seven:  Provided,  That  the 
amount  of  such  plates  manufactured  into  articles  exported,  and  upon  which 
a drawback  shall  be  paid,  shall  not  be  included  in  ascertaining  the  amount 
of  such  importations:  And  provided  further,  That  the  amount  or  weight  of 
sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel  manufactured  in  the  United  States  and  applied  or 
wrought  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  of  wares  tinned  or  terne  plated  in  the 
United  States,  with  weight  allowance  as  sold  to  manufacturers  or  others, 
shall  be  considered  as  tin  and  terne  plates  produced  in  the  United  States  with- 
in the  meaning  of  this  act. 

144.  Sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel,  polished,  planished,  or  glanced,  by  what- 
ever name  designated,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That 
plate  or  sheet  or  taggers  iron  or  steel,  by  whatever  name  designated,  other 
than  the  polished,  planished,  or  glanced  herein  provided  for,  which  has  been 
pickled  or  cleaned  by  acid,  or  by  any  other  material  or  process,  or  which  is 
cold  rolled,  smoothed- only,  not  polished,  shall  pay  one-quarter  of  one  cent 
per  pound  more  duty  than  the  corresponding  gauges  of  common  or  black 
sheet  or  taggers  iron  or  steel. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


341 


145.  Sheets  or  plates  of  iron  or  steel,  or  taggers  iron  or  steel,  coated  with 
tin  or  lead,  or  with  a mixture  of  which  these  metals,  or  either  of  them,  is  a 
component  part,  by  the  dipping  or  any  other  process,  and  commercially 
known  as  tin  plates,  terne  plates,  and  taggers  tin,  one  cent  per  pound  until 
July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-one. 

146.  Steel  ingots,  cogged  ingots,  blooms,  and  slabs,  by  whatever  process 
made;  die  blocks  or  blanks;  billets  and  bars  and  tapered  or  beveled  bars; 
steamer,  crank,  and  other  shafts;  shafting;  wrist  or  crank  pins;  connecting- 
rods  and  piston  rods;  pressed,  sheared,  or  stamped  shapes;  saw  plates,  whol- 
ly or  partially  manufactured;  hammer  molds  or  swaged  steel;  gun -barrel 
molds  not  in  bars;  alloys  used  as  substitutes  for  steel  tools;  all  descriptions 
and  shapes  of  dry  sand,  loam,  or  iron-molded  steel  castings;'  sheets  and  plates 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act;  and  steel  in  all  forms  and  shapes  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act;  all  of  the  above  valued  at  one  cent  per 
pound  or  less,  four-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  one  cent  and 
not  above  one  and  four-tenth  cents  per  pound,  five-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  valued  above  one  and  four-tenth  cents  and  not  above  one  and  eight- 
tenth  cents  per  pound,  eight -tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound ; valued  above  one 
and  eight-tenth  cents  and  not  above  two  and  two-tenth  cents  per  pound,  nine- 
tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  two  and  two-tenth  cents,  and 
not  above  three  cents  per  pound,  one  and  two-tenth  cents  per  pound;  valued 
above  three  cents  and  not  above  four  cents  per  pound,  one  and  six-tenth 
cents  per  pound ; valued  above  four  cents  and  not  above  seven  cents  per  pound, 
two  cents  per  pound ; valued  above  seven  cents  and  not  above  ten  cents  per 
pound,  two  and  eight -tenth  cents  per  pound;  valued  above  ten  cents  and 
not  above  thirteen  cents  per  pound,  three  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  val- 
ued above  thirteen  cents  and  not  above  sixteen  cents  per  pound,  four  and 
two-tenth  cents  per  pound;  valued  above  sixteen  cents  per  pound,  seven 
cents  per  pound. 

Wire. — 147.  Wire  rods:  Rivet,  screw,  fence,  and  other  iron  or  steel  wire 
rods,  and  nail  rods,  whether  round,  oval,  flat,  square,  or  in  any  other  shape, 
in  coils  or  otherwise,  not  smaller  than  number  six  wire  gauge,  valued  at  three 
and  one-half  cents  or  less  per  pound,  six -tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  and 
iron  or  steel,  flat,  with  longitudinal  ribs  for  the  manufacture  of  fencing,  val- 
ued at  three  cents  or  less  per  pound,  six-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound : Pro- 
vided, That  all  iron  or  steel  rods,  whether  rolled  or  drawn  through  dies, 
smaller  than  number  six  wire  gauge,  shall  be  classed  and  dutiable  as  wire. 

148.  Wire:  Wire  made  of  iron  or  steel,  not  smaller  than  number  ten  wire 
gauge,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound;  smaller  than  number  ten,  and 
not  smaller  than  number  sixteen  wire  gauge,  one  and  three-fourth  cents  per 
pound;  smaller  than  number  sixteen  and  not  smaller  than  number  twenty- 
six  wire  gauge,  two  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound;  smaller  than  number 
twenty-six  wire  gauge,  three  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That  iron  or  steel 
wire  covered  with  cotton,  silk,  or  other  material,  and  wires  or  strip  steel, 
commonly  known  as  crinoline  wire,  corset  wire,  and  hat  wire,  shall  pay  a 
duty  of  five  cents  per  pound:  And  provided  further.  That  flat  steel  wire,  or 
sheet  steel  in  strips,  whether  drawn  through  dies  or  rolls,  untempered  or 
tempered,  of  whatsoever  width,  twenty-five  one-thousandths  of  an  inch  thick 
or  thinner  (ready  for  use  or  otherwise),  shall  pay  a duty  of  fifty  per  centum 
ad  valorem:  And  provided  further.  That  no  article  made  from  iron  or  steel 
wire,  or  of  which  iron  or  steel  wire  is  a component  part  of  chief  value,  shall 
pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  the  iron  or  steel  wire  from  which  it  is  made 
either  wholly  or  in  part:  And  provided  further , That  iron  or  steel  wire  cloths, 
and  iron  or  steel  wire  nettings  made  in  meshes  of  any  form,  shall  pay  a duty 
equal  in  amount  to  that  imposed  on  iron  or  steel  wire  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  iron  or  steel  wire  cloth,  or  iron  or  steel  wire  nettings,  and  two  cents 
per  pound  in  addition  thereto. 


342 


APPENDIX. 


There  shall  be  paid  on  iron  or  steel  wire  coated  with  zinc  or  tin,  or  any 
other  metal  (except  fence  wire  and  iron  or  steel,  flat,  with  longitudinal  ribs, 
for  the  manufacture  of  fencing),  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition 
to  the  rate  imposed  on  the  wire  of  which  it  is  made;  on  iron  wire  rope  and 
iron  strand,  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rate  imposed  on  the  wire 
of  which  it  is  made;  on  steel  wire  rope  and  wire  strand,  two  cents  per  pound 
in  addition  to  the  rate  imposed  on  the  wire  of  which  they  or  either  of  them 
are  made:  Provided  further,  That  all  iron  or  steel  wire  valued  at  more  than 
four  cents  per  pound  shall  pay  a duty  of  not  less  than  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem,  except  that  card  wire  for  the  manufacture  of  card  clothing  shall 
pay  a duty  of  thirty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

General  Provisions. 

149.  No  allowance  or  reduction  of  duties  for  partial  loss  or  damage  in 
consequence  of  rust  or  of  discoloration  shall  be  made  upon  any  description 
of  iron  or  steel,  or  upon  any  article  wholly  or  partly  manufactured  of  iron  or 
steel,  or  upon  any  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel. 

150.  All  metal  produced  from  iron  or  its  ores,  which  is  cast  and  malleable, 
of  whatever  description  or  form,  without  regard  to  the  percentage  of  carbon 
contained  therein,  whether  produced  by  cementation,  or  converted,  cast,  or 
made  from  iron  or  its  ores,  by  the  crucible,  Bessemer,  Clapp-Griffiths,  pneu- 
matic, Thomas-Gilchrist,  basic,  Siemens-Martin,  or  open-hearth  process,  or 
by  the  equivalent  of  either,  or  by  a combination  of  two  or  more  of  the 
processes,  or  their  equivalents,  or  by  any  fusion  or  other  process  which  pro- 
duces from  iron  or  its  ore  a metal  either  granular  or  fibrous  in  structure, 
which  is  cast  and  malleable,  excepting  what  is  known  as  malleable-iron  cast- 
ings shall  be  classed  and  denominated  as  steel. 

151.  No  article  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  wholly  or  partly 
manufactured  from  tin  plate,  terne  plate,  or  the  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or 
scroll  iron  or  steel  herein  provided  for,  or  of  which  such  tin  plate,  terne 
plate,  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or  steel  shall  be  the  mateiial  of 
chief  value,  shall  pay  a lower  rate  of  duty  than  that  imposed  on  the  tin  plate, 
terne  plate,  or  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or  steel  from  which  it 
is  made,  or  of  which  it  shall  be  the  component  thereof  of  chief  value. 

152.  On  all  iron  or  steel  bars  or  rods  of  whatever  shape  or  section,  which 
are  cold  rolled,  cold  hammered,  or  polished  in  any  way,  in  addition  to  the 
ordinary  process  of  hot  rolling  or  hammering,  there  shall  be  paid  one-fourth 
of  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rates  provided  in  this  act;  and  on 
all  strips,  plates,  or  sheets  of  iron  or  steel  of  whatever  shape,  other  than  the 
polished,  planished  or  glanced  sheet  iron,  or  sheet  steel  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided for,  which  are  cold  rolled,  cold  hammered,  blued,  brightened,  tem- 
pered, or  polished  by  any  process  to  such  perfected  surface  finish  or  polish 
better  than  the  grade  of  cold  rolled,  smooth  only,  hereinbefore  provided  for, 
there  shall  be  paid  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound  in  addition  to  the 
rates  provided  in  this  act  upon  plates,  strips,  or  sheets  of  iron  or  steel  of 
common  or  black  finish;  and  on  steel  circular  saw-plates  there  shall  be  paid 
one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rate  provided  in  this  act  for  steel  saw 
plates. 

Manufactures  of  Iron  and  Steel. 

153.  Anchors,  or  parts  thereof,  of  iron  or  steel,  mill  irons  and  mill  cranks 
of  wrought  iron,  and  wrought  iron  for  ships,  and  forgings  of  iron  or  steel, 
or  of  combined  iron  and  steel,  for  vessels,  steam  engines,  and  locomotives, 
or  parts  thereof,  weighing  each  twenty-five  pounds  or  more,  one  and  eight- 
tenth  cents  per  pound. 

154.  Axles,  or  parts  thereof,  axle  bars,  axle  blanks,  or  forgings  for  axles, 
whether  of  iron  or  steel,  without  reference  to  the  stage  or  state  of  manufac- 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


343 


ture,  two  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That  when  iron  or  steel  axles  are  im- 
ported fitted  in  wheels,  or  parts  of  wheels,  of  iron  or  steel,  they  shall  be 
dutiable  at  the  same  rate  as  the  wheels  in  which  they  are  fitted. 

155.  Anvils  of  iron  or  steel,  or  of  iron  and  steel  combined,  by  whatever 
process  made,  or  in  whatever  stage  of  manufacture,  two  and  one-half  cents 
per  pound. 

156.  Blacksmiths’  hammers  and  sledges,  track  tools,  wedges,  and  crow- 
bars, whether  of  iron  or  steel,  two  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound. 

157.  Boiler  or  other  tubes,  pipes,  flues,  or  stays  of  wrought  iron  or  steel, 
two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

158.  Bolts,  with  or  without  threads  or  nuts,  or  bolt  blanks  and  finished 
hinges  or  hinge  blanks,  whether  of  iron  or  steel,  two  and  one-fourth  cents 
per  pound. 

159.  Card  clothing,  manufactured  from  tempered-steel  wire,  fifty  cents 
per  square  foot;  all  other,  twenty-five  cents  per  square  foot. 

160.  Cast  iron  pipe  of  every  description,  nine-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

161.  Cast  iron  vessels,  plates,  stove  plates,  andirons,  sad-irons,  tailors’ 
irons,  hatters’  irons,  and  castings  of  iron,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  one  and  two-tenth  cents  per  pound. 

162.  Castings  of  malleable  iron  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one 
and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound. 

163.  Cast  hollow  ware,  coated,  glazed,  or  tinned,  three  cents  per  pound. 

164.  Chain  or  chains  of  all  kinds,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  not  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  one  and  six-tenth  cents  per  pound;  less  than 
three-fourths  of  one  inch  and  not  less  than  three-eighths  of  one  inch  in  diam- 
eter, one  and  eight-tenth  cents  per  pound;  less  than  three-eighths  of  one  inch 
in  diameter,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound,  but  no  chain  or  chains  of  any 
description  shall  pay  a lower  rate  of  duty  than  forty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 

Cutlery. — 165.  Pen-knives  or  pocket-knives  of  all  kinds,  or  parts  thereof, 
and  erasers  or  parts  thereof,  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  valued  at  not 
more  than  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  twelve  cents  per  dozen;  valued  at  more  than 
fifty  cents  per  dozen  and  not  exceeding  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen, 
fifty  cents  per  dozen ; valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  doz- 
en and  not  exceeding  three  dollars.per  dozen,  one  dollar  per  dozen;  valued 
at  more  than  three  dollars  per  dozen,  two  dollars  per  dozen;  and  in  addition 
thereto  on  all  the  above,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Razors  and  razor 
blades  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at  less  than  four  dollars  per  dozen,  one 
dollar  per  dozen;  valued  at  four  dollars  or  more  per  dozen,  one  dollar  and 
seventy -five  cents  per  dozen;  and  in  addition  thereto  on  all  the  above  razors 
and  razor  blades,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

166.  Swords,  sword  blades  and  side  arms,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valo- 
rem. 

167.  Table  knives,  forks,  steels,  and  all  butchers’,  hunting,  kitchen,  bread, 
butter,  vegetable,  fruit,  cheese,  plumbers’,  painters’,  palette,  and  artists’ 
knives,  of  all  sizes,  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at  not  more  than  one  dol- 
lar per  dozen  pieces,  ten  cents  per  dozen ; valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and 
not  more  than  two  dollars,  thirty-five  cents  per  dozen;  valued  at  more  than 
two  dollars  and  not  more  than  three  dollars,  forty  cents  per  dozen;  valued  at 
more  than  three  dollars  and  not  more  than  eight  dollars,  one  dollar  per  doz- 
en; valued  at  more  than  eight  dollars,  two  dollars  per  dozen;  and  in  addition 
upon  all  the  above-named  articles,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  All  carv- 
ing and  cooks’  knives  and  forks  of  all  sizes,  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at 
not  more  than  four  dollars  per  dozen  pieces,  one  dollar  per  dozen;  valued  at 
more  than  four  dollars  and  not  more  than  eight  dollars,  two  dollars  per  dozen 
pieces;  valued  at  more  than  eight  dollars  and  not  more  than  twelve  dollars, 
three  dollars  per  dozen  pieces:  valued  at  more  than  twelve  dollars,  five  dol- 


344 


APPENDIX. 


lars  per  dozen  pieces;  and  in  addition  upon  all  the  above-named  articles, 
thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

168.  Files,  file  blanks,  rasps,  and  floats,  of  all  cuts  and  kinds,  four  inches 
in  length  and  under,  thirty -five  cents  per  dozen;  over  four  inches  in  length 
and  under  nine  inches,  seventy -live  cents  per  dozen;  nine  inches  in  length 
and  under  fourteen  inches,  one  dollar  and  thirty  cents  per  dozen;  fourteen 
inches  in  length  and  over,  two  dollars  per  dozen. 

Fire-Arms. — 169.  Muskets  and  sporting  rifles,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

170.  All  double-barreled,  sporting,  breech-loading  shot  guns  valued  at  not 
more  than  six  dollars  each,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  each;  valued  at  more 
than  six  dollars  and  not  more  than  twelve  dollars  each,  four  dollars  each;  val- 
ued at  more  than  twelve  dollars  each,  six  dollars  each;  and  in  addition  there- 
to on  all  the  above,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Single-barrel,  breech- 
loading shot-guns,  one  dollar  each  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Re- 
volving pistols  valued  at  not  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  each,  forty 
cents  each;  valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents,  one  dollar  each;  and 
in  addition  thereto  on  all  the  above  pistols,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

171.  Iron  or  steel  sheets,  plates,  wares,  or  articles,  enameled  or  glazed  with 
vitreous  glasses,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

172.  Iron  or  steel  sheets,  plates,  wares,  or  articles,  enameled  or  glazed  as 
above  with  more  than  one  color,  or  ornamented,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Nails,  spikes,  tacks,  and  needles. — 173.  Cut  nails  and  cut  spikes  of  iron  or 
steel,  one  cent  per  pound. 

174.  Horseshoe  nails,  hob  nails,  and  all  other  wrought  iron  or  steel  nails, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  four  cents  per  pound. 

175.  Wire  nails  made  of  wrought  iron  or  steel,  two  inches  long  and  lon- 
ger, not  lighter  than  number  twelve  wire  gauge,  two  cents  per  pound ; from 
one  inch  to  two  inches  in  length,  and  lighter  than  number  twelve  and  not 
lighter  than  number  sixteen  wire  gauge,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound; 
shorter  than  one  inch  and  lighter  than  number  sixteen  wire  gauge,  four 
cents  per  pound. 

176.  Spikes,  nuts,  and  washers,  and  horse,  mule,  or  ox  shoes,  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel,  one  and  eight-tenth  cents  per  pound. 

177.  Cut  tacks,  brads,  or  sprigs,  not  exceeding  sixteen  ounces  to  the  thou- 
sand, two  and  one-fourth  cents  per  thousand ; exceeding  sixteen  ounces  to  the 
thousand,  two  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound. 

178.  Needles  for  knitting  or  sewing  machines,  crochet  needles  and  tape 
needles,  and  bodkins  of  metal,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

179.  Needles,,  knitting,  and  all  others  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
twenty-five  per  ceutum  ad  valorem. 

Plates. — 180.  Steel  plates  engraved,  stereotype  plates,  electrotype  plates, 
and  plates  of  other  materials,  engraved  or  lithographed,  for  printing,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

181.  Railway  fish  plates  or  splice  bars,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  one  cent  per 
pound. 

182.  Rivets  of  iron  or  steel,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

183.  Saws:  Cross-cut  saws,  eight  cents  per  linear  foot;  mill,  pit,  and 
drag  saws,  not  over  nine  inches  wide,  ten  cents  per  linear  foot;  over  nine  inch- 
es wide,  fifteen  cents  per  linear  foot;  circular  saws,  thirty  per  centum  ad 
valorem ; hand,  back,  and  all  other  saws,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

184.  Screws,  commonly  called  wood  screws,  more  than  two  inches  in 
length,  five  cents  per  pound;  over  one  inch  and  not  more  than  two  inches  in 
length,  seven  cents  per  pound;  over  one-half  inch  and  not  more  than  one 
inch  in  length,  ten  cents  per  pound;  one-half  inch  and  less  in  length,  four- 
teen cents  per  pound. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKENLEY  BILL. 


345 


1S5.  Wheels,  or  parts  thereof,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  and  steel-tired  wheels 
for  railway  purposes,  whether  wholly  or  partly  finished,  and  iron  or  steel  lo- 
comotive, car,  or  other  railway  tires  or  parts  thereof,  wholly  or  partly  manu- 
factured, two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  and  ingots,  cogged  ingots, 
blooms,  or  blanks  for  the  same,  without  regard  to  the  degree  of  manufacture, 
one  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That  when  wheels. or  parts 
thereof,  of  iron  or  steel,  are  imported  with  iron  or  steel  axles  fitted  in  them, 
the  wheels  and  axles  together  shall  be  dutiable  at  the  same  rate  as  is  provided 
for  the  wheels  when  imported  separately. 

Miscellaneous  Metals  and  Manufactures  of. 

186.  Aluminium  or  aluminum,  in  crude  form,  alloys  of  any  kind  in  which 
aluminum  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

187.  Antimony,  as  regulus  or  metal,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

188.  Argentine,  albata,  or  German  silver,  unmanufactured,  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

189.  Brass,  in  bars  or  pigs,  old  brass,  clippings  from  brass  or  Dutch  met- 
al, and  old  sheathing,  or  yellow  metal,  fit  only  for  remanufacture,  one  and 
one-half  cents  per  pound. 

190.  Bronze  powder,  twelve  cents  per  pound;  bronze  or  Dutch  metal,  or 
aluminum,  in  leaf,  eight  cents  per  package  of  one  hundred  leaves. 

Capper. — 191.  Copper  imported  in  the  form  of  ores,  one-half  of  one  cent 
per  pound  on  each  pound  of  fine  copper  contained  therein. 

192.  Old  copper,  fit  only  for  remanufacture,  clippings  from  new  copper, 
and  all  composition  metal  of  which  copper  is  a component  material  of  chief 
value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one  cent  per  pound. 

193.  Regulus  of  copper,  and  black  or  coarse  copper,  and  copper  cement, 
one  cent  per  pound  on  each  pound  of  fine  copper  contained  therein. 

194.  Copper  in  plates,  bars,  ingots.  Chili  or  other  pigs,  and  in  other  forms, 
not  manufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one  and  one-fourth 
cents  per  pound. 

195.  Copper  in  rolled  plates,  called  braziers’  copper,  sheets,  rods,  pipes, 
and  copper  bottoms,  also  sheathing  or  yellow  metal  of  which  copper  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  and  not  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
iron,  ungalvanized,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Gold  and  Silver. — 196.  Bullions  and  metal  thread  of  gold,  silver,  or  other 
metals,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

197.  Gold  leaf,  two  dollars  per  package  of  five  hundred  leaves. 

198.  Silver  leaf,  seventy-five  cents  per  package  of  five  hundred  leaves. 

Lead. — 199.  Lead  ore  and  lead  dross,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound: 

Provided,  That  silver  ore  and  all  other  ores  containing  lead  shall  pay  a duty 
of  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  on  the  lead  contained  therein,  according 
to  sample  and  assay  at  the  port  of  entry. 

200.  Lead  in  pigs  and  bars,  molten  and  old  refuse  lead  run  into  blocks  and 
bars,  and  old  scrap  lead  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  two  cents  per  pound. 

201.  Lead  in  sheets,  pipes,  shot,  glaziers’  lead,  and  lead  wire,  two  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound. 

202.  Metallic  mineral  substances  in  a crude  state  and  metals  unwrought, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem ; mica, 
thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Nickel. — 203.  Nickel,  nickel  oxide,  alloy  of  any  kind  in  which  nickel  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

204.  Pens,  metallic,  except  gold  pens,  twelve  cents  per  gross. 

205.  Penholder  tips,  penholders,  or  parts  thereof,  and  gold  pens,  thirty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

206.  Pins,  metallic,  solid  head  or  other,  including  hair  pins,  safety  pins, 
and  hat,  bonnet,  shawl,  and  belt  pins,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

25b 


846 


APPENDIX. 


207.  Quicksilver,  ten  cents  per  pound.  The  flasks,  bottles,  or  other  ves- 
sels in  which  quicksilver  is  imported,  shall  he  subject  to  the  same  rate  of  duty 
as  they  would  be  subjected  to  if  imported  empty. 

208.  Type  metal,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  for  the  lead  contained 
therein;  new  types,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

209.  Tin:  On  and  after  July  1,  1893,  there  shall  be  imposed  and  paid 
upon  cassiterite  or  black  oxide  of  tin,  and  upon  bar,  block,  and  pig  tin,  a 
duty  of  four  cents  per  pound:  Provided,  That  unless  it  shall  he  made  to  ap- 
pear to  the  satisfaction  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  (who  shall  make 
known  the  fact  by  proclamation)  that  the  product  of  the  mines  of  the  United 
States  shall  have  exceeded  five  thousand  tons  of  cassiterite,  and  bar,  block, 
and  pig  tin  in  any  one  year  prior  to  July  1,  1895,  then  all  imported  cassiter- 
ite, bar,  block,  and  pig  tin  shall  after  July  1,  1895,  be  admitted  free  of  duty. 

Watches. — 210.  Chronometers,  box  or  ship’s  and  parts  thereof,  ten  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

211.  Watches,  parts  of  watches,  watch  cases,  watch  movements,  and 
watch  glasses,  whether  separately  packed  or  otherwise,  twenty -five  per  cent- 
um ad  valorem. 

Zinc  or  Spelter. — 212.  Zinc  in  blocks  or  pigs,  one  and  three-fourth  cents 
per  pound. 

213.  Zinc  in  sheets,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

214.  Zinc,  old  and  worn  out,  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  one  and  one- 
fourth  cents  per  pound. 

215.  Manufactures,  articles,  or  wares,  not  specially  enumerated  or  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  iron,  steel,  lead,  copper, 
nickel,  pewter,  zinc,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  aluminum,  or  any  other  metal, 
and  whether  partly  or  wholly  manufactured,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 

Schedule  D. — Wood  and  Manufactures  of. 

216.  Timber,  hewed  and  sawed,  and  timber  used  for  spars  and  in  building 
wharves,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

217.  Timber,  squared  or  sided,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one- 
half  of  one  cent  per  cubic  foot. 

218.  Sawed  boards,  plank,  deals,  and  other  lumber  of  hemlock,  white- 
wood,  sycamore,  white  pine,  and  basswood,  one  dollar  per  thousand  feet 
board  measure;  sawed  lumber,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  two  dol- 
lars per  thousand  feet  board  measure;  but  when  lumber  of  any  sort  is 
planed  or  finished,  in  addition  to  the  rates  herein  provided,  there  shall  be  lev- 
ied and  paid  for  each  side  so  planed  or  finished  fifty  cents  per  thousand  feet 
board  measure;  and  if  planed  on  one  side  and  tongued  and  grooved,  one  dol- 
lar per  thousand  feet  board  measure;  and  if  planed  on  two  sides,  and  tongued 
and  grooved,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  thousand  feet  board  measure;  and 
in  estimating  board  measure  under  this  schedule  no  deduction  shall  be  made 
on  board  measure  on  account  of  planing,  tonguing  and  grooving:  Provided, 
That  in  case  any  foreign  country  shall  impose  an  export  duty  upon  pine, 
spruce,  elm,  or  other  logs,  or  upon  stave  bolts,  shingle  wood,  or  heading 
blocks  exported  to  the  United  States  from  such  country,  then  the  duty  upon 
the  sawed  lumber  herein  provided  for,  when  imported  from  such  country, 
shall  remain  the  same  as  fixed  by  the  law  in  force  prior  to  the  passage  of  this 
act. 

219.  Cedar:  That  on  and  after  March  1,  1891,  paving  posts,  railroad  ties, 
and  telephone  and  telegraph  poles  of  cedar,  shall  be  dutiable  at  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

220.  Sawed  boards,  plank,  deals,  and  all  forms  of  sawed  cedar,  lignum 
vitae,  lancewood,  ebony,  box,  granadilla,  mahogany,  rosewood,  satinwood, 
and  all  other  cabinet  woods  not  further  manufactured  than  sawed,  fifteen  per 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKIXLEY  BILL. 


347 


centum  ad  valorem;  veneers  of  wood,  and  wood,  unmanufactured,  not  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

221.  Pine  clapboards;  one  dollar  per  one  thousand. 

222.  Spruce  clapboards,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  one  thousand. 

223.  Hubs  for  wheels,  posts,  last  blocks,  wagon  blocks,  oar  blocks,  gun 
blocks,  heading  blocks,  and  all  like  blocks  or  sticks,  rough  hewed  or  sawed 
only,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

'224.  Laths,  fifteen  cents  per  one  thousand  pieces. 

225.  Pickets  and  palings,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

226.  White-pine  shingles,  twenty  cents  per  one  thousand;  all  other,  thirty 
cents  per  one  thousand. 

227.  Staves  of  wood  of  all  kinds,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

228.  Casks  and  barrels  (empty),  sugar-box  shooks,  and  packing  boxes  and 
packing-box  shooks,  of  wood,  not  specially  provided  for  iu  this  act,  thirty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

229.  Chair  cane  or  reeds  wrought  or  manufactured  from  rattans  or  reeds, 
and  whether  round,  square,  or  in  any  other  shape,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

230.  House  or  cabinet  furniture,  of  wood,  wholly,  or  partly  finished, 
manufactures  of  wood,  or  of  which  wood  is  the  component  material  of  chief 
value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Schedule  E.— Sugar. 

231.  That  on  and  after  July  1,  1891,  and  until  July  1,  1905,  there  shall  be 
paid,  from  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  under 
the  provisions' of  Section  3,689  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  to  the  producer  of 
sugar  testing  not  less  than  ninety  degrees  by  the  polariscope,  from  beets, 
sorghum,  or  sugar-cane  grown  within  the  United  States,  or  from  maple  sap 
produced  within  the  United  States,  a bounty  of  two  cents  per  pound;  and 
upon  such  sugar  testing  less  than  ninety  degrees  by  the  polariscope,  and  not 
less  than  eighty  degrees,  a bounty  of  one  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound, 
under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  prescribe. 

232.  The  producer  of  said  sugar  to  be  entitled  to  said  bounty  shall  have 
first  filed  prior  to  July  1st  of  each  year  with  the  Commissioner  of  Internal 
Revenue  a notice  of  tire  place  of  production,  with  a general  description  of 
the  machinery  and  methods  to  be  employed  by  him,  with  an  estimate  of  the 
amount  of  sugar  proposed  to  be  produced  in  the  current  or  next  ensuing  year, 
including  the  number  of  maple-trees  to  be  tapped,  and  an  application  for  a 
license  to  so  produce,  to  be  accompanied  by  a bond  in  a penalty,  and  with 
sureties  to  be  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  conditioned 
that  he  will  faithfully  observe  all  rules  and  regulations  that  shall  be  pre- 
scribed for  such  manufacture  and  production  of  sugar. 

233.  The  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  upon  receiving  the  applica- 
tion and  bond  hereinbefore  provided  for,  shall  issue  to  the  applicant  a license 
to  produce  sugar  from  sorghum,  beets,  or  sugar-cane  grown  within  the  United 
States,  or  from  maple  sap  produced  within  the  JTnited  States  at  the  place  and 
with  the  machinery  and  by  the  methods  described  in  the  application;  but 
said  license  shall  not  extend  beyond  one  year  from  the  date  thereof. 

234.  No  bounty  shall  be  paid  to  any  person  engaged  in  refining  sugars 
which  have  been  imported  into  the  United  States,  or  produced  in  the  United 
States  upon  which  the  bounty  herein  provided  for  has  already  been  paid  or 
applied  for,  nor  to  any  person  unless  he  shall  have  first  been  licensed  as  herein 
provided,  and  only  upon  sugar  produced  by  such  person  from  sorghum, 
beets,  or  sugar-cane  grown  within  the  United  States,  or  from  maple  sap  pro- 
duced within  the  United  States.  The  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  from  time  to  time 


348 


APPENDIX. 


make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  from 
sorghum,  beets,  or  sugar-cane  grown  within  the  United  States,  or  from  maple 
sap  produced  within  the  United  States,  and  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  exercise  supervision  and  inspection  of  the  manu- 
facture thereof. 

235.  And  for  the  payment  of  these  bounties  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
is  authorized  to  draw  warrants  on  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  for  such 
sums  as  shall  be  necessary,  which  sums  shall  be  certified  to  him  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Internal  Revenue,  by  whom  the  bounties  shall  be  disbursed,  and 
no  bounty  shall  be  allowed  or  paid  to  any  person  licensed  as  aforesaid  in  any 
one  year,  upon  any  quantity  of  sugar  less  than  five  hundred  pounds. 

236.  That  any  person  who  shall  knowingly  refine  or  aid  in  the  refining  of 
sugar  imported  into  the  United  States  or  upon  which  the  bounty  herein 
provided  for  has  already  been  paid  or  applied  for,  at  the  place  described  in 
t he  license  issued  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  and  any  person 
not  entitled  to  the  bounty  herein  provided  for,  who  shall  apply  for  or  receive 
the  same,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and,  upon  conviction  thereof, 
shall  pay  a fine  not  exceeding  $5,000,  or  be  imprisoned  for  a period  not  ex- 
ceeding five  years,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

237.  All  sugars  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  pay  a 
duty  of  five-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound : Provided,  That  all  such  sugars 
above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  pay  one-tenth  of  one 
cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rate  herein  provided  for,  when  exported 
from,  or  the  product  of  any  country  when  and  so  long  as  such  country  pays 
or  shall  hereafter  pay,  directly  or  indirectly,  a bounty  on  the  exportation  of 
any  sugar  that  may  be  included  in  this  grade  which  is  greater  than  is  paid  on 
raw  sugars  of  a lower  saccharine  strength ; and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
shall  prescribe  suitable  rules  and  regulations  to  carry  this  provision  into  effect: 
And  provided  further.  That  all  machinery  purchased  abroad  and  erected  in  a 
beet-sugar  factory  and  used  in  the  production  of  raw  sugar  in  the  United 
States  from  beets  produced  therein  shall  be  admitted  duty  free  until  the  first 
day  of  July,  1892:  Provided,  That  any  duty  collected  on  any  of  the  above- 
described  machinery  purchased  abroad  and  imported  into  the  United  States 
for  the  uses  above  indicated  since  Jan.  1,  1890,  shall  be  refunded. 

238.  Sugar  candy  and  all  confectionery,  including  chocolate  confectionery, 
made  wholly  or  in  part  of  sugar,  valued  at  twelve  cents  or  less  per  pound, 
and  on  sugars  after  being  refined,  when  tinctured,  colored,  or  in  any  way 
adulterated,  five  cents  per  pound. 

239.  All  other  confectionery,  including  chocolate  confectionery,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

240.  Glucose,  or  grape  sugar,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

241.  That  the  provisions  of  this  act  providing  terms  for  the  admission  of 
imported  sugars  and  molasses  and  for  the  payment  of  a bounty  on  sugars  of 
domestic  production  shall  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  April,  1891 : Pro- 
vided, That  on  and  after  the  first  day  of  March,  1891,  and  prior  to  the  first 
day  of  April,  1891,  sugars  not  exceeding  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard  in 
color  may  be  refined  in  bond  without  payment  of  duty,  and  such  refined  sugars 
may  be  transported  in  bond  and  stored  in  bonded  warehouse  at  such  points  of 
destination  as  are  provided  in  existing  laws  relating  to  the  immediate  trans- 
portation of  dutiable  goods  in  bond,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall 
be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Schedule  F. — Tobacco  and  Manufactures  of. 

• 

242.  Leaf  tobacco  suitable  for  cigar  wrappers,  if  not  stemmed,  two  dol- 
lars per  pound;  if  stemmed,  two  dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  pound: 
Provided,  That  if  any  portion  of  any  tobacco  imported  in  any  bale,  box,  or 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


349 


package,  or  in  bulk  shall  be  suitable  for  cigar  wrappers,  the  entire  quantity 
of  tobacco  contained  in  such  bale,  box,  or  package,  or  bulk  shall  be  dutiable; 
if  not  stemmed,  at  two  dollars  per  pound;  if  stemmed,  at  two  dollars  and 
seventy-five  cents  per  pound. 

243.  All  other  tobacco  in  leaf,  unmanufactured  and  not  stemmed,  thirty- 
five  cents  per  pound;  if  stemmed,  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

244.  Tobacco  manufactured,  of  all  descriptions,  not  specially  enumerated 
or  provided  for  in  this  act,  forty  cents  per  pound. 

245.  Snuff  and  snuff  flour,  manufactured  of  tobacco,  ground  dry,  or  damp, 
and  pickled,  scented,  or  otherwise,  of  all  descriptions,  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

246.  Cigars,  cigarettes,  and  cheroots  of  all  kinds,  four  dollars  and  fifty 
cents  per  pound  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  and  paper  cigars  and 
cigarettes,  including  wrappers,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  as  are 
herein  imposed  upon  cigars. 

Schedule  G. — Agricultural  Products  and  Provisions. 

Animals , Live. — 247.  Horses  and  mules,  thirty  dollars  per  head:  Provided, 
That  horses  valued  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  and  over  shall  pay  a duty 
of  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

248.  Cattle  more  than  one  year  old,  ten  dollars  per  head;  one  year  old  or 
less,  two  dollars  per  head. 

249.  Hogs,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  head. 

250.  Sheep,  one  year  old  or  more,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  head;  less 
than  one  year  old,  seventy- five  cents  per  head. 

251.  All  other  live  animals,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Breadstuff s and  Farinaceous  Substances.  — 252.  Barley,  thirty  cents  per 
bushel  of  forty-eight  pounds. 

253.  Barley  malt,  forty-five  cents  per  bushel  of  thirty -four  pounds. 

254.  Barley,  pearled,  patent,  or  hulled,  two  cents  per  pound. 

255.  Buckwheat,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel  of  forty-eight  pounds. 

256.  Corn  or  maize,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty-six  pounds. 

257.  Corn  meal,  twenty  cents  per  bushel  of  forty-eight  pounds. 

258.  Macaroni,  vermicelli,  and  all  similar  preparations,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

259.  Oats,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel. 

260.  Oatmeal,  one  cent  per  pound. 

261.  Rice,  cleaned,  two  cents  per  pound;  uncleaned  rice,  one  and  one- 
quarter  cents  per  pound;  paddy,  three-quarters  of  one  cent  per  pound;  rice 
flour,  rice  meal,  and  rice,  broken,  which  will  pass  through  a sieve  known 
commercially  as  number  twelve  wire  sieve,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

262.  Rye,  ten  cents  per  bushel. 

263.  Rye  flour,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

264.  Wheat,  twenty-five  cents  per  bushel. 

265.  Wheat  flour,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Dairy  Products.  — 266.  Butter,  and  substitutes  therefor,  six  cents  per 
pound. 

267.  Cheese,  six  cents  per  pound. 

268.  Milk,  fresh,  five  cents  per  gallon. 

269.  Milk,  preserved  or  condensed,  including  weight  of  packages,  three 
cents  per  pound;  sugar  of  milk,  eight  cents  per  pound. 

Farm  and  Field  Products. — 270.  Beans,  forty  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty 
pounds. 

271.  Beans,  pease,  and  mushrooms,  prepared  or  preserved,  in  tins,  jars, 
bottles,  or  otherwise,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

272.  Broom-corn,  eight  dollars  per  ton. 


350 


APPENDIX. 


273.  Cabbages,  three  cents  each. 

274.  Cider,  live  cents  per  gallon. 

275.  Eggs,  five  cents  per  dozen. 

276.  Eggs,  yolk  of,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

277.  Hay,  four  dollars  per  ton. 

278.  Honey,  twenty  cents  per  gallon. 

279.  Hops,  fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

280.  Onions,  forty  cents  per  bushel. 

281.  Pease,  green,  in  bulk  or  in  barrels,  sacks,  or  similar  packages,  forty 
cents  per  bushel  of  sixty  pounds;  pease,  dried,  twenty  cents  per  bushel;  split 
pease,  fifty  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty  pounds;  pease  in  cartons,  papers,  or 
other  small  packages,  one  cent  per  pound. 

282.  Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  and  vines  of  all  kinds,  commonly  known  as 
nursery  stock,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

283.  Potatoes,  twenfey-five  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty  pounds. 

Seeds.  — 284.  Castor  beans  or  seeds,  fifty  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty  pounds. 

285.  Flaxseed  or  linseed,  poppy  seed  and  other  oil  seeds,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty -six  pounds;  but  no 
drawback  shall  be  allowed  on  oil  cake  made  from  imported  seed. 

286.  Garden  seeds,  agricultural  seeds,  and  other  seeds,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

287.  Vegetables  of  all  kinds,  prepared  or  preserved,  including  pickles  and 
sauces  of  all  kinds,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

288.  Vegetables  in  their  natural  state,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

289.  Straw,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

290.  Teazles,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Fish. — 291.  Anchovies  and  sardines,  packed  in  oil  or  otherwise,  in  tin 
boxes,  measuring  not  more  than  five  inches  long,  four  inches  wide,  and  three 
and  one-half  inches  deep,  ten  cents  per  whole  box;  in  half-boxes,  measuring 
not  more  than  five  inches  long,  four  inches  wide,  and  one  and  five-eighth 
inches  deep,  five  cents  each;  in  quarter-boxes,  measuring  not  more  than  four 
and  three-fourth  inches  long,  three  and  one-half  inches  wide, 'and  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  deep,  two  and  one-half  cents  each;  when  imported  in  any 
other  form,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

292.  Fish,  pickled,  in  barrels  or  half -barrels,  and  mackerel  or  salmon, 
pickled  or  .salted,  one  cent  per  pound. 

293.  Fish,  smoked,  dried,  salted,  pickled,  frozen,  packed  in  ice,  or  other- 
wise prepared  for  preservation,  and  fresh  fish,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

294.  Herrings,  pickled  or  salted,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound;  herrings, 
fresh,  one-fourtli  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

295.  Fish  in  cans  or  packages  made  of  tin  or  other  material;  except  an- 
chovies and  sardines  and  fish  packed  in  any  other  manner,  not  specially 
enumerated  or  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

296.  Cans  or  packages,  made  of  tin  or  other  metal,  containing  shell  fish 
admitted  free  of  duty,  not  exceeding  one  quart  in  contents,  shall  be  subject 
to  a duty  of  eight  cents  per  dozen  cans  or  packages;  and  when  exceeding  one 
quart,  shall  be  subject  to  an  additional  duty  of  four  cents  per  dozen  for  each 
additional  half -quart  or  fractional  part  thereof:  Provided,  That  until  June  30, 
1891,  such  cans  or  packages  shall  be  admitted  as  now  provided  by  law. 

Fruits  and  Nuts. — 297.  Fruits:  Apples,  green  or  ripe,  twenty-five  cents 
per  bushel. 

298.  Apples,  dried,  desiccated,  evaporated,  or  prepared  in  any  manner, 
and  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  act,  two  cents  tier  pound. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


351 


299.  Grapes,  sixty  cents  per  barrel  of  three  cubic  feet  capacity  or  frac- 
tional part  thereof;  plums  and  prunes,  two  cents  per  pound. 

300.  Figs,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

301.  Oranges,  lemons,  and  limes,  in  packages  of  capacity  of  one  and  one- 
fourth  cubic  feet  or  less,  thirteen  cents  per  package;  in  packages  of  capacity 
exceeding  one  and  one-fourth  cubic  feet  and  not  exceeding  two.  and  one-half 
cubic  feet,  twenty-five  cents  per  package;  in  packages  of  capacity  exceeding 
two  and  one-half  cubic  feet  and  not  exceeding  five  cubic  feet,  fifty  cents  per 
package;  in  packages  of  capacity  exceeding  five  cubic  feet,  for  every  addi- 
tional cubic  foot  or  fractional  part  thereof,  ten  cents;  in  bulk,  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  one  thousand;  and  in  addition  thereto  a duty  of  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem  upon  the  boxes  or  barrels  containing  such  oranges,  lemons, 
or  limes. 

302.  Raisins,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

303.  Comfits,  sweetmeats,  and  fruits  preserved  in  sugar,  sirup,  molasses, 
or  spirits,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  and  jellies  of  all  kinds,  thirty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

304.  Fruits  preserved  in  their  own  juices,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

305.  Orange  peel  and  lemon  peel,  preserved  or  candied,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

306.  Nuts:  Almonds,  not  shelled,  five  cents  per  pound;  clear  almonds, 
shelled,  seven  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

307.  Filberts  and  walnuts  of  all  kinds,  not  shelled,  three  cents  per  pound ; 
shelled,  six  cents  per  pound. 

308.  Peanuts  or  ground  beans,  unshelled,  one  cent  per  pound ; shelled,  one 
and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

309.  Nuts  of  all  kinds,  shelled  or  unshelled,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act,  one  and  one-lialf  cents  per  pound. 

Meat  Products. — 310.  Bacon  and  hams,  five  cents  per  pound. 

311.  Beef,  mutton,  and  pork,  two  cents  per  pound. 

312.  Meats  of  all  kinds,  prepared  or  preserved,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

313.  Extract  of  meat,  all  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty-five 
cents  per  pound ; fluid  extract  of  meat,  fifteen  cents  per  pound ; and  no  sep- 
arate or  additional  duty  shall  be  collected  on  such  coverings  unless  as  such 
they  are  suitable  and  apparently  designed  for  use  other  than  in  the  importa- 
tion of  meat  extracts. 

314.  Lard,  two  cents  per  pound. 

315.  Poultry,  live,  three  cents  per  pound ; dressed,  five  cents  per  pound. 

316.  Tallow,  one  cent  per  pound;  wool  grease,  includingthat  known  com- 
mercially as  degras  or  brown  wool  grease,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

Miscellaneous  Products. — 317.  Chicory  root,  burned  or  roasted,  ground 
or  granulated,  or  in  rolls,  or  otherwise  prepared,,  and  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act,  two  cents  per  pound. 

318.  Chocolate  (other  than  chocolate  confectionery  and  chocolate  com- 
mercially known  as  sweetened  chocolate),  two  cents  per  pound. 

319.  Cocoa,  prepared  or  manufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  two  cents  per  pound. 

320.  Cocoa  butter  or  cocoa  butterine,  three  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

321.  Dandelion  root  and  acorns  prepared,  and  other  articles  used  as  cof- 
fee, or  as  substitutes  for  coffee,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  one  and 
one-half  cents  per  pound. 

Salt. — 322.  Salt  in  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or  other  packages,  twelve  cents 
per  one  hundred  pounds;  in  bulk,  eight  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds  : 
Provided , That  imported  salt  in  bond  may  be  used  in  curing  fish  taken 
by  vessels  licensed  to  engage  in  the  fisheries  and  in  curing  fish  on  the 
shores  of  the  navigable  waters  of  the  United  States,  under  such  regula- 


352 


APPENDIX. 


tions  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe ; and  upon  proof 
that  the  salt  lias  been  used  for  either  of  the  purposes  stated  in  this  pro- 
viso, the  duties  on  the  same  shall  be  remitted : Provided , further,  That  ex- 
porters of  meats,  whether  packed  or  smoked,  which  have  been  cured  in  the 
United  States  with  imported  salt,  shall,  upon  satisfactory  proof,  under  such 
regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe,  that  such  meats 
have  been  cured  with  imported  salt,  have  refunded  to  them  from  the  Treasury 
the  duties  paid  on  the  salt  so  used  in  curing  such  exported  meats,  in  amounts 
not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars. 

323.  Starch,  including  all  preparations,  from  whatever  substance  pro- 
duced, fit  for  use  as  starch,  two  cents  per  pound. 

324.  Dextrine,  burned  starch,  gum  substitute,  or  British  gum,  one  and 
one-lialf  cents  per  pound. 

325.  Mustard,  ground  or  preserved,  in  bottles  or  otherwise,  ten  cents  per 
pound. 

326.  Spices,  ground  or  powdered,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
four  cents  per  pound;  cayenne  pepper,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound, 
unground ; sage,  three  cents  per  pound. 

327.  Vinegar,  seven  and  one-half  cents  per  gallon.  The  standard  for  vin- 
egar shall  be  taken  to  be  that  strength  which  requires  thirty -five  grains  of 
bicarbonate  of  potash  to  neutralize  one  ounce  troy  of  vinegar. 

328.  There  shall  be  allowed  on  the  imported  tin  plate  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cans,  boxes,  packages,  and  all  articles  of  tinware  exported,  either 
empty  or  filled  with  domestic  products,  a drawback  equal  to  the  duty  paid 
on  such  tin  plate,  less  one  per  centum  of  such  duty,  which  shall  be  retained 
for  the  use  of  the  United  States. 

Schedule  H. — Spirits,  Wines,  and  Other  Beverages. 

Spirits. — 329.  Brandy  and  other  spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from 
grain  or  other  materials,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  two  dol- 
lars and  fifty  cents  per  proof  gallon. 

330.  Each  and  every  gauge  or  wine  gallon  of  measurement  shall  be 
counted  as  at  least  one  proof  gallon;  and  the  standard  for  determining  the 
proof  of  brandy  and  other  spirits  or  liquors  of  any  kind  imported  shall  be 
the  same  as  that  which  is  defined  in 'the  laws  relating  to  internal  revenue; 
but  any  brandy  or  other  spirituous  liquors,  imported  in  casks  of  less  capacity 
than  fourteen  gallons,  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United  States:  Provided,  That 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  his  discretion,  to 
authorize  the  ascertainment  of  the  proof  of  wines,  cordials,  or  other  liquors, 
by  distillation  or  otherwise,  in  case  where  it  is  impracticable  to  ascertain  such 
proof  by  the  means  prescribed  by  existing  law  or  regulations. 

331.  On  all  compounds  or  preparations,  of  which  distilled  spirits  are  a 
component  part  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  there 
shall  be  levied  a duty  not  less  than  that  imposed  upon  distilled  spirits. 

332.  Cordials,  liquors,  arrack,  absinthe,  kirschwasser,  ratafia,  and  other 
spirituous  beverages  or  bitters  of  all  kinds  containing  spirits,  and  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  proof  gallon. 

333.  No  lower  rate  or  amount  of  duty  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid 
on  brandy,  spirits,  and  other  spirituous  beverages,  than  that  fixed  by  law  for 
the  description  of  first  proof;  but  it  shall  be  increased  in  proportion  for  any 
greater  strength  than  the  strength  of  first  proof,  and  all  imitations  of  brandy 
or  spirits  or  wines  imported  by  any  names  whatever  shall  be  subject  to  the 
highest  rate  of  duty  provided  for  the  genuine  articles  respectively  intended 
to  be  represented,  and  in  no  case  less  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per 
gallon. 

334.  Bay  rum  or  bay  water,  whether  distilled  or  compounded,  of  first 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


353 


proof,  and  in  proportion  for  any  greater  strength  than  first  proof,  one  dollar 
and  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

Wines. — 335.  Champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines,  in  bottles  con- 
taining each  not  more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint,  eight  dollars 
per  dozen;  containing  not  more  than  one  pint  each  and  more  than  one-half 
pint,  four  dollars  per  dozen;  containing  one-half  pint  each  or  less,  two  dol- 
lars per  dozen;  in  bottles  or  other  vessels,  containing  more  than  one  quart 
each,  in  addition  to  eight  dollars  per  dozen  bottles  on  the  quantity  in  excess 
of  one  quart,  at  the  rate  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

336.  Still  wines,  including  ginger  wine  or  ginger  cordial  and  vermuth,  in 
casks,  fifty  cents  per  gallon;  in  bottles  or  jugs,  per  case  of  one  dozen  bottles 
or  jugs,  containing  each  not  more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint, 
or  twenty-four  bottles  or  jugs  containing  each  not  more  than  one  pint,  one 
dollar  and  sixty  cents  per  case;  and  any  excess  beyond  these  quantities  found 
in  such  bottles  or  jugs,  shall  be  subject  to  a duy  of  five  cents  per  pint  or 
fractional  part  thereof,  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  assessed 
on  the  bottles  or  jugs:  Provided,  That  any  wines,  ginger  cordial,  or  vermuth  im- 
ported containing  more  than  twenty-four  per  centum  of  alcohol  shall  be  forfeit- 
ed to  the  United  States:  And  provided  further , That  there  shall  be  no  construc- 
tive or  other  allowance  for  breakage,  leakage,  or  damage  on  wines,  liquors, 
cordials,  or  distilled  spirits.  Wines,  cordials,  brandy,  and  other  spirituous 
liquors  imported  in  bottles  or  jugs  shall  be  packed  in  packages  containing 
not  less  than  one  dozen  bottles  or  jugs  in  each  package;  and  all  such  bottles 
or  jugs  shall  pay  an  additional  duty  of  three  cents  for  each  bottle  or  jug  un- 
less specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

337.  Ale,  porter,  and  beer,  in  bottles  or  jugs,  forty  cents  per  gallon,  but  no 
separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  assessed  on  the  bottles  or  jugs;  otherwise 
than  in  bottles  or  jugs,  twenty  cents  per  gallon. 

338.  Malt  extract,  fluid,  in  casks,  twenty  cents  per  gallon;  in  bottles  or 
jugs,  forty  cents  per  gallon;  solid  or  condensed,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

"339.  Cherry  juice  and  prune  juice,  or  prune  wine,  and  other  fruit  juice, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  containing  not  more  than  eighteen  per 
centum  of  alcohol,  sixty  cents  per  gallon ; if  containing  more  than  eighteen 
per  centum  of  alcohol,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  proof  gallon. 

340.  Ginger  ale,  ginger  beer,  lemonade,  soda  water,  and  other  similar 
waters,  in  plain  green  or  colored  molded  or  pressed  glass  bottles,  containing 
each  not  more  than  three-fourths  of  a pint,  thirteen  cents  per  dozen;  con- 
taining more  than  three-fourths  of  a pint  each  and  not  more  than  one  and 
one-half  pints,  twenty-six  cents  per  dozen;  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty 
shall  be  assessed  on  the  bottles;  if  imported  otherwise  than  in  plain  green  or 
colored  molded  or  pressed  glass  bottles,  or  in  such  bottles  containing  more 
than  one  and  one-half  pints  each,  fifty  cents  per  gallon;  and  in  addition  thereto, 
duty  shall  be  collected  on  the  bottles,  or  other  coverings,  at  the  rates  which 
would  be  chargeable  thereon  if  imported  empty. 

341.  All  mineral  waters,  and  all  imitations  of  natural  mineral  waters, 
and  all  artificial  mineral  waters  not  specially  provided  for  incthis  act,  in 
green  or  colored  glass  bottles  containing  not  more  than  one  pint,  sixteen  cents 
per  dozen  bottles.  If  containing  more  than  one  pint  and  not  more  than  one 
quart,  twenty-five  cents  per  dozen  bottles.  But  no  separate  duty  shall  be 
assessed  upon  the  bottles.  If  imported  otherwise  than  in  plain  green  or  col- 
ored glass  bottles,  or  if  imported  in  such  bottles  containing  more  than  one 
quart,  twenty  cents  per  gallon,  and  in  addition  thereto  duty  shall  be  collected 
upon  the  bottles  or  other  covering  at  the  same  rates  that  would  be  charged 
if  imported  empty  or  separately. 


354 


APPENDIX. 


Schedule  I.— Cotton  Manufactures. 

342.  Cotton  thread,  yarn,  warps,  or  warp  yarn,  whether  single  or  advanced 
beyond  the  condition  of  single,  by  grouping  or  twisting  two  or  more  single 
yarns  together,  whether  on  beams  or  in  bundles,  skeins,  or  cops,  or  in  any 
other  form,  except  spool  thread  of  cotton,  hereinafter  provided  for,  valued 
at  not  exceeding  twenty-five  cents  per  pound,  ten  cents  per  pound;  valued  at 
over  twenty-five  cents  per  pound  and  not  exceeding  forty  cents  per  pound, 
eighteen  cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over  forty  cents  per  pound  and  not  ex- 
ceeding fifty  cents  per  pound,  twenty -three  cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over 
fifty  cents  per  pound  and  not  exceeding  sixty  cents  per  pound,  twenty-eight 
cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over  sixty  cents  per  pound  and  not  exceeding 
seventy  cents  per  pound,  thirty-three  cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over  sev- 
enty cents  per  pound  and  not  exceeding  eighty  cents  per  pound,  thirty-eight 
cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over  eighty  cents  per  pound  and  not  exceeding- 
one  dollar  per  pound,  forty-eight  cents  per  pound;  valued  at  over  one  dollar 
per  pound,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

343.  Spool  thread  of  cotton,  containing  on  each  spool  not  exceeding  one 
hundred  yards  of  thread,  seven  cents  per  dozen ; exceeding  one  hundred  yards 
on  each  spool,  for  every  additional  one  hundred  yards  of  thread  or  fractional 
part  thereof  in  excess  of  one  hundred  yards,  seven  cents  per  dozen  spools. 

344.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed, 
and  not  exceeding  fifty  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and 
filling,  two  cents  per  square  yard;  if  bleached,  two  and  one-half  cents  per 
square  yard;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  four  cents  per 
square  yard. 

345.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed, 
exceeding  fifty  and  not  exceeding  one  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch, 
counting  the  warp  and  filling,  two  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  yard;  if 
bleached,  three  cents  per  square  yard;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or 
printed,  four  cents  per  square  yard : Provided,  That  on  all  cotton  cloth  not 
exceeding  one  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and 
filling,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at 
over  six  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard ; bleached,  valued  at  over  nine 
cents  per  square  yard ; and  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  val- 
ued at  over  twelve  cents  per  square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and 
paid  a duty  of  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

340.  Cotton  cloth,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed, 
exceeding  one  hundred  and  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  threads  to 
the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  three  cents  per  square  yard; 
if  bleached,  four  cents  per  square  yard;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or 
printed,  five  cents  per  square  yard:  Provided,  That  on  all  cotton  cloth  ex- 
ceeding one  hundred  and  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored, 
stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  seven  and  one-half  cents  per 
square  yard;  bleached,  valued  at  over  ten  cents  per  square  yard;  dyed,  col- 
ored, stained  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  twelve  and  one-half  cents 
per  square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a duty  of  forty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

347.  Cotton  cloth,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed, 
exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  and  not  exceeding  two  hundred  threads  to 
the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  three  and  one-half  cents  per 
square  yard;  if  bleached,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard ; if  dyed, 
colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  five  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard: 
Provided,  That  on  all  cotton  cloth  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  and  not 
exceeding  two  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and 
filling,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


355 


over  eight  cents  per  square  yard;  bleached,  valued  at  over  ten  cents  per 
square  yard  ; dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over 
twelve  cents  per  square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a duty 
of  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

348.  Cotton  cloth,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed, 
exceeding  two  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and 
filling,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  if  bleached,  five  and  one-half 
cents  per  square  yard;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  six  and 
three-fourth  cents  per  square  yard:  Provided,  That  on  all  such  cotton  cloths 
not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  ten 
cents  per  square  yard;  bleached,  valued  at  over  twelve  cents  per  square  yard; 
and  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  fifteen  cents 
per  square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a duty  of  forty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided  further,  That  on  cotton  cloth,  bleached, 
dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  containing  an  admixture  of  silk, 
and  not  otherwise  provided  for,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a 
duty  of  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

349.  Clothing,  ready-made,  and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  of  every  de- 
scription, handkerchiefs,  and  neckties  or  neckwear,  composed  of  cotton  or 
other  vegetable  fiber,  or  of  which  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber  is  the  com- 
ponent material  of  chief  value,  made  up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part 
by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufacturer,  all  of  the  foregoing  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  all 
such  clothing  ready-made  and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  having  India  rub- 
ber as  a component  material  (not  including  gloves  or  elastic  articles  that  are 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act),  shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

350.  Plushes,  velvets,  velveteens,  corduroys,  and  all  pile  fabrics  composed 
of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  ten  cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem; on  all  such  goods  if  bleached,  twelve  cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  four- 
teen cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  but  none  of 
the  foregoing  articles  in  this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

351.  Chenille  curtains,  table  covers,  and  all  goods  manufactured  of  cot- 
ton chenille,  or  of  which  cotton  chenille  forms  the  component  material  of 
chief  value,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

352.  Stockings,  hose,  and  half-hose,  made  on  knitting  machines  or  frames, 
composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  and  not  otherwise  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  and.  shirts  and  drawers  composed  of  cotton,  valued  at 
not  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

353.  Stockings,  hose,  and  half-hose,  selvaged,  fashioned,  narrowed,  or 
shaped  wholly  or  in  part  by  knitting  machines  or  frames,  or  knit  by  hand, 
including  such  as  are  commercially  known  as  seamless  stockings,  hose  or 
half-hose,  all  of  the  above  composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  fin- 
ished or  unfinished,  valued  at  not  more  than  sixty  cents  per  dozen  pairs, 
twenty  cents  per  dozen  pairs,  and  in  addition  thereto  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  valued  at  more  than  sixty  cents  per  dozen  pairs  and  not  more  than 
two  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs,  and  in  addition  there- 
to thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  valued  at  more  than  two  dollars  per  dozen 
pairs  and  not  more  than  four  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  seventy-five  cents  per 
dozen  pairs,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at 
more  than  four  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  one  dollar  per  dozen  pairs,  and  in 
addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  and  all  shirts  and  drawers 


B56 


APPENDIX. 


composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  valued  at  more  than  one  dollar 
and  fifty  cents  per  dozen  and  not  more  than  three  dollars  per  dozen,  one  dol- 
lar per  dozen,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
valued  at  more  than  three  dollars  per  dozen  and  not  more  than  five  dollars 
per  dozen,  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  dozen,  and  in  addition  thereto 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  five  dollars  per  dozen  and 
not  more  than  seven  dollars  per  dozen,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen; 
and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than 
seven  dollars  per  dozen,  two  dollars  per  dozen,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

354.  Cotton  cords,  braids,  boot,  shoe,  and  corset  lacings,  thirty-five  cents 
per  pound ; cotton  gimps,  galloons,  webbing,  goring,  suspenders,  and  braces, 
any  of  the  foregoing  which  are  elastic  or  non-elastic,  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem:  Provided , That  none  of  the  articles  included  in  this  paragraph  shall 
pay  a less  rale  of  duty  than  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

355.  Cotton  damask,  in  the  piece  or  otherwise,  and  all  manufactures  of 
cotton,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Schedule  J. — Flax,  Hemp,  and  Jute,  and  Manufactures  of. 

356.  Flax  straw,  five  dollars  per  ton. 

357.  Flax,  not  hackled  or  dressed,  one  cent  per  pound. 

358.  Flax,  hackled,  known  as  “dressed  line,”  three  cents  per  pound. 

359.  Tow,  of  flax  or  hemp,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

360.  Hemp,  twenty -five  dollars  per  ton;  hemp,  hackled,  known  as  line  of 
hemp,  fifty  dollars  per  ton. 

361.  Yarn,  made  of  jute,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

362.  Cables,  cordage,  and  twine  (except  binding  twine  composed  in  whole 
or  in  part  of  istle  or  Tampico  fiber,  manila,  sisal  grass,  or  sunn),  one  and 
one-half  cents  per  pound;  all  binding  twine  manufactured  in  whole  or  in 
part  from  istle  or  Tampico  fiber,  manila,  sisal  grass,  or  sunn,  seven-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound;  cables  and  cordage  made  of  hemp,  two  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound;  tarred  cables  and  cordage,  three  cents  per  pound. 

363.  Hemp  and  jute  carpets  and  carpeutings,  six  cents  per  square  yard. 

364.  Burlaps,  not  exceeding  sixty  inches  in  width,  of  flax,  jute,  or  hemp, 
or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  either  of  them,  shall  be  the  component 
material  of  chief  value  (except  such  as  may  be  suitable  for  bagging  for  cot- 
ton), one  and  five-eighth  cents  per  pound. 

365.  Bags  for  grain  made  of  burlaps,  two  cents  per  pound. 

366.  Bagging  for  cotton,  gunny  cloth,  and  all  similar  material  suitable 
for  covering  cotton,  composed  in  whole  or  in  part  of  hemp,  flax,  jute,  or  jute 
butts,  valued  at  six  cents  or  less  per  square  yard,  one  and  six-tenth  cents  per 
square  yard;  valued  at  more  than  six  cents  per  square  yard,  one  and  eight- 
tenth  cents  per  square  yard. 

367.  Flax  gill-netting,  nets,  webs,  and  seines,  when  the  thread  or  twine  of 
which  they  are  composed  is  made  of  yarn  of  a number  not  higher  than  twenty, 
fifteen  cents  per  pound  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  when  made 
of  threads  or  twines,  the  yarn  of  which  is  finer  than  number  twenty,  twenty 
cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

368.  Linen  hydraulic  hose,  made  in  whole  or  in  part  of  flax,  hemp,  or 
jute,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

369.  Oil  cloth  for  floors,  stamped,  painted,  or  printed,  including  linoleum, 
corticene,  cork  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  and  all  other  oil-cloth  (except  silk 
oil-cloth),  and  water-proof  cloth,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  valued 
at  twenty -five  cents  or  less  per  square  yard,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
valued  above  twenty -five  cents  per  square  yard,  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard 
and  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


357 


370.  Yams  or  threads  composed  of  flax  or  liemp,  or  of  a mixture  of  either 
of  these  substances,  valued  at  thirteeii  cents  or  less  per  pound,  six  cents  per 
pound;  valued  at  more  than  thirteen  cents  per  pound,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

371.  All  manufactures  of  flax  or  hemp,  or  of  which  these  substances,  or 
either  of  them,  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  Provided , That  until  Jan- 
uary 1st,  1894,  such  manufactures  of  flax,  containing  more  than  one  hun- 
dred threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  both  warp  and  filling,  shall  be 
subject  to  a duty  of  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem,  in  lieu  of  the  duty 
herein  provided. 

372.  Collars  and  cuffs,  composed  entirely  of  cotton,  fifteen  cents  per  dozen 
pieces  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem ; composed  in  whole  or  in  part 
of  linen,  thirty  cents  per  dozen  pieces  and  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem ; 
shirts,  and  all  articles  of  wearing  apparel  of  every  description,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  linen,  fifty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

373.  Laces,  edgings,  embroideries,  insertings,  neck  ruffiings,  ruchings, 
trimmings,  tuckings,  lace  window  curtains,  and  other  similar  tamboured 
articles,  and  articles  embroidered  by  hand  or  machinery,  embroidered  and 
hemstitched  handkerchiefs,  and  articles  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  lace,  ruf- 
flings,  tuckings,  or  ruchings,  all  of  the  above-named  articles,  composed  of 
flax,  jute,  cotton,  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  or  of  which  these  substances  or 
either  of  them,  or  a mixture  of  any  of  them,  is  the  component  material  of 
chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valo- 
rem : Provided,  That  articles  of  wearing  apparel,  and  textile  fabrics,  when 
embroidered  by  hand  or  machinery,  and  whether  specially  or  otherwise  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  shall  not  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  that  fixed  by  the 
respective  paragraphs  and  schedules  of  this  act  upon  embroideries  of  the 
materials  of  which  they  are  respectively  composed. 

374.  All  manufactures  of  jute,  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  except  flax,  hemp, 
or  cotton,  or  of  which  jute  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  except  flax,  hemp,  or 
cotton,  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  act,  valued  at  five  cents  per  pound  or  less,  two  cents  per  pound;  val- 
ued above  five  cents  per  pound,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Schedule  K. — Wool  and  Manufactures  of  Wool. 

375.  All  wools,  hah-  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals, 
shall  be  divided,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  duties  to  be  charged  thereon, 
into  the  three  following  classes: 

376.  Class  one,  that  is  to  say,  merino,  mestiza,  metz,  or  metis  wools,  or 
other  wools  of  merino  blood,  immediate  or  remote,  Down  clothing  wools, 
and  wools  of  like  character  with  any  of  the  preceding,  including  such  as 
have  been  heretofore  usually  imported  into  the  United  States  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Russia,  Great  Britain, 
Canada,  and  elsewhere,  and  also  including  all  wools  not  hereinafter  described 
or  designated  in  classes  two  and  three. 

377.  Class  two,  that  is  to  say,  Leicester,  Cotswold,  Lincolnshire,  Down 
combing  wools,'  Canada  long  wools,  or  other  like  combing  wools  of  English 
blood,  and  usually  known  by  the  terms  herein  used,  and  also  hair  of  the 
camel,  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals. 

378.  Class  three,  that  is  to  say,  Donskoi,  native  South  American,  Cordo- 
va, Valparaiso,  native  Smyrna,  Russian  camel’s  hair,  and  including  all  such 
wools  of  like  character  as  have  been  heretofore  usually  imported  into  the 
United  States  from  Turkey,  Greece,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  elsewhere,  excepting 
improved  wools  hereinafter  provided  for. 


358 


APPENDIX. 


379.  The  standard  samples  of  all  wools  which  are  now  or  may  be  hereaf- 
ter deposited  in  the  principal  custom-houses  of  the  United  States,  under  the 
authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  be  the  standard  for  the 
classification  of  wools  under  this  act,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall 
nave  the  authority  to  renew  these  standards  and  to  make  such  additions  to 
them  from  time  to  time  as  may  be  required,  and  he  shall  cause  to  be  depos- 
ited like  standards  in  other  custom-houses  of  the  United  States  when  they 
may  be  needed. 

380.  Whenever  wools  of  class  three  shall  have  been  improved  by  the  ad- 
mixture of  merino  or  English  blood  from  their  present  character  as  repre- 
sented by  the  standard  samples  now  or  hereafter  to  be  deposited  in  the 
principal  custom-houses  of  the  United  StateSj  such  improved  wools  shall  be 
classified  for  duty  either  as  class  one  or  as  class  two,  as  the  case  may  be. 

381.  The  duty  on  wools  of  the  first  class  which  shall  be  imported  washed 
shall  be  twice  the  amount  of  the  duty  to  which  they  would  be  subjected  if 
imported  unwashed;  and  the  duty  on  wools  of  the  first  and  second  classes 
which  shall  be  imported  scoured  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  to  which  they 
would  be  subjected  if  imported  unwashed. 

382.  Unwashed  wools  shall  be  considered  such  as  shall  have  been  shorn 
from  the  sheep  without  any  cleansing — that  is,  in  their  natural  condition. 
Washed  wools  shall  be  considered  such  as  have  been  washed  with  water  on 
the  sheep’s  back.  Wool  washed  in  any  other  manner  than  on  the  sheep’s 
back  shall  be  considered  as  scoured  wool. 

383.  The  duty  upon  wool  of  the  sheep  or  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca, 
and  other  like  animals,  which  shall  be  imported  in  any  other  than  ordinary 
condition,  or  which  shall  be  changed  in  its  character  or  condition  for  the 
purpose  of  evading  the  duty,  or  which  shall  be  reduced  in  value  by  the  ad- 
mixture of  dirt  or  any  other  foreign  substance,  or  which  has  been  sorted  or 
increased  in  value  by  the  rejection  of  any  part  of  the  original  fleece,  shall  be 
twice  the  duty  to  which  it  would  be  otherwise  subject : Provided,  That 
skirted  wools  as  now  imported  are  hereby  excepted.  Wools  on  which  a duty 
is  assessed  amounting  to  three  times  or  more  than  that  which  would  be 
assessed  if  said  wool  was  imported  unwashed,  such  duty  shall  not  be  doubled 
on  account  of  its  being  sorted.  If  any  bale  or  package  of  wool  or  hair  spec- 
ified in  this  act  imported  as  of  any  specified  class,  or  claimed  by  the  importer 
to  be  dutiable  as  of  any  specified  class,  shall  contain  any  wool  or  hair  subject 
to  a higher  rate  of  duty  than  the  class  so  specified,  the  whole  bale  or  package 
shall  be  subject  to  the  highest  rate  of  duty  chargeable  on  wool  of  the  class 
subject  to  such  higher  rate  of  duty,  and  if  any  bale  or  package  be  claimed 
by  the  importer  to  be  shoddy,  mungo,  flocks,  wool,  hair,  or  other  material 
of  any  class  specified  in  this  a*ct,  and  such  bale  contain  any  admixture  of  any 
one  or  more  of  said  materials,  or  of  any  other  material,  the  whole  bale  or 
package  shall  be  subject  to  duty  at  the  highest  rate  imposed  upon  any  article 
in  said  bale  or  package. 

384.  The  duty  upon  all  wools  and  hair  of  the  first  class  shall  be  eleven 
cents  per  pound,  and  upon  all  wools  or  hair  of  the  second  class  twelve  cents 
per  pound. 

385.  On  wools  of  the  third  class  and  on  camel’s  hair  of  the  third  class, 
the  value  whereof  shall  be  thirteen  cents  or  less  per  pound,  including  charges, 
the  duty  shall  be  thirty  two  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

386.  On  wools  of  the  third  class,  and  on  camel’s  hair  of  the  third  class, 
the  value  whereof  shall  exceed  thirteen  cents  per  pound,  including  charges, 
the  duty  shall  be  fifty  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

387.  Wools  on  the  skin  shall  pay  the  same  rate  as  other  wools,  the  quan- 
tity and  value  to  be  ascertained  under  such  rules  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  prescribe. 

388.  On  noils,  shoddy,  top  waste,  slubbing  waste,  roving  waste,  ring  waste, 


TEXT  OF  THE  JIcKINLEY  BILL. 


359 


yarn  waste,  garneted  waste,  and  all  other  wastes  composed  wholly  or  in  part 
of  wool,  the  duty  shall  he  thirty  cents  per  pound. 

389.  On  woolen  rags,  mungo,  and  flocks,  the  duty  shall  be  ten  cents  per 
pound. 

390.  "Wools  and  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  like  animals,  in 
the  form  of  roping,  roving  or  tops,  and  all  wool  and  hair  which  have  been 
advanced  in  any  manner  or  by  any  process  of  manufacture  beyond  the  washed 
or  scoured  condition,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  shall  be  subject 
to  the  same  duties  as  are  imposed  upon  manufactures  of  wool  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act. 

391.  On  woolen  and  worsted  yarns  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool, 
worsted,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals,  valued  at  not 
more  than  thirty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  two  and  one- 
half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the 
tirst  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued 
at.  more  than  thirty  cents  and  not  more  than  forty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty 
per  pound  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of 
unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  forty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound 
shall  be  three  and  one-half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of 
unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

392.  On  woolen  or  worsted  cloths,  shawls,  knit  fabrics,  and  all  fabrics 
made  on  knitting-machines  or  frames,  and  all  manufactures  of  every  descrip- 
tion made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat, 
alpaca,  or  other  animals,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  valued  at  not 
more  than  thirty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three  times 
the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first 
class,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more 
than  thirty  and  not  more  than  forty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound 
shall  be  three  and  one-half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of 
unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  valued  at  above  forty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall 
be  four  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of 
the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

393.  On  blankets,  hats  of  wool,  and  flannels  for  underwear  composed 
wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  ani- 
mals, valued  at  not  more  than  thirty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound 
shall  be  the  same  as  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  one  pound  and  one-half 
of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  thirty  and  not  more  than  forty  cents  per 
pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  twice  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a 
pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class;  valued  at  more  than  forty  cents 
and  not  more  than  fifty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three 
times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first 
class;  and  in  addition  thereto  upon  all  the  above-named  articles  thirty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem.  On  blankets  and  hats  of  wool  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animal,  valued 
at  more  than  fifty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three  and  a 
half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the 
first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Flannels 
composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or 
other  animals,  valued  at  above  fifty  cents  per  pound,  shall  be  classified  and 
pay  the  same  duty  as  women’s  and  children’s  dress  goods,  coat  linings,  Italian 
cloths,  and  goods  of  similar  character  and  description  provided  by  this  act. 

394.  On  women’s  and  children’s  dress  goods,  coat  linings,  Italian  cloths, 
and  goods  of  similar  character  or  description  of  which  the  warp  consists 


360 


APPENDIX. 


wholly  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  material,  with  the  remainder  of  the  fabric 
composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat, 
alpaca,  or  other  animals,  valued  at  not  exceeding  fifteen  cents  per  square 
yard,  seven  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  valued  at  above  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard,  eight  cents  per 
square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided, 
That  on  all  such  goods  weighing  over  four  ounces  per  square  yard  the  duty 
per  pound  shall  be  four  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  un- 
washed wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

395.  On  women’s  and  children’s  dress  goods,  coat  liuings,  Italian  cloth, 
bunting,  and  goods  of  similar  description  or  character  composed  wholly  or  in 
part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals, 
and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  the  duty  shall  be  twelve  cents  per 
square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem : Provided, 
That  on  all  such  goods  weighing  over  four  ounces  per  square  yard  the  duty 
per  pound  shall  be  four  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  act  on  a pound  of  un- 
washed wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

396.  On  clothing,  ready  made,  and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  of  every 
description,  made  up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  felts  not  woven  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  and  plushes  and  other  pile  fabrics,  all  the  foregoing,  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  ani- 
mals, the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  four  and  one  half  times  the  duty  imposed 
by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition 
thereto  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

397.  On  cloaks,  dolmans,  jackets,  talmas,  ulsters,  or  other  outside  gar- 
ments for  ladies’  and  children’s  apparel  and  goods  of  similar  description,  or 
used  for  like  purposes,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair 
of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals,  made  up  or  manufactured  wholly 
or  in  part,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  four  and  one  half  times  the  duty  im- 
posed by  this  act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  aud  in  addi- 
tion thereto  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

398.  On  webbings,  gorings,  suspenders,  braces,  beltings,  bindings,  braids, 
galloons,  fringes,  gimps,  cords,  cords  and  tassels,  dress  trimmings,  iaces  and  em- 
broideries, head  nets,  buttons,  or  barrel  buttons,  or  buttons  of  other  forms,  for 
tassels  or  ornaments,  wrought  by  hand  or  braided  by  machinery,  any  of 
the  foregoing  which  are  elastic  or  non-elastic,  made  of  wool,  worsted,  the 
hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals,  or  of  which  wool,  worsted, 
the  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals  is  a component  material, 
the  duty  shall  be  sixty  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  sixty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

399.  Aubusson,  Axminster,  moquette,  and  chenille  carpels,  figured  or 
plain,  carpets  woven  whole  for  rooms,  and  all  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like 
character  or  description,  and  Oriental,  Berlin,  and  other  similar  rugs,  sixty 
cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem, 

400.  Saxony,  Wilton,  and  Tournay  velvet  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  and 
all  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like  character  or  description,  sixty  cents  per  square 
yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

401.  Brussels  carpet,  figured  or  plain,  and  all  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like 
character  or  description,  forty-four  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition 
thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

402.  Velvet  and  tapestry  velvet  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  printed  on  the 
warp  or  otherwise,  and  all  carpet  or  carpeting  of  like  character  or  descrip- 
tion, forty  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


3C1 


403.  Tapestry  Brussels  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  and  all  carpets  or  carpet- 
ing of  like  character  or  description,  printed  on  the  warp  or  otherwise,  twen- 
ty-eight cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

404.  Treble  ingrain,  three-ply,  and  all  chain  Venetian  carpets,  nineteen 
cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

405.  W ool  Dutch  and  two-ply  ingrain  carpets,  fourteen  cents  per  square 
yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

406.  Druggets  and  bookings,  printed,  colored,  or  otherwise,  twenty-two 
cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 
Felt  carpeting,  figured  or  plain,  eleven  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition 
thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

407.  Carpets  and  carpeting  of  wool,  flax,  or  cotton,  or  composed  in  part 
of  either,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

408.  Mats,  rugs,  screens,  covers,  hassocks,  bedsides,  art  squares,  and  other 
portions  of  carpet  or  carpeting  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  and  not  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  act,  shall  be  subjected  to  the  rate  of  duty  herein 
imposed  on  carpets  or  carpetings  of  like  character  or  description. 

Schedule  L. — Silk  and  Silk  Goods. 

409.  Silk  partially  manufactured  from  cocoons  or  from  waste  silk,  and  not 
further  advanced  or  manufactured  than  carded  or  combed  silk,  fifty  cents 
per  pound. 

410.  Thrown  silk,  not  more  advanced  than  singles,  tram,  organzine  sew- 
ing silk,  twist,  floss,  and  silk  threads  or  yarns  of  every  description,  except 
spun  silk,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  spun  silk  in  skeins  or  cops  or  on 
beams,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

411.  Velvets,  plushes,  or  other  pile  fabrics,  containing,  exclusive  of  sel- 
vages, less  than  seventy-five  per  centum  in  weight  of  silk,  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  containing,  exclu- 
sive of  selvages,  seventy-five  per  centum  or  more  in  weight  of  silk,  three 
dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem ; but  in 
no  case  shall  any  of  the  foregoing  articles  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

412.  Webbings,  gorings,  suspenders,  braces,  beltings,  bindings,  braids, 
galloons,  fringes,  cords  and  tassels,  any  of  the  foregoing  which  are  elastic  or 
non-elastic,  buttons,  and  ornaments,  made  of  silk,  or  of  which  silk  is  the  com- 
ponent material  of  chief  value,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

413  Laces  and  embroideries,  handkerchiefs,  neck  rufflings  and  ruchings, 
clothing  ready  made,  and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  of  every  description, 
including  knit  goods,  made  up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part  by  the 
tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufacturer,  composed  of  silk,  or  of  which  silk  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided , That  all  such  clothing  readymade 
and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  when  composed  in  part  of  India-rubber  (not 
including  gloves  or  elastic  articles  that  are  specially  provided  for  in  this  act), 
shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  eight  cents  per  ounce,  and  in  addition  thereto 
sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

414.  All  manufactures  of  silk,  or  of  which  silk  is  the  component  material 
of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem: Provided,  That  all  such  manufactures  of  which  wool,  or  the  hair  of 
the  camel,  goat,  or  other  like  animals,  is  a component  material,  shall  be 
classified  as  manufactures  of  wool. 


26b 


362 


APPENDIX. 


Schedule  M. — Pulp,  Papers  and  Books. 

Pulp  and  Paper. — 415.  Mechanically  ground  wood  pulp,  two  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  per  ton  dry  weight;  chemical  wood  pulp  unbleached,  six  dollars 
per  ton  dry  weight;  bleached,  seven  dollars  per  ton  dry  weight. 

416.  Sheathing  paper,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

417.  Printing  paper  unsized,  suitable  only  for  books  and  newspapers,  fif- 
teen per  centum  ad  valorem. 

418.  Printing  paper  sized  or  glued,  suitable  only  for  books  and  newspa- 
pers, twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

419.  Papers  known  commercially  as  copying  paper,  filtering  paper,  silver 
paper,  and  all  tissue  paper,  white  or  colored,  made  up  in  copying  books, 
reams,  or  in  any  other  form,  eight  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto, 
fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  albumenized  or  sensitized  paper,  thirty -five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

420.  Papers  known  commercially  as  surface-coated  papers,  and  manufac- 
tures thereof,  cardboards,  lithographic  prints  from  either  stone  or  zinc,  hound 
or  unbound  (except  illustrations  when  forming  a part  of  a periodical,  news- 
paper, or  in  printed  books  accompanying  the  same),  and  all  articles  produced 
either  in  whole  or  in  part  by  lithographic  process,  and  photograph,  auto- 
graph, and  scrap  albums,  wholly  or  partially  manufactured,  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Manufactures  of  Paper. — 421.  Paper  envelopes,  twenty-five  cents  per 
thousand. 

422.  Paper  hangings  and  paper  for  screens  or  fireboards,  writing  paper, 
drawing  paper,  and  all  other  paper  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

423.  Books,  including  blank  books  of  all  kinds,  pamphlets  and  engrav- 
ings, bound  or  unbound,  photographs,  etchings,  maps,  charts,  and  all  printed 
matter  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

424.  Playing  cards,  fifty  cents  per  pack. 

425.  Manufactures  of  paper,  or  of  which  paper  is  the  component  material 
of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

Schedule  N. — Sundries. 

426.  Bristles,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

427.  Brushes,  and  brooms  of  all  kinds,  including  feather  dusters  and  hair 
pencils  in  quills,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Buttons,  and  Button  Forms. — 428.  Button  forms:  Lastings,  mohair,  cloth, 
silk,  or  other  manufactures  of  cloth,  woven  or  made  in  patterns  of  such  size, 
shape,  or  form,  or  cut  in  such  manner  as  to  be  fit  for  buttons  exclusively,  ten 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

429.  Buttons  commercially  known  as  agate  buttons,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem.  Pearl  and  shell  buttons,  two  and  one  half  cents  per  line  button 
measure  of  one  fortieth  of  one  inch  per  gross,  and  in  addition  thereto  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

430.  Ivory,  vegetable  ivory,  bone  or  horn  buttons,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

431.  Shoe  buttons,  made  of  paper,  board,  papier-mache,  pulp,  or  other 
similar  material  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  valued  at  not  exceeding 
three  cents  per  gross,  one  cent  per  gross. 

432.  Coal,  bituminous,  and  shale,  seventy-five  cents  per  ton  of  twenty- 
eight  bushels,  eighty  pounds  to  the  bushel:  coal  slack  or  culm,  such  as  will 
pass  through  a half-inch  screen,  thirty  cents  per  ton  of  twenty-eight  bushels, 
eighty  pounds  to  the  bushel. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


363 


433.  Coke,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

434.  Cork  bark,  cut  into  squares  or  cubes,  ten  cents  per  pound;  manu- 
factured corks,  fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

435.  Dice,  draughts,  chess  men,  chess  balls,  and  billiard,  pool,  and  baga- 
telle balls,  of  ivory,  bone  or  other  materials,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

436.  Dolls,  doll  heads,  toy  marbles  of  whatever  material  composed,  and 
all  other  toys  not  composed  of  rubber,  china,  porcelain,  parian,  bisque, 
earthen,  or  stone  ware,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty -five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

437.  Emery  grains,  and  emery  manufactured,  ground,  pulverized,  or  re- 
fined, one  cent  per  pound. 

Explosive  Substances. — 438. . Firecrackers  of  all  kinds,  eight  cents  per 
pound,  but  no  allowance  shall  be  made  for  tare  or  damage  thereon. 

439.  Fulminates,  fulminating  powders,  and  like  articles,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

440.  Gunpowder,  and  all  explosive  substances  used  for  mining,  blasting, 
artillery,  or  sporting  purposes,  when  valued  at  twenty  cents  or  less  per 
pound,  five  cents  per  pound;  valued  above  twenty  cents  per  pound,  eight 
cents  per  pound. 

441.  Matches,  friction  or  lucifer,  of  all  descriptions,  per  gross  of  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-four  boxes,  containing  not  more  than  one  hundred  matches  per 
box,  ten  cents  per  gross;  when  imported  otherwise  than  in  boxes  contain 
ing  not  more  than  one  hundred  matches  each,  one  cent  per  one  thousand 
matches. 

442.  Percussion  caps,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

443.  Feathers  and  downs  of  all  kinds,  crude  or  not  dressed,  colored  or 
manufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  when  dressed,  colored,  or  manufactured,  including  quilts  of  down 
and  other  manufactures  of  down,  and  also  including  dressed  and  finished 
birds  suitable  for  millinery  ornaments,  and  artificial  and  ornamental  feathers 
and  flowers,  or  parts  thereof,  of  whatever  material  composed,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

444.  Furs,  dressed  on  the  skin  but  not  made  up  into  articles,  and  furs  not 
on  the  skin,  prepared  for  hatters’  use,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

445.  Glass  beads,  loose, unthreaded  or  unstrung,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

446.  Gun-wads  of  all  descriptions,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

447.  Hair,  human,  if  clean  or  drawn  but  not  manufactured,  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

448.  Hair  cloth,  known  as  “ crinoline  cloth,”  eight  cents  per  square  yard. 

449.  Hair  cloth,  known  as  “ hair  seating,”  thirty  cents  per  square  yard. 

450.  Hair,  curled,  Suitable  for  beds  or  mattresses,  fifteen  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

451.  Hats  for  men’s,  women’s,  and  children’s  wear,  composed  of  the  fur 
of  the  rabbit,  beaver,  or  other  animals,  or  of  which  such  fur  is  the  compo 
nent  material  of  chief  value,  wholly  or  partially  manufactured,  including  fur- 
hat  bodies,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Jewelry  and  Precious  Stones. — 452.  Jewelry:  All  articles,  not  elsewhere 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  composed  of  precious  metals  or  imitations 
thereof,  whether  set  vrith  coral,  jet,  or  pearls,  or  with  diamonds,  rubies, 
cameos,  or  other  precious  stones,  or  imitations  thereof,  or  otherwise,  and 
which  shall  be  knowm  commercially  as  “ jewrelry,  ” and  cameos  in  frames, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

453.  Pearls,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

454.  Precious  stones  of  all  kinds,  cut  but  not  set,  ten  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; if  set,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  imitations  of  precious  stones  composed  of  paste  or  glass 
not  exceeding  one  inch  in  dimensions,  not  set,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


364 


APPENDIX. 


Leather  and  Manufactures  of. — 455.  Bend  or  belting  leather  and  sole 
leather,  and  leather  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

456.  Calf  skins,  tanned,  or  tanned  and  dressed,  dressed  upper  leather,  in- 
cluding patent,  enameled,  and  japanned  leather,  dressed  or  undressed,  and 
finished;  chamois  or  other  skins  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for  in 
this  act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem ; book-binders’  calf  skins,  kangaroo, 
sheep,  and  goat  skins,  including  lamb  and  kid  skins,  dressed  and  finished, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  skins  for  morocco,  tanned  but  unfinished, 
ten  per  centum  ad  valorem ; pianoforte  leather  and  pianoforte  action  leather, 
thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  japanned  calf  skins,  thirty  per  centum  ad 
valorem ; boots  and  shoes,  made  of  leather,  twenty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

457.  But  leather  cut  into  shoe  uppers  or  vamps,  or  other  forms,  suitable 
for  conversion  into  manufactured  articles,  shall  be  classified  as  manufactures 
of  leather,  and  pay  duty  accordingly. 

458.  Gloves  of  all  descriptions,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  kid  or  other 
leather,  and  whether  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  shall  pay  duty  at  the  rates 
fixed  in  connection  with  the  following  specified  kinds  thereof,  fourteen  inches 
in  extreme  length  when  stretched  to  the  full  extent,  being  in  each  case  hereby 
fixed  as  the  standard,  and  one  dozen  pairs  as  the  basis,  namely:  Ladies’  and 
children’s  schmaschen  of  said  length  or  under,  one  dollar  and  seventy-five 
cents  per  dozen;  ladies’  and  children’s  lamb  of  said  length  or  under,  two 
dollars  and  twenty -five  cents  per  dozen ; ladies’  and  children’s  kid  of  said 
length  or  under,  three  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  dozen;  ladies’ and 
children’s  Suedes  of  said  length  or  under,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all 
other  ladies’  and  children’s  leather  gloves,  and  all  men’s  leather  gloves  of  said 
length  or  under,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  leather  gloves  over  fourteen 
inches  in  length,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  and  in  addition  to  the  above 
rates  there  shall  be  paid  on  all  men’s  gloves  one  dollar  per  dozen,  on  all  lined 
gloves,  one  dollar  per  dozen;  on  all  pique  or  prick  seam  gloves,  fifty  cents 
per  dozen ; on  all  embroidered  gloves,  with  more  than  three  single  strands  or 
cords,  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs:  Provided,  That  all  gloves  represented  to 
be  of  a kind  or  grade  below  their  actual  kind  or  grade  shall  pay  an  additional 
duty  of  five  dollars  per  dozen  pairs:  Provided  further , That  none  of  the  arti- 
cles named  In  this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Miscellaneous  Manufactures. — 459.  Manufactures  of  alabaster,  amber, 
asbestos,  bladders,  coral,  catgut,  or  whipgut  or  wormgut,  jet,  paste,  spar, 
wax,  or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material 
of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  osier  or  willow  prepared  for  basket-makers’  use,  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  manufactures  of  osier  or  willow,  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

460.  Manufactures  of  bone,  chip,  grass,  horn,  India-rubber,  palm-leaf, 
straw,  weeds,  or  whalebone,  or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

461.  Manufactures  of  leather,  fur,  gutta-percha,  vulcanized  India-rubber, 
known  as  hard  rubber,  human  hair,  papier-mache,  indurat.ed-fiber  wares  and 
other  manufactures  composed  of  wood  or  other  pulp,  or  of  which  these  sub- 
stances or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  all  of  the 
above  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

462.  Manufactures  of  ivory,  vegetable  ivory,  mother-of-pearl,  and  shell, 
or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material  of 
chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

463.  Masks,  composed  of  paper  or  pulp,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


365 


464.  Matting  made  of  cocoa  fiber  or  rattan,  twelve  cents  per  square  yard ; 
mats  made  of  cocoa  fiber  or  rattan,  eight  cents  per  square  foot. 

465.  Paintings,  in  oil  or  water  colors,  and  statuary,  not  otherwise  provided 
for  in  this  act,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  but  the  term  “statuary  ” as 
herein  used  shall  be  understood  to  include  only  such  statuary  as  is  cut, 
carved,  or  otherwise  wrought  by  hand  from  a solid  block  or  mass  of  marble, 
stone,  or  alabaster,  or  from  metal,  and  is  the  professional  production  of  a 
statuary  or  sculptor  only. 

466. '  Pencils  of  wood  filled  with  lead  or  other  material,  and  pencils  of  lead, 
fifty  cents  per  gross  and  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  slate  pencils,  four 
cents  per  gross. 

467.  Pencil  leads  not  in  wood,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Pipes  and  Smokers’  Articles.— ASS.  Pipes,  pipe  bowls,  of  all  materials,  and 
all  smokers’  articles  whatsoever,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  in- 
cluding cigarette  books,  cigarette-book  covers,  pouches  for  smoking  or  chew- 
ing tobacco,  and  cigarette  paper  in  all  forms,  seventy  per  centum  ad  valorem ; 
all  common  tobacco  pipes  of  clay,  fifteen  cents  per  gross. 

469.  Plush,  black,  known  commercially  as  hatters’  plush,  composed  of 
silk,  or  of  silk  and  cotton,  and  used  exclusively  for  making  men’s  hats,  ten 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

470.  Umbrellas,  parasols,  and  sunshades,  covered  with  silk  or  alpaca, 
fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  covered  with  other  material,  forty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

471.  Umbrellas,  parasols,  and  sunshades,  sticks  for,  if  plain,  finished  or 
unfinished,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem ; if  carved,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

472.  "Waste,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

FREE  LIST. 

Sec.  2.  On  and  after  the  sixth  day  of  October,  1890,  unless  otherwise 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act,  the  following  articles  when  imported  shall 
be  exempt  from  duty: 

473.  Acids  used  for  medicinal,  chemical,  or  manufacturing  purposes,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

474.  Aconite. 

475.  Acorns,  raw,  dried  or  undried,  but  unground. 

476.  Agates,  unmanufactured. 

477.  Albumen. 

478.  Alizarine,  natural  or  artificial,  and  dyes  commercially  known  as  ali- 
zarine yellow,  alizarine  orange,  alizarine  green,  alizarine  blue,  alizarine  brown, 
alizarine  black. 

479.  Amber,  unmanufactured,  or  crude  gum. 

480.  Ambergris. 

481.  Aniline  salts. 

482.  Any  animal  imported  specially  for  breeding  purposes  shall  be  admit- 
ted free;  Provided,  That  no  such  animal  shall  be  admitted  free  unless  pure  bred 
of  a recognized  breed,  and  duly  registered  in  the  book  of  record  established 
for  that  breed:  And  provided  further,  That  certificate  of  such  record  and  of 
the  pedigree  of  such  animal  shall  be  produced  and  submitted  to  the  customs 
officer,  duly  authenticated  by  the  proper  custodian  of  such  book  of  record, 
together  with  the  affidavit  of  the  owner,  agent,  or  importer  that  such  animal 
is  the  identical  animal  described  in  said  certificate  of  record  and  pedigree. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe  such  additional  regulations  as 
may  be  required  for  the  strict  enforcement  of  this  provision. 

483.  Animals  brought  into  the  United  States  temporarily  for  a period  not 
exceeding  six  months,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibition  or  competition  for  prizes 


366 


APPENDIX. 


offered  by  any  agricultural  or  racing  association;  but  a bond  shall  be  given 
in  accordance  with  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury; 
also,  teams  of  animals,  including  their  harness  and  tackle  and  the  wagons  or 
other  vehicles  actually  owned  by  persons  emigrating  from  foreign  countries 
to  the  United  States  with  their  families,  and  in  actual  use  for  the  purpose  of 
such  emigration  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
prescribe;  and  wild  animals  intended  for  exhibition  in  zoological  collections 
for  scientific  and  educational  purposes,  and  not  for  sale  or  profit. 

484.  Annatto,  roucou,  rocoa,  or  Orleans,  and  all  extracts  of. 

485.  Antimony  ore,  crude  sulphite  of. 

486.  Apatite. 

487.  Argal,  or  argol,  or  crude  tartar. 

488.  Arrow  root,  raw  or  unmanufactured. 

489.  Arsenic  and  sulphide  of,  or  orpiment. 

490.  Arseniate  of  aniline. 

491.  Art  educational  stops,  composed  of  glass  and  metal  and  valued  at  not 
more  than  six  cents  per  gross. 

492.  Articles  in  a crude  state  used  in  dyeing  or  tanning  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act. 

493.  Articles  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of  the  United  States, 
when  returned  after  having  been  exported,  without  having  been  advanced  in 
value  or  improved  in  condition  by  any  process  of  manufacture  or  other 
means;  casks,  barrels,  carboys,  bags,  and  other  vessels  of  American  manu- 
facture exported  filled  with  American  products,  or  exported  empty  and  re- 
turned filled  with  foreign  products,  including  shooks  when  returned  as  bar- 
rels or  boxes;  also  quicksilver  flasks  or  bottles,  of  either  domestic  or  foreign 
manufacture,  which  shall  have  been  actually  exported  from  the  United 
States;  but  proof  of  the  identity  of  such  articles  shall  be  made,  under  general 
regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  and  if  any 
such  articles  are  subject  to  internal  tax  at  the  time  of  exportation  such  tax 
shall  be  proved  to  have  been  paid  before  exportation  and  not  refunded:  Pro- 
vided, That  this  paragraph  shall  not  apply  to  any  article  upon  which  an  al- 
lowance of  drawback  has  been  made,  the  reimportation  of  which  is  hereby 
prohibited,  except  upon  payment  of  duties  equal  to  the  drawbacks  allowed; 
or  to  any  article  manufactured  in  bonded  warehouse  and  exported  under  any 
provision  of  law:  And 'provided  further , That  when  manufactured  tobacco 
which  has  been  exported  without  payment  of  internal-revenue  tax  shall  be 
reimported  it  shall  be  retained  in  the  custody  of  the  collector  of  customs  until 
internal-revenue  stamps  in  payment  of  the  legal  duties  shall  be  placed  thereon. 

494.  Asbestos,  unmanufactured. 

495.  Ashes,  wood  and  lye  of,  and  beet-root  ashes. 

496.  Asphaltum  and  bitumen,  crude. 

497.  Asafcetida. 

498.  Balm  of  Gilead. 

499.  Barks,  cinchona  or  other  from  which  quinine  may  be  extracted. 

500.  Baryta,  carbonate  of,  or  witherite. 

501.  Bauxite,  or  beauxite. 

502.  Beeswax. 

503.  Bells,  broken,  and  bell  metal  broken  and  fit  only  to  be  remanu- 
factured. 

504.  Birds,  stuffed,  not  suitable  for  millinery  ornaments,  and  bird  skins, 
prepared  for  preservation,  but  not  further  advanced  in  manufacture. 

505.  Birds  and  land  and  water  fowls. 

506.  Bismuth. 

507.  Bladders,  including  fish  bladders  or  fish  sounds,  crude,  and  all  in- 
teguments of  animals  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

" 508.  Blood,  dried. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


367 


509.  Bologna  sausages. 

510.  Bolting  cloths,  especially  for  milling  purposes,  hut  not  suitable  for 
the  manufacture  of  wearing  apparel. 

511.  Bones,  crude,  or  not  burned,  calcined,  ground,  steamed,  or  other- 
wise manufactured,  and  bone  dust  or  animal  carbon,  and  bone  ash,  fit  only 
for  fertilizing  purposes. 

512.  Books,  engravings,  photographs,  bound  or  unbound  etchings,  maps, 
and  charts,  which  shall  have  been  printed  and  bound  or  manufactured  more 
than  twenty  years  at  the  date  of  importation. 

513.  Books  and  pamphlets  printed  exclusively  in  languages  other  than 
English;  also  books  and  music,  in  raised  print,  used  exclusively  by  the  blind. 

514.  Books,  engravings,  photographs,  etchings,  bound  or  unbound,  maps 
and  charts  imported  by  authority  or  for  the  use  of  the  United  States  or  for 
the  use  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

515.  Books,  maps,  lithographic  prints,  and  charts,  specially  imported,  not 
more  than  two  copies  in  any  one  invoice,  in  good  faith,  for  the  use  of  any 
society  incorporated  or  established  for  educational,  philosophical,  literary,  or 
religious  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  line  arts,  or  for  the  use  or 
by  order  of  any  college,  academy,  school,  or  seminary  of  learning  in  the 
United  States,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
shall  prescribe. 

516.  Books,  or  libraries,  or  parts  of  libraries,  and  other  household  effects 
of  persons  or  families  from  foreign  countries,  if  actually  used  abroad  by 
them  not  less  than  one  year,  and  not  intended  for  any  other  person  or  per- 
sons, nor  for  sale. 

517.  Brazil  paste. 

518.  Braids,  plaits,  laces,  and  similar  manufactures  composed  of  straw, 
chip,  grass,  palm  leaf,  willow,  osier,  or  rattan,  suitable  for  making  or  orna- 
menting hats,  bonnets,  and  hoods. 

519.  Brazilian  pebble,  unwrought  or  unmanufactured. 

520.  Breccia,  in  block  or  slabs. 

521.  Bromine. 

522.  Bullion,  gold  or  silver. 

523.  Burgundy  pitch. 

524.  Cabinets  of  old  coins  and  medals,  and  other  collections  of  antiquities, 
but  the  term  ‘ ‘ antiquities  ” as  used  in  this  act  shall  include  only  such  articles 
as  are  suitable  for  souvenirs  or  cabinet  collections,  and  which  shall  have  been 
produced  at  any  period  prior  to  the  year  1700. 

525.  Cadmium. 

526.  Calamine. 

527.  Camphor,  crude. 

528.  Castor  or  castoreum. 

529.  Catgut,  whipgut,  or  wormgut,  unmanufactured,  or  not  further 
manufactured  than  in  strings  or  cords. 

530.  Cerium. 

531.  Chalk,  unmanufactured. 

532.  Charcoal. 

533.  Chicory  root,  raw,  dried,  or  undried,  but  unground. 

534.  Civet,  crude. 

535.  Clay — common  blue  clay  in  casks  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of 
crucibles. 

536.  Coal,  anthracite. 

537.  Coal  stores  of  American  vessels;  but  none  shall  be  unloaded. 

538.  Coal  tar,  crude. 

539.  Cobalt  and  cobalt  ore. 

540.  Cocculus  indicus. 

541.  Cochineal. 


368 


APPENDIX. 


542.  Cocoa,  or  cacao,  crude,  and  fiber,  leaves,  and  shells  of. 

543.  Coffee. 

544.  Coins,  gold,  silver,  and  copper. 

545.  Coir,  and  coir  yarn. 

546.  Copper,  old,  taken  from  the  bottom  of  American  vessels  compelled 
by  marine  disaster  to  repair  in  foreign  ports. 

547.  Coral,  marine,  uncut,  and  unmanufactured. 

548.  Cork  wood,  or  cork  bark,  unmanufactured. 

549.  Cotton,  and  cotton  waste  or  flocks. 

550.  Cryolite,  or  kryolith. 

551.  Cudbear. 

552.  Curling  stones,  or  quoits,  and  curling-stone  handles. 

553.  Curry,  and  curry  powder. 

554.  Cutc'li. 

555.  Cuttle-fish  bone. 

556.  Dandelion  roots,  raw,  dried,  or  undried,  but  unground. 

557.  Diamonds  and  other  precious  stones,  rough  or  uncut,  including 
glaziers’  and  engravers’  diamonds,  not  set,  and  diamond  dust  or  bort,  and 
jewels  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  watches. 

558.  Divi-divi. 

559.  Dragon’s  blood. 

560.  Drugs,  such  as  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds,  bulbs,  and  bul- 
bous roots,  excrescences,  such  as  nut-galls,  fruits,  flowers,  dried  fibers,  ami 
dried  insects,  grains,  gums,  and  gum-resin,  herbs,  leaves,  lichens,  mosses, 
nuts,  roots,  and  stems,  spices,  vegetables,  seeds  aromatic,  and  seeds  of  mor- 
bid growth,  weeds,  and  woods  used  expressly  for  dyeing;  any  of  the  forego- 
ing which  are  not  edible  and  are  in  a crude  state,  and  are  not  advanced 
in  value  or  condition  by  refining  or  grinding,  or  by  other  process  of  manu- 
facture, and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

561.  Eggs  of  birds,  fish,  and  insects. 

562.  Emery  ore. 

563.  Ergot. 

564.  Fans,  common  palm  leaf  and  palm  leaf  unmanufactured. 

565.  Farina. 

566.  Fashion  plates,  engraved  on  steel  or  copper  or  on  wood,  colored  or 
plain. 

567.  Feathers  and  downs  for  beds. 

568.  Feldspar. 

569.  Felt,  adhesive,  for  sheathing  vessels. 

570.  Fibrin  in  all  forms. 

571.  Fish,  the  product  of  American  fisheries,  and  fresh  or  frozen  fish 
(except  salmon)  caught  in  fresh  waters  by  American  vessels,  or  with  nets  or 
other  devices  owned  by  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

572.  Fish  for  bait. 

573.  Fish  skins. 

574.  Flint,  flints,  and  ground  flint  stones. 

575.  Floor  matting  manufactured  from  round  or  split  straw,  including 
what  is  commonly  known  as  Chinese  matting. 

576.  Fossils. 

577.  Fruit  plants,  tropical  and  semi-tropical,  for  the  purpose  of  propaga- 
tion or  cultivation. 

Fruits  and  Nuts. — 578.  Currants,  Zante  or  other. 

579.  Dates. 

580.  Fruits,  green,  ripe,  or  dried,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

581.  Tamarinds. 

582.  Cocoanuts. 

583.  Brazil  nuts. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


369 


584.  Cream  nuts. 

585.  Palm  nuts. 

586.  Palm-nut  kernels. 

587.  Furs,  undressed. 

588.  Fur  skins  of  all  kinds,  not  dressed  in  any  manner. 

589.  Gambier. 

590.  Glass,  broken,  and  old  glass,  which  can  not  be  cut  for  use,  and  fit 
only  to  be  remanufactured. 

591.  Glass  plates  or  disks,  rough  cut  or  unwrought,  for  use  in  the  manu- 
facture of  optical  instruments,  spectacles,  and  eyeglasses,  and  suitable  only 
for  such  use:  Provided , however , That  such  disks  exceeding  eight  inches  in 
diameter  may  be  polished  sufficiently  to  enable  the  character  of  the  glass  to 
be  determined. 

Grasses  and  Fibers. — 592.  Istle  or  Tampico  fiber. 

593.  Jute. 

594.  Jute  butts. 

595.  Manila. 

596.  Sisal  grass. 

597.  Sunn,  and  all  other  textile  grasses  or  fibrous  vegetable  substances, 
unmanufactured  or  undressed,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

598.  Gold  beaters’  molds  and  gold  beaters’  skins. 

599.  Grease,  and  oils,  such  as  are  commonly  used  in  soap-making,  or  in 
wire-drawing,  or  for  stuffing  or  dressing  leather,  and  which  are  fit  only  for 
such  uses,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

600.  Guano,  manures,  and  all  substances  expressly  used  for  manure. 

601.  Gunny  bags  and  gunny  cloths,  old  or  refuse,  fit  only  for  remanufac- 
ture. 

602.  Guts,  salted. 

603.  Gutta  percha,  crude. 

604.  Hair  of  horse,  cattle,  and  other  animals,  cleaned  or  uncleaned,  drawn 
or  undrawn,  but  unmanufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act; 
and  human  hair,  raw,  uncleaned,  and  not  drawn. 

605.  Hides,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted,  or  pickled;  Angora 
goat  skins,  raw,  without  the  wool,  unmanufactured;  asses’  skins,  raw  or  un- 
manufactured, and  skins,  except  sheepskins  with  the  wool  on. 

606.  Hide  cuttings,  raw,  with  or  without  hair,  and  all  other  glue-stock. 

607.  Hide  rope. 

608.  Hones  and  whetstones. 

609.  Hoofs,  unmanufactured. 

610.  Hop  roots  for  cultivation. 

611.  Horns  and  parts  of,  unmanufactured,  including  horn  strips  and  tips. 

612.  Ice. 

613.  India-rubber,  crude,  and  milk  of,  and  old  scrap  or  refuse  India-rub- 
ber which  has  been  worn  out  by  use,  and  is  fit  only  for  remanufacture. 

614.  Indigo. 

615.  Iodine,  crude. 

616.  Ipecac. 

617.  Iridium. 

618.  Ivory  and  vegetable  ivory,  not  sawed,  cut,  or  otherwise  manufac- 
tured. 

619.  Jalap. 

620.  Jet,  unmanufactured. 

621.  Joss-stick  or  joss  light. 

622.  Junk,  old. 

623.  Kelp. 

624.  Kieserite. 

625.  Kyanite,  or  cyanite,  and  kainite. 


370 


APPENDIX. 


626.  Lac  dye,  erode,  seed,  button,  stick,  and  shell. 

627.  Lac  spirits. 

628.  Lactarine. 

629.  Lava,  unmanufactured. 

630.  Leeches. 

631.  Lemon  juice,  lime  juice,  and  sour-orange  juice, 

632.  Licorice  root,  unground. 

633.  Life-boats  and  life-saving  apparatus  specially  imported  by  societies 
incorporated  or  established  to  encourage  the  saving  of  human  life. 

634.  Lime,  citrate  of. 

635.  Lime,  chloride  of,  or  bleaching  powder. 

636.  Lithographic  stones  not  engraved. 

637.  Litmus,  prepared  or  not  prepared. 

638.  Loadstones. 

639.  Madder  and  munjeet,  or  Indian  madder,  ground  or  prepared,  and 
all  extracts  of. 

640.  Magnesite,  or  native  mineral  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

641.  Magnesium. 

642.  Magnets. 

643.  Manganese,  oxide  and  ore  of. 

644.  Manna. 

645.  Manuscripts. 

646.  Marrow,  crude. 

647.  Marsh-mallows. 

648.  Medals  of  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  such  as  trophies  or  prizes. 

649.  Meerschaum,  crude  or  manufactured. 

650.  Mineral  waters,  all  not  artificial. 

651.  Minerals,  crude,  or  not  advanced  in  value  or  condition  by  refining  or 
grinding,  or  by  other  process  of  manufacture  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act. 

652.  Models  of  inventions  and  of  other  improvements  in  the  arts,  includ- 
ing patterns  for  machinery,  but  no  article  shall  be  deemed  a model  or  pattern 
which  can  be  fitted  for  use  otherwise. 

653.  Moss,  sea-weeds,  and  vegetable  substances,  crude  or  unmanufac- 
tured, not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

654.  Musk,  crude,  in  natural  pods. 

655.  Myrobolan. 

656.  Needles,  hand-sewing  and  darning. 

657.  Newspapers  and  periodicals;  but  the  term  “ periodicals  ” as  herein 
used  shall  be  understood  to  embrace  only  unbound  or  paper-covered  publica- 
tions, containing  current  literature  of  the  day,  and  issued  regularly  at  stated 
periods,  as  weekly,  monthly,  or  quarterly. 

658.  Nux  Yomica. 

659.  Oakum. 

660.  Oil  cake. 

661.  Oils:  Almond,  amber,  crude  and  rectified  ambergris,  anise  or  anise 
seed,  aniline,  aspic  or  spike  lavender,  bergamot,  cajeput,  caraway,  cassia, 
cinnamon,  cedrat,  camomile,  citronella  or  lemon  grass,  civet,  fennel,  jasmine 
or  jasimine,  juglandium,  juniper,  lavender,  lemon,  limes,  mace,  neroli  or 
orange  flower,  nut  oil  or  oil  of  nuts  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in 
this  act,  orange  oil,  olive  oil  for  manufacturing  or  mechanical  purposes  unfit 
for  eating  and  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  act,  ottar  of  roses,  palm 
and  cocoanut,  rosemary  or  anthoss,  sesame  or  sesamum  seed  or  bean,  thyme, 
origanum  red  or  white,  valerian,  and  also  spermaceti,  whale  and  other 
fish  oils  of  American  fisheries,  and  all  other  articles  the  produce  of  such 
fisheries. 

662.  Olives,  green  or  prepared. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


371 


663.  Opium,  crude  or  unmanufactured,  and  not  adulterated,  containing 
nine  per  centum  and  over  of  morphia. 

664.  Orange  and  lemon  peel,  not  preserved,  candied,  or  otherwise  prepared. 

665.  Orchil,  or  orchil  liquid. 

666.  Orchids,  lily  of  the  valley,  azaleas,  palms,  and  other  plants  used  for 
forcing  under  glass  for  cut  flowers  or  decorative  purposes. 

667.  Ores  of  gold,  silver,  and  nickel,  and  nickel  matte:  Provided,  That 
ores  of  nickel,  and  nickel  matte,  containing  more  than  two  per  centum  of  cop- 
per, shall  .pay  a duty  of  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound  on  the  copper  con- 
tained therein. 

668.  Osmium. 

669.  Palladium. 

670.  Paper  stock,  crude,  of  every  description,  including  all  grasses,  fibers, 
rags  (other  than  wool),  waste,  shavings,  clippings,  old  paper,  rope  ends, 
waste  rope,  waste  bagging,  old  or  refuse  gunny  bags,  or  gunny  cloth,  and 
poplar  or  other  woods  tit  only  to  he  converted  into  paper. 

671.  Paraffine. 

672.  Parchment  and  vellum. 

673.  Pearl,  mother  of,  not  sawed,  cut,  polished,  or  otherwise  manufactured. 

674.  Peltries  and  other  usual  goods  and  effects  of  Indians  passing  or  re- 
passing the  boundary  line  of  the  United  States,  under  such  regulations  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe:  Provided,  That  this  exemption  shall 
not  apply  to  goods  in  bales  or  other  packages  unusual  among  Indians. 

675.  Personal  and  household  effects  not  merchandise  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  dying  in  foreign  countries. 

676.  Pewter  and  britannia  metal,  old,  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured. 

677.  Philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus,  instruments  and  preparations; 
statuary,  casts  of  marble,  bronze,  alabaster,  or  plaster  of  Paris;  paintings, 
drawings,  and  etchings,  specially  imported  in  good  faith  for  the  use  of  any 
society  or  institution  incorporated  or  established  for  religious,  philosophical, 
educational,  scientific,  or  literary  purposes,  or  for  encouragement  of  the  fine 
arts,  and  not  intended  for  sale. 

678.  Phosphates,  crude  or  native. 

679.  Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  roots,  seed  cane,  and  seeds,  all  of  the  foregoing 
imported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  or  the  United  States  Botanic 
Garden. 

680.  Plaster  of  Paris  and  sulphate  of  lime,  unground. 

681.  Platina,  in  ingots,  bars,  sheets,  and  wire." 

682.  Platinum,  unmanufactured,  and  vases,  retorts,  and  other  apparatus, 
vessels,  and  parts  thereof  composed  of  platinum  for  chemical  uses. 

683.  Plumbago. 

684.  Polishing  stones. 

685.  Potash,  crude,  carbonate  of,  or  “black  salts.”  Caustic  potash,  or 
hydrate  of,  not  including  refined  in  sticks  or  rolls.  Nitrate  of  potash,  or 
saltpeter,  crude.  Sulphate  of  potash,  crude  or  j’efined.  Chlorate  of  potash. 
Muriate  of  potash. 

686.  Professional  books,  implements,  instruments,  and  tools  of  trade,  oc- 
cupation, or  employment,  in  the  actual  possesssion  at  the  time  of  persons 
arriving  in  the  United  States;  but  this  exemption  shall  not  be  construed  to 
include  machinery  or  other  articles  imported  for  use  in  any  manufacturing 
establishment,  or  for  any  other  person  or  persons,  or  for  sale. 

687.  Pulu. 

688.  Pumice. 

689.  Quills,  prepared,  or  unprepared,  but  not  made  up  into  complete 
articles. 

690.  Quinia,  sulphate  of,  and  all  alkaloids  or  salts  of  cinchona  bark. 

691.  Bags,  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this  act 


372 


APPENDIX. 


692.  Regalia  and  gems,  statues,  statuary  and  specimens  of  sculpture, 
where  specially  imported  in  good  faith  for  the  use  of  any  society  incorporated 
or  established  solely  for  educational,  philosophical,  literary,  or  religious  pur- 
poses, or  for  the  encouragement  of  line  arts,  or  for  the  use  or  by  order  of 
any  college,  academy,  school,  seminary  of  learning,  or  public  library  in  the 
United  States;  but  the  term  “regalia”  as  herein  used  shall  be  held  to  em- 
brace only  such  insignia  of  rank  or  office  or  emblems,  as  may  be  worn  upon 
the  person  or  borne  in  the  hand  during  public  exercises  of  the  society  or 
institution,  and  shall  not  include  articles  of  furniture  or  fixtures,  or  of  regular 
wearing  apparel,  nor  personal  property  of  individuals. 

693.  Rennets,  raw  or  prepared. 

694.  Saffron  and  safflower,  and  extract  of,  and  saffron  cake. 

695.  Sago,  crude,  and  sago  flour. 

696.  Salacine. 

697.  Sauerkraut. 

698.  Sausage  skins. 

699.  Seeds:  anise,  canary,  caraway,  cardamom,  coriander,  cotton,  cum- 
min, fennel,  fenugreek,  hemp,  hoarhound,  mustard,  rape,  Saint  John’s  bread 
or  bene,  sugar-beet,  mangel-wurzel,  sorghum  or  sugar-cane  for  seed,  and  all 
flower  and  grass  seeds;  bulbs  and  bulbous  roots,  not  edible;  all  the  foregoing 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

700.  Selep,  or  saloup. 

701.  Shells  of  all  kinds,  not  cut,  ground,  or  otherwise  manufactured. 

702.  Shot-gun  barrels,  forged,  rough  bored. 

703.  Shrimps,  and  other  shell  fish. 

704.  Silk,  raw,  or  as  reeled  from  the  cocoon,  but  not  doubled,  twisted,  or 
advanced  in  manufacture  in  any  way. 

705.  Silk  cocoons  and  silk  waste. 

706.  Silk-worms’  eggs. 

707.  Skeletons  and  other  preparations  of  anatomy. 

708.  Snails. 

709.  Soda,  nitrate  of,  or  cubic  nitrate,  and  chlorate  of. 

710.  Sodium. 

711.  Sparterre,  suitable  for  making  or  ornamenting  hats. 

712.  Specimens  of  natural  history,  botany,  and  mineralogy,  when  im- 
ported for  cabinets  or  as  objects  of  science,  and  Dot  for  sale. 

Spices. — 713.  Cassia,  cassia  vera,  and  cassia  buds,  unground. 

714.  Cinnamon,  and  chips  of,  ungrouud. 

715.  Cloves,  and  clove  stems  unground. 

716.  Ginger  root,  unground  and  not  preserved  or  candied. 

717.  Mace. 

718.  Nutmegs. 

719.  Pepper,  black  or  white,  unground. 

720.  Pimento,  unground. 

721.  Spunk. 

722.  Spurs  and  stilts  used  in  the  manufacture  of  earthen,  porcelain,  and 
stone  ware. 

723.  Stone  and  sand : Burr  stone  in  blocks,  rough  or  manufactured,  and 
not  bound  up  into  millstones;  cliff  stone,  unmanufactured,  pumice  stone, 
rottenstone,  and  sand,  crude  or  manufactured. 

724.  Storax,  or  styrax. 

725.  Strontia,  oxide  of,  and  protoxide  of  strontian,  and  strontianite,  or 
mineral  carbonate  of  strontia. 

726.  Sugars,  all  not  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard  in  color,  _ all 
tank  bottoms,  all  sugar  drainings  and  sugar  sweepings,  sirups  of  cane  juice, 
melada,  concentrated  melada,  and  concrete  and  concentrated  molasses,  and 
molasses. 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


373 


727.  Sulphur,  lac  or  precipitated,  and  sulphur  or  brimsuone  crude,  in 
hulk,  sulphur  ore,  as  pyrites,  or  sulphuret  of  iron  in  its  natural  state,  con- 
taining in  excess  of  twenty-five  per  centum  of  sulphur  (except  on  the  copper 
contained  therein)  and  sulphur  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

728.  Sulphuric  acid  which  at  the  temperature  of  sixty  degrees  Fahrenheit 
does  not  exceed  the  specific  gravity  of  one  and  three  hundred  and  eighty 
thousandths,  for  use  in  manufacturing  superphosphate  of  lime  or  artificial 
manures  of  any  kind,  or  for  any  agricultural  purposes. 

729.  Sweepings  of  silver  and  gold. 

730.  Tapioca,  cassava  or  cassady. 

731.  Tar  and  pitch  of  wood,  and  pitch  of  coal  tar. 

732.  Tea  and  tea  plants. 

733.  Teeth,  natural  or  unmanufactured. 

734.  Terra  alba. 

735.  Terra  japonica. 

736.  Tin  ore,  cassiterite  or  black  oxide  of  tin,  and  tin  in  bars,  blocks, 
pigs,  or  grain  or  granulated,  until  July  the  first,  1893,  and  thereafter  as 
otherwise  provided  for  in  this  act. 

737.  Tinsel  wire,  lame  or  lahn. 

738.  Tobacco  stems. 

739.  Tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans. 

740.  Tripoli. 

741.  Turmeric. 

742.  Turpentine,  Venice. 

743.  Turpentine,  spirits  of. 

744.  Turtles. 

745.  Types,  old  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured. 

746.  Uranium,  oxide  and  salts  of. 

747.  Vaccine  virus. 

748.  Valonia. 

749.  V erdigris,  or  subacetate  of  copper. 

750.  Wafers,  unmedicated. 

751.  Wax,  vegetable  or  mineral. 

752.  Wearing  apparel  and  other  personal  effects  (not  merchandise)  of  per- 
sons arriving  in  the  United  States,  but  this  exemption  shall  not  be  held  to 
include  articles  not  actually  in  use  and  necessary  and  appropriate  for  the  use 
of  such  persons  for  the  purposes  of  their  journey  and  present  comfort  and 
convenience,  or  which  are  intended  for  any  other  person  or  persons,  or  for 
sale:  Provided,  however,  That  all  such  wearing  apparel  and  other  personal 
effects  as  may  have  been  once  imported  into  the  United  States  and  subjected 
to  the  payment  of  duty,  and  which  may  have  been  actually  used  and  taken 
or  exported  to  foreign  countries  by  the  persons  returning  therewith  to  the 
United  States,  shall,  if  not  advanced  in  value  or  improved  in  condition  by 
any  means  since  their  exportation  from  the  United  States,  be  entitled  to  ex- 
emption from  duty,  upon  their  identity  being  established,  under  such  rule 
and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

753.  Whalebone,  unmanufactured. 

754.  Wood.— Logs,  and  round  unmanufactured  timber  not  specially  enu- 
merated or  provided  for  in  this  act. 

755.  Fire  wood,  handle  bolts,  heading  bolts,  stave  bolts  and  shingle  bolts, 
hop  poles,  fence  posts,  railroad  ties,  ship  timber,  and  ship  planking,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

756.  Woods,  namely,  cedar,  lignum  vitce,  lance-wood,  ebony,  box,  gran- 
adilla,  mahogany,  rosewood,  satinwood,  and  all  forms  of  cabinet  woods,  in 
the  log,  rough,  or  hewed;  bamboo  and  rattan  unmanufactured;  brier  root  or 
brier  wood,  and  similar  wood  unmanufactured,  or  not  further  manufactured 
than  cut  into  blocks  suitable  for  the  articles  into  which  they  are  intended  tq 


374 


APPENDIX. 


be  converted ; bamboo,  reeds,  and  sticks  of  partridge,  bair  wood,  pimento, 
orange,  myrtle,  and  other  woods  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  in  the  rough,  or  not  further  manufactured  than  cut  into  lengths  suitable 
for  sticks  for  umbrellas,  parasols,  sunshades,  whips,  or  walking  canes;  and 
India  malacca  joints,  not  further  manufactured  than  cut  into  suitable  lengths 
for  the  manufactures  into  which  they  are  intended  to  be  converted. 

757.  Works  of  art,  the  production  of  American  artists  residing  tempo- 
rarily abroad,  or  other  works  of  art,  including  pictorial  paintings  on  glass, 
imported  expressly  for  presentation  to  a national  institution,  or  to  any  state 
or  municipal  corporation,  or  incorporated  religious  society,  college,  or  other 
public  institution,  except  stained  or  painted  window  glass  or  stained  or 
painted  glass  windows;  but  such  exemption  shall  be  subject  to  such  regula- 
tions as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

758.  Works  of  art,  drawings,  engravings,  photographic  pictures,  and 
philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus  brought  by  professional  artists,  lectur- 
ers, or  scientists  arriving  from  abroad  for  use  by  them  temporarily  for  ex- 
hibition and  in  illustration,  promotion  and  encouragement  of  art,  science,  or 
industry  in  the  United  States,  and  not  for  sale,  and  photographic  pictures, 
paintings,  and  statuary,  imported  for  exhibition  by  any  association  established 
in  good  faith  and  duly  authorized  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of 
any  State,  expressly  and  solely  for  the  promotion  and  encouragement  of 
science,  art,  or  industry,  and  not  intended  for  sale,  shall  be  admitted  free  of 
duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe; 
but  bonds  shall  be  given  for  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of  such  duties 
as  may  be  imposed  by  law  upon  any  and  all  of  such  articles  as  shall  not  be 
exported  within  six  months  after  such  importation:  Provided , That  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  may,  in  his  discretion,  extend  such  period  for  a 
further  term  of  six  months  in  cases  where  applications  therefor  shall  be 
made. 

759.  Works  of  art,  collections  in  illustration  of  the  progress  of  the  arts, 
science,  or  manufactures,  photographs,  works  in  terra-cotta,  parian,  pottery, 
or  porcelain,  and  artistic  copies  of  antiquities  in  metal  or  other  material  here- 
inafter imported  in  good  faith  for  permanent  exhibition  at  a fixed  place  by 
any  society  or  institution  established  for  the  encouragement  of  the  arts  or  of 
science,  and  all  like  articles  imported  in  good  faith  by  any  society  or  asso- 
ciation for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a public  monument,  and  not  intended  for 
sale,  nor  for  any  other  purpose  than  herein  expressed;  but  bonds  shall  be 
given  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
prescribe,  for  the  payment  of  lawful  duties  which  may  accrue  should  any  of 
the  articles  aforesaid  be  sold,  transferred,  or  used  contrary  to  this  provision, 
and  such  articles  shall  be  subject,  at  any  time,  to  examination  and  inspection 
by  the  proper  officers  of  the  customs:  Provided,  That  the  privileges  of  this 
and  the  preceding  section  shall  not  be  allowed  to  associations  or  corpora- 
tions engaged  in  or  connected  with  business  of  a private  or  commercial 
character. 

760.  Yams. 

761.  Zaffer. 

Sec.  3.  That  with  a view  to  secure  reciprocal  trade  with  countries  pro- 
ducing the  following  articles,  and  for  this  purpose,  on  and  after  the  first  day 
of  January,  1892,  whenever  and  so  often  as  the  President  shall  be  satisfied 
that  the  government  of  any  country  producing  and  exporting  sugars,  molas- 
ses, coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  raw  and  uncured,  or  any  of  such  articles,  imposes 
duties  or  other  exactions  upon  the  agricultural  or  other  products  of  the  United 
States,  which  in  view  of  the  free  introduction  of  such  sugar,  molasses, 
coffee,  tea,  and  hides  into  the  United  States  he  may  deem  to  be  reciprocally 
unequal  and  unreasonable,  he  shall  have  the  power  and  it  shall  be  his  duty 
to  suspend,  by  proclamation  to  that  effect,  the  provisions  of  this  act  relating 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKESTLEY  BILL. 


375 


to  the  free  introduction  of  such  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  the 
production  of  such  country,  for  such  time  as  he  shall  deem  just,  and  in  such 
case  and  during  such  suspension  duties  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid 
upon  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea,  and  hides,  the  product  of  or  exported  from 
such  designated  country  as  follows,  namely: 

All  sugars  not  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  pay 
duty  on  their  polariscopic  tests  as  follows,  namely: 

All  sugars  not  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color,  all  tank 
bottoms,  sirups  of  cane  juice  or  of  beet  juice,  melada,  concentrated  melada, 
concrete  and  concentrated  molasses,  testing  by  the  polariscope  not  above 
seventy-live  degrees,  seven-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound ; and  for  every  ad- 
ditional degree  or  fraction  of  a degree  shown  by  the  polariscopic  test,  two 
hundredths  of  one  cent  per  pound  additional. 

All  sugars  above  number  thirteen  Dutch  standard  in  color  shall  be  classi- 
fied by  the  Dutch  standard  of  color,  and  pay  duty  as  follows,  namely:  All 
sugar  above  number  thirteen  and  not  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard 
of  color,  one  and  three-eighth  cents  per  pound. 

All  sugars  above  number  sixteen  and  not  above  number  twenty  Dutch 
standard  of  color,  one  and  five-eighth  cents  per  pound. 

All  sugars  above  number  twenty  Dutch  standard  of  color,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

Molasses  testing  above  fifty-six  degrees,  four  cents  per  gallon. 

Sugar  drainings  and  sugar  sweepings  shall  be  subject  to  duty  either  as 
molasses  or  sugar,  as  the  case  may  be,  according  to  polariscopic  test. 

On  coffee,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  tea,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

Hides,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted  or  pickled;  Angora  goat 
skins,  raw,  without  the  wool,  unmanufactured;  asses’  skins,  raw  or  unmanu- 
factured, and  skins,  except  sheepskins,  with  the  wool  on,  one  aud  one-half 
cents  per  pound. 

Sec.  4.  That  there  shall  be  levied,  collected  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  all  raw  or  unmanufactured  articles,  not  enumerated  or  provided  for  in 
this  act,  a duty  of  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem;  and  on  all  articles  manufac- 
tured, in  whole  or  in  part,  not  provided  for  in  this  act,  a duty  of  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  5.  That  each  and  every  imported  article,  not  enumerated  in  this  act, 
which  is  similar,  either  in  material,  quality,  texture,  or  the  use  to  which  it 
may  be  applied,  to  any  article  enumerated  in  this  act  as  chargeable  with 
duty  shall  pay  the  same  rate  of  duty  which  is  levied  on  the  enumerated  arti- 
cle which  it  most  resembles  in  any  of  the  particulars  before  mentioned : aud 
if  any  non-enumerated  article  equally  resembles  two  or  more  enumerated 
articles  on  which  different  rates  of  duty  are  chargeable  there  shall  be  levied 
on  such  non-enumerated  article  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  is  chargeable  on  the 
article  which  it  resembles  paying  the  highest  rate  of  duty;  and  on  articles 
not  enumerated,  manufactured  of  two  or  more  materials,  the  duty  shall  be 
assessed  at  the  highest  rate  at  which  the  same  would  be  chargeable  if  com- 
posed wholly  of  the  component  material  thereof  of  chief  value;  and  the 
words,  “component  material  of  chief  value,”  wherever  used  in  this  act,  shall 
be  held  to  mean  that  component  material  which  shall  exceed  in  value  any 
other  single  component  material  of  the  article;  aud  the  value  of  each  com- 
ponent material  shall  be  determined  by  the  ascertained  value  of  such  mate- 
rial in  its  condition  as  found  in  the  article.  If  two  or  more  rates  of  duty 
shall  be  applicable  to  any  imported  article  it  shall  pay  duty  at  the  highest  of 
such  rates. 

Sec.  6.  That  on'  and  after  the  first  day  of  March,  1891,  all  articles  of 
foreign  manufacture,  such  as  are  usually  or  ordinarily  marked,  stamped, 
branded,  or  labeled,  and  all  packages  containing  such  or  other  imported 


376 


APPENDIX. 


articles,  shall,  respectively,  be  plainly  marked,  stamped,  branded,  or  labeled 
in  legible  English  words,  so  as  to  indicate  the  country  of  their  origin;  and 
unless  so  marked,  stamped,  branded,  or  labeled,  they  shall  not  be  admitted 
to  entry. 

Sec.  7.  That  on  and  after  March  first,  1891,  no  article  of  imported  mer- 
chandise which  shall  copy  or  simulate  the  name  or  trade-mark  of  any  domes- 
tic manufacture  or  manufacturer,  shall  be  admitted  to  entry  at  any  custom- 
house of  the  United  States.  And  in  order  to  aid  the  officers  of  the  customs 
in  enforcing  this  prohibition,  any  domestic  manufacturer  who  has  adopted 
trade-marks  may  require  his  name  and  residence  and  a description  of  his 
trade-marks  to  be  recorded  in  books  which  shall  be  kept  for  that  purpose  in 
the  Department  of  the  Treasury  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  shall  prescribe,  and  may  furnish  to  the  Department  facsimiles 
of  such  trade-marks;  and  thereupon  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  cause 
one  or  more  copies  of  the  same  to  be  transmitted  to  each  collector  or  other 
proper  officer  of  the  customs. 

Sec.  8.  That  all  lumber,  timber,  hemp,  manila,  wire  rope,  and  iron  and 
steel  rods,  bars,  spikes,  nails,  plates,  ties,  angles,  beams,  and  bolts  and  cop- 
per and  composition  metal  which  may  be  necessary  for  the  construction  and 
equipment  of  vessels  built  iu  the  United  States  for  foreign  account  and  own- 
ership or  for  the  purpose  of  being  employed  in  the  foreign  trade,  including 
the  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  of  the  United  States,  after 
the  passage  of  this  act,  may  be  imported  in  bond,  under  such  regulations  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe;  and  upon  proof  that  such  ma- 
terials have  been  used  for  such  purpose  no  duties  shall  be  paid  thereon.  But 
vessels  receiving  the  benefit  of  this  section  shall  not  be  allowed  to  engage  in 
the  coastwise  trade  of  the  United  States  more  than  two  months  in  any  one 
year,  except  upon  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of  the  duties  on  which  a 
rebate  is  herein  allowed:  Provided,  That  vessels  built  in  the  United  States  for 
foreign  account  and  ownership  shall  not  be  allowed  to  engage  in  the  coast- 
wise trade  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  9.  That  all  articles  of  foreign  production  needed  for  the  repair  of 
American  vessels  engaged  in  foreign  trade,  including  the  trade  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  of  the  United  States,  may  be  withdrawn  from 
bonded  warehouses  free  of  duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  10.  That  all  medicines,  preparations,  compositions,  perfumery,  cos- 
metics, cordials,  and  other  liquors  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part  of  domes- 
tic spirits,  intended  for  exportation,  as  provided  by  law,  in  order  to  be  man- 
ufactured and  sold  or  removed,  without  being  charged  with  duty  and  with- 
out having  a stamp  affixed  thereto,  shall,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  be  made  and  manufactured  in  ware- 
houses similarly  constructed  to  those  known  and  designated  in  Treasury 
regulations  as  bonded  warehouses,  class  two:  Provided , That  such  manufac- 
turer shall  first  give  satisfactory  bonds  to  the  collector  of  internal  revenue 
for  the  faithful  observance  of  all  the  provisions  of  law  and  the  regulations  as 
aforesaid,  in  amount  not  less  than  half  of  that  required  by  the  regulations  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  from  persons  allowed  bonded  warehouses. 
Such  goods,  when  manufactured  in  such  warehouses,  may  be  removed  for 
exportation  under  the  direction  of  the  proper  officer  having  charge  thereof, 
who  shall  be  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  without  being 
charged  with  duly,  and  without  having  a stamp  affixed  thereto.  Any  man- 
ufacturer of  the  articles  aforesaid,  or  any  of  them,  having  such  bonded  ware- 
houses as  aforesaid,  shall  be  at  liberty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  to  convey  therein  any  materials  to  be 
used  in  such  manufacture  which  are  allowed  by  the  provisions  of  law  to  be 
exported  free  from  tax  or  duty,  as  well  as  the  necessary  materials,  imple- 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


377 


merits,  packages,  vessels,  brands,  and  labels,  for  the  preparation,  putting  up, 
and  export  of  tlie  said  manufactured  articles:  and  every  article  so  used  shall 
be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  stamp  and  excise  duty  by  such  manufac- 
turer. Articles  and  materials  so  to  be  used  may  be  transferred  from  any 
bonded  warehouse  iu  which  the  same  may  be,  under  such  regulation  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  into  any  bonded  warehouse  in 
which  such  manufacture  may  be  conducted,  and  may  be  used  in  such  manu- 
facture, and  when  so  used  shall  be  exempt  from  stamp  and  excise  duty;  and 
the  receipt  of  the  officer  in  charge  as  aforesaid  shall  be  received  as  a voucher 
for  the  manufacture  of  such  articles.  Any  materials  imported  into  the  Unit- 
ed States  may,  under  such  rules  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre- 
scribe, and  under  the  direction  of  the  proper  officer,  be  removed  in  original 
packages  from  on  shipboard,  or  from  the  bonded  warehouse  in  which  the 
same  may  be,  into  the  bonded  warehouse  iu  which  such  manufacture  may  be 
carried  on,  for  the  purpose  of  being  used  in  such  manufacture,  without  pay- 
ment of  duties  thereon,  and  may  there  be  used  in  such  manufacture.  No  article 
so  removed,  nor  any  article  manufactured  in  said  bonded  warehouse,  shall 
be  taken  therefrom  except  for  exportation,  under  the  direction  of  the  proper 
officer  having  charge  thereof  as  aforesaid,  whose  certificate,  describing  the 
articles  by  their  mark  or  otherwise,  the  quantity,  the  date  of  importation, 
and  name  of  vessel,  with  such  additional  particulars  as  may  from  time  to 
time  be  required,  shall  be  received  by  the  collector  of  customs  in  cancel- 
lation of  the  bond  or  return  of  the  amount  of  foreign  import  duties.  All 
labor  performed  and  services  rendered  under  these  regulations  shall  be  un- 
der the  supervision  of  an  officer  of  the  customs,  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
manufacturer. 

Sec.  11.  All  persons  are  prohibited  from  importing  into  the  United 
States  from  any  foreign  country  any  obscene  book,  pamphlet,  paper,  writ- 
ing, advertisement,  circular,  print,  picture,  drawing,  or  other  representation, 
figure,  or  image  on  or  of  paper  or  other  material,  or  any  cast,  instrument,  or 
other  article  of  an  immoral  nature,  or  any  drug  or  medicine,  or  any  article 
whatever,  for  the  prevention  of  conception,  or  for  causing  unlawful  abortion. 
No  such  articles,  whether  imported  separately  or  contained  in  packages  with 
other  goods  entitled  to  entry,  shall  be  admitted  to  entry;  and  all  such  arti- 
cles shall  be  proceeded  against,  seized,  and  forfeited  by  due  course  of  law. 
All  such  prohibited  articles  and  the  package  in  which  they  are  contained  in 
the  course  of  importation  shall  be  detained  by  the  officer  of  customs,  and 
proceedings  taken  against  the  same  as  prescribed  in  the  following  section, 
unless  it  appears  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  collector  of  customs  that  the 
obscene  articles  contained  in  the  package  were  inclosed  therein  without  the 
knowledge  or  consent  of  the  importer,  owner,  agent,  or  consignee:  Provided , 
That  the  drugs  hereinbefore  mentioned,  when  imported  in  bulk  and  not  put 
up  for  any  of  the  purposes  hereinbefore  specified,  are  excepted  from  the 
operation  of  this  section. 

Sec.’ 12.  That  whoever,  being  an  officer,  agent,  or  employe  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States,  shall  knowingly  aid  or  abet  any  person  engaged 
in  any  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  law  prohibiting  importing,  adver- 
tising, dealing  in,  exhibiting  or  sending  or  receiving  by  mail  obscene  or  inde- 
cent publications  or  representations,  or  means  for  preventing  conception  or 
procuring  abortion,  or  other  articles  of  indecent  or  immoral  use  or  tendency, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  shall  for  every  offense  be  pun- 
ishable by  a fine  of  not  more  than  five  thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment 
at  hard  labor  for  not  more  than  ten  years,  or  both. 

Sec.  13.  That  any  judge  of  any  district  or  circuit  court  of  the  United 
States,  within  the  proper  district,  before  whom  complaint  in  writing  of  any 
violation  of  the  two  preceding  sections  is  made,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such 
judge,  and  founded  on  knowledge  or  belief,  and  if  upon  belief,  setting  forth 
27b 


378 


APPENDIX. 


the  grounds  of  such  belief,  and  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation  of  the  com- 
plainant may  issue,  conformably  to  the  Constitution,  a warrant  directed  to 
the  marshal  or  any  deputy  marshal,  in  the  proper  district,  directing  him  to 
search  for,  seize,  and  take  possession  of  any  such  article  or  thing  mentioned 
in  the  two  preceding  sections,  and  to  make  due  and  immediate  return  thereof 
to  the  end  that  the  same  may  be  condemned  and  destroyed  by  proceedings, 
which  shall  be  conducted  in  the  same  manner  as  other  proceedings  in  the 
case  of  municipal  seizure,  and  with  the  same  right  of  appeal  or  writ  of  error. 

Sec.  14.  That  machinery  for  repair  may  be  imported  into  the  United 
States  without  payment  of  duty,  under  bond,  to  be  given  in  double  (lie 
appraised  value  thereof,  to  be  withdrawn  and  exported  after  said  machinery 
shall  have  been  repaired;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized 
and  directed  to  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  to 
protect  the  revenue  against  fraud,  and  secure  the  identity  and  character  of 
all  such  importations  when  again  withdrawn  and  exported,  restricting  and 
limiting  the  export  and  withdrawal  to  the  same  port  of  entry  wffiere  import- 
ed, and  also  limiting  all  bonds  to  a period  of  time  of  not  more  than  six 
months  from  the  date  of  the  importation. 

Sec.  15.  That  the  produce  of  the  forests  of  the  State  of  Maine  upon  the 
Saint  John  River  and  its  tributaries,  owned  by  American  citizens,  and  sawed 
or  hewed  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick  by  American  citizens,  the  same 
being  unmanufactured  in  w’hole  or  in  part,  which  is  now  admitted  into  the 
ports  of  the  United  States  free  of  duty,  shall  continue  to  be  so  admitted 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall,  from  time  to 
time  prescribe. 

Sec.  16.  That  the  produce  of  the  forests  of  the  State  of  Maine  upon  the 
Saint  Croix  river  and  its  tributaries  owned  by  American  citizens,  and  sawed 
in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick  by  American  citizens,  the  same  being 
unmanufactured  in  whole  or  in  part,  shall  be  admitted  into  the  ports  of  the 
United  States  free  of  duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  shall,  from  time  to  time,  prescribe. 

Sec.  17.  That  a discriminating  duty  of  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem,  in 
addition  to  the  duties  imposed  by  law,  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on 
all  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  which  shall  be  imported  in  vessels  not  of 
the  United  States;  but  this  discriminating  duty  shall  not  apply  to  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandise  which  shall  be  imported  in  vessels  not  of  the  United 
States,  entitled,  by  treaty  or  any  act  of  Congress,  to  be  entered  in  the  ports 
of  the  United  States  on  payment  of  the  same  duties  as  shall  then  be  paid  on 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  imported  in  vessels  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  18.  That  no  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  unless  in  cases  provided 
for  by  treaty,  shall  be  imported  into  the  United  States  from  any  foreign  port 
or  place,  except  in  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  in  such  foreign  vessels  as 
truly  and  wholly  belong  to  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  that  country  of  which 
the  goods  are  the  grow'th,  production,  or  manufacture,  or  from  which  such 
goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  can  only  be,  or  most  usually  are,  first  shipped 
for  transportation.  All  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  imported  contrary  to 
this  section,  and  the  vessel  wherein  the  same  shall  be  imported,  together  with 
her  cargo,  tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture,  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United 
States;  and  such  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  ship,  or  vessel,  and  cargo 
shall  be  liable  to  be  seized,  prosecuted,  and  condemned,  in  like  manner,  and 
under  the  same  regulations,  restrictions,  and  provisions  as  have  been  hereto- 
fore established  for  the  recovery,  collection,  distribution,  and  remission  of 
forfeitures  to  the  United  States  by  the  several  revenue  laws. 

Sec.  19.  That  the  preceding  section  shall  not  apply  to  vessels  or  goods, 
wares,  or  merchandise  imported  in  vessels  of  a foreign  nation  which  does  not 
maintain  a similar  regulation  against  vessels  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  20.  That  the  importation  of  neat  cattle  and  the  hides  of  neat  cattle 


TEXT  OF  THE  McKINLEY  BILL. 


379 


from  any  foreign  country  into  tlie  United  States  is  prohibited:  Provided, 
That  the  operation  of  this  section  shall  be  suspended  as  to  any  foreign  coun- 
try or  countries,  or  any  parts  of  such  country  or  countries,  whenever  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  officially  determine,  and  give  public  notice 
thereof  that  such  importation  will  not  tend  to  the  introduction  or  spread  of 
contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among  the  cattle  of  the  United  States;  and 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered,  and  it 
shall  be  his  duty,  to  make  all  necessary  orders  and  regulations  to  carry  this 
section  into  effect,  or  to  suspend  the  same  as  therein  provided,  and  to  send 
copies  thereof  to  the  proper  officers  in  the  United  States,  and  to  such  officers 
or  agents  of  the  United  States  in  foreign  countries  as  he  shall  judge  neces- 
sary. 

Sec.  21.  That  any  person  convicted  of  a willful  violation  of  any  of  the 
provisions  of  the  preceding  section  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  five  hundred 
dollars,  or  imprisoned  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of 
the  Court. 

Sec.  22.  That  upon  the  reimportation  of  articles  once  exported  of  the 
growth,  product,  or  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  upon  which  no  inter- 
nal tax  has  been  assessed  or  paid,  or  upon  which  such  tax  has  been  paid  and 
refunded  by  allowance  or  drawback,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and 
paid  a duty  equal  to  the  tax  imposed  by  the  internal-revenue  laws  upon  such 
articles,  except  articles  manufactured  in  bonded  warehouses  and  exported 
pursuant  to  law,  which  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  if  origi- 
nally imported. 

Sec.  23.  That  whenever  any  vessel  laden  with  merchandise  in  whole  or 
in  part  subject  to  duty  has  been  sunk  in  any  river,  harbor,  bay,  or  waters 
subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  and  within  its  limits,  for  the 
period  of  two  years,  and  is  abandoned  by  the  owner  thereof,  any  person  who 
may  raise  such  vessel  shall  be  permitted  to  bring  any  merchandise  recovered 
therefrom  into  the  port  nearest  to  the  place  where  such  vessel  was  so  raised, 
free  from  the  payment  of  any  duty  thereupon,  and  without  being  obliged  to 
enter  the  same  at  the  custom-house;  but  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  24.  That  the  works  of  manufactures  engaged  in  smelting  or  refining 
metals  in  the  United  States  may  be  designated  as  bonded  warehouses  under 
such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe:  Provided, 
That  sue!)  manufacturers  shall  first  give  satisfactory  bonds  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  Metals  in  any  crude  form  requiring  smelting  or  refining  to 
make  them  readily  available  in  the  arts,  imported  into  the  United  States  to 
be  smelted  or  refined  and  intended  to  be  exported  in  a refined  but  unmanu- 
factured state,  shall,  under  such  rules  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
prescribe  and  under  the  direction  of  the  proper  officer,  be  removed  in  origi- 
nal packages  or  in  bulk  from  the  vessel  or  other  vehicle  on  which  it  has  been 
imported,  or  from  the  bonded  warehouse  in  which  the  same  may  be  into  the 
bonded  warehouse  in  which  such  smelting  and  refining  may  be  carried  on, 
for  the  purpose  of  being  smelted  and  refined  without  payment  of  duties 
thereon,  and  may  there  be  smelted  and  refined,  together  with  other  metals 
of  home  or  foreign  production:  Provided,  That  each  day  a quantity  of  re- 
fined metal  equal  to  the  amount  of  imported  metal  refined  that  day  shall  be 
set  aside,  and  such  metal  so  set  aside  shall  not  be  taken  from  said  works 
except  for  exportation,  under  the  direction  of  the  proper  officer  having  charge 
thereof  as  aforesaid,  whose  certificate,  describing  the  articles  by  their  marks 
or  otherwise,  the  quantity,  the  date  of  importation,  and  the  name  of  vessel  or 
other  vehicle  by  which  it  was  imported,  with  such  additional  particulars  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  required,  shall  be  received  by  the  collector  of  cus- 
toms as  sufficient  evidence  of  the  exportation  of  the  metal,  or  it  may  be 
removed,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre. 


380 


APPENDIX. 


scribe,  to  any  other  bonded  warehouse,  or  upon  entry  for  and  payment  of 
duties,  for  domestic  consumption.  All  labor  performed  and  services  ren- 
dered under  these  regulations  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  an  officer  of 
the  customs,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  manufacturer. 

Sec.  25.  That  where  imported  materials  on  which  duties  have  been  paid, 
are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  manufactured  or  produced  in  the 
United  States,  there  shall  be  allowed  on  the  exportation  of  such  articles  a 
drawback  equal  in  amount  to  the  duties  paid  on  the  materials  used,  less  one 
per  centum  of  such  duties:  Provided,  That  when  the  articles  exported  are 
made  in  part  from  domestic  materials,  the  imported  materials,  or  the  parts  of 
the  articles  made  from  such  materials  shall  so  appear  in  the  completed  arti- 
cles that  the  quantity  or  measure  thereof  may  be  ascertained : And  provided 
further,  That  the  drawback  on  any  article  allowed  under  existing  law  shall 
be  continued  at  the  rate  herein  provided.  That  the  imported  materials  used 
in  the  manufacture  or  production  of  articles  entitled  to  drawback  of  customs 
duties  when  exported  shall  in  all  cases  where  drawback  of  duties  paid  on 
such  materials  is  claimed,  be  identified,  the  quantity  of  such  materials  used 
and  the  amount  of  duties  paid  thereon  shall  be  ascertained,  the  facts  of  the 
manufacture  or  production  of  such  articles  in  the  United  States  and  their 
exportation  therefrom  shall  be  determined,  and  the  drawback  due  thereon 
shall  be  paid  to  the  manufacturer,  producer,  or  exporter,  to  the  agent  of 
either  or  to  the  person  to  whom  such  manufacturer,  producer,  exporter  or 
agent  shall  in  writing  order  such  drawback  paid  under  such  regulations  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe. 


THE  BLAINE  REPORT  ON  RECIPROCITY. 


ADOPTED  BY  THE  INTERNATIONAL  AMERICAN  CONFERENCE  AND  SUB- 
MITTED TO  CONGRESS  BY  PRESIDENT  HARRISON,  JUNE  19,  1890. 

Department  of  State,  ) 
Washington,  June  4,  1890.  j 

To  the  President: 

I beg  leave  to  submit  herewith  the  report  upon  “ Customs  Union  ” adopted 
by  the  International  American  Conference. 

The  act  of  Congress,  approved  May  24,  1888,  authorizing  the  President  to 
invite  delegates  to  this  conference,  named  as  one  of  the  topics  to  be  consid- 
ered, “Measures  toward  the  formation  of  an  American  Customs  Union,  un- 
der which  the  trade  of  the  American  nations  shall,  so  far  as  possible  and  prof- 
itable, be  promoted.” 

The  committee  of  the  conference  to  which  this  topic  was  referred  inter- 
preted the  term  “Customs  Union”  to  mean  an  association  or  agreement 
among  the  several  American  nations  for  a free  interchange  of  domestic  prod- 
ucts, a common  and  uniform  system  of  tariff  laws,  and  an  equitable  divis- 
ion of  the  customs  dues  collected  under  them. 

Such  a proposition  was  at  once  pronounced  impracticable.  Its  adoption 
would  require  a complete  revision  of  the  tariff  laws  of  all  the  eight  een  na- 
tions, and  most,  if  not  all,  of  our  sister  republics  are  largely,  if  not  entirely, 
dependent  upon  the  collection  of  customs  dues  for  the  revenue  to  sustain 
their  governments.  But  the  conference  declared  that  partial  reciprocity  be- 
tween the  American  republics  was  not  only  practicable,  but  “ must  necessa- 
rily increase  the  trade  and  the  development  of  the  material  resources  of  the 
countries  adopting  that  system,  and  it  would  in  all  probability  bring  about  as 
favorable  results  as  those  obtained  by  free  trade  among  the  different  States  of 
this  Union.” 

The  conference  recommended,  therefore,  that  the  several  governments  rep- 
resented negotiate  reciprocity  treaties  “ upon  such  a basis  as  would  be  accept- 
able in  each  case,  taking  into  consideration  the  special  situations,  conditions, 
and  interests  of  each  country,  and  with  a view  to  promote  their  common  wel- 
fare.” 

The  delegates  from  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic  did  not  concur  in 
these  recommendations,  for  the  reason  that  the  attitude  of  our  Congress  at 
that  time  was  not  such  as  to  encourage  them  to  expect  favorable  responses 
from  the  United  States  in  return  for  concessions  which  their  government 
might  offer.  They  had  come  here  with  an  expectation  that  our  government 
and  people  desired  to  make  whatever  concessions  were  necessary  and  possible 
to  increase  the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  two  countries  named. 
The  President  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  communicating  to  his  Congress 
the  appointment  of  delegates  to  the  International  Conference,  said : 

“ The  Argentine  Republic  feels  the  liveliest  interest  in  the  subject,  and 
hopes  that  its  commercial  relations  with  the  United  States  may  find  some 
practical  solution  of  the  question  of  the  interchange  of  products'between  the 
two  countries,  considering  that  this  is  the  most  efficacious  way  of  strengthen- 
ing the  ties  which  bind  this  country  with  that  grand  republic  whose  institu- 
tions serve  us  as  a model.  ” 

It  was  therefore  unfortunate  that  the  Argentine  delegates,  shortly  after 
their  arrival  in  Washington,  in  search  of  reciprocal  trade,  should  have  read 

381 


382 


APPENDIX. 


in  the  daily  press  that  propositions  were  pending  in  our  Congress  to  impose  a 
heavy  duty  upon  Argentine  hides,  which  for  many  years  had  been  upon  the 
free  list,  and  to  increase  the  duty  on  Argentine  wool.  Since  the  adoption 
of  the  recommendations  of  the  conference,  which  I herewith  inclose,  hides 
have  been  restored  to  the  free  list,  but  the  duty  upon  carpet  wool  remains, 
and,  as  the  Argentine  delegates  declared,  represents  the  only  concession  we 
have  to  offer  them  in  exchange  for  the  removal  of  duties  upon  our  peculiar 
products. 

Only  those  who  have  given  the  subject  careful  study  realize  the  magni- 
tude of  the  commerce  of  these  sister  nations.  In  1888  the  combined  imports 
of  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  $233,127,- 
698.  The  statistics  of  Chilian  commerce  for  1889  have  not  yet  been  received, 
but  the  imports  of  the  Argentine  Republic  for  that  year  were  $143,000,000. 
These  imports  consisted  in  the  greater  part  of  articles  that  could  have  been 
furnished  by  the  manufacturers  of  the  United  States;  yet  in  1888,  of  the  total 
of  $233,000,000  imports,  we  contributed  but  $13,000,000;  while  England  con- 
tributed $90,000,000;  Germany,  $43,000,000;  and  France,  $34,000,000. 

With  our  extraordinary  increase  in  population,  and  even  more  extraordi- 
nary increase  in  material  wealth,  our  progress  in  trade  with  South  America 
has  been  strangely  hindered  and  limited. 

In  1868  our  total  exports  to  all  the  world  were  $375,737,000,  of  which  $53,- 
197,000  went  to  Spanish  America — 14  per  cent. 

In  1888  our  exports  to  all  the  world  were  $742,368,000,  an  increase  of  100 
per  cent.,  while  but  $69,273,000  went  to  Spanish  America,  little  more  than  9 
per  cent. ; and  the  greatest  gain  (nine  millions)  has  been  noticed  during  the 
last  two  years. 

It  was  the  unanimous  judgment  of  the  delegates  that  our  exports  to  these 
countries  and  to  the  other  republics  could  be  increased  to  a great  degree  by 
the  negotiation  of  such  treaties  as  are  recommended  by  the  conference.  The 
practical,  every-day  experience  of  our  merchants  engaged  in  the  trade  demon- 
strates beyond  a question  that  in  all  classes  of  merchandise  which  we  have 
long  and  successfully  produced  for  export,  they  are  able  to  compete  with 
their  European  rivals  in  quality  and  in  price;  and  the  reiterated  statement 
that  our  Latin- American  neighbors  do  not  buy  of  us  because  we  do  not  buy 
of  them,  or  because  we  tax  their  products,  has  been  annually  contradicted  by 
the  statistics  of  our  commerce  for  a quarter  of  a century.  The  lack  of  means 
for  reaching  their  markets  has  been  the  chief  obstacle  in  the  way  of  increased 
exports.  The  carrying  trade  has  been  controlled  by  European  merchants 
who  have  forbidden  an  exchange  of  commodities.  The  merchandise  we  sell 
in  South  America  is  carried  there  in  American  ships,  or  foreign  ships  char- 
tered by  American  commission  houses.  The  merchandise  we  buy  in  South 
America  is  brought  to  us  in  European  vessels  that  never  take  return  cargoes, 
but  sail  for  Liverpool,  Havre,  Bremen,  or  Hamburg  with  wheat,  corn  and 
cotton.  There  they  load  again  with  manufactured  goods  for  the  South  Amer- 
ican markets,  and  continue  their  triangular  voyages,  paying  for  the  food  they 
are  compelled  to  buy  of  us  with  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  their  manufactures 
in  markets  that  we  could  and  would  supply  if  we  controlled  the  carrying 
trade. 

France  taxes  imports  as  we  do,  and  in  1880,  her  merchants  suffered,  as 
ours  do  now,  for  the  lack  of  transportation  facilities  with  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. Under  liberal  encouragement  from  the  government,  direct  and  regu- 
lar steamship  lines  were  established  between  Havre  and  Buenos  Ayres,  and 
as  a direct  and  natural  result,  her  exports  increased  from  $8,292,872  in  1880 
to  $22,996,000  in  1888. 

The  experience  of  Germany  furnishes  an  even  more  striking  example.  In 
1880  the  exports  from  Germany  to  the  Argentine  Republic  were  only  $2,365, - 
152.  In  1888  they  were  $13, 310, 000.  “This  result, ’’writes  Mr.  Baker,  our  most 


THE  BLAINE  REPORT  ON  RECIPROCITY. 


383 


useful  and  intelligent  consul  at  Buenos  Ayres,  “is  due,  first,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  quick  and  regular  steam  communication  between  the  two  countries; 
second,  to  the  establishment  of  branch  houses  by  German  merchants  and 
manufacturers;  and  third,  to  the  opening  of  a German  Argentine  bank  to  fa- 
cilitate exchange.” 

There  is  no  direct  steamship  communication  whatever  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Argentine  Republic;  and  there  are  no  direct  banking  facili- 
ties. The  International  American  Conference  has  earnestly  recommended  the 
establishment  of  both;  but  reciprocal  exchanges  of  tariff  concessions  will  be 
equally  effective  in  stimulating  commerce  and  in  increasing  the  export  of  the 
products  of  which  we  have  the  largest  surplus  not  only  to  the  progressive  re- 
public named,  but  to  all  the  other  American  nations. 

The  conference  believed  that  while  great  profit  would  come  to  all  the 
countries  if  reciprocity  treaties  should  be  adopted,  the  United  States  would  be 
by  far  the  greatest  gainer.  Nearly  all  the  articles  we  export  to  our  neighbors 
are  subjected  to  heavy  customs  taxes;  so  heavy,  in  many  cases,  as  to  prohibit 
their  consumption  by  the  masses  of  the  people.  On  the  other  hand,  more 
than  87  per  cent,  of  our  imports  from  Latin  America  are  admitted  free,  leav- 
ing but  12  per  cent,  upon  which  duties  may  still  be  removed.  But  mindful 
of  "the  fact  that  the  United  States  has,  from  time  to  time,  removed  the  duties 
from  coffee,  cocoa,  India-rubber,  hides,  cinchona  bark,  dye  and  cabinet 
woods,  and  other  Latin- American  products,  our  government  may  confidently 
ask  the  concession  suggested. 

The  increased  exports  would  be  drawn  alike  from  our  farms,  our  facto- 
ries, and  our  forests.  None  of  the  Latin-American  countries  produce  building 
lumber;  the  most  of  them  are  dependent  upon  foreign  markets  for  their 
breadstuff s and  provisions;  and  in  few  is  there  any  opportunity  or  inclination 
for  mechanical  industry. 

The  effect  of  such  reciprocity  would  be  felt  in  every  portion  of  the  land. 
Not  long  ago  the  Brazilian  Mail  Steamship  Company  took  the  trouble  to 
trace  to  its  origin  every  article  that  composed  the  cargo  carried  by  one  of  its 
steamers  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  the  investigation  disclosed  the  fact  that  thirty- 
six  States  and  Territories  contributed  to  the  total,  as  follows: 


New  York 

...  $74,546 

00 

North  Carolina  . . . . 

. . . . $2,647  00 

Vermont 

96 

00 

Maryland 

....  2,359  00 

Delaware 

...  20,908 

00 

Mississippi 

....  2,056  00 

Illinois  . . . : 

. . . 19,331 

47 

Louisiana 

. . . . 2,111  00 

New  Jersey 

. . . 17,054 

40 

Wyoming 

....  1,800  00 

Pennsylvania 

. . . 43,065 

00 

Oregon 

....  1,183  00 

( onnecticut 

. . . 11,874 

00 

Tennessee 

1,150  00 

Kansas 

....  11,332 

00 

Iowa 

807  00 

Indiana 

. ...  9,098 

00 

South  Carolina 

587  00 

Massachusetts 

...  7,190 

00 

Kentucky 

781  00 

Ohio 

. . . 6,230 

00 

Wisconsin 

576  00 

New  Hampshire 

. . . 6,035 

00 

California 

239  00 

Missouri 

. . . 5,773 

00 

Dakota 

220  00 

Georgia 

5,096 

00 

Texas  

162  00 

Rhode  Island 

. . . . 4^020 

00 

Nebraska 

125  00 

Michigan 

. . . . 3,732 

00 

Alabama 

56  00 

Virginia 

....  3,704 

54 

Florida 

40  00 

Maine 

. . . 2,765 

00 

Minnesota 

....  2,668 

00 

Total 

...  .$301,417  41 

The  12  per  cent,  of  our  imports  from  Latin  America  upon  which  duties 
are  still  assessed  consists  only  of  raw  sugar  and  the  coarse  grades  of  wool 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  carpets. 


384 


APPENDIX. 


The  sugar-growing  nations  comprise  four-fifths  or  forty  millions,  of  Latin 
America;  hut  with  geographical  conditions  against  them,  their  free  labor 
can  not  successfully  compete  with  the  coolie  labor  of  the  European  colonies. 
A slight  discrimination  in  their  favor  would  greatly  stimulate  their  agricul- 
tural interests,  enlarge  their  purchasing  power,  and  tend  to  promote  friendly 
sentiments  and  intercourse. 

The  wool-growing  nations  are  Chili,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, and  from  them  our  manufacturers  of  carpets  receive  a great  portion  of 
their  supply.  It  wTas  most  strongly  urged  by  the  delegates  who  had  carefully 
studied  this  subject  that  the  free  admission  of  coarse  wTools  from  these  coun- 
tries could  not  prove  injurious  to  the  wool  growers  of  the  United  States,  be- 
cause the  greater  profit  derived  by  them  from  the  higher  grades  discourages, 
if  it  docs  not  actually  prohibit,  their  production.  On  the  contrary,  they 
maintained  that  the  free  importation  of  the  coarse  wool  would  result  in  a 
large  reduction  in  the  cost  of  the  cheaper  grades  of  carpets,  and  enable  the 
manufacturers  of  the  United  States  to  secure  an  enormous  export  trade  in 
these  fabrics.  It  was  also  suggested  that  the  use  of  the  coarse  vmols  for  the 
purpose  of  adulteration  in  the  manufacture  of  clothing  might  be  prevented 
by  requiring  that  imports  withdrawn  for  the  manufacture  of  carpets  should 
be  so  designated  to  exempt  them  from  customs  dues,  and  the  existing  duty 
retained  upon  those  used  for  other  purposes. 

The  wool  growers  of  the  Argentine  Republic  protest  against  what  they 
consider  a serious  discrimination  against  their  products  in  the  tariff  laws  of 
the  United  States,  which  impose  a duty  upon  the  gross  weight  instead  of  the 
value  of  the  article. 

The  Argentine  wools  are  much  heavier  in  grease  and  dirt  than  those  from 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  which  is  said  to  be  due  to  unavoidable  climatic 
conditions,  and  sell  at  a lower  price.  But  the  imports  from  the  three  coun- 
tries are  subject  to  the  same  duty.  This  fact  was  very  strongly  urged,  to  the 
end  that  at  least  equal  advantages  should  be  given  to  the  products  of  a 
friendly  country  with  which  we  are  endeavoring  to  build  up  a trade. 

The  Argentines  desire  the  free  admission  of  their  coarse  wool,  and  other 
Latin- American  states  desire  the  free  admission  of  their  sugar  to  the  ports  of 
this  country,  with  the  understanding  that  our  peculiar  products  shall,  in  turn, 
be  admitted  free  into  their  ports.  At  present,  by  reason  of  the  high  duties 
levied  by  them,  the  chief  articles  of  our  production  are  beyond  the  purchas- 
ing power  of  the  great  mass  of  the  people  in  those  countries,  and  are  luxuries 
which  only  the  wealthy  can  enjoy. 

Excepting  raw  cotton,  our  four  largest  exports  during  the  last  fiscal  year 
were  breadstuffs,  provisions,  refined  petroleum,  and  lumber. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  total  exports  of  each  of  said  articles  in 
1889,  and  the  proportion  exported  to  Latin  America; 

Exported  to 

ARTICLES.  Total  Exports.  Latin  America. 


Breadstuffs $123,876,423  $5,123,528 

Provisions 104,122,328  2,507,375 

Refined  Petroleum 44,830,424  2,948,149 

Wood  and  Lumber 26,907,161  5,039,886 


These  figures  should  be  closely  studied.  It  wTould  be  difficult  to  under- 
stand, but  for  the  explanations  given  in  the  conference,  why,  out  of  the  three 
hundred  millions  of  staples  exported  from  this  country,  only  fifteen  millions 
should  be  consumed  in  all  Latin  America  with  its  population  of  50,000,000 
people,  when  the  United  States  is  the  only  source  of  supply  for  those  articles 
which  are  regarded  by  us  as  the  necessaries  of  life. 

The  foreign  delegates  all  agreed  that  this  proportion  could  be  increased 
many  fold  by  extending  to  their  people  the  ability  to  purchase;  and  the  abil- 
ity to  purchase  rests,  in  their  opinion,  upon  reciprocal  concessions. 


THE  BLAINE  REPORT  ON  RECIPROCITY. 


385 


Attached  hereto  is  a statement  showing  the  duties  charged  by  the  South 
American  countries  of  the  largest  commerce  upon  the  articles  which  they 
import  chiefly  from  the  United  States,  and  also  a statement  showing  the 
meagre  amounts  of  our  peculiar  exportable  products  shipped  to  the  several 
Latin- American  states.  By  a comparison  of  these  statements  the  effect  of  the 
removal  of  the  duties  upon  these  articles  by  the  countries  of  Latin  America 
will  at  once  be  apparent. 

Fifteen  of  the  seventeen  republics  with  which  we  have  been  in  conference 
have  indicated,  by  the  votes  of  their  representatives  in  the  International 
American  Conference,  and  by  other  methods  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  de- 
fine, their  desire  to  enter  upon  reciprocal  commercial  relations  with  the  United 
States;  the  remaining  two  express  equal  willingness,  could,  they  be  assured 
that  their  advances  would  be  favorably  considered. 

To  escape  the  delay  and  uncertainty  of  treaties  it  has  been  suggested  that 
a practicable  and  prompt  mode  of  testing  the  question  whs  to  submit  an 
amendment  to  the  pending  tariff  bill,  authorizing  the  President  to  declare 
the  ports  of  the  United  States  free  to  all  the  products  of  any  nation  of  the 
American  hemisphere  upon  which  no  export  duties  are  imposed  whenever 
and  so  long  as  such  nation  shall  admit  to  its  ports  free  of  all  national,  pro- 
vincial (State),  municipal,  and  other  taxes,  our  flour,  corn  meal,  and  other 
breadstuffs,  preserved  meats,  fish,  vegetables,  and  fruits,  cotton-seed  oil,  rice, 
and  other  provisions,  including  all  articles  of  food,  lumber,  furniture,  and 
all  other  articles  of  wood,  agricultural  implements  and  machinery,  mining 
and  mechanical  machinery,  structural  steel  and  iron,  steel  rails,  locomotives, 
railway  cars  and  supplies,  street  cars,  and  refined  petroleum.  I mention 
these  particular  articles  because  they  have  been  most  frequently  referred  to 
as  those  with  which  a valuable  exchange  could  be  readily  effected.  The  list 
could  no  doubt  be  profitably  enlarged  by  a careful  investigation  of  the  needs 
and  advantage  of  both  the  home  and  foreign  markets. 

The  opinion  was  general  among  the  foreign  delegates  that  the  legislation 
herein  referred  to  would  lead  to  the  opening  of  new  and  profitable  markets 
for  the  products  of  which  we  have  so  large  a surplus,  and  thus  invigorate 
every  branch  of  agriculture  and  mechanical  industry.  Of  course,  the  ex- 
changes involved  in  these  propositions  would  be  rendered  impossible  if  Con- 
gress, in  its  wisdom,  should  repeal  the  duty  on  sugar  by  direct  legislation 
instead  of  allowing  the  same  object  to  be  attained  by  the  reciprocal  arrange- 
ment suggested.  Respectfully  submitted,  James  G.  Blaine. 


THE  SILVER  BILL  OF  1890. 


APPROVED  BY  PRESIDENT  HARRISON,  JULY  14,  1890. 


“ The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  directed  to  purchase,  from 
time  to  time,  silver  bullion  to  the  aggregate  amount  of  4,500,000  ounces,  or 
so  much  thereof  as  may  be  offered  in  each  month,  at  the  market  price 
thereof,  not  exceeding  $i  for  371.25  grains  of  pure  silver,  and  to  issue  in  pay- 
ment for  such  purchases  of  silver  bullion,  Treasury  notes  of  the  United  States 
to  be  prepared  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  such  form  and  of  such 
denominations,  not  less  than  $1  nor  more  than  $1,000,  as  he  may  prescribe, 
and  a sum  sufficient  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act,  is  hereby 
appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

. “ Sec.  2.  That  the  Treasury  notes  issued  in  accordance  with  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  shall  be  redeemable  on  demand,  in  coin,  at  the  Treasury  of 
the  United  States  or  at  the  office  of  any  assistant  treasurer  of  the  United 
States,  and  when  so  redeemed,  may  be  reissued;  but  no  greater  or  less 
amount  of  such  notes  shall  be  outstanding  at  any  time  than  the  cost  of  the 
silver  bullion,  and  the  standard  silver  dollars  coined  therefrom,  then  held  in 
the  Treasury  purchased  by  such  notes;  and  such  Treasury  notes  shall  be  a 
legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  debts,  public  and  private,  except  where  other- 
wise expressly  stipulated  in  the  contract,  and  shall  be  receivable  for  customs, 
taxes,  and  all  public  dues,  and  when  so  received  may  be  reissued;  and  such 
notes,  when  held  by  any  national  banking  association,  may  be  counted  as  a 
part  of  its  lawful  reserve.  That  upon  demand  of  the  holder  of  any  of  the 
Treasury  notes  herein  provided  for,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall, 
under  such  regulations  as  he  may  prescribe,  redeem  such  notes  in  gold  or 
silver  coin,  at  his  discretion,  it  being  the  established  policy  of  the  United 
States  to  maintain  the  two  metals  on  a parity  with  each  other  upon  the  pres- 
ent legal  ratio,  or  such  ratio  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

‘ ‘ Sec.  3.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  each  month  coin  two 
million  ounces  of  the  silver  bullion  purchased  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  into  standard  silver  dollars  until  the  1st  day  of  July,  1891,  and  after  that 
time  he  shall  coin  of  the  silver  bullion  purchased  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  as  much  as  may  be  necessary  to  provide  for  the  redemption  of  the  Treas- 
ury notes  herein  provided  for,  and  any  gain  or  seigniorage  arising  from 
such  coinage  shall  be  accounted  for  and  paid  into  the  Treasury. 

“Sec.  4.  That  the  silver  bullion  purchased  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall  be  subject  to  the  requirements  of  existing  law  and  the  regulations  of 
the  mint  service  governing  the  methods  of  determining  the  amount  of  pure 
silver  contained,  and  the  amount  of  charges  or  deductions,  if  any,  to  be 
made. 

“ Sec.  5.  That  so  much  of  the  act  of  Feb.  28,  1878,  entitled  ‘ An  act  to 
authorize  the  coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dollar  and  to  restore  its  legal- 
tender  character,’  as  requires  the  monthly  purchase  and  coinage  of  the  same 
into  silver  dollars  of  not  less  than  $2, 000, 000  nor  more  than  $4,000,000  worth 
of  silver  bullion,  is  hereby  repealed. 

“ Sec.  6.  That  upon  the  passage  of  this  act  the  balances  standing  with  the 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  to  the  respective  credits  of  national  banks  for 

386 


THE  SILVER  BILL  OF  1890. 


387 


deposits  made  to  redeem  the  circulating  notes  of  such  banks,  and  all  depos- 
its thereafter  received  for  like  purpose,  shall  he  covered  into  the  Treasury  as 
a miscellaneous  receipt,  and  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  shall  redeem 
from  the  general  cash  in  the  Treasury  the  circulating  notes  of  said  hanks 
which  may  come  into  his  possession  subject  to  redemption;  and  upon  the  cer- 
tificate of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  that  such  notes  have  been  received 
by  him,  and  that  they  have  been  destroyed,  and  that  no  new  notes  will  be 
m issued  in  their  place,  reimbursement  of  their  amount  shall  be  made  to  the 
Treasurer,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre- 
scribe, from  an  appropriation  hereby  created,  to  be  known  as  ‘ National  bank 
notes:  Redemption  account,’  but  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to 
the  deposits  received  under  section  3 of  the  act  of  June  20,  1874,  requiring 
every  national  bank  to  keep  in  lawful  money  with  the  Treasurer  of  the 
United  States  a sum  equal  to  5 per  cent,  of  its  circulation,  to  be  held  and 
used  for  the  redemption  of  its  circulating  notes;  and  the  balance  remaining 
of  the  deposits  so  covered  shall,  at  the  close  of  each  month,  be  reported  on 
the  monthly  public  debt  statement  as  debt  of  the  United  States  bearing  no 
interest. 

“Sec.  7.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  thirty  days  from  and  after  its 
passage.” 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  MR.  MILLS’S  SPEECH,  1889,  INTRODUCING  HIS  PRO- 
POSED TARIFF-REFORM  MEASURE. 


"Mr.  Chairman,  during  our  late  civil  war  tlie  expenditures  required  by 
an  enormous  military  establishment  made  it  necessary  that  the  burdens  of 
taxation  should  be  laid  heavily  in  all  directions  authorized  by  the  Constitu- 
tion. The  internal-revenue  and  direct  taxes  were  called  into  requisition  to 
supplement  the  revenues  arising  from  customs,  to  aid  the  Treasury  to  respond 
to  the  heavy  demands  which  were  being  daily  made  upon  it.  The  duties  on 
imports  were  raised  from  an  average  on  dutiable  goods  of  18.84  per  cent, 
in  1861  to  an  average  of  40.29  per  cent,  on  dutiable  goods  during  the  five 
years  from  1862  to  1866,  inclusive.  This  was  recognized  at  the  time  as  an 
exceptionally  heavy  burden.  It  was  stated  by  the  distinguished  gentlemen 
who  then  presented  to  the  House  the  bill  so  largely  increasing  the  duties,  and 
which  to-day  bears  his  honored  name,  that  it  was  demanded  by  the  exigencies 
of  war,  and  must  cease  on  the  return  of  peace.  In  his  own  words  he  said  : 
‘ This  is  intended  as  a war  measure,  a temporary  measure,  and  we  must  as 
such  give  it  our  support.  ’ More  than  twenty  years  have  elapsed  since  the 
war  ended.  A generation  has  passed  away  and  a new  generation  has  appeared 
on  the  stage  since  peace  has  returned  to  bless  our  common  country;  but  these 
war  taxes  still  remain;  and  they  are  heavier  to-day  than  they  were  on  an 
average  during  the  five  years  of  the  existence  of  hostilities.  The  average  rate 
of  duty  during  the  last  five  years — from  1883  to  1887  inclusive — on  dutiable 
goods,  amounts  to  44. 51  per  cent. , and  during  the  last  year  the  average  is 
47.10  per  cent.  Instead  of  the  rate  of  taxation  being  reduced  to  meet  the 
wants  of  an  efficient  administration  of  government  in  time  of  peace,  it  con- 
tinues to  grow  and  fill  the  coffers  of  the  government  with  money  not  required 
for  public  purposes,  and  which  rightfully  should  remain  in  the  pockets  of 
the  people. 

" The  greatest  evil  that  is  inflicted  by  it  is  in  the  destruction  of  the  values 
of  our  exports.  Remember  that  the  great  body  of  our  exports  are  agricul- 
tural products.  It  has  been  so  through  our  whole  history.  From  75  to  over 
80  per  cent,  of  the  exports  of  this  country,  year  by  year,  are  agricultural 
products.  Cotton  is  first,  then  bread-stuffs,  pork,  beef,  butter,  cheese,  lard. 
These  are  the  things  that  keep  up  our  foreign  trade,  and  when  you  put  on  or 
keep  on  such  duties  as  we  have  now — war  duties,  which  were  regarded  as  so 
enormous  even  in  the  very  midst  of  hostilities  that  they  were  declared  to  be 
temporary — when  you  put  on  or  retain  those  duties,  they  limit  and  prohibit 
importation,  and  that  limits  or  prohibits  exportation.  It  takes  two  to  make 
a trade.  All  the  commerce  of  all  the  countries  of  the  world  is  carried  on  by 
an  exchange  of  commodities — commodities  going  from  the  country  where  they 
are  produced  at  the  least  cost  to  seek  a market  in  those  countries  where  they 
can  either  not  be  produced  at  all  or  where  they  can  be  produced  only  at  the 
highest  cost  of  production.  We  are  the  great  agricultural  country  of  the 
world,  and  we  have  been  feeding  the  people  of  Europe,  and  the  people  of 
Europe  have  got  to  give  us  in  exchange  the  products  of  their  labor  in  their 
shops;  and  when  we  put  on  excessive  duties  for  the  purpose  of  prohibiting 
the  importations  of  their  goods,  as  a necessary  result  we  put  an  excessive 
duty  upon  the  exportation  of  our  own  agricultural  products.  And  what  does 
that  do  ? It  throws  our  surplus  products  upon  our  own  markets  at  home, 
which  becomes  glutted  and  oversupplied,  and  prices  go  down.  So  it  is  with 

388 


THE  MILLS  BILL. 


389 


the  people  of  Europe  who  are  manufacturing  and  producing  things  that  we 
can  not  produce,  hut  which  we  want.  Their  products  are  thrown  upon  their 
home  markets,  which  are  glutted  and  oversupplied,  and  their  prices  likewise 
go  down.  And  whenever,  from  any  cause,  prices  start  up  in  Europe,  our 
tariff  being  levied  mainly  by  specific  duties  upon  quantity,  not  upon  value, 
the  tariff  goes  down,  and  then  we  see  large  importation,  and,  as  a result, 
large  exportation.  Then  we  see  a rise  in  agricultural  products;  then  we  see 
the  circulation  of  money  all  through  the  whole  of  our  industrial  system ; we 
see  our  people  going  to  work,  our  manufactories  starting  up,  and  prosperity 
in  every  part  of  the  land. 

“We  are  the  greatest  agricultural  people  in  the  world.  We  exceed  all 
others  in  the  products  of  manufacture,  but  we  export  next  to  nothing  of  our 
product.  Why  should  we  not  export  the  three  hundred  and  seventy-five 
millions  of  cotton  goods  which  England  is  now  exporting?  She  buys  her 
cotton  from  us,  pays  the  cost  of  transportation  to  her  factories,  makes  the 
goods,  and  sends  them  all  over  the  world.  That  trade,  at  least  the  most  of  it, 
is  ours  whenever  we  get  ready  to  take  it.  Why  should  we  not  make  and  send 
out  the  hundred  millions  of  woolen  goods  which  she  is  annually  exporting? 
We  have  the  advantage  of  her  in  almost  everything  except  cost  of  materials. 
Why  should  we  not  make  and  export  the  hundred  millions  of  iron  and  steel 
which  she  is  making  and  sending  away  annually?  There  is  no  reason  except 
that  high  tariff  and  trusts  and  combinations  are  in  our  way,  and  they  muster 
all  their  forces  to  prevent  us  from  taking  the  place  which  our  advantages 
entitle  us  to  take.  We  are  the  greatest  people  in  the  world.  We  have  the 
highest  standard  of  civilization;  we  have  the  highest  and  best  diffusion  of 
knowledge  among  our  people.  We  utilize  the  power  of  machinery  more 
than  any  people  in  the  world.  We  produce  by  our  labor  more  than  any 
people  in  the  world.  We  have  everything  to  command  success  in  any  con- 
test over  any  rival.  We  are  the  first  cotton-producing  country.  We  have 
wool,  flax,  hemp;  our  country  is  full  of  coal  and  ores  and  lumber,  and  yet 
with  all  these  advantages  over  all  others  we  have  pursued  a suicidal  policy 
of  protection,  which  has  closed  the  markets  of  the  world  against  us;  and  not 
content  to  stop  here,  we  have  plundered  the  great  body  of  our  agricultural 
people  out  of  a large  part  of  their  wealth.  We  must  make  a departure.  In- 
stead of  laying  the  burdens  of  taxation  upon  the  necessaries  of  life,  instead 
of  destroying  our  foreign  commerce,  we  should  encourage  it  as  we  would 
encourage  our  home  commerce.  We  should  remove  every  unnecessary  bur- 
den. We  should  lay  taxes  to  obtain  revenue,  but  not  restrict  importation. 
We  should  place  every  material  of  manufacture  on  the  free  list,  start  up  our 
fires,  put  our  wheels  in  motion,  and  put  all  our  people  to  work  at  good  wages.” 

After  arguing  that  it  is  increased  production  that  makes  cheap  goods  and 
high  wages,  Mr.  Mills  said,  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  the  existing  tariff  on 
labor:  “I  have  taken  from  the  first  annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Labor  and  the  report  of  the  census  on  wages  some  figures  given  by  manufac- 
turers themselves  of  the  total  cost  of  the  product  and  the  labor  cost  of  the 
articles  they  are  making.  I have  put  the  tariff  duty  by  the  side  of  them  to 
show  whether  in  the  little  reductions  we  are  asking  in  this  bill  we  have  gone 
beyond  that  pledge  we  as  a party  have  made  that  we  would  not  reduce  taxation 
so  low  as  to  injure  our  laborers,  or  as  not  to  cover  the  difference  in  cost  of  labor 
between  American  and  foreign  products.  This  will  show,  and  I ask  your 
attention  to  it,  that  the  tariff  is  not  intended  to,  and  does  not,  benefit  labor. 
It  will  show  that  the  benefit  of  the  tariff  never  passes  beyond  the  pocket  of 
the  manufacturer,  and  to  the  pockets  of  his  workmen. 

“I  find  in  this  report  one  pair  of  five-pound  blankets.  The  whole  cost, 
as  stated  by  the  manufacturer,  is  $2.51.  The  labor  cost  he  paid  for  making 
them  is  35  cents.  The  present  tariff  is  $1.90.  Now  here  is  $1.55  in  this  tar- 
iff over  and  above  the  entire  labor  cost  of  these  blankets.  Why  did  not  that 


390 


APPENDIX. 


manufacturer  go  and  give  that  money  to  the  laborer?  He  is  able  to  do  it. 
Here  is  a tariff  that  gives  him  $1.90  on  that  pair  of  blankets  for  the  benefit 
of  his  laborer;  but  notwithstanding  that  the  tariff  was  imposed  for  the  bene- 
fit of  American  labor  and  to  preserve  high  wages,  every  dollar  of  that  tariff 
went  into  the  manufacturer’s  pocket.  The  poor  fellow  who  made  the  blankets 
got  35  cents  and  the  manufacturer  kept  the  $1.90. 

“Here  is  one  yard  of  flannel,  weighing  four  ounces;  it  cost  18  cents,  of 
which  the  laborer  got  3 cents;  the  tariff  on  it  is  8 cents.  How  is  it  that  the 
whole  8 cents  did  not  get  into  the  pockets  of  the  laborer?  Is  it  not  strange 
that  those  who  made  the  tariff  and  fastened  upon  the  people  these  war  rates 
in  a time  of  profound  peace,  and  who  are  now  constantly  assailing  the  Dem- 
ocratic party  because  it  is  untrue  to  the  workingman,  did  not  make  some 
provision  by  which  the  generous  bounty  they  gave  should  reach  the  pocket 
of  him  for  whom  they  said  it  was  intended?  They  charge  that  we  are  trying 
to  strike  down  the  labor  of  the  country.  Why  do  they  not  see  that  the  money 
they  are  taking  out  of  the  hard  earnings  of  the  people  is  delivered  in  good 
faith  to  the  workman?  One  yard  of  cassimere,  weighing  16  ounces,  cost 
$1.38;  the  labor  cost  is  29  cents;  the  tariff  duty  is  80  cents.  One  pound  of 
sewing-silk  costs  $5.66;  the  cost  for  labor  is  85  cents;  the  tariff  is  $1.69.  One 
gallon  of  linseed-oil  costs  46  cents;  the  labor  cost  is  2 cents;  the  tariff  cost  is 
25  cents.  One  ton  of  bar-iron  costs  $31;  the  labor  cost  is  $10;  the  tariff  fixes 
several  rates  for  bar-iron.  I give  the  lowest  rate,  $17.92.  One  ton  of  foun- 
dry pig-iron  costs  $11;  the  labor  costs  $1.64;  the  tariff  is  $6.72. 

“Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  I have  gone  through  with  a number  of  articles 
taken  from  these  official  reports  made  by  the  manufacturers  themselves,  and 
I have  shown  that  the  tariff  was  not  framed  for  the  benefit  of  the  laborer,  or 
that  if  it  was  so  intended  by  those  who  framed  it,  the  benefit  never  reaches 
the  laborer,  not  a dollar  of  it.  The  working  people  are  hired  in  the  market 
at  the  lowest  rates  at  which  their  services  can  be  had,  and  all  the  ‘ boodle  ’ 
that  has  been  granted  by  these  tariff  bills  goes  into  the  pockets  of  the  manu- 
facturers. It  builds  up  palaces;  it  concentrates  wealth;  it  makes  great  and 
powerful  magnates;  but  it  distributes  none  of  its  beneficence  in  the  homes 
of  our  laboring  poor.” 

As  to  the  spirit  of  the  protective  system  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
American  policy,  Mr.  Mills  said:  “I  repel  it,  sir;  it  is  not  American.  It  is 
the  reverse  of  American.  That  policy  is  American  which  clings  most  closely 
to  the  fundamental  idea  that  underlies  our  institutions  and  upon  which  the 
whole  superstructure  of  our  government  is  erected,  and  that  idea  is  freedom — 
freedom  secured  by  the  guarantees  of  government;  freedom  to  think,  to  speak, 
to  write;  freedom  to  go  where  we  please,  select  our  own  occupations;  free- 
dom to  labor  when  we  please  and  where  we  please;  freedom  to  receive  and 
enjoy  all  the  results  of  our  labor:  freedom  to  sell  our  products,  and  freedom 
to  buy  the  products  of  others,  and  freedom  to  markets  for  the  products  of 
our  labor,  without  which  the  freedom  of  labor  is  restricted  and  denied;  free- 
dom from  restraints  in  working  and  marketing  the  products  of  our  toil,  ex- 
cept such  as  maybe  necessary  in  the  interest  "of  the  government;  freedom 
from  all  unnecessary  burdens;  freedom  from  all  exactions  upon  the  citizen 
except  such  as  may  be  necessary  to  support  an  honest,  efficient  and  econom- 
ical administration  of  the  government  that  guarantees  him  protection  to 
‘life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness;’  freedom  from  all  taxation  ex- 
cept that  which  is  levied  for  the  support  of  the  government;  freedom  from 
taxation  levied  for  the  purpose  of  enriching  favored  classes  by  the  spoliation 
and  plunder  of  the  people;  freedom  from  all  systems  of  taxation  that  do  not 
fall  with  ‘ equal  and  exact  justice  upon  all  ’ — that  do  not  raise  the  revenues 
of  government  in  the  way  that  is  least  burdensome  to  the  people  and  with 
the  least  possible  disturbance  to  their  business.  That,  sir,  is  the  American 
policy.” 


TARIFF  MESSAGE  OF  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND. 


SENT  TO  CONGRESS  DECEMBER  6,  1887. 


To  the  Congress  of  the  United  States: 

You  are  confronted  at  the  threshold  of  your  legislative  duties  with  a con- 
dition of  the  national  finances  which  imperatively  demands  immediate  and 
careful  consideration.  The  amount  of  money  annually  exacted  through  the 
operation  of  present  laws  from  the  industries  and  necessities  of  the  people 
largely  exceeds  the  sum  necessary  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  government. 

When  we  consider  that  the  theory  of  our  institutions  guarantees  to  every 
citizen  the  full  enjoyment  of  all  the  fruits  of  his  industry  and  enterprise,  with 
only  such  deduction  as  may  he  his  share  toward  the  careful  and  economical 
maintenance  of  the  government  which  protects  him,  it  is  plain  that  the  exac- 
tion of  more  than  this  is  indefensible  extortion  and  a culpable  betrayal  of 
American  fairness  and  justice.  This  wrong,  inflicted  upon  those  who  bear 
the  burden  of  national  taxation,  like  other  wrongs,  multiplies  a brood  of  evil 
consequences.  The  public  Treasury,  which  should  only  exist  as  a conduit 
conveying  the  people’s  tribute  to  its  legitimate  objects  of  expenditure,  be- 
comes a hoarding-place  for  money  needlessly  withdrawn  from  trade  and  the 
people’s  use,  thus  crippling  our  national  energies,  suspending  our  country’s 
development,  preventing  investment  in  productive  enterprise,  threatening  fin- 
ancial disturbance,  and  inviting  schemes  of  public  plunder. 

This  condition  of  our  Treasury  is  not  altogether  new;  and  it  has  more  than- 
once  of  late  been  submitted  to  the  people’s  representatives  in  the  Congress, 
who  alone  can  apply  a remedy.  And  yet  the  situation  still  continues,  with 
aggravated  incidents,  more  than  ever  presaging  financial  convulsion  and  wide- 
spread disaster.  It  will  not  do  to  neglect  this  situation  because  its  dangers 
are  not  now  palpably  imminent  and  apparent.  They  exist  none  the  less  cer- 
tainly, and  await  the  unforeseen  and  unexpected  occasion  when  suddenly  they 
will  be  precipitated  upon  us. 

On  the  30th  day  of  June,  1885,  the  excess  of  revenues  over  public  expen- 
ditures after  complying  with  the  annual  requirement  of  the  sinking-fund  act 
was  $17,859,735.84.  During  the  year  ended  June  30,  1886,  such  excess 
amounted  to  $49,405,545.20,  and  during  the  year  ended  June  30,  1887,  it 
reached  the  sum  of  $55,567,849.54.  The  annual  contributions  to  the  sinking 
fund  during  the  three  years  above  specified,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to 
$138,058,320.94  and  deducted  from  the  surplus  as  stated,  were  made  by  call- 
ing in  for  that  purpose  outstanding  three-per-cent,  bonds  of  the  government. 
During  the  six  months  prior  to  June  30,  1887,  the  surplus  revenue  had  grown 
so  large  by  repeated  accumulation  and  it  was  feared  the  withdrawal  of  this 
great  sum  of  money  needed  by  the  people  would  so  affect  the  business  of  the 
country,  that  the  sum  of  $79,864,100  of  such  surplus  was  applied  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  principal  and  interest  of  the  three-per-cent,  bonds  still  outstand- 
ing, and  which  were  then  payable  at  the  option  of  the  government. 

The  precarious  condition  of  financial  affairs  among  the  people  still  need- 
ing relief,  immediately  after  the  30th  day  of  June,  1887,  the  remainder  of  the 
three-per-cent,  bonds  then  outstanding,  amounting  with  principal  and  inter- 
est to  .the. sum  of  $18,877,500,  were  called  in  and  applied  to  the  sinking-fund 
contribution  for  the  current  fiscal  year.  Notwithstanding  these  operations  of 
the  Treasury  Department,  representations  of  distress  in  business  circles  not 

391 


392 


APPENDIX. 


only  continued  but  increased,  and  absolute  peril  seemed  at  band.  In  these 
circumstances  the  contribution  to  the  sinking  fund  for  the  current  fiscal  year 
was  at  once  completed  by  the  expenditure  of  $27,684,283.55  in  the  purchase 
of  government  bonds  not  yet  due,  bearing  four  and  four  and  one  half  per 
cent,  interest,  the  premium  paid  thereon  averaging  about  twenty-four  per 
cent,  for  the  former  and  eight  per  cent,  for  the  latter. 

In  addition  to  this  the  interest  accruing  during  the  current  year  upon  the 
outstanding  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  government  was  to  some  extent  an- 
ticipated, and  banks  selected  as  depositories  of  public  money  were  permitted 
to  somewhat  increase  their  deposits. 

While  the  expedients  thus  employed  to  release  to  the  people  the  money 
lying  idle  in  the  Treasury  served  to  avert  immediate  danger,  our  surplus 
revenues  have  continued  to  accumulate,  the  excess  for  the  present  year 
amounting  on  the  1st  day  of  December  to  $55,258,701.19,  and  estimated  to 
reach  the  sum  of  $113,000,000  on  the  30th  of  June  next,  at  which  date  it  is 
expected  that  this  sum,  added  to  prior  accumulations,  will  swell  the  surplus 
in  the  Treasury  to  $140,000,000. 

There  seems  to  be  no  assurance  that,  with  such  a withdrawal  from  use  of 
the  people’s  circulating  medium,  our  business  community  may  not  in  the  near 
future  lie  subjected  to  the  same  distress  which  was  quite  lately  produced  from 
the  same  cause.  And  while  the  functions  of  our  national  Treasury  should  be 
few  and  simple,  and  while  its  best  condition  would  be  reached,  I believe,  by 
its  entire  disconnection  with  private  business  interests,  yet  when,  by  a per- 
version of  its  purposes,  it  idly  holds  money  uselessly  subtracted  from  the  chan- 
nels of  trade,  there  seems  to  be  reason  for  the  claim  that  some  legitimate 
means  should  be  devised  by  the  government  to  restore  in  an  emergency,  with- 
out waste  or  extravagance,  such  money  to  its  place  among  the  people. 

If  such  an  emergency  arises  there  now  exists  no  clear  and  undoubted  Ex- 
ecutive power  of  relief.  Heretofore  the  redemption  of  three-per-cent,  bonds, 
which  were  payable  at  the  option  of  the  government,  has  afforded  a means 
for  the  disbursement  of  the  excess  of  our  revenues;  but  these  bonds  have  all 
been  retired,  and  there  are  no  bonds  outstanding,  the  payment  of  which  we 
have  the  right  to  insist  upon.  The  contribution  to  the  sinking  fund  which 
furnishes  the  occasion  for  expenditure  in  the  purchase  of  bonds  has  been  al- 
ready made  for  the  current  year,  so  that  there  is  no  outlet  in  that  direction. 

In  the  present  state  of  legislation  the  only  pretense  of  any  existing  Exec- 
utive power  to  restore,  at  this  time,  any  part  of  our  surplus  revenues  to  the 
people  by  its  expenditure  consists  in  the  supposition  that  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  enter  the  market  and  purchase  the  bonds  of  the  government 
not  yet  due,  at  a rate  of  premium  to  be  agreed  upon.  The  only  provision  of 
law  from  which  such  a power  could  be  derived  is  found  in  an  appropriation 
bill  passed  a number  of  years  ago;  and  it  is  subject  to  the  suspicion  that  it 
was  intended  as  temporary  and  limited  in  its  application,  instead  of  confer- 
ring a continuing  discretion  and  authority.  No  condition  ought  to  exist 
which  would  justify  the  grant  of  power  to  a single  official,  upon  his  judg- 
ment of  its  necessity,  to  withhold  from  or  release  to  the  business  of  the  peo- 
ple, in  an  unusual  manner,  money  held  in  the  Treasury,  and  thus  affect,  at 
Ids  will,  the  financial  situation  of  the  country;  and  if  it  is  deemed  wise  to 
lodge  in  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  the  authority  in  the  present  juncture 
to  purchase  bonds,  it  should  be  plainly  vested,  and  provided  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, with  such  checks  and  limitations  as  will  define  this  official's  right  and  dis- 
cretion, and  at  the  same  time  relieve  him  from  undue  responsibility. 

In  considering  the  question  of  purchasing  bonds  as  a means  of  restoring  to 
circulation  the  surplus  money  accumulating  in  the  Treasury,  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  premiums  must,  of  course,  be  paid  upon  such  purchase, 
that  there  may  be  a large  part  of  these  bonds  held  as  investments  which  can 
not  be  purchased  at  any  price,  and  that  combinations  among  holders,  who  are 


TARIFF  MESSAGE  OF  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND. 


393 


willing  to  sell,  may  unreasonably  enhance  the  cost  of  such  bonds  to  the  gov- 
ernment. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  present  bonded  debt  might  be  refunded  at 
a less  rate  of  interest,  and  the  difference  between  the  old  and  new  security 
paid  in  cash,  thus  finding  use  for  the  surplus  in  the  Treasury.  The  success 
of  this  plan,  it  is  apparent,  must  depend  upon  the  volition  of  the  holders  of 
the  present  bonds;  and  it  is  not  entirely  certain  that  the  inducement  which 
must  be  offered  them  would  result  in  more  financial  benefit  to  the  Govern- 
ment than  the  purchase  of  bonds,  while  the  latter  proposition  would  reduce 
the  principal  of  the  debt  by  actual  payment,  instead  of  extending  it. 

The  proposition  to  deposit  the  money  held  by  the  government  in  banks 
throughout  the  country,  for  use  by  the  people,  is,  it  seems  to  me,  exceeding- 
ly objectionable  in  principle,  as  establishing  too  close  a relationship  between 
the  operations  of  the  government  Treasury  and  the  business  of  the  country, 
and  too  extensive  a commingling  of  their  money,  thus  fostering  an  unnatural 
reliance  in  private  business  upon  public  funds.  If  this  scheme  should  be 
adopted  it  should  only  be  done  as  a temporary  expedient  to  meet  an  urgent 
necessity.  Legislative  and  Executive  effort  should  generally  be  in  the  oppo- 
site direction,  and  should  have  a tendency  to  divorce,  as  much  and  as  fast  as 
can  safely  be  done,  the  Treasury  Department  from  private  enterprise. 

Of  course  it  is  not  expected  that  unnecessary  and  extravagant  appropria- 
tions will  be  made  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  the  accumulation  of  an  excess 
of  revenue.  Such  expenditure,  besides  the  demoralization  of  all  just  concep- 
tions of  public  duty  which  it  entails,  stimulates  a habit  of  reckless  improvi- 
dence not  in  the  least  consistent  with  the  mission  of  our  people  or  the  high 
and  beneficent  purposes  of  our  government. 

I have  deemed  it  my  duty  to  thus  bring  to  the  knowledge  of  my  country- 
men, as  well  as  to  the  attention  of  their  representatives  charged  with  the  re- 
sponsibility of  legislative  relief,  the  gravity  of  our  financial  situation.  The 
failure  of  the  Congress  heretofore  to  provide  against  the  dangers  which  it  was 
quite  evident  the  very  nature  of  the  difficulty  must  necessarily  produce, 
caused  a condition  of  financial  distress  and  apprehension  since  your  last  ad- 
journment, which  taxed  to  the  utmost  all  the  authority  and  expedients  with- 
in Executive  control;  and  these  appear  now  to  be  exhausted.  If  disaster  re- 
sults from  the  continued  inaction  of  Congress,  the  responsibility  must  rest 
where  it  belongs. 

Though  the  situation  thus  far  considered  is  fraught  with  danger  which 
should  be  fully  realized,  and  though  it  presents  features  of  wrong  to  the  peo- 
ple as  well  as  peril  to  the  country,  it  is  but  a result  growing  out  of  a perfect- 
ly palpable  and  apparent  cause,  constantly  reproducing  the  same  alarming 
circumstances — a congested  national  Treasury  and  a depleted  monetary  con- 
dition in  the  business  of  the  country.  It  need  hardly  be  stated  that  while  the 
present  situation  demands  a remedy,  we  can  only  be  saved  from  a like  predic- 
ament in  the  future  by  the  removal  of  its  cause. 

Our  scheme  of  taxation,  by  means  of  which  this  needless  surplus  is  taken 
from  the  people  and  put  into  the  public  treasury,  consists  of  a tariff  or  duty 
levied  upon  importations  from  abroad,  and  internal  revenue  taxes  levied  up- 
on the  consumption  of  tobacco  and  spirituous  and  malt  liquors.  It  must  be 
conceded  that  none  of  the  things  subjected  to  internal  revenue  taxation  are 
strictly  speaking,  necessaries;  there  appears  to  be  no  just  complaint  of  this 
taxation  by  the  consumers  of  these  articles,  and  there  seems  to  be  nothing  so 
well  able  to  bear  the  burden  without  hardship  to  any  portion  of  the  people. 

But  our  present  tariff  laws,  the  vicious,  inequitable,  and  illogical  source  of 
unnecessary  taxation,  ought  to  be  at  once  revised  and  amended.  These  laws, 
as  their  primary  and  plain  effect,  raise  the  price  to  consumers  of  all  articles 
imported  and  subject  to  duty,  by  precisely  the  sum  paid  for  such  duties. 
Thus  the  amount  of  the  duty  measures  the  tax  paid  by  those  who  purchase 
2SB 


394 


APPENDIX. 


for  use  these  important  articles.  Many  of  these  things,  however,  are  raised 
or  manufactured  in  our  own  country,  and  the  duties  now  levied  upon  foreign 
goods  and  products  are  called  protection  to  these  home  manufactures,  because 
they  render  it  possible  for  those  of  our  people  who  are  manufacturers  to  make 
these  taxed  articles  and  sell  them  for  a price  equal  to  that  demanded  for  the 
imported  goods  that  have  paid  customs  duty.  So  it  happens  that  while  com- 
paratively a few  use  the  imported  articles,  millions  of  our  people,  who  never 
used  and  never  saw  any  of  the  foreign  products,  purchase  and  use  things  of 
the  same  kind  made  in  this  country,  and  pay  therefor  nearly  or  quite  the  same 
enhanced  price  which  the  duty  adds  to  the  imported  articles.  Those  who 
buy  imports  pay  the  duty  charged  thereon  into  the  public  Treasury,  but  the 
great  majority  of  our  citizens,  who  buy  domestic  articles  of  the  same  class, 
pay  a sum  at  least  approximately  equal  to  this  duty  to  the  home  manufactur- 
er. This  reference  to  the  operation  of  our  tariff  laws  is  not  made  by  way  of 
instruction,  but  in  order  that  we  may  be  constantly  reminded  of  the  manner 
in  which  they  Impose  a burden  upon  those  who  consume  domestic  products 
as  well  as  those  who  consume  imported  articles,  and  thus  create  a tax  upon 
all  our  people. 

It  is  not  proposed  to  entirely  relieve  the  country  of  this  taxation.  It  must 
he  extensively  continued  as  the  source  of  the  government’s  income;  and  in  a 
readjustment  of  our  tariff  the  interests  of  American  labor  engaged  in  manu- 
facture should  be  carefully  considered,  as  well  as  the  preservation  of  our  man- 
ufacturers. It  may  be  called  protection,  or  by  any  other  name,  but  relief 
from  the  hardships  and  dangers  of  our  present  tariff  laws  should  be  devised 
with  especial  precaution  against  imperiling  the  existence  of  our  manufactur- 
ing interests.  But  this  existence  should  not  mean  a condition  which,  without 
regard  to  the  public  welfare  or  a national  exigency,  must  always  insure  the 
realization  of  immense  profits,  instead  of  moderately  profitable  returns.  As 
the  volume  and  diversity  of  our  national  activities  increase,  new  recruits  are 
added  to  those  who  desire  a continuation  of  the  advantages  which  they  con- 
ceive the  present  system  of  tariff  taxation  directly  affords  them.  So  stub- 
bornly have  all  efforts  to  reform  the  present  condition  been  resisted  by  those 
of  our  fellow-citizens  thus  engaged,  that  they  can  hardly  complain  of  the  sus- 
picion, entertained  to  a certain  extent,  that  there  exists  an  organized  combi- 
nation all  along  the  line  to  maintain  their  advantage. 

We  are  in  the  midst  of  centennial  celebrations,  and  with  becoming  pride 
we  rejoice  in  American  skill  and  ingenuity,  in  American  energy  and  enter- 
prise, and  in  the  wonderful  natural  advantages  and  resources  developed  by  a 
cent  ury’s  national  growth.  Yet  when  an  attempt  is  made  to  justify  a scheme 
which  permits  a tax  to  be  laid  upon  every  consumer  in  the  land  for  the  bene- 
fit of  our  manufacturers,  quite  beyond  a reasonable  demand  for  governmental 
regard,  it  suits  the  purposes  of  advocacy  to  call  our  manufactures  infant 
industries,  still  needing  the  highest  and  greatest  degree  of  favor  and  fostering 
care  that  can  be  wrung  from  Federal  legislation. 

It  is  also  said  that  the  increase  in  the  price  of  domestic  manufactures  re- 
sulting from  the  present  tariff  is  necessary  in  order  that  higher  wages  may 
be  paid  to  our  workingmen  employed  in  manufactories  than  are  paid  for 
what  is  called  the  pauper  labor  of  Europe.  All  will  acknowledge  the  force 
of  an  argument  which  involves  the  welfare  and  liberal  compensation  of  our 
laboring-people.  Our  labor  is  honorable  in  the  eyes  of  every  American  citi- 
zen ; and  as  it  lies  at  the  foundation  of  our  development  and  progress,  it  is 
entitled,  without  affectation  or  hypocrisy,  to  the  utmost  regard.  The  stand- 
ard of  our  laborers’  life  should  not  be  measured  by  that  of  any  other  coun- 
try less  favored,  and  they  are  entitled  to  their  full  share  of  all  our  advan- 
tages. 

By  the  last  census  it  was  made  to  appear  that  of  the  17,392,099  of  our  pop- 
ulation engaged  in  all  kinds  of  industries,  7,670,493  are  employed  in  agricul- 


TARIFF  MESSAGE  OF  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND. 


395 


ture,  4,074,238  in  professional  and  personal  service  (2,934,870  of  whom  are 
domestic  servants  and  laborers),  while  1,810,256  are  employed  in  trade  and 
transportation,  and  3,837,112  are  classed  as  employed  in  manufacturing  and 
mining. 

For  present  purposes,  however,  the  last  number  given  should  be  consider- 
ably reduced.  Without  attempting  to  enumerate  all,  it  will  he  conceded  that 
there  should  be  deducted  from  those  which  it  includes  375,143  carpenters  and 
joiners,  285,401  milliners,  dressmakers,  and  seamstresses,  172,726  blacksmiths, 
133,756  tailors  and  tailoresses,  102,473  masons,  76,241  butchers,  41,309  bak- 
ers, 22,083  plasterers,  and  4,891  engaged  in  manufacturing  agricultural  im- 
plements, amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  1,214,023,  leaving  2,623,089  persons 
employed  in  such  manufacturing  industries  as  are  claimed  to  be  benefited  by 
a high  tariff. 

To  these  the  appeal  is  made  to  save  their  employment  and  maintain  their 
wages  by  resisting  a change.  There  should  be  no  disposition  to  answer  such 
suggestions  by  the  allegation  that  they  are  in  a minority  among  those  who  la- 
bor, and  therefore  should  forego  an  advantage,  in  the  interest  of  low  prices 
for  the  majority;  their  compensation,  as  it  may  be  affected  by  the  operation 
of  tariff  laws,  should  at  all  times  be  scrupulouly  kept  in  view;  and  yet  with 
slight  reflection  they  will  not  overlook  the  fact  that  they  are  consumers  with 
the  rest;  that  they,  too,  have  their  own  wants  and  those  of  their  families  to 
supply  from  their  earnings,  and  that  the  price  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  as 
well  as  the  amount  of  the  wages,  will  regulate  the  measure  of  their  welfare 
and  comfort. 

But  the  reduction  of  taxation  demanded  should  be  so  measured  as  not  to 
necessitate  or  justify  either  the  loss  of  employment  by  the  workingman  nor 
the  lessening  of  his  wages;  and  tli»  profits  still  remaining  to  the  manufactur- 
er, after  a necessary  readjustment,  should  furnish  no  excuse  for  the  sacrifice 
of  the  interests  of  his  employes  either  in  their  opportunity  to  work  or  in  the 
diminution  of  their  compensation.  Nor  can  the  worker  in  manufactures  fail 
to  understand  that  while  a high  tariff  is  claimed  to  be  necessary  to  allow  the 
payment  of  remunerative  wages,  it  certainly  results  in  a very  large  increase  in 
the  price  of  nearly  all  sorts  of  manufactures,  which,  in  almost  countless  forms, 
he  needs  for  the  use  of  himself  and  his  family.  He  receives  at  the  desk  of 
his  employer  his  wages,  and  perhaps  before  he  reaches  his  home  is  obliged,  in 
a purchase  for  family  use  of  an  article  which  embraces  his  own  labor,  to  re- 
turn, in  the  payment  of  the  increase  in  price  which  the  tariff  permits,  the  hard- 
earned  compensation  of  many  days  of  toil. 

The  farmer  and  the  agriculturist  who  manufacture  nothing,  but  who 
pay  the  increased  price  which  the  tariff  imposes,  upon  every  agricultur- 
al implement,  upon  all  he  wears,  and  upon  all  he  uses  and  owns,  except  the 
increase  of  his  flocks  and  herds  and  such  things  as  his  husbandry  produces 
from  the  soil,  is  invited  to  aid  in  maintaining  the  present  situation;  and  he  is 
told  that  a high  duty  on  imported  wool  is  necessary  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  have  sheep  to  shear,  in  order  that,  the  price  of  their  wool  may  be  in- 
creased. They  of  course  are  not  reminded  that  the  farmer  who  has  no  sheep 
is,  by  this  scheme  obliged,  in  his  purchases  of  clothing  and  woolen  goods,  to 
pay  a tribute  to  his  fellow-farmer  as  well  as  to  the  manufacturer  and  me? 
chant ; nor  is  any  mention  made  of  the  fact  that  the  sheep-owners  themselves 
and  tlleir  households  must  wear  clothing  and  use  other  articles  manufactured 
from  the  wool  they  sell  at  tariff  prices,  and  thus  as  consumers  must  return 
their  share  of  this  increased  price  to  the  tradesman. 

I think  it  may  be  fairly  assumed  that  a large  proportion  of  the  sheep 
owned  by  the  farmers  throughout  the  country  are  found  in  small  flocks  num- 
bering from  twenty -five  to  fifty.  The  duty  on  the  grade  of  imported  wool 
which  these  sheep  yield  is  ten  cents  each  pound  if  of  the  value  of  thirty7 
cents  or  less,  and  twelve  cents  if  of  the  value  of  more  than  thirty  cents.  If 


396 


APPENDIX. 


the  liberal  estimate  of  six  pounds  be  allowed  for  each  fleece,  the  duty  thereon 
would  be  sixty  or  seventy -two  cents,  and  this  may  be  taken  as  the  utmost  en- 
hancement of  its  price  to  the  farmer  by  reason  of  this  duty.  Eighteen  dol- 
lars would  thus  represent  the  increased  price  of  the  wool  from  twenty-five 
sheep,  and  thirty-six  dollars  that  from  the  wool  of  fifty  sheep;  and  at  present 
values  this  addition  would  amount  to  about  one-third  of  its  price.  If  upon 
its  sale  the  farmer  receives  this  or  a less  tariff  profit,  the  wool  leaves  his 
hands  charged  with  precisely  that  sum,  which  in  all  its  changes  will  adhere 
to  it,  until  it  reaches  the  consumer.  When  manufactured  into  cloth  and  other 
goods  and  material  for  use,  its  cost  is  not  only  increased  to  the  extent  of  the 
farmer’s  tariff  profit,  but  a further  sum  has  been  added  for  the  benefit  of  the 
manufacturer  under  the  operation  of  other  tariff  laws.  In  the  meantime  the 
day  arrives  when  the  farmer  finds  it  necessary  to  purchase  woolen  goods  and 
material  to  clothe  himself  and  family  for  the  winter.  When  he  faces  the 
tradesman  for  that  purpose  he  discovers  that  he  is  obliged  not  only  to  return, 
in  the  way  of  increased  prices,  his  tariff  profit  on  the  wool  he  sold,  and  which 
then  perhaps  lies  before  him  in  manufactured  form,  but  that  he  must  add  a 
considerable  sum  thereto  to  meet  a further  increase  in  cost  caused  by  a tariff 
duty  on  the  manufacture.  Thus  in  the  end  he  is  aroused  to  the  fact  that  he 
has  paid  upon  a moderate  purchase,  as  a result  of  the  tariff  scheme,  which, 
when  he  sold  his  wool  seemed  so  profitable,  an  increase  in  price  more  than 
sufficient  to  sweep  away  all  the  tariff  profit  he  received  upon  the  wool  he 
produced  and  sold. 

When  the  number  of  farmers  engaged  in  wool-raising  is  compared  with 
all  the  farmers  in  the  country,  and  the  small  proportion  they  bear  to  our  pop- 
ulation is  considered;  when  it  is  made  apparent  that,  in  the  case  of  a large 
part  of  those  who  own  sheep,  the  benefit  of  the  present  tariff  on  wool  is  illu- 
sory; and,  above  all,  when  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  increase  of  the  cost 
of  living  caused  by  such  tariff  becomes  a burden  upon  those  with  moderate 
means  and  the  poor,  the  employed  and  unemployed,  the  sick  and  well,  and 
the  young  and  old,  and  that  it  constitutes  a tax  which,  with  relentless  grasp, 
is  fastened  upon  the  clothing  of  eveiy  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  land, 
reasons  are  suggested  why  the  removal  or  reduction  of  this  duty  should  be 
included  in  a revision  of  our  tariff  laws. 

In  speaking  of  the  increased  cost  to  the  consumer  of  our  home  manufac- 
tures, resulting  from  a duty  laid  upon  imported  articles  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion, the  fact  is  not  overlooked  that  competition  among  our  domestic  pro- 
ducers sometimes  has  the  effect  of  keeping  the  price  of  their  products  below 
the  highest  limit  allowed  by  such  duty.  But  it  is  notorious  that  this  compe- 
tition is  too  often  strangled  by  combinations  quite  prevalent  at  this  time,  and 
frequently  called  trusts,  which  have  for  their  object  the  regulation  of  the 
supply  and  price  of  commodities  made  and  sold  by  members  of  the  combi- 
nation. The  people  can  hardly  hope  for  any  consideration  in  the  operation  of 
these  selfish  schemes. 

If,  however,  in  the  absence  of  such  combination,  a healthy  and  free  com- 
petition reduces  the  price  of  any  particular  dutiable  article  of  home  poduc 
tion  below  the  limit  which  it  might  otherwise  reach  under  our  tariff  laws, 
and  if,  with  such  reduced  price,  its  manufacture  continues  to  thrive,  it  is 
entirely  evident  that  one  thing  has  been  discovered  which  should  be  carefully 
scrutinized  in  an  effort  to  reduce  taxation. 

The  necessity  of  combination  to  maintain  the  price  of  any  commodity  to 
the  tariff  point,  furnishes  proof  that  some  one  is  willing  to  accept  lower 
prices  for  such  commodity,  and  that  such  prices  are  remunerative;  and 
lower  prices  produced  by  competition  prove  the  same  thing.  Thus,  where 
either  of  these  conditions  exists,  a case  would  seem  to  be  presented  for  an 
easy  reduction  of  taxation. 

The  considerations  which  have  been  presented  touching  our  tariff  laws 


TARIFF  MESSAGE  OF  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND. 


397 


are  intended  only  to  enforce  an  earnest  recommendation  that  the  surplus 
revenues  of  the  government  he  prevented  by  the  reduction  of  our  customs 
duties,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  emphasize  a suggestion  that  in  accomplish- 
ing this  purpose,  we  may  discharge  a double  duty  to  our  people  by  granting 
to  them  a measure  of  relief  from  tariff  taxation  in  quarters  where  it  is  most 
needed  and  from  sources  where  it  can  be  most  fairly  and  justly  accorded. 

Nor  can  the  presentation  made  of  such  considerations  be,  with  any  degree 
of  fairness,  regarded  as  evidence  of  unfriendliness  toward  our  manufacturing 
interests,  or  of  any  lack  of  appreciation  of  their  value  and  importance. 

These  interests  constitute  a leading  and  most  substantial  element  of  our 
national  greatness  and  furnish  the  proud  proof  of  our  country’s  progress. 
But  if,  in  the  emergency  that  presses  upon  us,  our  manufacturers  are  asked  to 
surrender  something  for  the  public  good  and  to  avert  disaster,  their  patriot- 
ism, as  well  as  a grateful  recognition  of  advantages  already  afforded,  should 
lead  them  to  willing  cooperation.  No  demand  is  made  that  they  shall 
forego  all  the  benefits  of  governmental  regard;  but  they  can  not  fail  to  be 
admonished  of  their  duty,  as  well  as  their  enlightened  self-interest  and  safety, 
when  they  are  reminded  of  the  fact  that  financial  panic  and  collapse,  to 
which  the'  present  condition  tends,  afford  no  greater  shelter  or  protection  to 
our  manufactures  than  to  our  other  important  enterprises.  Opportunity  for 
safe,  careful,  and  deliberate  reform  is  now  offered;  and  none  of  us  should  be 
unmindful  of  a time  when  an  abused  and  irritated  people,  heedless  of  those 
who  have  resisted  timely  and  reasonable  relief,  may  insist  upon  a radical  and 
sweeping  rectification  of  their  wrongs. 

The  difficulty  attending  a wise  and  fair  revision  of  our  tariff  laws  is  not 
underestimated.  It  will  require  on  the  part  of  the  Congress  great  labor  and 
care,  and  especially  a broad  and  national  contemplation  of  the  subject,  and 
a patriotic  disregard  of  such  local  and  selfish  claims  as  are  unreasonable  and 
reckless  of  the  welfare  of  the  entire  country. 

Under  our  present  laws  more  than  four  thousand  articles  are  subject  to 
duty.  Many  of  these  do  not  in  any  way  compete  with  our  own  manufac- 
tures, and  many  are  hardly  worth  attention  as  subjects  of  revenue.  A con- 
siderable reduction  can  be  made  in  the  aggregate,  by  adding  them  to  the 
free  list.  The  taxation  of  luxuries  presents  no  features  of  hardship;  but  the 
necessaries  of  life,  used  and  consumed  by  all  the  people,  the  duty  upon  which 
adds  to  the  cost  of  living  in  every  home,  should  be  greatly  cheapened. 

The  radical  reduction  of  the  duties  imposed  on  raw  material  used  in  man- 
ufactures, or  its  free  importation,  is  of  course  an  important  factor  in  any 
effort  to  reduce  the  price  of  these  necessaries;  it  would  not  only  relieve  them 
from  the  increased  cost  caused  by  the  tariff  on  such  material,  but  the  manu- 
factured product  being  thus  cheapened,  that  part  of  the  tariff  now  laid  upon 
such  product  as  a compensation  to  our  manufacturers  for  the  present  price 
of  raw  material  could  be  accordingly  modified.  Such  reduction,  or  free  im- 
portation, would  serve,  besides,  to  largely  reduce  the  revenue.  It  is  not 
apparent  how  such  a change  could  have  any  injurious  effect  upon  our  manu- 
facturers. On  the  contrary,  it  would  appear  to  give  them  a better  chance  in 
foreign  markets  with  the  manufacturers  of  other  countries,  who  cheapen 
their  wares  by  free  material.  Thus  our  people  might  have  the  opportunity 
of  extending  their  sales  beyond  the  limits  of  home  consumption,  saving  them 
from  the  depression,  interruption  to  business,  and  loss  caused  by  a glutted 
domestic  market  and  affording  their  employes  more  certain  and  steady  labor 
with  its  resulting  quiet  and  contentment. 

The  question  thus  imperatively  presented  for  solution  should  be  ap- 
proached in  a spirit  higher  than  partisanship  and  considered  in  the  light  of 
that  regard  for  patriotic  duty  which  should  characterize  the  action  of  those 
intrusted  with  the  weal  of  a confiding  people.  But  the  obligation  to  declared 
party  policy  and  principle  is  not  wanting  to  urge  prompt  and  effective  action. 


398 


APPENDIX. 


Both  great  political  parties  now  represented  in  the  government  have  by  re- 
peated and  authoritative  declarations  condemned  the  condition  of  our  laws 
which  permits  the  collection  from  the  people  of  unnecessary  revenue,  and 
have  in  the  most  solemn  manner  promised  its  correction,  and  neither  as 
citizens  nor  partisans  are  our  countrymen  in  a mood  to  condone  the  deliberate 
violation  of  these  pledges. 

Our  progress  toward  a wise  conclusion  will  not  be  improved  hy  dwelling 
upon  the  theories  of  protection  and  free  trade.  This  savors  too  much  of 
bandying  epithets. 

It  is  a condition  which  confronts  us — not  a theory.  Relief  from  this  con- 
dition may  involve  a slight  reduction  of  the  advantages  which  we  award  our 
home  productions,  hut  the  entire  withdrawal  of  such  advantages  should  not 
be  contemplated.  The  question  of  free  trade  is  absolutely  irrelevant;  and 
the  persistent  claim,  made  in  certain  quarters,  that  all  efforts  to  relieve  the 
people  from  unjust  and  unnecessary  taxation  are  schemes  of  so-called  “Free 
Traders  ” is  mischievous  and  far  removed  from  any  consideration  for  the 
public  good.  The  simple  and  plain  duty  which  we  owe  the  people  is  to  re- 
duce taxation  to  t he  necessary  expenses  of  an  economical  operation  of  the 
government,  and  to  restore  to  the  business  of  the  country  the  mouey  which 
we  hold  in  the  Treasury  through  the  perversion  of  governmental  powers. 
These  things  can  and  should  be  done  with  safety  to  all  our  industries,  with- 
out danger  to  the  opportunity  for  remunerative  labor  which  our  workingmen 
have,  and  with  benefit  to  them  and  all  our  people,  by  cheapening  their  means 
of  subsistence  and  increasing  the  measure  of  their  comforts. 

The  Constitution  provides  that  the  President  “shall  from  time  to  time 
give  to  the  Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the  Union.”  It  has  been  the 
custom  of  the  Executive,  in  compliance  with  this  provision,  to  annually  ex- 
hibit to  the  Congress,  at  the  opening  of  its  session,  the  general  condition  of 
the  country,  and  to  detail  with  some  particularity  the  operation  of  the  differ- 
ent Executive  Departments.  It  would  be  especially  agreeable  to  follow  this 
course  at  the  present  time  and  to  call  attention  to  the  valuable  accomplish- 
ments of  these  departments  during  the  fiscal  year.  But  I am  so  much  im- 
pressed with  the  paramount  importance  of  the  subject  to  which  this  commu- 
nication has  thus  far  been  devoted,  that  I shall  forego  the  addition  of  any 
other  topic,  and  only  urge  upon  your  immediate  consideration  the  “state  of 
the  Union”  as  shown  in  the  present  condition  of  our  Treasury  and  our  gen- 
eral fiscal  situation,  upon  which  every  element  of  our  safety  and  prosperity 
depends. 

The  reports  of  the  heads  of  departments,  which  will  be  submitted,  con- 
tain full  and  explicit  information  touching  the  transaction  of  the  business 
intrusted  to  them,  and  such  recommendations  relating  to  legislation  in  the 
public  interest  as  they  deem  advisable.  I ask  for  these  reports  and  recom- 
mendations the  deliberate  examination  and  action  of  the  legislative  branch 
of  the  government.  There  are  other  subjects  not  embraced  in  the  depart- 
mental reports  demanding  legislative  consideration,  and  which  I should  be 
glad  to  submit.  Some  of  them,  however,  have  been  earnestly  presented  in 
previous  messages,  and  as  to  them  I beg  leave  to  repeat  prior  recommend- 
ations. 

As  the  law  makes  no  provision  for  any  report  from  the  Department  of 
State  a brief  history  of  the  transactions  of  that  important  department,  together 
with  other  matters  which  it  may  hereafter  be  deemed  essential  to  commend 
to  the  attention  of  Congress,  may  furnish  the  occasion  for  a future  com- 
munication. 

Gkover  Cleveland. 

Washington,  Dec.  6,  1887. 


the  McKinley  bill. 


ME,  McKINLEY’S  SPEECH,  APRIL  16,  1890,  INTRODUCING  HIS  PRO- 
POSED TARIFF-REFORM  MEASURE. 


“If  any  one  thing  was  settled  by  the  election  of  1888  it  was  that  the  pro- 
tective policy,  as  promulgated  in  the  Republican  platform  and  heretofore 
inaugurated  and  maintained  by  the  Republican  party,  should  he  secured  in 
any  fiscal  legislation  to  he  had  by  the  Congress  chosen  in  the  great  contest 
and  upon  that  mastering  issue.  I have  interpreted  that  victory  to  mean,  and 
the  majority  in  this  House  and  in  the  Senate  to  mean,  that  a revision  of  the 
tariff  was  not  only  demanded  by  the  votes  of  the  people,  but  that  such  revision 
should  be  on  the  line  and  in  full  recognition  of  the  principle  and  purposes 
of  protection.  The  people  have  spoken;  they  want  their  will  registered  and 
their  decree  embodied  in  public  legislation. 

“ The  bill  which  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  have  presented  is 
their  answer  and  interpretation  of  that  victory  and  in  accordance  with  its 
spirit  and  letter  and  purpose.  We  have  not  been  compelled  to  abolish  the 
internal-revenue  system  that  we  might  preserve  the  protective  system,  which 
we  were  pledged  to  do  in  the  event  that  the  abolition  of  the  one  was  essential 
to  the  preservation  of  the  other.  That  was  unnecessary. 

“The  bill  does  not  amend  or  modify  any  part  of  the  internal-revenue 
taxes  applicable  to  spirits  or  fermented  liquors.  It  abolishes  all  the  special 
taxes  and  licenses,  so-called,  imposed  upon  the  manufacture  of  tobacco, 
cigars,  and  snuff,  and  dealers  thereof,  reduces  the  tax  upon  manufac- 
tured tobacco  from  eight  to  four  cents  per  pound,  and  removes  all  restrictions 
now  imposed  upon  the  growers  of  tobacco.  With  these  exceptions  the  inter- 
nal-revenue laws  are  left  undisturbed. 

“From  this  source  we  reduce  taxation  over  $10,000,000,  and  leave  with 
the  people  this  direct  tax  which  has  been  paid  by  them  upon  their  own 
products  through  a long  series  of  years. 

“The  tariff  part  of  the  bill  contemplates  and  proposes  a complete  revision. 
It  not  only  changes  the  rates  of  duty,  but  modifies  the  general  provisions  of 
the  law  relating  to  the  collection  of  duties.  These  modifications  have  received 
the  approval  of  the  Treasury  Department,  and  ai-e  set  forth  in  detail  in  the 
report  of  the  committee,  and  I will  not  weary  this  committee  in  restating 
them  here.  A few  of  the  more  important  changes,  however,  are  deserving 
our  attention. 

“There  has  been  for  many  years  a provision  in  the  law  permitting  the 
United  States  to  import  for  its  use  any  article  free  of  duty.  Under  this  pro- 
vision gross  abuses  have  sprung  up,  and  this  exemption  from  duty  granted 
the  United  States  has  served  as  an  open  doorway  to  frauds  upon  our  revenue 
and  unjustifiable  discriminations  against  our  own  producers. 

“Not  only  has  the  government  imported  supplies  from  abroad,  but  its 
officers,  agents,  and  contractors  have  been  held  to  enjoy  the  same  privilege, 
which  has  been  exercised  to  the  injury  of  our  own  citizens.  The  result  has 
been  that  supplies  imported  by  contractors  for  governmental  work,  have,  in 
many  instances,  been  in  excess  of  the  demand  for  such  public  work  and  been 
applied  to  other  and  different  uses. 

“ This  provision  of  law  has  been  eliminated  in  the  proposed  revision,  and 
if  approved  by  the  House  and  Senate  and  the  President,  the  government,  its 
officers,  agents,  and  contractors,  will  hereafter  have  to  pay  the  same  duties 

899 


400 


APPENDIX. 


which  its  citizens  generally  are  required  to  pay.  Your  committee  have  been 
actuated  in  this  by  the  belief  that  the  government  should  buy  what  it  needs 
at  home;  should  give  its  own  citizens  the  advantage  of  supplying  the  United 
States  with  all  of  its  needed  supplies,  and  that  the  laws  which  it  imposes 
upon  its  own  people  and  taxpayers  should  be  binding  upon  the  government 
itself. 

“ The  committee  have  also  fixed  a limit  upon  the  amount  and  value  of 
personal  effects  accompanying  the  passenger  returning  from  foreign  travel 
to  $500.  It  has  been  too  common  for  citizens  of  the  United  States  visiting 
other  countries  to  supply  themselves  not  only  for  their  immediate  uses,  but 
lor  future  uses  and  for  the  uses  of  their  friends,  and  there  has  heretofore 
been  no  limit  to  the  amount  and  value  of  foreign  articles  which  could  be 
brought  in  free  of  duty  under  the  designation  of  “personal  effects  ” if  accom- 
panied by  the  returning  passenger. 

‘ ‘ The  practical  effect  of  this  provision  was  that  the  wealthy  classes  who 
were  able  to  visit  distant  countries  secured  exemption  from  the  payment  of 
duties,  while  the  average  citizen,  unable  to  go  abroad,  was  compelled  to  pay 
a duty  upon  the  articles  which  he  might  want  to  use.  The  limit  of  $500  is 
believed  to  be  sufficient  for  all  honest  purposes. 

“We  have  also  introduced  a new  provision  in  the  bill  which  requires 
that  foreign  merchandise  imported  into  the  United  States  shall  be  plainly 
stamped  with  the  name  of  the  country  in  which  such  articles  are  manufac- 
tured. There  has  been  a custom,  too  general  in  some  foreign  countries,  to 
adopt  American  brands,  to  the  injury  of  our  own  manufacturers.  Well- 
known  articles  of  American  production  with  high  reputation  have  been  copied 
by  the  foreigner,  and  then  by  the  addition  of  the  American  brand  or  Amer- 
ican marks  have  fraudulently  displaced  American  manufacture,  not  in  fail- 
competition,  but  under  false  pretenses.  The  counterfeit  has  taken  the  place 
of  the  genuine  article,  and  this  we  propose  to  stop. 

‘ ‘ Section  49  of  the  bill  provides  that  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  and 
all  articles  manufactured  in  whole  or  in  part  in  any  foreign  country  by  con- 
vict labor  shall  not  be  entitled  to  entry  at  any  of  the  ports  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  importation  thereof  is  prohibited.  Nearly,  if  not  all  of  the 
States  of  the  Union  have  laws  to  prevent  the  products  of  convict  labor  in  the 
State  penitentiaries  from  coming  in  competition  with  the  product  of  the  free 
labor  of  such  States.  The  committee  believed  that  the  free  labor  of  this 
country  should  be  saved  from  the  convict  labor  of  other  countries,  as  it  has 
been  from  the  convict  labor  of  our  own  States,  and  so  recommend  this  pro- 
vision. It  will  be  of  small  account  to  protect  our  workmen  against  our  own 
convict  labor  and  still  admit  the  convict-made  products  of  the  world  to  free 
competition  with  our  free  labor. 

‘ ‘ By  way  of  encouraging  exportation  to  other  countries  and  extending 
our  markets,  the  committee  have  liberalized  the  drawbacks  given  upon  arti- 
cles or  products  imported  from  abroad  and  used  in  manufactures  here  for 
the  export  trade.  Existing  law  refunds  90  per  cent,  of  the  duties  collected 
upon  foreign  materials  made  into  the  finished  product  at  home  and  exported 
abroad,  while  the  proposed  bill  wrill  refund  99  per  cent,  of  said  duties,  giving 
to  our  citizens  engaged  in  this  business  9 per  cent,  additional  encouragement, 
the  government  retaining  only  1 per  cent,  for  the  expenses  of  handling. 

“We  have  also  extended  the  drawback  provision  to  apply  to  all  articles 
imported  which  may  be  finished  here  for  use  in  the  foreign  market.  Hereto- 
fore this  privilege  was  limited.  This,  it  is  believed,  will  effectually  dispose 
of  the  argument  so  often  made  that  our  tariff  on  raw  materials,  so-called,  con- 
fines our  own  producers  to  their  own  market  and  prevents  them  from  enter- 
ing the  foreign  market,  and  wall  furnish  every  opportunity  to  those  of  our 
citizens  desiring  it  to  engage  in  the  foreign  trade. 

‘ ‘ Now,  the  bill  proposes  that  the  American  citizen  may  import  any  product 


the  McKinley  bill. 


401 


he  desires,  manufacture  it  into  the  finished  article,  using,  in  part,  if  necessary, 
in  such  manufacture  domestic  materials,  and  when  the  completed  product  is 
entered  for  export  refunds  to  him  within  1 per  cent,  of  all  the  duty  he  paid 
upon  his  imported  materials. 

“In  the  same  direction  we  have  made,  by  section  23,  manufacturing 
establishments  engaged  in  smelting  or  refining  metals  in  the  United  States 
bonded  warehouses  uuder  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
may  prescribe,  and  have  provided  that  metals  in  any  crude  form  requiring 
smelting  or  refining  to  make  them  available  in  the  arts  imported  into  the 
United  States  to  be  smelted  or  refined  and  intended  for  export  in  a refined 
state,  to  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  duties.  This,  it  is  believed,  will 
encourage  smelting  and  refining  of  foreign  materials  in  the  United  States, 
and  build  up  large  industries  upon  the  sea-coast  and  elsewhere,  which  will 
make  an  increased  demand  for  the  labor  of  the  country. 

“It  completely,  if  the  provision  be  adopted,  disposes  of  what  has  some- 
times seemed  to  be  an  almost  unanswerable  argument  that  has  been  pre- 
sented by  our  friends  on  the  other  side,  that  if  we  only  had  free  raw  mate- 
rial we  could  go  out  and  capture  the  markets  of  the  world.  We  give  them 
now  within  1 per  cent,  of  free  raw  material,  and  invite  them  to  go  out  and 
capture  the  markets  of  the  world. 

“It  is  asserted  in  the  views  of  the  minority,  submitted  with  the  report 
accompanying  this  bill,  that  the  operation  of  the  bill  will  not  diminish  the 
revenues  of  the  government;  that  with  the  increased  duties  we  have  imposed 
upon  foreign  articles  which  may  be  sent  to  market  here  we  have  increased 
taxation,  and  that  therefore  instead  of  being  a diminution  of  the  revenues  of 
the  government  there  will  be  an  increase  in  the  sum  of  fifty  or  sixty  million 
dollars. 

“Now,  that  statement  is  entirely  misleading.  It  can  only  be  accepted 
upon  the  assumption  that  the  importation  of  the  present  year  under  this  bill, 
if  it  becomes  a law,  will  be  equal  to  the  importations  of  like  articles  under 
the  existing  law ; and  there  is  not  a member  of  the  Committee  on  W ays  and 
Means,  there  is  not  a member  of  the  minority  of  that  committee,  there  is  not 
a member  of  the  House,  on  either  side,  who  does  not  know  that  the  very 
instant  that  you  have  increased  the  duties  to  a fair  protective  point,  putting 
them  above  the  highest  revenue  point,  that  very  instant  you  diminish  im- 
portations, and  to  that  extent  diminish  the  revenue. 

“The  bill  recommends  the  retention  of  the  present  rates  of  duty  on  earthen 
and  china  ware.  No  other  industry  in  the  United  States  either  requires  or 
deserves  the  fostering  care  of  government  more  than  this  one.  It  is  a busi- 
ness requiring  technical  and  artistic  knowledge,  and  the  most  careful  atten- 
tion to  the  many  and  delicate  processes  through  which  the  raw  material 
must  pass  to  the  completed  product.  For  many  years,  and  down  to  18(53, 
the  pottery  industry  of  the  United  States  had  had  little  or  no  success,  and 
made  but  slight  progress  in  a practical  and  commercial  way.  At  the  close 
of  the  low-tariff  period  of  1860  there  was  but  one  pottery  in  the  United  States 
with  two  kilns.  There  were  no  decorating  kilns  at  that  time. 

“ In  1873,  encouraged  by  the  tariff  and  the  gold  premium,  which  was  an 
added  protection,  we  had  increased  to  20  potteries,  with  68  kilns,  but  still  no 
decorating  kilns.  The  capital  invested  was  $1,020,000,  and  the  value  of 
the  product  was  $1,180,000.  In  1882  there  were  55  potteries,  244  kilns,  26 
decorating  kilns,  with  a capital  invested  of  $5,076,000;  and  the  value  of  the 
product  was  $5,299,140. 

“The  wages  paid  in  the  potteries  in  1882  were  $2,387,000  and  the  num- 
ber of  employes  engaged  therein  7,000;  the  ratio  of  wages  to  sales  in  1882 
was  45  per  cent.  In  1889  there  were  80  potteries,  401  kilns,  and  decorating 
kilns  had  increased  from  26  in  1882,  to  188  in  1889.  The  capital  invested  in 
the  latter  year  was  $10,597,357,  the  value  of  the  product  was  $10,389,910; 


402 


APPENDIX. 


amount  paid  in  wages  $6,265,224,  and  the  number  of  employes  engaged,  16,- 
900.  The  ratio  of  wages  to  sales  was  60  per  cent,  of  decorated  ware  and  50 
per  cent,  of  white  ware. 

“The  per  cent,  of  wages  to  value  of  product,  it  will  be  observed,  has  ad- 
vanced from  45  per  cent,  in  1882  to  60  per  cent,  in  1889.  This  increase  is 
not  due,  as  might  be  supposed,  to  an  advance  in  wages,  but  results  in  a re- 
duction of  the  selling  price  of  the  product  and  the  immense  increase  in  sales 
of  decorated  ware  in  which  labor  enters  in  greater  proportion  to  materials. 

“In  1882  an  assorted  crate  of  ware  sold  for  $57.89,  and  the  same,  only  a 
better  ware,  is  now  sold  for  $46.30.  In  1864  we  paid  for  the  same  crate  of 
ware  $210.75.  On  decorated  ware  the  immense  benefit  to  the  consumer  is 
even  more  apparent.  The  selling  price  of  all  decorated  ware  was  from  50  to 
100  per  cent,  higher  in  1882  than  in  1890. 

“In  1852,  with  the  low  revenue-tariff  duty  of  24  per  cent,  and  no  domes- 
tic manufactures,  an  assorted  crate  of  white  ware  sold  at  $95.30;  in  1890, 
with  the  55-per-cent,  duty  and  domestic  competition,  with  large  potteries, 
which  are  the  pride  of  the  country,  employing  labor  and  capital  at  home, 
buying  our  own  raw  material,  the  same  assorted  crate  is  selling  for  $46.30. 

“ We  have  recommended  an  increase  of  duties  upon  glassware.  Since  the 
tariff  act  of  1883,  by  which  duties  were  reduced,  importations  from  the  other 
side  have  been  constantly  increasing,  and  our  own  workmen  have  not  been 
employed  at  full  time  as  a result.  Our  sharpest  competition  comes  from 
Belgium,  where  the  labor,  skilled  and  unskilled,  is  much  lower  than  in  the 
United  States.  There  they  work  seven  days  in  every  week. 

“It  will  appear  that  the  cost  of  labor  in  Germany  may  be  set  down  at  one- 
third  of  the  cost  in  the  United  States;  that  of  Great  Britain  at  five-eighths, 
and  that  of  France  at  a medium  between  Germany  and  Great  Britain.  The 
American  Flint-Glass  Workers’  Union,  through  their  president,  stated  before 
the  committee  that  this  large  difference  in  the  cost  of  labor  between  foreign 
countries  and  the  United  States  makes  it  impossible  for  the  home  product  to 
compete  with  the  foreign-made  goods  in  the  market  of  the  United  States  un- 
der the  present  duty,  and  that  to  maintain  the  present  rates  of  wages  an  in- 
crease of  duty  is  demanded. 

“The  agricultural  condition  of  the  country  has  received  the  careful  atten- 
tion of  the  committee,  and  every  remedy  which  was  believed  to  be  within 
the  power  of  tariff  legislation  to  give  has  been  granted  by  this  bill.  The  de- 
pression in  agriculture  is  not  confined  to  the  United  States.  The  reports  of 
the  Agricultural  Department  indicate  that  this  distress  is  general;  that  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Germany  are  suffering  in  a larger  degree  than  the  farm- 
ers of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Dodge — statistician  of  the  department — says, 
in  his  report  of  March,  1890,  that  the  depression  in  agriculture  in  Great 
Britain  has  been  probably  more  severe  than  that  of  any  other  nation,  which 
would  indicate  that  it  is  greater  even  in  a country  whose  economic  system 
differs  from  ours,  and  that  this  condition  is  inseparable  from  any  fiscal  sys- 
tem, and  less  under  the  protective  than  the  revenue-tariff  system. 

“It  has  been  asserted  iu  the  views  of  the  minority  that  the  duty  put  upon 
wheat  and  other  agricultural  products  would  be  of  no  value  to  the  agricul- 
turists of  the  United  States.  The  committee,  believing  differently,  have  ad- 
vanced the  duty  upon  these  products.  As  we  are  the  greatest  wheat-pro- 
ducing country  of  the  world,  it  is  habitually  asserted  and  believed  by  many 
that  this  product  is  safe  from  foreign  competition.  We  do  not  appreciate 
that  while  the  United  States  last  year  raised  490,000,000  bushels  of  wheat, 
France  raised  316,000,000  bushels;  Italy  raised  103,000,000  bushels;  Russia, 

189.000. 000  bushels;  and  India,  243,000,000  bushels;  and  that  the  total  pro- 
duction of  Asia,  including  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  and  Syria,  amounted  to  over 

315.000. 000  bushels.  Our  sharpest  competition  comes  from  Russia  and  India, 
and  the  increased  product  of  other  nations  only  serves  to  increase  the  world’s 


the  mckinley  bill. 


403 


supply  and  diminish  proportionately  the  demand  for  ours;  and  if  we  will 
only  reflect  on  the  difference  between  the  cost  of  labor  in  producing  wheat 
in  the  United  States  and  in  competing  countries  we  will  readily  perceive 
how  near  we  are,  if  we  have  not  quite  reached  the  danger-line,  so  far  even 
as  our  own  markets  are  concerned. 

“The  cost  of  farm  labor  in  Great  Britain,  estimated  by  the  statistician 
of  the  Agricultural  Department,  is  $150  per  annum;  in  France,  $125;  in 
Holland  and  Austria,  $100;  iu  Germany,  $90;  in  Russia,  $60;  in  Italy,  $50; 
and  in  India,  $30;  while  the  same  labor  costs  in  this  country  $220.  The 
farmers  of  the  United  States  have  therefore  come  to  appreciate  that  with  the 
wonderful  wheat  development  in  India  and  Russia,  with  the  vast  sums  of 
money  which  have  been  expended  on  irrigation  and  in  railroads  for  trans- 
porting this  wheat,  taken  in  connection  with  their  cheap  labor,  the  time  is 
already  here  when  the  American  farmer  must  sell  his  product  in  the  markets 
of  the  world  in  competition  with  the  wheat  produced  by  the  lowest-priced 
labor  of  other  countries,  and  that  his  care  and  concern  must  iu  the  future  be 
to  preserve  his  home  market,  for  he  must,  of  necessity,  be  driven  from  the 
foreign  one,  unless  by  diminishing  the  cost  of  his  production  he  can  success- 
fully compete  with  the  unequal  conditions  I have  described.  Now  as  to 
other  products  of  agriculture. 

“ During  the  last  year  Canada  exported  to  the  United  States  eggs  to  the 
value  of  $2,159,725;  horses,  $2,113,782;  sheep,  $918,334;  poultry,  $110,793; 
wool,  $216,918;  barley,  $6,454,603;  beans,  $435,534;  hay,  $822,381;  malt, 
$105,183;  potatoes,  $192,576;  planks  and  boards,  $7,187,101.  There  were 
exported  of  fish  of  various  kinds,  lumber,  and  other  commodities  to  the 
amount  of  at  least  $20,000,000  more. 

“ The  increase  of  importations  in  agricultural  products  has  risen  from 
$40,000,000  in  1850,  to  $256,000,000  in  1889. 

“We  imported  in  the  last  ten  years  more  than  $60,000,000  worth  of  hors- 
es, cattle,  and  sheep.  We  imported  tobacco  from  the  Netherlands  for  the 
six  months  ending  Dec.  31,  1889,  to  the  value  of  $5,000,000. 

“The  present  rate  of  duty  on  first-class  wool  is  10  cents  per  pound,  and 
upon  second-class  12  cents  per  pound.  We  have  recommended  in  this  bill  that 
the  duty  on  first-class  wool  shall  be  increased  from  10  cents  to  11  cents  a pound 
and  that  the  duty  now  fixed  on  second-class  wools  shall  remain  as  at  present. 
On  third-class  wool  the  present  rate  of  duty  is  21  i cents  per  pound  upon  all 
wool  costing  under  12  cents,  and  5 cents  a pound  on  wools  costing  above  12 
cents. 

“ The  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  will  offer  an  amendment  when 
this  schedule  is  reached,  providing  that  on  carpet  wools  the  dividing  line 
shall  be  changed  from  12  to  13  cents,  and  that  the  duty  on  wool  under  13 
cents,  commonly  known  as  carpet  wool,  shall  be  32  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 
and  above  13  cents  per  pound  shall  be  50  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  It  will  be 
noted  that  we  make  on  first-class  wool  an  increase  of  1 cent  a pound,  and 
that  the  existing  rate  on  second-class  wool  shall  be  maintained,  and  the  pro- 
posed ad  valorem  rate  will  raise  the  duty  on  carpet  wools  of  certain  grades 
according  to  their  value. 

“ If  there  is  any  one  industry  which  appeals  with  more  force  than  an- 
other for  defensive  duties  it  is  this,  and  to  no  class  of  our  citizens  should  this 
House  more  cheerfully  lend  legislative  assistance,  where  it  can  properly  be 
done,  than  to  the  million  farmers  who  own  sheep  in  the  United  States.  We 
can  not  afford  as  a nation  to  permit  this  industry  to  be  longer  crippled. 

“ It  is  also  to  be  noted,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  having  increased  the  duties  on 
wools  we  have  also  increased  the  duties  on  the  product — the  manufactures 
of  wool — to  compensate  for  the  increased  duty  on  the  raw  product. 

“In  the  metal  schedule,  which  is  probably  the  schedule  in  which  the 
country  is  as  deeply  interested  as  any  other — in  the  metal  schedule,  starting 


404 


APPENDIX. 


out  at  the  very  foundation,  iron  ore,  we  have  left  the  duty  on  that  precisely 
as  it  exists  under  the  present  law,  namely,  75  cents  per  ton,  and  we  left  it  at 
the  same  duty  which  was  proposed  by  my  distinguished  friend  from  Texas 
(Mr.  Mills)  in  the  bill  which  he  presented  to  the  last  Congress.  The  same  is 
also  true  of  coal. 

“Pyrites  or  sulphuret  of  iron  containing  in  excess  of  25  per  cent,  of  sul- 
phur has  been  put  upon  the  free  list.  Pig  iron,  scrap  iron,  and  steel  we 
have  left  at  $6.72  a ton,  the  present  duty,  while  the  Mills  bill  made  it  $6 
per  ton.  On  bar  iron  the  difference  between  the  proposed  bill  and  the  Mills 
bill  is  one  tenth  of  1 cent  per  pound.  On  round  iron  not  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  the  present  duty  is  1 cent  per  pound ; the 
Mills  bill  retained  it  at  that  rate,  and  the  present  bill  reduces  the  duty  to 
nine-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound.  On  cast  iron  pipe  the  existing  law  is  1 cent 
per  pound;  we  have  reduced  it  to  nine-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound,  and  the 
Mills  bill  reduced  it  to  six-tenths  of  1 cent  per  pound.  The  existing  tariff 
presents  the  anomaly  of  placing  a higher  duty  upon  the  sheet  iron  and  steel, 
which  constitute  the  chief  element  in  the  production  of  tin-plate,  than  upon 
the  tin-plate  itself,  which  is  a manifest  wrong  demanding  correction,  inde- 
pendent of  the  question  of  encouraging  the  manufacture  of  tin-plate  iu  the 
United  States. 

“ The  duty  recommended  in  the  bill  is  not  alone  to  correct  this  inequality, 
but  to  make  the  duty  on  foreign  tin-plate  high  enough  to  insure  its  manufac- 
ture in  this  country  to  the  extent  of  our  home  consumption.  The  only  rea- 
son we  are  not  doing  it  now  and  have  not  been  able  to  do  it  in  the  past  is 
inadequate  duties.  We  have  demonstrated  our  ability  to  make  it  here  as 
successfully  as  in  Wales.  We  have  already  made  it  here.  Two  factories 
were  engaged  in  producing  tin  plate  in  the  years  1873,  1874,  and  1875,  but 
no  sooner  had  they  got  fairly  under  way  than  the  foreign  manufacturer  re- 
duced his  price  to  a point  which  made  it  impossible  for  our  manufacturers 
to  continue. 

“ When  our  people  embarked  in  the  business  foreign  tin-plate  was  selling 
for  $12  per  box,  and  to  crush  them  out  before  they  were  firmly  established 
the  price  was  brought  down  to  $4.50  per  box;  but  it  did  not  remain  there. 
When  the  fires  were  put  out  in  the  American  mills,  and  the  manufacturing 
thought  by  the  foreigners  to  be  abandoned,  the  price  advanced,  until  in  1879 
it  was  selling  for  $9  and  $10  a box. 

“Our  people  again  tried  it,  and  again  the  prices  were  depressed,  and 
again  our  people  abandoned  temporarily  the  enterprise,  and  as  a gentleman 
stated  before  the  committee,  twice  they  have  lost  their  whole  investment 
through  the  combination  of  the  foreign  manufacturers  in  striking  down  the 
prices,  not  for  the  benefit  of  the  consumer,  but  to  drive  our  manufacturers 
from  the  business;  and  this  would  be  followed  by  an  advance  within  six 
months  after  our  mills  were  shut  down. 

“We  proposed  this  advanced  duty  to  protect  our  manufacturers  and  con- 
sumers against  the  British  monopoly,  in  the  belief  that  it  will  defend  our 
capital  and  labor  in  the  production  of  tin-plate  until  they  shall  establish  an 
industry  which  the  English  will  recognize  has  come  to  stay,  and  then  com- 
petition will  insure  regular  and  reasonable  prices  to  consumers.  It  may  add 
a little  temporarily  to  the  cost  of  tin-plate  to  the  consumer,  but  will  eventuate 
iu  steadier  and  more  satisfactory  prices.  At  the  present  prices  for  foreign 
tin-plate,  the  proposed  duty  would  not  add  anything  to  the  cost  of  the  heav- 
ier grade  of  tins  to  the  consumer.  If  the  entire  duty  was  added  to  the  cost 
of  the  can  it  would  not  advance  it  more  than  one-third  or  one-half  of  1 cent; 
on  a dozen  fruit  cans  the  addition  would  only  be  about  3 cents. 

“Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  important  part  of  the  metal  schedule,  and 
that  which  will  probably  be  most  harshly  assailed,  is  that  proposed  in  con- 
nection with  the  duty  on  tin  plate. 


the  McKinley  bill. 


405 


“The  bill  proposes  to  advance  the  duty  from  1 cent  per  pound,  the  pres- 
ent rate,  to  1.85  and  2.15  cents  per  pound,  varying  according  to  gauge. 

“We  have  increased  the  duty,  as  I have  already  said,  upon  carpet  wools, 
and  that  has  necessitated  an  increase  of  the  duty  upon  carpets  themselves. 
The  committee  believed  that  this  increased  duty  would  be  doing  even  justice 
not  only  to  the  wool  grower,  hut  also  to  the  carpet  maker  and  to  the  con- 
sumers of  the  United  States.  There  is  no  industry  in  this  country  which  so 
splendidly  illustrates  the  value  of  a protective  tariff  as  the  carpet  industry, 
which  has  had  such  marvellous  growth  in  the  last  twenty-three  years. 

“ In  1810  the  entire  product  of  carpets  in  this  country  was  about  10,000 
yards.  The  tariff  of  1828  gave  some  encouragement,  and  in  1834  there  were 
twenty  carpet  factories  in  the  country,  operating  511  hand  looms  producing 
annually  about  1,000,000  yards  of  carpet.  In  1860,  under  the  low  tariff, 
there  were  only  8,000,000  pounds  of  wool  consumed  in  making  carpets  in  the 
United  States,  and  only  13,000,000  yards  of  carpet  were  produced,  valued  at 
a little  over  §7,000,000.  Six  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-one  hands 
were  employed,  and  the  wages  paid  were  less  than  a million  and  a half  dollars 
annually.  The  value  of  the  plants  in  1860  was  less  than  $5,000,000.  Under 
the  tariff  of  1867,  that  first  protective  tariff  law  so  far  as  wool  and  the  manu- 
factures of  wool  were  concerned,  this  industry  grew  and  prospered,  and  in 
1870  there  were  215  factories  in  the  United  States,  valued  at  over  $12,500,- 
000,  consuming  more  than  33,000,000  pounds  of  wool,  employing  13,000 
hands,  and  paying  in  wages  $4,681,000  annually,  and  producing  22,000,000 
yards  of  carpet  every  twelve  months. 

“ One- fourth  of  our  total  consumption  was  imported  from  England  in 
1872.  In  that  year  there  were  170  looms  manufacturing  body  Brussels;  in 
1880  the  manufacture  had  risen  to  590  looms.  In  1872  our  product  in  Brus- 
sels was  1,275,000  yards;  in  1880  we  produced  over  7,000,000  yards  of  Brus- 
sels carpet.  In  1872  we  imported  1,500,000  yards  of  body  Brussels;  in  1880 
we  imported  only  80,000  yards.  We  doubled  the  looms  for  manufacturing 
Wiltons  between  1870  and  1880. 

“Now  take  tapestry  Brussels — the  poor  man’s  carpet,  if  you  please.  In 
1872  we  had  143  looms;  in  1880  we  had  increased  to  1,073  looms.  In  1872 
we  produced  1,500,000  yards  of  tapestry  Brussels;  in  1880  we  produced  16,- 

950.000  yards  of  tapestry  Brussels.  In  '1872  we  imported  3,670,000  yards  of 
tapestry  Brussels  from  England;  in  1880  we  imported  only  100,000  yards  of 
tapestry  Brussels  from  England.  All  this  time  prices  were  being  reduced. 
In  1872  the  price  of  body  Brussels  by  the  wholesale  was  over  $2  per  yard;  in 
1880  the  wholesale  price  had  gone  below  $1.50  a yard,  and  to-day  you  can 
buy  them  for  93  cents  a yard. 

“In  1872  tapestry  carpets  averaged  $1.46  per  yard;  in  1880  the  price  had 
gone  down  to  90  cents  per  yard,  and  to-day  you  can  buy  the  best  quality  for 
65  cents  per  yard.  The  extra  super  ingrain  carpet  which  in  1872  sold  for 
$1.20  can  be  bought  to-day  for  45  cents  per  yard,  all  wool  and  a yard  wide. 
The  total  production  of  carpets  in  the  United  States  (estimated)  in  1880  was 

39.972.000  yards;  capital  invested,  $21,486,000;  operatives  employed, 30, 371; 
paid  out  in  wages,  $6,435,000.  It  is  estimated  that  to-day  there  are  204  car- 
pet factories  in  this  country,  running  11,500  looms  (of  which  7,597  are  power 
looms),  employing  43,000  hands,  in  18S9  consuming  over  90,000,000  pounds 
of  wool  and  turning  out  76,880,000  yards  of  carpet. 

“Why,  sir,  in  the  city  of' Philadelphia  alone  there  was  produced  20,000,- 
000  yards  of  carpet  annually — 16,000,000  less  than  the  entire  output  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain.  And  all  the  while  the  price  of  carpet  had 
gone  down.  But  the  ad  valorem  has  gone  up ; and  that  is  what  troubles  the 
gentlemen  on  the  other  side.  It  is  the  high  ad  valorems  that  you  gentlemen 
advocating  tariff  reform  keep  before  your  eyes.  You  shut  your  eyes  to  the 
diminishing  prices.  The  favorite  assault  of  the  Democratic  free  trader  or 


406 


APPENDIX. 


revenue-tariff  reformer  is  to  parade  these  high  percentages  and  ad  valorem 
equivalents  to  show  the  enormous  burdens  of  taxation  that  we  impose  upon 
the  people  of  the  United  States. 

“Now,  let  us  look  at  this  for  a moment  while  we  are  passing.  When  steel 
rails  were  $ 100  a ton  we  had  a duty  on  them  of  $28  a ton.  What  would  be 
the  equivalent  ad  valorem?  Twenty-eight  per  cent.  That  is  not  enormous. 
My  friend  from  Texas  even  would  not  hold  that  as  too  high  an  ad  valorem 
equivalent.  But  the  very  instant  we  reduced  the  price  of  steel  rails  to  $50  a 
ton,  because  of  that  duty  of  $28,  which  encouraged  our  own  producers  to 
engage  in  this  business — when  the  price  went  down  to  $50  a ton  the  ad  val- 
orem equivalent  went  up  to  56  per  cent. ; for  $28  a ton  duty,  with  steel  rails 
at  $50  a ton,  would  be  equivalent  to  56  per  cent.  They  are  troubled  about 
the  ad  valorem  equivalent.  They  look  to  percentages;  we  look  at  prices.  We 
would  rather  have  steel  rails  at  $50  a ton  and  an  ad  valorem  equivalent  of  50 
per  cent,  than  to  have  steel  rails  at  $100  a ton  and  an  ad  valorem  equivalent 
of  only  28  percent.  They  pursue  a shadow;  we  enjoy  the  substance.  What 
do  we  care  about  ad  valorems?  But  you  will  hear  of  high  ad  valorems  in 
this  debate  from  its  beginning  to  its  close. 

“Why,  sir,  when  you  bought  a crate  of  ware  in  1855  at  $96,  the  ad  val- 
orem was  only  24  per  cent.  You  buy  the  same  crate  of  ware  to-day  for  $46, 
but  the  ad  valorem  has  gone  up  to  55  per  cent.  Which  would  you  rather 
have,  low  ad  valorem  equivalents  and  high-priced  goods,  or  high  ad  valorem 
equivalents  and  low-priced  goods. 

“What  is  the  nature  of  the  complaint  against  this  bill?  That  it  shuts  us 
out  of  a foreign  market?  No,  for  whatever  that  is  worth  to  our  citizens  will 
be  just  as  accessible  under  this  bill  as  under  the  present  law.  We  place  no 
tax  or  burden  or  restraint  upon  American  products  going  out  of  the  country. 
They  are  as  free  to  seek  the  best  market  as  the  products  of  any  rival  com- 
mercial power,  and  as  free  to  go  out  as  though  we  had  absolute  free  trade. 
Statistics  show  that  protective  tariffs  have  not  interrupted  our  export  trade, 
but  that  it  has  increased  under  them. 

“In  the  year  1843,  being  the  first  year  after  the  protective  tariff  of  1842 
went  into  operation,  our  exports  exceeded  our  imports  $40,392,229,  and  in  the 
following  year  they  exceeded  our  imports  $3,141,226.  In  the  two  years  fol- 
lowing, the  excess  of  imports  over  exports  was  $15,475,000.  The  last  year 
under  the  tariff  the  excess  of  exports  over  imports  was  $34,317,249.  So  dur- 
ing the  five  years  of  the  tariff  of  1842  the  excess  of  exports  over  imports  was 
$62,375,000.  Under  the  low  tariff  of  1846  this  was  reversed,  and,  with  the 
single  exception  of  1858,  the  imports  exceeded  the  exports  (covering  a period 
of  fourteen  years)  $465,553,625. 

“ During  the  war  and  down  to  1875  the  imports  with  two  exceptions  ex- 
ceeded the  exports.  From  1876  down  to  1889  inclusive  (covering  a period  of 
fourteen  years)  there  were  only  two  years  when  our  imports  exceeded  our  ex- 
ports, and  the  total  excess  of  exports  over  imports  was  $1,581,906,871  of  the 
products  of  our  own  people  more  than  we  brought  into  the  U nited  States.  The 
balance  of  trade  has  been  almost  uninterruptedly  in  our  favor  during  the  pro- 
tective-tariff periods  of  our  history,  and  against  us  with  few  exceptions  dur- 
ing revenue-tariff  periods.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  a healthful  business 
condition  with  the  outside  world,  resulting  from  the  Republican  economic 
system,  and  an  unhealthful  condition,  where  we  had  to  send  money  out  of 
the  country  to  pay  our  balances  under  the  Democratic  system.  The  chief 
complaint  against  this  bill  comes  from  importers  and  consignees  here,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  foreign  merchants  and  consignors  abroad.  Why  do  they 
complain?  Manifestly  because  in  some  way  this  bill  will  check  their  busi- 
ness here  and  increase  the  business  of  our  own  manufacturers  and  producers; 
it  will  diminish  the  importation  of  competing  foreign  goods,  and  increase  the 
consumption  of  our  home-made  goods.  This  may  be  a good  reason  to  in- 


the  McKinley  bill. 


407 


fluence  the  foreigner  to  oppose  its  passage,  hut  is  hardly  a sound  reason  why 
Americans  should  oppose  it. 

“ If  the  bill  checks  foreign  importations  of  goods  competing  with  ours,  it 
will  increase  our  production  and  necessarily  increase  the  demand  for  labor 
at  home.  This  may  be  a good  reason  why  the  cheap  labor  of  other  countries 
should  be  unfriendly  to  this  bill,  but  furnishes  the  best  of  reasons  why  the 
workmen  of  the  United  States  should  favor  it  as  they  do.  We  do  not  conceal 
the  purpose  of  this  bill — we  want  our  own  countrymen  and  all  mankind  to 
know  it.  It  is  to  increase  production  here,  diversify  our  productive  enter- 
prises, enlarge  the  field,  and  increase  the  demand  for  American  workmen. 

“ What  American  can  oppose  these  worthy  and  patriotic  objects?  Others, 
not  Americans,  may  find  justification  for  doing  so.  This  bill  is  an  American 
bill.  It  is  made  for  the  American  people  and  American  interests. 

“The  press  of  other  countries  have  denounced  the  bill  with  unmeasured 
severity,  the  legislative  assemblies  of  more  than  one  distant  country  have 
given  it  attention  in  no  friendly  spirit.  It  has  received  the  censure  of  diplo- 
mates  and  foreign  powers — for  all  of  which  there  is  manifest  reason — it  may 
pinch  them,  but  no  American  citizen  surely  can  object  to  it  on  that  account. 
We  are  not  legislating  for  any  nation  but  our  own;  for  our  people  and  for  no 
other  people  are  we  charged  with  the  duties  of  legislation.  We  say  to  our 
foreign  brethren:  ‘We  will  not  interfere  in  your  domestic  legislation;  we  ad- 
monish you  to  keep  your  hands  off  of  ours.’ 

“ Contrast  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  Kingdom  under  free 
trade  and  unrestrained  commerce  with  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United 
States.  In  1870  the  total  value  of  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  King- 
dom was  $2,663,620,718;  in  1888  it  was  $3,336,087,844,  an  increase  in  eighteen 
years  of  $672,467,126,  equivalent  to  25.25  per  cent. 

“ The  total  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  States  in  1870 
was  $917,794,421;  in  1889,  $1,487,533,027,  an  increase  of  $569,738,606,  or 
an  equivalent  of  62  per  cent.,  so  that  it  will  be  observed  that  under  the  rev- 
enue-tariff system  of  Great  Britain  her  imports  and  exports  between  1870  and 
1888  increased  but  25.25  per  cent.,  while  under  the  protective  system  of  the 
United  States,  which  is  characterized  by  our  opponents  as  exclusive  and  re- 
strictive and  like  a Chinese  wall,  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  States 
increased  between  1870  and  1889  62.8  per  cent.,  a gain  over  Great  Britain  of 
nearly  37  per  cent. , and  we  sent  out  in  those  years  more  than  we  brought  in. 

“Notwithstanding  the  complaint  that  is  made  about  the  decadence  of  our 
foreign  commerce  Mulhall  informs  us  that  Great  Britain’s  proportion  in  the 
foreign  commerce  in  1830  was  27.2  per  cent,  of  the  commerce  of  the  world; 
but  in  1870  it  had  fallen  to  24.5  per  cent.,  and  in  1880  Great  Britain’s  propor- 
portion  was  but  21.2  per  cent.  In  1830  the  United  States  had  but  3.7  per 
cent,  of  the  commerce  of  the  world;  in  1870  it  had  risen  to  9.2  per  cent.,  and 
in  1880  she  had  11.5  per  cent  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  world. 

“ While  Great  Britain  lost,  between  1870  and  1880, 13  per  cent,  of  her  trade, 
the  United  States  gained  22  per  cent. ; and  if  the  United  States  would  give 
the  same  encouragement  to  her  merchant  marine  and  her  steamship  lines  as 
is  given  by  other  nations,  this  commerce  on  the  seas  under  the  American  flag 
would  increase  and  multiply.  When  the  United  States  will  expend  from  her 
treasury  from  five  to  six  millions  a year,  as  do  France  and  Great  Britain,  to 
maintain  their  steamship  lines,  our  ships  will  plow  every  sea  in  successful 
competition  with  the  ships  of  the  world.  Will  you,  gentlemen,  join  us  in  en- 
couraging our  merchant  marine? 

“ But,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  the  presence  of  our  magnificent  domestic  com- 
merce, the  commerce  along  our  inland  seas,  our  lakes  and  rivers  and  great 
railroad  lines,  why  need  we  vex  ourselves  about  foreign  commerce?  The 
domestic  trade  of  the  United  States  is  95  per  cent,  of  the  whole  of  our  trade. 
Nowhere  is  the  progress  of  the  country  so  manifest  as  in  this  wonderful 


408 


APPENDIX. 


growth  and  development.  Our  coasting  trade  more  than  doubled  our  foreign 
trade  in  1880.  Thirty-four  million  tons  as  against  16,000,000  of  foreign,  in- 
cluding all  our  exports  and  imports,  carried  in  all  the  ships  of  the  world  in 
1880.  Our  inland  water  tonnage  was  25,000,000,  our  foreign  16,000,000. 

“The  water  carriage  of  the  United  States  along  its  coasts  and  its  rivers  is 
five  times  greater  than  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States. 

“Why,  the  movement  of  tonnage  through  the  Detroit  river  in  1889  was 
10,000,000  tons  more  than  the  total  registered  entries  and  clearances  at  all 
the  seaports  of  the  United  States,  and  it  was  3,000,000  tons  in  excess  of  the 
combined  foreign  and  coastwise  registered  tonnage  of  the  ports  of  Liverpool 
and  London.  What  higher  testimony  do  we  want  of  the  growth  of  our  in- 
ternal commerce? 

“We  try  nations  as  they  appear  on  the  balance  sheet  of  the  world.  We 
try  systems  by  results;  we  are  too  practical  a people  for  theory.  We  know 
what  we  have  done  and  are  doing  under  the  economic  system  we  advocate. 
We  know  that  almost  every  month  the  balance  of  trade  in  our  favor  is  in  ex- 
cess of  $20,000,000.  We  know  the  manufactures  of  the  United  States  in  1880 
amounted  to  $1,126,000,000,  as  against  $816,000,000  of  Great  Britain. 

“We  know  that  in  1887  we  manufactured  3,339,000  tons  of  steel  rails,  and 
that  the  manufacturers  of  England  turned  out  only  3,170,000.  We  know 
that  the  United  States  in  1887  produced  2,308,000  tons  of  iron  and  England 

1.711.000  tons.  On  the  Atlantic  seaboard  there  will  be  produced  this  year 

100.000  tons  of  steel  shipping  built  in  our  own  ports  from  our  own  material. 

‘ ‘ Our  railroad  mileage  and  tonnage  further  illustrate  the  growth  and  ex- 
tent of  our  domestic  trade  and  commerce.  In  1865  the  number  of  miles  of 
railroad  in  operation  in  this  country  was  35,085;  in  1887  it  equaled  150,000 
miles.  We  now  have  one-half  of  the  railroads  of  the  world.  Estimating  the 
cost  of  road  and  equipment  at  $35,000  per  mile,  the  amount  expended  in 
twenty-two  years  equaled  $4,037,495,000,  a yearly  expenditure  of  over  $183, 
000,000.  According  to  Poor’s  “ Manual,”  the  total  tonnage  for  1882  was  360,- 
490,375  tons;  for  1883,  400,453,439  tons;  for  1884,  399,074,749  tons;  for  1885, 
437,040,099  tons;  for  1886,  482,245,254  tons;  for  1887,  552,074,752  tons. 

‘ * According  to  the  statement  of  Mr.  Poor,  the  tonnage  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad  for  1865  was  2,555,706  tons;  in  1887,  30,147,635  tons,  the  in- 
crease equaling  27,591,929  tons;  the  rate  of  increase  in  the  twenty-two 
years  being  nearly  1,100  per  cent.  The  tonnage  of  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad  increased  from  1,767,059  in  1865  to  14,626,951  in  1887,  the  rate  of 
increase  being  over  700  per  cent.  The  tonnage  of  the  Erie  Railroad  in  1865 
was  2,234,350,  and  in  1887  13,549,260,  the  rate  of  increase  being  over  500 
per  cent.  The  tonnage  of  the  three  roads  in  1865  equaled  6,557,115;  in  1887, 
58,323,848  tons,  the  increase  equaling  51,766,732,  the  rate  of  increase  being 
very  nearly  800  per  cent. 

“ Mr.  Poor  estimates  that  the  net  tonnage  of  1887  of  all  the  railroads  in 
the  country  equaled  412,500,000.  The  number  of  gross  tons  moved  in  1887 
on  all  the  railroads  of  the  United  States  per  head  of  population  equaled  9 
tons.  In  1865  the  gross  tonnage  moved  equaled  only  2 tons  per  head.  The 
same  authority  estimates  that  the  value  of  the  total  net  tonnage  of  the  rail- 
roads of  the  United  States  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  $13,327,830,000,  and  at  this 
estimate  the  value  of  the  tonnage  moved  in  1887  equaled  $222  per  head  of  the 
population  of  the  country. 

“The  increase  iu  value  of  the  railroad  tonnage  of  the  country  in  1887 
equaled  $1,660,000,000,  or  $960,000,000  in  excess  of  the  value  of  the  exports 
for  the  same  year.  Could  all  this  have  been  secured  under  your  economic  sys- 
tem ? W ould  they  have  been  possible  under  any  other  than  the  protective 
system  ? 

“We  have  now  enjoyed  twenty-nine  years  continuously  of  protective  tariff 
laws — the  longest  uninterrupted  period  in  which  that  policy  has  prevailed 


the  mckinley  bill. 


409 


since  tlie  formation  of  the  Federal  Government — and  we  find  ourselves  at  the 
end  of  that  period  in  a condition  of  independence  and  prosperity  the  like  of 
which  has  never  been  witnessed  at  any  other  period  in  the  histoiy  of  our 
country,  and  the  like  of  which  has  no  parallel  in  the  recorded  history  of  the 
world. 

“In  all  that  goes  to  make  a nation  great  and  strong  and  independent  we 
have  made  extraordinary  strides.  In  arts,  in  science,  in  literature,  in  manu- 
factures, in  invention,  in  scientific  principles  applied  to  manufacture  and  ag- 
riculture, in  wealth  and  credit  and  national  honor,  we  are  at  the  very  front, 
abreast  with  the  best  and  behind  none. 

“In  1860,  after  fourteen  years  of  a revenue  tariff,  just  the  kind  of  a tariff 
that  our  political  adversaries  are  advocating  to-day,  the  business  of  the  coun- 
try was  prostrated,  agriculture  was  deplorably  depressed,  manufacturing  was 
on  the  decline,  and  the  poverty  of  the  government  itself  made  this  nation  a 
by-word  in  the  financial  centers  of  the  world. 

“We  neither  had  money  nor  credit.  Both  are  essential;  a nation  can  get 
on  if  it  has  abundant  revenues,  but  if  it  has  none  it  must  have  credit.  We 
had  neither,  as  the  legacy  of  the  Democratic  revenue  tariff.  We  have  both 
now.  We  have  a surplus  revenue  and  a spotless  credit.  I need  not  state 
what  is  so  fresh  in  our  minds,  so  recent  in  our  history,  as  to  be  known  to  ev- 
ery gentleman  who  hears  me,  that  from  the  inauguration  of  the  protective 
tariff  laws  of  1861,  the  old  Morrill  tariff — which  has  brought  to  that  veteran 
statesman  the  highest  honor  and  will  give  to  him  his  proudest  monument — 
this  condition  changed.  Confidence  was  restored,  courage  was  inspired,  the 
government  started  upon  a progressive  era  under  a system  thoroughly  Amer- 
ican. 

“ With  a great  war  on  our  hands,  with  an  army  to  enlist  and  prepare  for 
service,  with  untold  millions  of  money  to  supply,  the  protective  tariff  never 
failed  us  in  a single  emergency,  and  while  money  was  flowing  into  our  Treas- 
ury to  save  the  government,  industries  were  springing  up  all  over  the  land — 
the  foundation  and  corner-stone  of  our  prosperity  and  glory. 

“ With  a debt  of  over  $2,050,000,000  when  the  war  terminated,  holding 
on  to  the  protective  laws  against  Democratic  opposition,  we  have  reduced 
that  debt  at  an  average  rate  of  more  than  $62,000,000  each  year,  $174,000  ev- 
ery twenty-four  hours  of  the  last  twenty-five  years,  and  what  looked  to  be  a 
burden  almost  impossible  to  bear  has  been  removed  under  the  Republican 
fiscal  system  until  now  it  is  $1,020,000,000,  and  with  the  payment  of  this  vast 
sum  of  money  the  nation  has  not  been  impoverished.  The  individual  citizen 
has  not  been' burdened  or  bankrupted.  National  and  individual  prosperity 
have  gone  steadily  on  until  our  wealth  is  so  great  as  to  be  almost  incompre- 
hensible when  put  into  figures. 

“The  accumulations  of  the  laborers  of  the  country  have  increased,  and  the 
working  classes  of  no  nation  in  the  world  have  such  splendid  deposits  in  sav- 
ings banks  as  the  working  classes  of  the  United  States. 

" “ Listen  to  its  own  story.  The  deposits  of  all  the  savings  banks  of  New 
England  in  1886  equaled  $554,532,434.  The  deposits  in  the  savings  banks  of 
New  York  in  1886  were  $482,686,730.  The  deposits  in  the  savings  banks  of 
Massachusetts  for  the  year  1887  were  $302,948,624,  and  the  number  of  depos- 
itors was  944,778,  or  $320.67  for  each  depositor.  The  savings  banks  of  nine 
States  have  in  nineteen  years  increased  their  deposits  $628, 000,000.  The  Eng- 
lish savings  banks  have  in  thirty-four  years  increased  theirs  $350,000,000. 
Our  operatives  deposit  $7  to  the  English  operative’s  $1.  These  vast  sums  rep- 
resent the  savings  of  the  men  whose  labor  has  been  employed  under  the  pro- 
tective policy  which  gives,  as  experience  has  shown,  the  largest  possible  re- 
ward to  labor. 

“ There  is  no  one  thing  standing  alone  that  so  surely  tests  the  wisdom  of 
a national  financial  policy  as  the  national  credit,  what  it  costs  to  maintain  it, 
29b 


410 


APPENDIX. 


and  the  burden  it  imposes  upon  the  citizen.  It  is  a fact  which  every  Ameri- 
can should  contemplate  pith  pride,  that  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States 
per  capita  is  less  than  that  of  any  other  great  nation  of  the  world.  Let  me 
call  the  roll:  Belgium’s  public  debt,  per  capita,  is  $72.18;  France,  $218.27; 
Germany,  $43.10;  Great  Britain,  $100.09;  Italy,  $74.25;  Peru,  $140.06;  Por- 
tugal, $104.18;  Russia,  $35.41;  Spain,  $73.34;  United  States,  $33.92  on  a 
population  of  50,000,000;  and  now,  with  our  increased  population,  the  per 
capita  would  be  under  $25.  England  increased  her  rate  of  taxation  between 
1870  and  1880  over  24  percent.,  while  the  United  States  diminished  nearly 
10  per  cent. 

“ We  lead  all  nations  in  agriculture,  we  lead  all  nations  in  mining,  and  we 
lead  all  nations  in  manufacturing.  These  are  the  trophies  which  we  bring 
after  twenty-nine  years  of  a protective  tariff.  Can  any  other  system  furnish 
such  evidences  of  prosperity  ? Yet  in  the  presence  of  such  a showing  of  prog- 
ress there  are  men  everywhere  found  who  talk  about  the  restraints  we  put 
upon  trade  and  the  burdens  we  put  upon  the  enterprise  and  energy  of  our 
people.  There  is  no  country  in  the  world  where  individual  enterprise  has 
such  wide  and  varied  range  and  where  the  inventive  genius  of  man  has  such 
encouragement. 

“There  is  no  nation  in  the  world,  under  any  system,  where  the  same  re- 
ward is  given  to  the  labor  of  men’s  hands  and  the  work  of  their  brains  as  in 
the  United  States.  We  have  widened  the  sphere  of  human  endeavor  and 
given  to  every  man  a fair  chance  in  the  race  of  life  and  in  the  attainment  of 
the  highest  possibilities  of  human  destiny. 

1 ‘ To  reverse  this  system  means  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  Republic  and  re- 
duce the  masses  to  small  rewards  for  their  labor,  to  longer  hours  and  less  pay, 
to  the  simple  question  of  bread  and  butter.  It  means  to  turn  them  from  am- 
bition, courage,  and  hope,  to  dependence,  degradation  and  despair.  No  sane 
man  will  give  up  what  he  has  got,  what  he  is  in  possession  of,  what  he  can 
count  on  for  himself  and  his  children,  for  what  is  promised  by  your  theories. 

“ Free  trade,  or,  as  you  are  pleased  to  call  it,  ‘revenue  tariff,’  means  the 
opening  up  of  this  market,  which  is  admitted  to  be  the  best  in  the  world,  to 
the  free  entry  of  the  products  of  the  world.  It  means  more — it  means  that 
the  labor  of  this  country  is  to  be  remitted  to  its  earlier  condition,  and  that  the 
condition  of  our  people  is  to  be  leveled  down  to  the  condition  of  rival  coun- 
tries; because  under  it  every  element  of  cost,  every  item  of  production,  in- 
cluding wages,  must  be  brought  down  to  the  level  of  the  lowest  paid  labor  of 
the  world.  No  other  result  can  follow,  and  no  other  result  is  anticipated  or 
expected  by  those  who  intelligently  advocate  a revenue  tariff.  We  can  not 
maintain  ourselves  against  unequal  conditions  without  the  tariff,  and  no  man 
of  affairs  believes  we  can. 

“Under  the  system  of  unrestricted  trade  which  you  gentlemen  recom- 
mend, we  will  have  to  reduce  every  element  of  cost  down  to  or  below  that  of 
our  commercial  rivals,  or  surrender  to  them  our  own  market.  No  one  will 
dispute  that  statement,  and  to  go  into  the  domestic  market  of  our  rivals  would 
mean  that  production  here  must  be  so  reduced  that  with  transportation 
added  we  could  undersell  them  in  their  own  market,  and  to  meet  them  in 
neutral  markets  and  divide  the  trade  with  them  would  mean  that  we  could 
profitably  sell  side  by  side  with  them  at  their  minimum  price. 

“First,  then,  to  retain  our  own  market  under  the  Democratic  system  of 
raising  revenue  by  removing  all  protection  would  require  our  producers  to 
sell  at  as  low  a price  and  upon  as  favorable  terms  as  our  foreign  competitors. 
How  could  that  be  done  ? In  one  way  only — by  producing  as  cheaply  as 
those  who  would  seek  our  markets.  What  would  that  entail  ? An  entire 
revolution  in  the  methods  and  condition  and  conduct  of  business  here,  a lev- 
eling down  through  every  channel  to  the  lowest  line  of  our  competitors;  our 
habits  of  living  would  have  to  be  changed,  our  wage  cut  down  50  per  cent., 


the  mckinley  bill. 


411 


or  upward,  our  comfortable  homes  exchanged  for  hovels,  our  independence 
yielded  up,  our  citizenship  demoralized. 

“These  are  conditions  inseparable  to  free  trade;  these  would  be  necessary 
if  we  would  command  our  own  market  among  our  own  people,  and  if  we 
would  invade  the  world’s  markets  harsher  conditions  and  greater  sacrifices 
would  be  demanded  of  the  masses.  Talk  about  depression,  we  would  then 
have  it  in  its  fullness.  We  would  revel  in  unrestrained  trade.  Everything 
would  indeed  be  cheap,  but  how  costly  when  measured  by  the  degradation 
which  would  ensue  ! When  merchandise  is  the  cheapest,  men  are  the  poor- 
est, and  the  most  distressing  experiences  in  the  history  of  our  country — ay, 
in  all  human  history — have  been  when  everything  was  the  lowest  and  cheap- 
est measured  by  gold,  for  everything  was  the  highest  and  the  dearest  meas- 
ured by  labor.  We  want  no  return  of  cheap  times  in  our  own  country. 
We  have  no  wish  to  adopt  the  conditions  of  other  nations.  Experience 
has  demonstrated  that  for  us  and  ours  and  for  the  present  and  the  future  the 
protective  system  meets  our  wants,  our  conditions,  promotes  the  national  de- 
sign, and  will  work  out  our  destiny  better  than  any  other.  ” 


MR.  CARLISLE’S  VIEWS  ON  THE  TARIFF, 


EXTRACTS  FROM  A SPEECH  MADE  IN  A DEBATE  ON  THE  MILLS  BILL, 

MAY  19,  1888. 

“It  appears  from  the  last  official  statement  that  there  was  in  the  Treasury 
at  the  close  of  the  last  month,  including  subsidiary  and  minor  coins,  the  sum 
of  $136,143,357.95  over  and  above  all  the  current  liabilities  of  the  govern- 
ment. This  was  $56,676,662.65  more  than  the  surplus  ou  hand  on  the  1st 
day  of  December,  1887,  and  shows  that  there  has  been  since  that  date  an  av- 
erage monthly  increase  of  $11,335,332.15.  The  surplus  accumulation  each 
month  under  the  existing  system  of  taxation  is  more  than  the  total  cost  of  the 
government  during  the  first  two  years  of  Washington’s  administration,  while 
the  aggregate  sum  is  considerably  in  excess  of  the  whole  expenditure  of  the 
government  during  the  first  eighteen  years  of  its  existence  under  the  Consti- 
tution, including  civil  and  miscellaneous  expenses,  war,  navy,  Indians,  pen- 
sions, and  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

‘ ‘ Eveiy  dollar  of  this  enormous  sum  has  been  taken  by  law  from  the  pro- 
ductive industries  and  commercial  pursuits  of  the  people  at  a time  when  it 
was  sorely  needed  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  their  business,  and  under 
circumstances  which  afford  no  excuse  whatever  for  the  exaction.  There  is 
not  a monarchical  government  in  the  world,  however  absolute  its  form  or  how- 
ever arbitrary  its  power,  that  would  dare  to  extort  such  a tribute  from  its 
subjects  in  excess  of  the  proper  requirements  of  the  public  service;  and  the 
question  which  Congress  is  now  compelled  to  determine  is  whether  such  a 
policy  can  be  longer  continued  here  in  this  country,  where  the  people  are 
supposed  to  govern  in  their  own  right  and  in  their  own  interest. 

“ On  the  17th  day  of  last  month  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  pursu 
ance  of  authority  conferred  upon  him  by  the  law  of  March,  1881,  as  inter 
preted  by  the  two  Houses  of  Congress,  issued  a circular  inviting  proposals 
for  the  sale  of  bonds  to  the  government.  The  first  purchase  was  made  under 
this  invitation  on  the  18th  day  of  April,  and  between  that  date  and  the  close 
of  business  yesterday,  a period  of  one  month,  he  has  purchased  on  account 
of  the  government  4 per  cent,  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $13,456,500,  upon 
which  interest  had  accrued  at  the  date  of  the  purchase  to  the  amount  of 
$53,172.07.  For  these  bonds  he  was  compelled  to  pay  the  sum  of  $17,046,- 
136.06,  which  was  $3,536,464  more  than  the  principal  and  accrued  interest, 
or  a premium  of  26j^  per  cent.  During  the  same  time  and  under  the  same 
authority  he  purchased  4hj  per  cent,  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $12,404,450, 
upon  which  interest  had  accrued  to  the  amount  of  $108,086.55.  For  these 
bonds  he  paid  the  sum  of  $13,379,188.37,  which  was  $866,652.37  in  excess  of 
the  principal  and  interest.  The  premium  paid  upon  this  class  of  bonds  was 
nearly  7 per  cent. 

“ This  is  the  situation  into  which  the  government  has  been  forced  by  the 
failure  of  Congress  in  past  years  to  make  provision  for  a reduction  of  taxa- 
tion. Millions  of  dollars  which  ought  to  have  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
people  who  earned  the  money  by  their  labor  and  by  their  skill  in  the  prose- 
cution of  business  have  been  taken  away  from  them  by  law  to  be  paid  out  to 
the  bondholders  in  excess  of  their  legal  demands  against  the  government. 
And,  sir,  if  the  present  Congress  shall  adjourn  without  applying  a remedy, 
this  unjust  process  must  go  on  for  an  indefinite  length  of  time.  In  the  pres- 
ence of  such  a situation  we  cannot  afford  to  quarrel  about  trivial  details.  A 
reduction  of  the  revenue — not  by  increasing  taxation,  as  some  propose,  but 
by  diminishing  taxation  in  such  manner  as  will  afford  the  largest  measure  of 
relief  to  the  people  and  their  industries — should  be  the  great  and  controlling 
object  to  which  everything  else  should  be  subordinated.  I do  not  mean  that 
every  interest,  however  small  and  insignificant,  should  not  be  carefully  con- 
sidered in  a friendly  spirit,  but  I do  mean  that  the  general  interests  of  the 
many  should  not  be  subordinated  to  the  special  interests  of  the  few. 

412 


MR.  CARLISLE’S  VIEWS  ON  THE  TARIFF. 


413 


“ Although  the  question  now  presented  is  purely  a practical  one,  it  neces- 
sarily involves,  to  some  extent,  a discussion  of  the  conflicting  theories  of 
taxation  which  have  divided  the  people  of  this  country  ever  since  the  organi- 
zation of  the  government.  There  is  a fundamental  and  irreconcilable  differ- 
ence of  opinion  between  those  who  believe  that  the  power  of  taxation  should 
be  used  for  public  purposes  only,  and  that  the  burdens  of  taxation  should  be 
equally  distributed  among  all  the  people  according  to  their  ability  to  bear 
them,  and  those  who  believe  that  it  is  the  right  and  duty'of  the  government 
to  promote  certain  private  enterprises  and  increase  the  profits  of  those  engaged 
in  them  by  the  imposition  of  higher  rates  than  are  necessary  to  raise  revenue 
for  the  proper  administration  of  public  affairs;  and  so  long  as  this  difference 
exists,  or  at  least  so  long  as  the  policy  of  the  government  is  not  permanently 
settled  and  acquiesced  in,  these  conflicting  opinions  will  continue  to  embar- 
rass the  representatives  of  the  people  in  their  efforts  either  to  increase  or  re- 
duce taxation. 

‘ ‘ While  no  man  in  public  life  would  venture  to  advocate  excessive  taxation 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  raising  excessive  revenue,  many  will  advocate  it,  or 
at  least  excuse  it,  when  the  rates  are  so  adjusted  or  the  objects  of  taxation  are 
so  selected  as  to  secure  advantages,  or  supposed  advantages,  to  some  parts  of 
the  country  or  to  some  classes  of  industries  over  other  parts  and  other  classes; 
and  this,  Mr.  Chairman,  is  the  sole  cause  of  the  difficulties  we  are  now  en- 
countering in  our  efforts  to  relieve  the  people  and  reduce  the  surplus.  It  is 
the  sole  cause  of  the  unfortunate  delay  that  has  already  occurred  in  the  re- 
vision of  our  revenue  laws,  and  if  the  pending  bill  shall  be  defeated,  and  dis- 
aster in  any  form  shall  come  upon  the  country  by  reason  of  overtaxation  and 
an  accumulation  of  money  in  the  Treasury,  this  unjust  feature  in  our  present 
system  will  be  responsible  for  it. 

“ Whenever  an  attempt  is  made  to  emancipate  labor  from  the  servitude 
which  an  unequal  system  of  taxation  imposes  upon  it,  whenever  it  is  pro- 
posed to  secure  as  far  as  possible  to  each  individual  citizen  the  full  fruits  of 
his  own  earnings,  subject  only  to  the  actual  necessities  of  the  government, 
and  whenever  a measure  is  presented  for  the  removal  of  unnecessary  re- 
strictions from,  domestic  industries  and  international  commerce,  so  as  to  per- 
mit freer  production  and  freer  exchanges,  the  alarm  is  sounded  and  all  the 
cohorts  of  monopoly  are  assembled  to  hear  their  heralds  proclaim  the  imme- 
diate and  irretrievable  ruin  of  the  country. 

“ Mr.  Chairman,  it  has  been  stubbornly  contended  all  through  this  debate 
that  high  rates  of  duty  upon  imported  goods  are  beneficial  to  the  great  body 
of  consumers,  because  such  duties,  instead  of  increasing  the  price  of  the  do- 
mestic articles  of  the  same  kind,  actually  reduce  the  prices.  If  this  be  true, 
all  the  other  arguments  in  support  of  the  existing  system  are  not  only  super- 
fluous, but  manifestly  unsound.  The  proposition  that  a high  tariff  enables 
the  producer  to  pay  higher  wages  for  his  labor,  and  the  proposition  that  it 
also  reduces  the  prices  of  the  articles  he  has  to  sell,  which  are  the  products  of 
that  labor,  are  utterly  inconsistent  with  each  other,  and  no  ingenuity  of  the 
casuist  can  possibly  reconcile  them.  Labor  is  paid  out  of  its  own  product, 
and  unless  that  product  can  be  sold  for  a price  which  will  enable  the  em- 
ployer to  realize  a reasonable  profit  and  pay  the  established  rates  of  wages, 
the  business  must  cease  or  the  rates  of  wages  must  be  reduced.  When  the 
price  of  the  finished  product  is  reduced  by  reason  of  the  increased  efficiency 
of  labor,  or  by  reason  of  the  reduced  cost  of  the  raw  material,  the  employer 
may  continue  to  pay  the  same  or  even  a higher  rate  of  wages  and  still  make 
his  usual  profits.  But  the  tariff  neither  increases  the  efficiency  of  labor  nor 
reduces  the  cost  of  the  raw  material. 

“I  do  not  deny  that  prices  have  greatly  fallen  during  the  last  fifty  years, 
not  only  in  this  country,  but  all  over  the  civilized  world — in  free-trade  coun- 
tries as  well  as  in  protectionist  countries.  Nor  do  I deny  that  during  the 


414 


APPENDIX. 


same  time  the  general  tendency  has  been  toward  an  increase  in  the  rates  of 
wages;  and  this  is  true  also  of  all  civilized  countries,  free-trade  and  protec- 
tion alike.  It  is  not  possible  for  me  now  to  enumerate,  much  less  discuss,  all 
the  causes  that  have  contributed  to  these  results.  One  of  the  most  efficient 
causes,  in  fact  the  most  efficient  cause,  is  the  combination  of  skilled  labor 
with  machinery  in  the  production  of  commodities.  The  introduction  and  use 
of  improved  machinery  has  wrought  a complete  revolution  in  nearly  all  our 
manufacturing  industries,  and  in  many  cases  has  enabled  one  man  to  do  the 
work  which  it  required  one  hundred  men  to  do  before.  Here  is  a statement 
furnished  by  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Labor  to  the  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  showing  the  value  of  the  product  of  a 
week’s  labor  in  spinning  cotton  yarn  by  hand  and  the  value  of  the  product  of 
a week’s  labor  combined  with  machinery  in  the  same  industry:  In  1813,  one 
man  working  sixty  hours  by  hand  could  turn  out  three  pounds  of  cotton 
yarn,  worth  $2.25,  or  seventy-five  cents  per  pound;  now  the  same  man,  if  he 
were  living,  could  turn  out  in  sixty  hours  with  the  use  of  machinery  3,000 
pounds  of  cotton  yarn  of  the  same  character,  worth  $450,  or  fifteen  cents 
per  pound.  The  cotton-spinner  now  receives  as  wages  for  his  week's  work 
more  than  three  times  as  much  as  the  total  value  of  the  product  of  a week’s 
work,  including  the  value  of  the  material,  in  1813;  and  yet  labor  is  far 
cheaper  to  the  employer  now  than  it  was  then.  Although  the  employer  now 
receives  only  one-tifth  as  much  per  pound  for  his  cotton  yarn  as  he  did  in 
1813,  he  realizes  from  the  sale  of  the  products  of  a week’s  labor  just  two 
hundred  times  as  much  as  he  did  then. 

“I  have  also  a statement  prepared  by  the  same  official,  showing  the  rela- 
tive production  and  value  of  product  of  a weaver  using  hand  and  power  ma- 
chinery, from  which  it  appears  that  a weaver  by  hand  turned  out,  in  seventy- 
two  hours  in  1813,  45  yards  of  cotton  goods  (shirting),  worth  $17.91,  while  a 
weaver  now,  using  machinery,  turns  out  in  sixty  hours  1,440  yards,  worth 
$108.  Substantially  the  same  exhibit  could  be  made  in  regard  to  a very  large 
number  of  our  manufacturing  industries. 

“Is  it  strange,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  view  of  these  facts,  that  the  prices  of 
manufactured  goods  have  fallen  or  that  the  wages  of  the  laborers  who  pro- 
duce them  have  risen?  Is  it  not,  on  the  contrary,  remarkable  that  there  has 
not  been  a greater  fall  in  prices  and  a greater  increase  in  wages?  Undoubt- 
edly there  would  have  been  a greater  reduction  in  prices  and  a greater  in- 
crease in  wages  if  there  had  been  a wider  market  for  the  products  and  a lower 
cost  for  the  material. 

“The  tremendous  productive  forces  at  work  all  over  the  world  in  these 
modern  times,  and  the  small  cost  of  maual  labor  in  comparison  with  the  value 
of  the  products  of  these  combined  forces,  can  not  be  realized  from  any  general 
statement  upon  the  subject.  In  order  to  form  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of 
these  natural  and  mechanical  forces,  and  the  efficiency  of  manual  labor  and 
skill  when  connected  with  them,  let  us  look  at  the  situation  in  six  of  our  own 
manufacturing  industries.  In  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  woolen 
goods,  iron  and  steel,  sawed  lumber,  paper,  and  in  our  flouring  and  grist 
mills,  there  were  employed,  according  to  the  latest  statistics,  517,299  persons, 
not  all  men,  but  many  of  them  women  and  children.  This  labor  was  sup- 
plemented by  steam  and  water  power  equal  to  2,496,299  horse-power.  This 
is  equal  to  the  power  of  14,977,794  men;  and  thus  we  find  that  a little  over 
517,000  persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes  are  performing,  in  connection  with 
steam  and  water  power,  the  work  of  15,495,093  adult  and  healthy  men. 

“The  railroad,  the  steam-vessel,  the  telegraph,  the  improved  facilities  for 
the  conduct  of  financial  transactions,  and  many  other  conveniences  intro- 
duced into  our  modern  systems  of  production  and  distribution  and  exchange 
have  all  contributed  their  share  toward  the  reduction  of  prices,  and  it  would 
be  interesting  to  inquire  what  their  influence  has  been,  but  I can  not  pursue 
this  particular  subject  further  without  occupying  too  much  time.  ” 


THE  CENTENNIAL  MESSAGE. 


EXTRACT  FROM  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND’S  MESSAGE  TO  THE  FIF- 
TIETH CONGRESS,  SENT  DECEMBER  3,  1888. 


The  second  session  of  tlie  Fiftieth  Congress  convened  on  Monday,  Dec. 
3,  1888;  and  the  President  sent  in  his  fourth  annual  message,  as  follows; 

To  the  Co  tigress  of  the  United  States: 

As  you  assemble  for  the  discharge  of  the  duties  you  have  assumed  as  the 
representatives  of  a free  and  generous  people,  your  meeting  is  marked  by  an 
interesting  and  impressive  incident.  With  the  expiration  of  the  present  ses- 
sion of  the  Congress  the  first  century  of  our  constitutional  existence  as  a 
nation  will  be  completed. 

Our  survival  for  one  hundred  years  is  not  sufficient  to  assure  us  that  we 
no  longer  have  dangers  to  fear  in  the  maintenance,  with  all  its  promised 
blessings,  of  a government  founded  upon  the  freedom  of  the  people.  The 
time  rather  admonishes  us  to  soberly  inquire  whether  in  the  past  we  have 
always  closely  kept  in  the  course  of  safety,  and  whether  we  have  before  us 
a way  plain  and  clear  which  leads  to  happiness  and  perpetuity. 

When  the  experiment  of  our  government  was  undertaken,  the  chart 
adopted  for  our  guidance  was  the  Constitution.  Departure  from  the  lines 
there  laid  down  is  failure.  It  is  only  by  a strict  adherence  to  the  direction 
they  indicate  and  by  restraint  within  the  limitations  they  fix  that  we  can 
furnish  proof  to  the  world  of  the  fitness  of  the  American  people  for  self- 
government. 

The  equal  and  exact  justice  of  which  we  boast  as  the  underlying  principle 
of  our  institutions  should  not  be  confined  to  the  relations  of  our  citizens  to 
each  other.  The  government  itself  is  under  bond  to  the  American  people 
that  in  the  exercise  of  its  functions  and  powers  it  will  deal  with  the  body  of 
our  citizens  in  a manner  scrupulously  honest  and  fair  and  absolutely  just. 
It  has  agreed  that  American  citizenship  shall  be  the  only  credential  necessary 
to  justify  the  claim  of  equality  before  the  law,  and  that  no  condition  in  life 
shall  give  rise  to  discrimination  in  the  treatment  of  the  people  by  their 
government . 

The  citizen  of  our  republic  in  its  early  days  rigidly  insisted  upon  full 
compliance  with  the  letter  of  this  bond,  and  saw  stretching  out  before  him  a 
clear  field  for  individual  endeavor.  His  tribute  to  the  support  of  his  gov- 
ernment was  measured  by  the  cost  of  its  economical  maintenance,  and  he 
was  secure  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  remaining  recompense  of  his  steady  and 
contented  toil.  In  those  days  the  frugality  of  the  people  was  stamped  upon 
their  government,  and  was  enforced  by  the  free,  thoughtful,  and  intelligent 
suffrage  of  the  citizen.  Combinations,  monopolies,  and  aggregations  of  cap- 
ital were  either  avoided  or  sternly  regulated  and  restrained.  The  pomp  and 
glitter  of  governments  less  free  offered  no  temptation  and  presented  no  delu- 
sion to  the  plain  people  who,  side  by  side,  in  friendly  competition  wrought 
for  the  ennoblement  and  dignity  of  man,  for  the  solution  of  the  problem  of 
free  government,  and  for  the  achievement  of  the  grand  destiny  awaiting  the 
land  which  God  had  given  them. 

A century  has  passed.  Our  cities  are  the  abiding-places  of  wealth  and 
luxury;  our  manufactories  yield  fortunes  never  dreamed  of  by  the  fathers  of 
the  republic;  our  business  men  are  madly  striving  in  the  race  for  riches,  and 


416 


APPENDIX. 


immense  aggregations  of  capital  outrun  the  imagination  in  tlie  magnitude  of 
their  undertakings. 

We  view  with  pride  and  satisfaction  this  bright  picture  of  our  country’s 
growth  and  prosperity,  while  only  a closer  scrutiny  develops  a somber  shad- 
ing. Upon  more  careful  inspection  we  find  the  wealth  and  luxury  of  our 
cities  mingled  with  poverty  and  wretchedness  and  unremunerative  toil.  A 
crowded  and  constantly  increasing  urban  population  suggests  the  impover- 
ishment of  rural  sections  and  discontent  with  agricultural  pursuits.  The 
farmer’s  son,  not  satisfied  with  his  father's  simple  and  laborious  life,  joins 
the  eager  chase  for  easily  acquired  wealth. 

We  discover  that  the  fortunes  realized  by  our  manufacturers  are  no  lon- 
ger solely  the  reward  of  sturdy  industry  and  enlightened  foresight,  but  that 
they  result  from  the  discriminating  favor  of  the  government,  and  are  largely 
built  upon  undue  exactions  from  the  masses  of  our  people.  The  gulf  be- 
tween employers  and  the  employed  is  constantly  widening  and  classes  are 
rapidly  forming,  one  comprising  the  very  rich  and  powerful,  while  in  an- 
other are  found  the  toiling  poor. 

As  we  view  the  achievements  of  aggregated  capital,  we  discover  the  ex- 
istence of  trusts,  combinations,  and  monopolies,  while  the  citizen  is  struggling 
far  in  the  rear  or  is  trampled  to  death  beneath  an  iron  heel.  Corporations, 
which  should  be  the  carefully  restrained  creatures  of  the  law  and  the  ser- 
vants of  the  people,  are  fast  becoming  the  people’s  masters. 

Still,  congratulating  ourselves  upon  the  wealth  and  prosperity  of  our 
country,  and  complacently  contemplating  every  incident  of  change  insepar- 
able from  these  conditions,  it  is  our  duty  as  patriotic  citizens  to  inquire,  at 
the  present  stage  of  our  progress,  how  the  bond  of  the  government  made 
with  the  people  has  been  kept  and  performed. 

Instead  of  limiting  the  tribute  drawn  from  our  citizens  to  the  necessities 
of  its  economical  administration,  the  government  persists  in  exacting,  from 
the  substance  of  the  people,  millions  which,  unapplied  and  useless,  lie  dor- 
mant in  its  Treasury.  This  flagrant  injustice,  and  this  breach  of  faith  and 
obligation,  add  to  extortion  the  danger  attending  the  diversion  of  the  cur- 
rency of  the  country  from  the  legitimate  channels  of  business. 

Under  the  same  laws  by  which  these  results  are  produced,  the  govern- 
ment permits  many  millions  more  to  be  added  to  the  cost  of  the  living  of  our 
people  and  to  be  taken  from  our  consumers,  which  unreasonably  swell  the 
profits  of  a small  but  powerful  minority. 

The  people  must  still  be  taxed  for  the  support  of  the  government  under 
the  operation  of  tariff  laws.  But  to  the  extent  that  the  mass  of  our  citizens 
are  inordinately  burdened  beyond  any  useful  public  purpose,  and  for  the 
benefit  of  a favored  few,  the  government,  under  pretext  of  an  exercise  of  its 
taxing  power,  enters  gratuitously  into  partnership  with  these  favorites  to 
their  advantage  and  to  the  injury  of  a vast  majority  of  our  people. 

This  is  not  equality  before  the  law. 

The  existing  situation  is  injurious  to  the  health  of  our  entire  body  politic. 
It  stifles,  in  those  for  whose  benefit  it  is  permitted,  all  patriotic  love  of  coun- 
try, and  substitutes  in  its  place  selfish  greed  and  grasping  avarice.  Devotion 
to  American  citizenship  for  its  own  sake  and  for  what  it  should  accomplish 
as  a motive  to  our  nation’s  advancement  and  the  happiness  of  all  our  people 
is  displaced  by  the  assumption  that  the  government,  instead  of  being  the 
embodiment  of  equality,  is  but  an  instrumentality  through  which  especial 
and  individual  advantages  are  to  be  gained. 

The  arrogance  of  this  assumption  is  unconcealed.  It  appears  in  the  sor- 
did disregard  of  all  but  personal  interests,  in  the  refusal  to  abate  for  the  ben- 
efit of  others  one  iota  of  selfish  advantage,  and  in  combinations  to  perpetuate 
such  advantages  through  efforts  to  control  legislation  and  improperly  influ- 
ence the  suffrages  of  tlie  people. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  MESSAGE. 


417 


The  grievances  of  those  not  included  within  the  circle  of  these  benefici- 
aries, when  fully  realized,  will  surely  arouse  irritation  and  discontent.  Our 
farmers,  long-suffering  and  patient,  struggling  in  the  race  of  life  with  the 
hardest  and  most  unremitting  toil,  will  not  fail  to  see,  in  spite  of  misrepre- 
sentations and  misleading  fallacies,  that  they  are  obliged  to  accept  such 
prices  for  their  products  as  are  fixed  in  foreign  markets  where  they  compete 
with  the  farmers  of  the  world;  that  their  lands  are  declining  in  value  while 
their  debts  increase;  and  that  without  compensating  favor  they  are  forced  by 
the  action  of  the  government  to  pay  for  the  benefit  of  others  such  enhanced 
prices  for  the  things  they  need  that  the  scanty  returns  of  their  labor  fail  to 
furnish  their  support,  or  leave  no  margin  for  accumulation. 

Our  workingmen,  enfranchised  from  all  delusions,  and  no  longer  fright- 
eued  by  the  cry  that  their  wages  are  endangered  by  a just  revision  of  our 
tariff  laws,  will  reasonably  demand  through  such  revision  steadier  employ- 
ment, cheaper  means  of  living  in  their  homes,  freedom  for  themselves  and 
their  children  from  the  doom  of  perpetual  servitude,  and  an  open  door  to 
their  advancement  beyond  the  limits  of  a laboring  class.  Others  of  our  citi- 
zens, whose  comforts  and  expenditures  are  measured  by  moderate  salaries 
and  fixed  incomes,  will  insist  upon  the  fairness  and  justice  of  cheapening  the 
cost  of  necessaries  for  themselves  and  their  families. 

When  to  the  selfishness  of  the  beneficiaries  of  unjust  discrimination  under 
our  laws  there  shall  be  added  the  discontent  of  those  who  suffer  from  such 
discrimination,  we  will  realize  the  fact  that  the  beneficent  purposes  of  our 
government,  dependent  upon  the  patriotism  and  contentment  of  our  people, 
are  endangered. 

Communism  is  a hateful  thing,  and  a menace  to  peace  and  organized 
government.  But  the  communism  of  combined  wealth  and  capital,  the  out- 
growth of  overweening  cupidity  and  selfishness,  which  insidiously  under- 
mines the  justice  and  integrity’  of  free  institutions,  is  not  less  dangerous  than 
the  communism  of  oppressed  poverty  and  toil  which,  exasperated  by  injustice 
and  discontent,  attacks  with  wild  disorder  the  citadel  of  rule. 

He  mocks  the  people  who  proposes  that  the  government  shall  protect  the 
rich  and  that  they  in  turn  will  care  for  the  laboring  poor.  Any  intermediary 
between  the  people  and  their  government,  or  the  least  delegation  of  the  care 
and  protection  the  government  owes  to  the  humblest  citizen  in  the  land, 
makes  the  boast  of  free  institutions  a glittering  delusion,  and  the  pretended 
boon  of  American  citizenship  a shameless  imposition. 

A just  and  sensible  revision  of  our  tariff  laws  should  be  made  for  the  re- 
lief of  those  of  our  countrymen  who  suffer  under  present  conditions.  Such 
a revision  should  receive  the  support  of  all  who  love  that  justice  and  equality 
due  to  American  citizenship,  of  all  who  realize  that  in  this  justice  and  equal- 
ity our  government  finds  its  strength  and  its  power  to  protect  the  citizen  and 
his  property,  of  all  who  believe  that  the  contented  competence  and  comfort 
of  many  accord  better  with  the  spirit  of  our  institutions  than  colossal  fortunes 
unfairly  gathered  in  the  hands  of  a few,  of  all  wdio  appreciate  that  the  for- 
bearance and  fraternity  among  our  people  which  recognize  the  value  of  every 
American  interest,  are  the  surest  guarantee  of  our  national  progress,  and  of 
all  who  desire  to  see  the  products  of  American  skill  and  ingenuity  in  every 
market  of  the  world  with  a resulting  restoration  of  American  commerce. 

The  necessity  of  the  reduction  of  our  revenue  is  so  apparent  as  to  be  gen- 
erally conceded.  But  the  means  by  which  this  end  shall  be  accomplished 
and  the  sum  of  direct  benefit  which  shall  result  to  our  citizens  present  a con- 
troversy of  the  utmost  importance.  There  should  be  no  scheme  accepted  as 
satisfactory  by  which  the  burdens  of  the  people  are  only  apparently  removed. 
Extravagant  appropriations  of  public  money,  with  all  their  demoralizing 
consequences,  should  not  be  tolerated,  either  as  a means  of  relieving  the 
Treasury  of  its  present  surplus  or  as  furnishing  pretext  for  resisting  a proper 


418 


APPENDIX. 


reduction  in  tariff  rates.  Existing  evils  and  injustice  should  be  honestly  rec- 
ognized, boldly  met,  and  effectively  remedied.  There  should  be  no  cessa- 
tion of  the  struggle  until  a plan  is  perfected,  fair  and  conservative  toward 
existing  industries,  but  which  will  reduce  the  cost  to  consumers  of  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  while  it  provides  for  our  manufacturers  the  advantage  of  freer 
raw  materials  and  permits  no  injury  to  the  interests  of  American  labor. 

The  cause  for  which  the  battle  is  waged  is  comprised  within  lines  clearly 
and  distinctly  defined.  It  should  never  be  compromised.  It  is  the  people’s 
cause. 

It  can  not  be  denied  that  the  selfish  and  private- interests  which  are  so 
persistently  heard,  when  efforts  are  made  to  deal  in  a just  and  comprehensive 
manner  with  our  tariff  laws,  are  related  to,  if  they  are  not  responsible  for, 
the  sentiment  largely  prevailing  among  the  people  that  the  general  govern- 
ment is  the  foundation  of  individual  and  private  aid;  that  it  maybe  expected 
to  relieve  with  paternal  care  the  distress  of  citizens  and  communities,  and 
from  the  fullness  of  its  Treasury  it  should,  upon  the  slightest  possible  pre- 
text of  promoting  the  general  good,  apply  public  funds  to  the  benefit  of  lo- 
calities and  individuals.  Nor  can  it  be  denied  that  there  is  a growing  as- 
sumption that,  as  against  the  government  and  in  favor  of  private  claims  and 
interests,  the  usual  rules  and  limitations  of  business  principles  and  just  deal- 
ing should  be  waived. 

These  ideas  have  been  unhappily  much  encouraged  by  legislative  acqui- 
escence. Relief  from  contracts  made  with  the  government  is  too  easily 
accorded  in  favor  of  the  citizen;  the  failure  to  support  claims  against  the 
government  by  proof  is  often  supplied  by  no  better  consideration  than  the 
wealth  of  the  government  and  the  poverty  of  the  claimant;  gratuities  in  the 
form  of  pensions  are  granted  upon  no  other  real  ground  than  the  needy  con- 
dition of  the  applicant  or  for  reasons  less  valid;  and  large  sums  are  expended 
for  public  buildings  and  other  improvements,  upon  representations  scarcely 
claimed  to  be  related  to  public  needs  and  necessities. 

The  extent  to  which  the  consideration  of  such  matters  subordinates  and 
postpones  action  upon  subjects  of  great  public  importance,  but  involving  no 
special,  private,  or  partisan  interest,  should  arrest  attention  and  lead  to 
reformation. 


CONGRESSIONAL  ELECTIONS, 


PLURALITIES  OR  MAJORITIES,  REPUBLICAN,  DEMOCRATIC,  PEOPLE’S  PARTY, 
LABOR  PARTY  OR  INDEPENDENT,  RECORDED  AT  THE  CONGRESSIONAL 
ELECTIONS  OF  1883,  1888  AND  1890,  IN  EVERY  DISTRICT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AND  THE  TERRITORIES. 


State 

| District! 

Plurality  or  Majority 

State 

1 District*! 

. Plurality  or 

Majoritj 

18S6 

1888 

1890 

1886 

1888 

1890 

Alabama 

1 

4,240 

D 

4,489 

D 

7,623 

D 

Illinois — 

15 

1,425 

R 

2,293 

R 

582 

D 

o 

5,659 

D 

6,838 

D 

7,930 

D 

Continued. 

16 

860 

D 

705 

D 

516 

D 

5 

4,660 

D 

10,478 

D 

9,138 

D 

17 

3,380 

D 

4,610 

D 

6,939 

D 

4 

11,387 

D 

13,153 

D 

4,664 

D 

18 

1,162 

R 

16 

D 

750 

D 

5 

4,783 

D 

5,736 

D 

5,548 

D 

19 

4,344 

D 

2,471 

D 

4,797 

D 

6 

3,569 

I) 

8,672 

D 

8,720 

D 

20 

1,172 

R 

1,819 

R 

1,307 

R 

7 

2,941 

D 

8,439 

D 

3,999 

D 

Indiana 

1 

1,357 

R 

20 

D 

855 

D 

8 

3,045 

D 

4,321 

D 

4,745 

D 

2 

1,209 

D 

1,884 

D 

2,701 

D 

Arizona 

1 

1,883 

D 

3,834 

D 

1,196 

L> 

3 

2,604 

D 

3,076 

D 

3,940 

D 

Arkansas 

1 

6,092 

D 

1,348 

D 

603 

D 

4 

788 

I) 

729 

D 

1,740 

D 

2 

4.232 

D 

846 

D 

875 

D 

5 

532 

D 

704 

D 

2,695 

D 

3 

4,740 

D 

6,493 

D 

12,824 

D 

6 

8,144 

R 

9,122 

R 

6,249 

R 

4 

3,237 

D 

5,515 

D 

5,272 

D 

7 

1,874 

D 

1,727 

D 

5,313 

D 

5 

4,839 

D 

10,645 

D 

7,734 

D 

8 

1,097 

R 

69 

D 

3,068 

D 

California 

1 

973 

D 

326 

R 

181 

D 

9 

3.416 

R 

4,450 

R 

1,299 

R 

o 

1,073 

D 

1,523 

D 

159 

D 

10 

2,073 

R 

1,156 

R 

838 

D 

3 

2,524 

R 

5,280 

R 

4,837 

R 

11 

408 

R 

475 

D 

1,813 

D 

4 

1,559 

R 

593 

R 

1,105 

R 

12 

2,484 

R 

1,311 

D 

4,050 

D 

5 

119 

R 

51 

D 

2,972 

R 

13 

1,018 

D 

1355 

D 

2,704 

D 

6 

55 

R 

5,961 

R 

4,618 

R 

Iowa 

1 

937 

R 

874 

R 

1,061 

D 

Colorado 

1 

803 

R 

12,895  R 

8,382 

R 

2 

6,707 

D 

5,032 

D 

9,010 

D 

Connecticut  . 

1 

446 

D 

682 

D 

692 

D 

3 

2,929 

R 

4,585 

R 

207 

R 

2 

1,328 

D 

3,531 

D 

3,531 

D 

4 

1,929 

R 

2,222 

R 

1,949 

D 

3 

648 

R 

992 

R 

992 

R 

5 

733 

R 

2,510 

R 

293 

D 

4 

321 

D 

956 

D 

956 

D 

6 

618 

D 

828 

R 

520 

D 

Delaware 

1 

5.444 

D 

3,451 

D 

668 

D 

7 

926 

R 

5,397 

R 

2,545 

R 

Florida 

1 

7,104 

D 

10,107 

D 

9,052 

D 

8 

2,225 

I 

995 

R 

116 

R 

2 

3,129 

D 

3,195 

D 

4,943 

D 

9 

2,206 

R 

3,684 

R 

1,283 

L 

Georgia 

1 

2,044 

D 

6,620 

D 

7,778 

D 

10 

3,899 

R 

5,368 

R 

1,311 

R 

2 

2,411 

D 

11,000 

D 

6,413 

D 

11 

4,437 

R 

6,259 

R 

<107 

R 

3 

1,704 

D 

6,124 

D 

6,790 

D 

Kansas 

1 

3,515 

R 

6,241 

R 

1,380 

R 

4 

2,579 

D 

5,673 

D 

6,171 

D 

2 

2,619 

R 

9,663 

R 

5,440 

R 

5 

2,999 

D 

5,930 

D 

5,080 

D 

3 

3,739 

R 

12,759 

R 

4,431 

P 

6 

1,722 

D 

8,809 

D 

2,860 

D 

4 

0,255 

R 

14,515 

R 

4,999 

P 

7 

3,056 

D 

5,847 

D 

2,571 

D 

5 

6,417 

R 

8,301 

R 

5,484 

P 

8 

2,267 

D 

5,182 

D 

3.405 

D 

6 

8,348 

R 

11,136 

R 

8,644 

P 

9 

2,344 

D 

1,480 

D 

6,228 

D 

7 

9,445 

R 

14,318 

R 

7,422 

P 

10 

1.944 

D 

5,780 

D 

4,859 

D 

Kentucky 

i 

1,254 

D 

5,345 

D 

6,006 

D 

Idaho 

1 

426 

R 

1,747 

R 

2,104 

R 

2 

3,020 

D 

3,451 

D 

3,391 

D 

Illinois 

1 

5,683 

R 

3,856 

R 

431 

R 

3 

1,007 

R 

1,735 

L> 

4,223 

D 

2 

16 

D 

6,082 

D 

6,750 

D 

4 

2,120 

D 

4,456 

D 

4,046 

D 

a 

7,369 

R 

2,376 

R 

3,136 

D 

5 

140 

D 

3.027 

D 

5,104 

D 

i 

4.667 

R 

2,518 

R 

662 

D 

6 

825 

I) 

6.020 

D 

4.509 

D 

5 

7.973 

R 

10,059 

R 

6,181 

R 

7 

4,791 

D 

5,655 

D 

6,704 

D 

6 

4,456 

R 

6,236 

R 

511 

R 

8 

4,16.9 

D 

1,549 

D 

7,036 

D 

7 

4,855 

R 

5,039 

R 

2,572 

R 

9 

188 

R 

379 

D 

5,223 

D 

8 

2.9:31 

R 

3,142 

R 

702 

D 

10 

746 

D 

478 

R 

1,527 

D 

S 

3,12C 

R 

2,381 

R 

947 

I) 

11 

1,546 

R 

1,816 

R 

3,648 

R 

10 

2S 

R 

2,658 

R 

618 

R 

Louisiana 

1 

9,701 

I> 

4,052 

D 

4,669 

D 

11 

335 

R 

2,077 

R 

1,873 

D 

2 

1,393 

D 

174 

R 

4,636 

D 

12 

5.963 

D 

5,310 

D 

7,569 

D 

3 

3,090 

D 

12,509 

D 

11,270 

D 

IS 

970 

D 

2,914 

D 

5,005 

D 

4 

5,7:35 

D 

15.339 

D 

8,030 

D 

14 

2,402 

R 

l,830jR 

1,222)D 

5 

13,123 

D 

20,124 

D 

11,116 

D 

419 


CONGRESSIONAL  ELECTIONS— Continued. 


Plurality  or  Majority 


o 


Plurality  or  Majority 


State 

C/3 

5 

1886 

1888 

1890 

State 

c n 

5 

1886 

1888 

Louisiana, Con. 

6 

9,250 

I) 

7,764 

D 

6,611 

D 

New  Jersey — 

3 

637 

R 

2,593  D 

Maine 

i 

1,326 

R 

2,433 

R 

4,827 

R 

Continued. 

4 

12.3 

D 

73  D 

2 

6,429 

R 

5,462 

R 

4,812 

R 

5 

2,836 

R 

1,072  R 

3 

4,991 

R 

6,531 

R 

3,515 

R 

6 

1,773 

R 

774  R 

4 

3,574 

R 

4,345 

R 

4,593 

R 

7 

4,253 

D 

6,074  D 

Maryland 

1 

1,151 

I> 

482 

D 

2,380 

D 

New  Mexico. . . 

i 

3,888 

D 

1,6.50  D 

2 

3,654 

D 

1,882 

D 

5,610 

I) 

New  York 

i 

926 

D 

1,663  D 

3 

10,334 

D 

5,289 

14 

5,641 

D 

2 

11,099 

D 

5,872  D 

4 

7,524 

D 

80 

R 

6,634 

1) 

3 

172 

R 

2,871  R 

5 

2,729 

14 

181 

I) 

1,618 

D 

4 

3,628 

D 

6,927  iD 

6 

413 

R 

1 ,634 

R 

165 

D 

5 

472 

D 

2,144  D 

Massachusetts 

1 

3,648 

R 

9,485 

R 

9,485 

R 

6 

13,433 

D 

3,246  D 

2 

1,822 

R 

3,684 

R 

3,684 

R 

7 

5,923 

D 

1,914  I) 

3 

1,761 

1) 

1,558 

D 

1,558 

1) 

8 

380 

D 

5,049  D 

4 

7,372 

D 

8,031 

1) 

8,031 

D 

9 

5,495 

I) 

10,947  D 

5 

3,358 

R 

1,464 

R 

1,464 

R 

10 

527 

D 

1,733  D 

6 

728 

R 

5,294 

R 

5,294 

R 

11 

24,201 

I) 

4,454  ID 

7 

1,374 

R 

4,572 

R 

4,572 

R 

12 

5,200 

D 

13,273  D 

8 

532 

R 

3,220 

R 

454 

D 

13 

3,672 

R 

9,168  D 

9 

211 

D 

2,036 

R 

131 

1) 

14 

2,436 

D 

4,129  D 

10 

751 

D 

1,915 

R 

700 

R 

15 

461 

D 

74  R 

11 

4,562 

R 

3,816 

R 

150 

D 

16 

4,002 

R 

12,542  R 

12 

815 

It 

2,027 

R 

382 

D 

17 

3,488 

R 

1,609  R 

Michigan 

1 

1,566 

L> 

3,103 

D 

5,930 

D 

18 

1,263 

D 

3,922  R 

2 

1,032 

R 

1 ,564 

R 

1,903 

D 

19 

167 

D 

2,306 

D 

3 

4,716 

R 

6,602 

R 

2,263 

R 

20 

6,304 

R 

3,301 

R 

4 

2,513 

R 

4,185 

R 

394 

It 

21 

9,327 

R 

20,298 

R 

5 

447 

D 

2,667 

R 

2,298 

D 

22 

5,330 

R 

10,727 

R 

G 

1,886 

R 

367 

R 

681 

D 

23 

1,484 

R 

1,732 

R 

7 

813 

D 

406 

14 

1,987 

D 

24 

1,765 

R 

1,259 

R 

8 

688 

D 

2,085 

R 

76 

D 

25 

4,589 

It 

17,981 

R 

9 

3,023 

R 

4,374 

R 

60 

D 

26 

6,793 

R 

7,312 

R 

10 

2,147 

D 

115 

R 

66 

D 

27 

9,786 

R 

9,524 

R 

11 

2,243 

R 

3,358 

R 

2,118 

R 

28 

2,313 

R 

1,258 

R 

Minnesota 

1 

2,828 

D 

1,844 

R 

2,323 

D 

29 

14,038 

R 

4,825 

R 

2 

9,684 

R 

9,219 

R 

482 

R 

30 

2,661 

R 

5,704 

R 

3 

1,205 

D 

2,868 

R 

4,533 

D 

31 

4,589 

R 

5,424 

R 

4 

5,125 

D 

10,006 

R 

5,728 

D 

32 

3,333 

R 

1,609  R 

5 

42,698 

It 

7,519 

It 

2,142 

P 

33 

1,133 

R 

564  D 

Mississippi 

1 

3,113 

D 

9,621 

D 

3,501 

D 

34 

7,661 

R 

15,426  R 

2 

3,066 

D 

8,161 

14 

4,814 

D 

North  Carolina 

1 

2,755 

D 

1,158  I) 

3 

2,136 

D 

7,010 

D 

5,972 

D 

2 

2,098 

D 

453  R 

4 

2,842 

D 

10,459 

D 

5,181 

D 

3 

5,395 

D 

3,984 

D 

5 

4,262 

D 

12,255 

D 

6,305 

D 

4 

1,438 

R 

2,558 

D 

6 

4,459 

D 

6,116 

D 

0,572 

D 

5 

1,580 

R 

675 

R 

7 

4,502 

D 

8,390 

14 

4,256 

D 

6 

6,602 

D 

5,705 

D 

Missouri 

1 

2,868 

D 

3,510 

D 

5,154 

D 

7 

9,164 

D 

2,997 

D 

2 

730 

D 

4,659 

D 

7,389 

D 

8 

4,672 

D 

3,108 

D 

3 

4,362 

D 

3,671 

D 

7,455 

D 

9 

4,740 

D 

518 

R 

4 

2,087 

L) 

3,137 

D 

3,309 

D 

North  Dakota 

1 

— 

9,509 

R 

5 

785 

R 

2,136 

D 

5,882 

D 

Ohio 

1 

2,356 

R 

1,899 

R 

G 

2,880 

D 

3,880 

D 

7,662 

D 

2 

1,799 

R 

1,596 

R 

7 

2,077 

D 

1,963 

D 

4,980 

D 

3 

1,133 

R 

415 

R 

8 

1,364 

D 

1,816 

R 

2,058 

D 

4 

6,206 

D 

7,796 

D 

9 

100 

D 

2,450 

R 

3,614 

R 

5 

11,973 

D 

5,994 

D 

10 

1,048 

D 

2,094 

R 

1,649 

D 

6 

1,377 

It 

95 

R 

11 

2,598 

D 

2,259 

D 

4,106 

D 

7 

2 

D 

858 

R 

12 

3,665 

D 

4,623 

14 

7,115 

D 

8 

1,388 

R 

3,270 

It 

13 

1,958 

R 

2,879 

R 

2,760 

1) 

9 

1,809 

R 

2,224 

It 

14 

7,866 

D 

5,73i 

D 

6,275 

D 

10 

1,588 

R 

1,141 

D 

Montana 

1 

3,718 

D 

5,126 

R 

281 

1) 

11 

4,348 

R 

4,985 

R 

Nebraska 

1 

7,023 

D 

3,407 

R 

6,713 

D 

12 

1,258 

R 

680 

R 

2 

5,058 

R 

9,757 

R 

14,321 

D 

13 

2,580 

D 

2,571 

D 

3 

7,774 

R 

11,070 

R 

6,391 

I 

1‘. 

1,071 

R 

962 

R 

Nevada 

1 

1,030 

R 

1,239 

R 

87- 

R 

15 

1,470 

R 

2,307 

R 

New  Hamps’ire 

1 

205 

D 

359 

R 

1,138 

D 

16 

3,974 

D 

4,625 

I) 

2 

1,166 

R 

977 

R 

35- 

D 

17 

3,61? 

R 

5,004 

R 

New  Jersey 

i 

3,334 

R 

5,4Gf 

R 

2,710 

R 

18 

2,559 

R 4,099  |R 

2 

2,703 

R 

3,303 

R 

1,163 

R 

19 

9,871 

R|  11,900|R 

1890 

4,518 

D 

4,684 

D 

1,356 

D 

1,810 

D 

5,114 

D 

2,064 

D 

4,914 

D 

6,581 

D 

18 

D 

9,762 

1) 

5,656 

D 

4,596 

D 

6,504 

D 

12,118 

D 

9,790 

1) 

8,596 

T) 

8,183 

D 

12,073 

D 

16,448  D 
6,180  D 
1,579  D 
9,046  It 
2,010  D 
1 ,246 ! R 
5,079  D 
1 ,581  R 
3,494  R 
4,747  R 
514  D 
198.  D 


5,828  R 
3,402  ,R 
1,992  R 
89,1) 
1,353  R 
251,  D 
11,440;  R 
4,973  D 
1,792  D 
5,726  R 
3,753  D 
1,230  R 

8.807.0 
6,578  D 
1,939  D 
8,396  D 
3,966  I) 

743  I) 
1,128  D 
6,535  !R 
2,288  R 
7,730  R 
2,631  0 
1,410  D 
4,206  D 
1,712  O 

2.056.0 


194  O 


2,132,0 
3,784  R 
2,953  D 
7,037  R 
1,466  I) 
3,420  O 
3,748  O 
302  O 
704  O 
5,210  ,R 
7,447  lR 


420 


CONGRESSIONAL  ELECTIONS— Continued. 


State 


Ohio — 

Continued. 

Oklahoma 

Oregon.. 

Pennsylvania.. 


Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina 


South  Dakota. 
Tennessee 


Plurality  or  Majority 

1 

State 

| District 

Plurality  or  Majority 

1886 

1888 

1890 

1886 

1888 

1890 

877 

R 

2,098 

R 

7,924 

R 

Tennessee — 

5 

7,546 

D 

9,358 

D 

8,550 

D 

1,433 

D 

616 

R 

3,390 

D 

Continued. 

6 

5,701 

D 

6,279 

I> 

8,948 

D 

— 

— 

2,032 

R 

7 

3,724 

D 

3,855 

D 

4,998 

D 

1,635 

R 

7,407 

R 

9,913 

R 

8 

2,697 

D 

2,480 

D 

7,975 

D 

6,399 

R 

5,685 

R 

7,669 

R 

9 

4,338 

D 

7,090 

1) 

8,232 

D 

5,638 

R 

4,408 

R 

6,539 

R 

10 

3,996 

D 

8,419 

D 

6,146 

D 

11,330 

D 

17,530 

I) 

3,084 

D 

Texas 

1 

6,500 

D 

4,996 

D 

8,045 

I) 

11,509 

R 

9,639 

R 

12,265 

R 

2 

15,733 

D 

9,554 

I) 

12,91? 

D 

11,188 

I 

6,685 

R 

11,403 

R 

3 

9,336 

D 

10,882 

D 

11,369 

D 

1,312 

R 

6,500 

R 

4,105 

R 

4 

12,533 

D 

24,300 

I) 

11,451 

I) 

2,135 

R 

1.011 

R 

187 

D 

5 

3,459 

D 

22,524 

D 

20,856 

D 

4,815 

D 

«7340 

I) 

6,875 

D 

6 

7,329 

D 

14,689 

D 

24,971 

D 

9,634 

R 

9,659 

D 

11,193 

D 

7 

17,218 

D 

3,547 

D 

9,479 

D 

20,671 

D 

11,174 

R 

9,768 

R 

8 

20,996 

D 

12,760 

D 

13,267 

D 

17,560 

D 

1,686 

R 

303 

D 

9 

5,823 

D 

5,385 

1> 

16,240 

D 

650 

D 

1,499 

R 

1,484 

R 

10 

19,317 

D 

11,828 

D 

29,763 

D 

774 

R 

688 

D 

1,480 

D 

11 

14,236 

D 

23,231 

D 

37,470 

D 

2,631 

R 

6,262 

R 

3,487 

R 

Utah 

1 

19,673 

D 

6,643 

D 

9,441 

D 

5,660 

R 

6,339 

R 

2,222 

R 

Vermont 

1 

9,977 

R 

14,146 

R 

8,531 

R 

4,826 

R 

3,654 

R 

51 

R 

2 

10,509 

R 

14,614 

R 

9,132 

It 

899 

R 

2,656 

D 

5,941 

D 

Virginia 

1 

1,895 

R 

414 

R 

2,463 

D 

3,347 

R 

4,716 

R 

609 

R 

2 

5,434 

R 

6,095 

R 

1,167 

I) 

3,946 

D 

4,579 

D 

7,109 

D 

3 

1,452 

D 

201 

D 

13,937 

D 

153 

R 

4,281 

R 

526 

R 

4 

8,475 

R 

642 

D 

3,334 

D 

255 

R 

5,221 

R 

1,498 

R 

5 

3,159 

R 

1,363 

D 

9,209 

D 

4,005 

R 

8,905 

R 

7,905 

R 

6 

450 

L 

3,730 

D 

10,714 

D 

5,039 

R 

7,288 

R 

7,116 

R 

7 

764 

D 

2,820 

D 

8,942 

D 

4,440 

R 

4,338 

R 

123 

R 

8 

2,562 

D 

1,123 

D 

3,318 

D 

1,622 

R 

7,155 

R 

3,161 

D 

9 

3,570 

R 

478 

D 

3,347 

D 

531 

R 

3,072 

R 

888 

R 

10 

1,654 

R 

583 

D 

8,779 

D 

1,213 

D 

4,212 

R 

3,313 

R 

Washington . . . 

1 

2,192 

D 

7,371 

R 

6,322 

R 

— 

2,689 

D 

4,692 

D 

West  Virginia. 

1 

827 

R 

19 

D 

648 

D 

1,145 

R 

2,090 

R 

1,008 

D 

2 

90 

D 

378 

D 

2.065 

D 

577 

D 

2,891 

R 

16 

D 

3 

895 

D 

1,313 

D 

4,655 

D 

3,315 

D 

7,244 

D 

5,900 

D 

4 

747 

D 

3 

D 

1,925 

D 

5,212 

D 

9,299 

D 

8,285 

D 

Wisconsin 

1 

573 

R 

4,314 

R 

323 

D 

4,402 

D 

8,758 

D 

8,139 

D 

2 

4,228 

R 

2,954 

D 

8,560 

D 

4,470 

D 

11,410 

D 

8,114 

D 

3 

3,510 

R 

2,929 

R 

1,002 

D 

4,696 

D 

4,532 

D 

8,111 

D 

4 

3,710 

h 

1,527 

R 

7,074 

D 

4,411 

D 

8,386 

D 

6,670 

D 

5 

5,548 

D 

4,226 

D 

9,615 

D 

5,961 

R 

1,355 

D 

476 

D 

6 

4,457 

R 

3,764 

R 

2,164 

D 

— 

19,860 

R 

3,027 

R 

7 

4,803 

R 

4,485 

R 

2,002 

D 

5,440 

R 

7,171 

R 

747 

R 

8 

10,435 

R 

12,007 

R 

2,318 

R 

8,057 

R 

13,524 

R 

5,382 

R 

9 

2,763 

R 

4,753 

R 

5,330 

D 

347 

D 

288 

R 

523 

D 

Wyoming 

1 

7,141 

R 

2,894 

R 

2,859 

R 

4,649 

D 

8,094 

D 

6,884 

D 

421 


VOTE  OF  CITIES. 


City 

President,  1888. 

Governor,  1889-1892. 

Total 

Vote 

Plurality 

S 

Ph 

Total 

Vote 

Plurality 

>» 

"E 

o3 

P-i 

Year 

Baltimore,  Md 

85,415 

5,045 

D 

72,250 

17,537 

D 

1891 

Boston,  Mass 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

65,169 

8,853 

D 

60,995 

13,558 

D 

1891 

147,561 

12,235 

D 

143,866 

17,642 

D 

1891 

Burlington,  Vt 

2,212 

503 

R 

1,284 

44 

R 

1890 

Cheyenne,  Wyo 

— 

— 

— 

2,316 

326 

R 

1890 

Chicago,  111 

125,497 

3,604 

D 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Cincinnati,  0 

— 

— 

— 

54,816 

4,216 

R 

1891 

Hartford,  Conn 

11,351 

322 

D 

9,875 

725 

D 

1890 

Lewiston,  Me 

2,918 

458 

R 

2,882 

9 

D 

1890 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

37,057 

2,544 

R 

37,754 

5,299 

D 

1890 

Nashville,  Tenn 

5.917 

89 

D 

2,971 

385 

D 

1890 

New  Orleans,  La 

23,286 

7,760 

D 

37,989 

7,073 

D 

1892 

New  York,  N.  Y 

269,204 

57,174 

D 

239,108 

59,502 

D 

1891 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

205,444 

18,572 

R 

191,973 

20,888 

R 

1890 

Providence,  U.  I 

13,954 

493 

R 

20,584 

669 

D 

1892 

Richmond,  Va 

14,474 

1,938 

D 

14,235 

5,445 

D 

1889 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

62,856 

6,255 

R 

— 

— 

— 

— 

San  Francisco  (County),  Cal . . 

54,407 

2,991 

D 

55,266 

211 

D 

1890 

Seattle,  Wash 

— 

— 

— 

4,463 

711 

' It 

1890 

Trenton,  N.  J 

12,434 

590 

R 

11,670 

350 

D 

1889 

Wilmington,  Del 

8,428 

1,708 

D 

11,223 

419 

R 

1890 

422 


ADDENDA 


FARMERS’  ALLIANCE. 


There  have  been  several  meetings  in  States  where  the  Alliance  is  best 
represented;  but  there  is  nothing  of  vital  importance  to  record  beyond  what 
is  stated  elsewhere. 

THE  AUSTRALIAN  BALLOT. 


Steps  are  being  taken  in  several  States  to  reform  the  voting  system  now 
in  operation. 


THE  NATIONAL  COMMITTEES. 


The  names  of  National  Committeemen  appointed  at  the  Convention  are 
mentioned  in  Part  I. 


THE  TARIFF. 


Legislation  under  this  heading  is  now  pending  in  the  Fifty-second  Con- 
gress. 


RECIPROCITY. 


A treaty  has  been  signed  with  Austria-Hungary. 


THE  SILVER  QUESTION. 

Legislation  under  this  heading  is  now  pending  in  the  Fifty-second  Con- 
gress. 

STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS,  1892-93. 

Indiana.— Governor  Alvin  P.  Hovey  (R.)  died  November  23,  1891 ; succeeded 
by  Lieutenant-Governor  Ira  J.  Chase  (R.). 

Nebraska. — Governor  John  M.  Thayer  (R.)  was  succeeded  on  January  8, 
1891,  by  James  E.  Boyd  (D.),  who  was  removed  from  office 
May  5,  1891,  by  decree  of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  and  John 
M.  Thayer  again  assumed  the  functions  of  Governor,  continuing 
in  office  until  January,  1893. 

Wyoming. — Governor,  Amos  W.  Barber  (acting). 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  LEGISLATURES,  1892-93. 

Mississippi. — At  the  State  election,  November,  1891,  45  Senators  and  133 
Assemblymen  were  elected;  all  regular  Democrats,  except  3 
Republicans,  1 Greenbacker  and  7 Independents. 

Nevada. — No  figures  available  at  this  time. 

New  Mexico. — Apportionment  by  the  Governor  not  yet  made  available. 
Texas. — No  figures  available  at  this  time. 

Utah. — Council,  8 Democrats,  4 Liberals;  House,  16  Democrats  and  8 Lib- 
erals. 


423 


424 


ADDEND  a. 


CHANGES  IN  THE  FIFTY-SECOND  CONGRESS. 

SENATE. 

State.  Name.  Died.  Successor. 

Kansas Preston  B.  Plumb. . . .Dec.  20,  1891. . . .Bishop  W.  Perkins. 

Virginia John  S.  Barbour May  14,  1892. . . .Gen.  Eppa  Hinton. 

HOUSE. 

District.  Name.  Died.  Successor. 

10th  New  York.  .Francis  B.  Spinola.  ...Apr.  13,  1891.  .W.  Bourke Cockran. 

5t,h  Michigan Melbourne  H.  Ford. . .Apr.  20,  1891.  .Charles  E.  Belknap. 

2d  Tennessee Leonidas  C.  Ilouk May  25,  1891.  .John  C.  Houk. 

South  Dakota. . . .John  R.  Gamble Aug.  14,  1891. .John  L.  Jolley. 

8th  Virginia Win.  H.  F.  Lee Oct.  15,  1891  ..Elisha  E.  Meredith. 

10th  Kentucky. . .John  W.  Kendall. . . .March  7,  1892.  .Joseph  M.  Kendall. 

No  successor  has  been  appointed  to  Roger  Q.  Mills,  who  represented  the 
9th  Texas  district,  and  who  was  appointed  to  the  Senate. 


THE  NEW  APPORTIONMENT. 

ALABAMA. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  9 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Marengo,  Choctaw,  Clarke,  Monroe,  Washington  and 
Mobile. 

2.  Counties  of  Montgomery,  Pike,  Crenshaw,  Covington,  Butler,  Cone- 
cuh, Escambia,  Baldwin  and  Wilcox. 

3.  Counties  of  Lee,  Russell,  Bullock,  Barbour,  Dale,  Henry,  Coffee  and 
Geneva. 

4.  Counties  of  Dallas,  Chilton,  Shelby,  Talladega,  Calhoun  and  Cle- 
burne. 

5.  Counties  of  Lowndes,  Autauga,  Tallapoosa,  Elmore,  Macon,  Coosa, 
Chambers,  Randolph  and  Clay. 

6.  Counties  of  Sumter,  Pickens,  Greene,  Tuscaloosa,  Lamar,  Fayette, 
Marian  and  Walker. 

7.  Counties  of  DeKalb,  Marshall,  Etowah,  Cullman,  St.  Clair,  Winston, 
Cherokee  and  Franklin. 

8.  Counties  of  Jackson,  Madison,  Limestone,  Morgan,  Lauderdale,  Law- 
rence and  Colbert. 

9.  Counties  of  Jefferson,  Bibb,  Hale,  Perry  and  Blount. 

ARKANSAS. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  G in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Clay,  Craighead,  Crittenden,  Cross,  Greene,  Jackson, 
Lawrence,  Lee,  Mississippi,  Phillips,  Poinset,  Randolph,  St.  Francis,  Sharp 
and  Woodruff. 

2.  Counties  of  Bradley,  Cleveland,  Dallas,  Drew,  Garland,  Grant,  Hot 
Springs,  Jefferson,  Lincoln,  Montgomery,  Polk,  Saline,  Scott  and  Sebastian. 

3.  Counties  of  Ashley,  Calhoun,  Clark,  Columbia,  Hempstead,  Howard, 
Lafayette,  Little  River,  Miller,  Nevada,  Ouachita,  Pike,  Sevier  and  Union. 

4.  Counties  of  Franklin,  Johnson,  Logan,  Perry,  Pulaski,  Pope  and  Yell. 

5.  Counties  of  Benton,  Boone,  Carroll,  Conway,  Faulkner,  Madison, 
Newton,  Searcy,  Van  Buren  and  Washington. 

6.  Counties  of  Arkansas,  Baxter,  Cleburne,  Fulton,  Independence,  Izard, 
Lonoke,  Marion,  Monroe,  Prairie,  Stone  and  White,  J 


ADDENDA. 


425 


CALIFORNIA. 

Entitled  to  one  additional  representative,  or  7 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Del  Norte,  Siskiyou,  Modoc,  Humboldt,  Trinity,  Shasta, 
Lassen,  Tehama,  Plumas,  Sierra,  Mendocino,  Sonoma,  Napa  and  Marin. 

2.  Counties  of  Butte,  Sutter,  Yuba,  Nevada,  Placer,  El  Dorado,  Amador, 
Calaveras,  Mono,  Inyo,  Alpine,  Tuolumne,  Mariposa,  San  Joaquin  and  Sac- 
ramento. 

3.  Counties  of  Colusa,  Yolo,  Lake,  Solano,  Contra  Costa  and  Alameda. 

4.  County  of  San  Francisco  (part). 

5.  Counties  of  San  Francisco  (part),  San  Mateo  and  Santa  Clara. 

6.  Counties  of  Santa  Cruz,  Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Barbara, 
Yentura  and  Los  Angeles. 

7.  Counties  of  Stanislaus,  Merced,  San  Benito,  Fresno,  Tulare,  Kern,  San 
Bernardino,  Orange  and  San  Diego. 

COLORADO. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  2 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Arapahoe,  Boulder,  Jefferson,  Lake,  Larimer,  Logan, 
Morgan,  Park,  Philips,  Sedgwick,  Washington,  Weld  and  Yuma. 

2.  Counties  of  Archuleta,  Baca,  Bent,  Chaffee,  Cheyenne,  Clear  Creek, 
Conejos,  Costilla,  Custer,  Delta,  Dolores,  Douglas,  Eagle,  Elbert,  El  Paso, 
Fremont,  Garfield,  Gilpin,  Grand,  Gunnison,  Hinsdale,  Huerfano,  Kiowa, 
Kit  Carson,  La  Plata,  Las  Animas,  Lincoln.  Mesa,  Montezuma,  Montrose, 
Otero,  Ouray,  Pitkin,  Prowers,  Pueblo,  Rio  Blanco,  Rio  Grande,  Routt, 
Saguache,  San  Juan,  San  Miguel,  Summit  and  Weld. 

GEORGIA. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  11  in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Chatham,  Burke,  Screven,  Emanuel,  Bulloch,  Effingham, 
Bryan,  Tatnall,  Liberty  and  McIntosh. 

2.  Counties  of  Quitman,  Clay,  Randolph,  Terrell,  Calhoun,  Dougherty, 
Worth,  Early,  Baker,  Miller,  Mitchell,  Colquitt,  Berrien,  Decatur  and 
Thomas. 

3.  Counties  of  Stewart,  Webster,  Sumter,  Lee,  Dooly,  Wilcox,  Schley, 
Pulaski,  Twiggs,  Houston,  Mason,  Taylor  and  Crawford. 

4.  Counties  of  Muscogee,  Marion,  Talbot,  Harris,  Meriwether,  Troup, 
Coweta,  Heard,  Carroll  and  Chattahoochee. 

5.  Counties  of  Fulton,  Douglas,  Campbell,  Clayton,  DeKalb,  Rockdale, 
Newton  and  Walton. 

6.  Counties  of  Bibb,  Baldwin,  Jones,  Monroe,  Upson,  Pike,  Spalding, 
Fayette,  Henry  and  Butts. 

7.  Counties  of  Haralson.  Paulding,  Cobb,  Polk,  Floyd,  Bartow,  Chat- 
tooga, Gordon,  Walker,  Dade,  Catoosa,  Whitfield  and  Murray. 

8.  Counties  of  Jasper,  Putnam,  Morgan,  Greene,  Oconee,  Clark,  Ogle- 
thorpe. Madison,  Elbert,  Hart,  Franklin  and  Wilkes. 

9.  Counties  of  Fannin,  Union,  Towns,  Rabun,  Habersham,  White, 
Lumpkin,  Dawson,  Gilmer,  Pickens,  Cherokee,  Forsyth,  Milton,  Gwinnett, 
Jackson,  Hall  and  Banks. 

10.  Counties  of  Richmond,  Columbia,  Lincoln,  Jefferson,  Glascock.  Mc- 
Duffie, Warren,  Taliaferro,  Washington,  Wilkinson  and  Hancock. 

11.  Counties  of  Glynn,  JohnsonT  Laurens,  Montgomery,  Dodge,  Telfair, 
Irwin.  Coffee,  Appling,  Wayne,  Pierce,  Ware,  Echols,  Lowndes,  Brooks, 
Charlton,  Camden  and  Clinch. 

30b 


426 


ADDENDA. 


ILLINOIS. 

Entitled  to  2 additional  representatives,  or  22  in  all. 

The  last  Legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  so  that  the  twoad  di- 
tional  representatives  will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 

KANSAS. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  8 in  all. 

The  last  legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  so  that  the  additional 
representative  will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  13  in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Berkshire,  Franklin  (part),  Hampshire  (part)  and  Hamp- 
den (part). 

2.  Counties  of  Franklin  (part),  Hampshire  (part),  Hampden  (part)  and 
Worcester  (part). 

3.  Counties  of  Worcester  (part)  and  Middlesex  (part). 

4.  Counties  of  Worcester  (part),  Middlesex  (part)  and  Norfolk  (part). 

5.  Counties  of  Essex  (part)  and  Middlesex  (part). 

6.  County  of  Essex  (part). 

7.  Counties  of  Essex  (part),  Middlesex  (part)  and  Suffolk  (part). 

8.  Counties  of  Middlesex  (part)  and  Suffolk  (part). 

9.  County  of  Suffolk  (part). 

10.  Counties  of  Suffolk  (part)  and  Norfolk  (part). 

11.  Counties  of  Suffolk  (part),  Middlesex  (part)  and  Worcester  (part). 

12.  Counties  of  Norfolk  (part),  Plymouth  (part)  and  Bristol  (part). 

13.  Counties  of  Barnstable,  Dukes,  Nantucket,  Plymouth  (part)  and  Bris- 
tol (part). 

MICHIGAN. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  12  in  all. 

1.  Thirteen  wards  of  Detroit,  Wayne  County. 

2.  Counties  of  Lenawee,  Monroe,  Jackson,  Washtenaw,  and  Wayne 
(part). 

3.  Counties  of  Branch,  Kalamazoo,  Calhoun  and  Eaton. 

4.  Counties  of  St.  Joseph,  Cass,  Berrien,  Van  Buren,  Allegan  and  Barry. 

5.  Counties  of  Ottawa,  Kent  and  Ionia. 

6.  Counties  of  Oakland,  Genesee,  Livingston,  Ingham  and  Wayne  (part). 

7.  Counties  of  Macomb,  Lapeer,  St.  Clair,  Sanilac,  Huron  and  Wayne 
(part). 

8.  Counties  of  Clinton,  Schiawassee  and  Tuscola. 

9.  Counties  of  Muskegon,  Oceana,  Newaygo,  Mason,  Lake,  Manistee, 
Wexford,  Benzie,  Leelanaw  and  Manitou. 

10.  Counties  of  Bay,  Midland,  Gladwin,  Arenac,  Ogemaw,  Iasco,  Alcona, 
Oscoda,  Crawford,  Montmorency,  Alpena,  Presque  Isle,  Otsego,  Cheboygan 
and  Emmet. 

11.  Counties  of  Montcalm,  Gratiot,  Isabella,  Mecosta,  Oxala,  Clare,  Ros- 
common, Missaukee,  Kalkaska,  Grand  Traverse,  Antrim  and  Charlevoix. 

12.  Counties  of  Delta,  Schoolcraft,  Chippewa,  Mackinac,  Ontonagon, 
Marquette,  Menominee,  Dickinson,  Baraga,  Houghton,  Keweenaw,  Isle 
Royal,  Alger,  Luce,  Iron,  Cass  and  Gogebic. 

MINNESOTA. 

Entitled  to,  2 additional  representatives,  or  7 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Houston,  Fillmore,  Mower,  Freeborn,  Waseca,  Steele, 
Dodge,  Olmsted,  Winona  and  Wabasha. 


ADDENDA. 


427 


2.  Counties  of  Faribault,  Martin,  Jackson,  Nobles,  Rock,  Pipestone, 
Murray,  Watonwan,  Blue  Earth,  Nicollet,  Brown,  Redwood,  Lyon,  Lincoln, 
Yellow  Medicine,  Lac  qui  Parle,  Chippewa  and  Cottonwood. 

3.  Counties  of  Goodhue,  Dakota,  Rice,  Scott,  Le  Sueur,  Sibley,  Carver, 
McLeod,  Renville  and  Meeker. 

4.  Counties  of  Ramsey,  Washington,  Chisago,  Isanti  and  Kanabec. 

5.  County  of  Hennepin. 

6.  Counties  of  Cook,  Lake,  St.  Louis,  Itasca,  Carlton,  Aitkin,  Crow 
Wing,  Pine,  Mille  Lacs,  Anoka,  Sherburne,  Wright,  Stearns,  Benton,  Mor- 
rison, Todd,  Cass,  Wadena,  Hubbard  and  Beltrami. 

7.  Counties  of  Kittson,  Marshall,  Polk,  Norman,  Clay,  Wilkin,  Traverse, 
Big  Stone,  Swift,  Kandiyohi,  Stevens,  Pope,  Douglas,  Grant,  Otter  Tail 
and  Becker. 


MISSOURI. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  15  in  all. 

The  last  Legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  so  that  the  additional 
representative  will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 

NEBRASKA. 

Entitled  to  3 additional  representatives,  or  6 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Cass,  Johnson,  Lancaster,  Lincoln,  Otoe,  Pawnee,  Rich- 
ardson and  Wehama. 

2.  Counties  of  Douglas,  Sarpy  and  Washington. 

3.  Counties  of  Antelope,  Boone,  Burt,  Cedar,  Colfax,  Cuming,  Dakota, 
Dixon,  Dodge,  Knox,  Madison,  Merrick,  Nance,  Pierce,  Platte,  Stanton, 
Thurston  and  Wayne. 

4.  Counties  of  Butler,  Gage,  Fillmore,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Polk,  Saline, 
Saunders,  Seward,  Thayer  and  York. 

5.  Counties  of  Adams,  Chase,  Clay,  Dundy,  Franklin,  Frontier,  Furnas, 
Gosper,  Hall,  Harlan,  Hayes,  Hitchcock,  Kearney,  Nuckolls,  Perkins, 
Phelps,  Red  Willow  and  Webster. 

6.  Counties  of  Arthur,  Banner,  Blaine,  Box  Butte,  Brown,  Buffalo,  Chey- 
enne, Cherry,  Custer,  Dawes,  Dawson,  Deuel,  Garfield,  Greeley,  Holt, 
Hooper,  Howard.  Keya  Paha,  Keith,  Kimball,  Lincoln,  Logan,  Loup,  Mc- 
Pherson, Rock,  Scott’s  Bluff,  Sheridan,  Sherman,  Sioux,  Thomas,  Valley 
and  Wheeler. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  8 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Camden,  Cumberland,  Cape  May,  Gloucester  and  Salem. 

2.  Counties  of  Atlantic,  Mercer,  Burlington  and  Ocean. 

3.  Counties  of  Somerset,  Middlesex  and  Monmouth. 

4.  Counties  of  Sussex,  Warren,  Hunterdon,  Morris  and  Essex  (part). 

5.  Counties  of  Bergen,  Passaic  and  Hudson  (part). 

6.  City  of  Newark,  in  the  county  of  Essex. 

7.  Cities  of  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken,  and  the  townships  of  Harrison  and 
Kearney,  county  of  Hudson. 

8.  The  counties  of  Union,  Essex  (part)  and  Hudson  (part). 

OHIO. 

The  redistricting  of  Ohio  by  the  State  Legislature  may  be  seen  on  map  of 
Ohio,  p.  284. 


428 


ADDENDA. 


OltEGON. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  2 in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Benton,  Clackamas,  Coos,  Curry,  Douglas,  Jackson,  Jos- 
ephine, Klamath,  Lake,  Linn,  Lane,  Marion,  Polk,  Tillamook,  Washington 
and  Yamhill. 

2.  Counties  of  Baker,  Clatsop,  Columbia,  Crook,  Gilliam,  Grand,  Har- 
ney, Malheur,  Morrow,  Multnomah,  Sherman,  Umatilla,  Union,  Wallowa 
and  Wasco. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Entitled  to  2 additional  representatives,  or  30  in  all. 

The  last  Legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  and  the  two  additional 
representatives  "will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 

TEXAS. 

Entitled  to  2 additional  representatives,  or  13  in  all. 

The  last  Legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  and  the  two  additional 
representatives  will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 

WASHINGTON. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  2 in  all. 

The  last  Legislature  did  not  redistrict  the  State,  and  the  additional  repre- 
sentative will  be  voted  for  at  large  at  the  next  election. 


WISCONSIN. 

Entitled  to  1 additional  representative,  or  10  in  all. 

1.  Counties  of  Racine,  Kenosha,  Walworth,  Rock,  Green  and  Lafayette. 

2.  Counties  of  Jefferson,  Dodge,  Dane  and  Columbia. 

3.  Counties  of  Adams,  Juneau,  Vernon,  Sauk,  Richland,  Crawford, 
Grant  and  Iowa. 

4.  County  of  Milwaukee  (part). 

5.  Counties  of  Sheboygan,  Ozaukee,  Washington,  Waukesha  and  Mil- 
waukee (part). 

6.  Counties  of  Waushara,  Marquette,  Green  Lake,  Fond  du  Lac,  Winne- 
bago, Calumet  and  Manitowoc. 

7.  Counties  of  Pepin,  Eau  Claire,  Buffalo,  Trempealeau,  Jackson,  Mon- 
roe and  La  Crosse. 

8.  Counties  of  Wood,  Portage,  Waupaca,  Outagamie,  Brown,  Kewau- 
nee and  Door. 

9.  Counties  of  Clark,  Taylor,  Price,  Ashland,  Oneida,  Lincoln,  Mara 
thon,  Shawnee,  Langlade,  Forest,  Florence,  Marinette  and  Oconto. 

10.  Counties  of  Bayfield,  Douglas,  Burnett,  Sawyer,  Washburn,  Polk 
Barron,  Chippewa,  St.  Croix,  Dunn  and  Pierce. 


ADDENDA. 


429 


CONDITION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY  IN  1893,  WHEN  VESSELS  NOW 
BUILDING  ARE  COMPLETED. 


Type 

Unfit 
for  sea 
service 

Avail- 

able 

Total 

Armored  : 



4 

4 

Cruisers 

_ 

2 

2 

13 

13 

Modified  monitors 

6 

6 

Harbor-defense  ram 

— 

1 

1 

13 

13 

26 

Unarmored  : 

Protected  cruisers 

— 

10 

10 

Partially  protected  cruisers 

— 

12 

12 

Torpedo  vessel 

— 

1 

1 

Despatch  vessel 

— 

1 

1 

Dynamite  cruiser. 

— 

1 

1 

Practice  cruiser 

— 

1 

1 

Total 

- 

26 

26 

Iron  and  wooden  steam  vessels  of  obsolete  type  and  little  value 



9 

9 

Sailing  vessels 

— 

5 

5 

8 



8 

Tugs 

14 

14 

Total 

8 

28 

36 

Summary 

21 

67 

88 

RANK  OF  THE  U.  S.  NAVY. 


Rank  of  the  navies 
of  the  world  when 
vessels  for  U.  S. 
Navy  now  building 
are  completed. 

In  1886  the  United 
States  ranked  thus  : 

In  1860  the  United 
States  ranked  after 
the  following  nations 
and  ahead  of  all  the 
rest  : 

If  9 battle  ships  and 
30  torpedo  boats  are 
added  to  U.  S.  Navy, 
eliminating  the  ques- 
tion of  organization 
and  personnel  in 
which  Germany  is 
much  superior,  we 
will  rank 

Great  Britain. 

Great  Britain. 

Great  Britain. 

Great  Britain. 

France. 

France. 

France. 

France. 

Italy. 

Italy. 

Russia. 

Italy. 

Russia. 

Russia. 

Spain . 

Russia. 

Germany. 

Germany. 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

United  States. 

Spain. 

Spain. 

United  States. 

Germany,  etc. 

United  States. 

Austria. 

Austria. 

China. 

China. 

Japan. 

Japan. 

Holland. 

Holland. 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

Turkey. 

Turkey. 

Denmark. 

Denmark. 

Greece. 

Greece. 

Brazil. 

Brazil. 

Argentina. 

Argentina. 

Chile. 

Chile. 

Portugal. 

Portugal. 

United  States. 

Peru. 

Peru. 

Mexico. 

Mexico. 

430 


ADDENDA. 


PERSONNEL  U.  S.  NAVY,  1860  AND  1892. 


(Active  list,  exclusive  of  Marine  Corps.) 


Ranks. 

1860 

1892 

No. 

Total 

No. 

Total 

Officers  of  the  line  : 

Rear-admirals 



6 

Commodores 



10 

Captains 

80 

45 

Commanders 

114 

9 

85 

- 

Total  number  having  command  or  flag  rank. 

_ 

194 

146 

Lieutenant-commanders 



74 

Lieutenants 

325 



250 



Masters 

34 

Lieutenants  (junior  grade) 



76 



Ensigns 

173 

Midshipmen  (graduates) 

50 

- 

- 

Total  number  in  subordinate  grades 

_ 

409 

573 

Officers  of  the  medical  branch 



148 



164 

Officers  of  the  accountant  branch 



64 



94 

Officers  of  the  engineer  branch 



174 



192 

Chaplains,  professors,  naval  constructors,  and  civil 

engineers 

34 

70 

Warrant  officers 



175 



138 

Mates 

28 

Midshipmen  on  probation 



238 



Naval  Cadets 

— 

— 

— 

312 

Total  officers  and  cadets 

- 

1,436 

- 

1,717 

Enlisted  men 

7,600 

*8,250 

♦Number  allowed  by  law  ; the  actual  number  is  100  to  200  less,  varying  from  month 
to  month. 


INCREASE  OF  THE  NAVY.— ACT  OF  1892. 

“ That  for  the  purpose  of  further  increasing  the  Naval  Establishmeut  of 
the  United  States,  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  have  constructed, 
by  contract,  one  armored  cruiser  of  about  eight  thousand  tons  displacement 
of  the  general  type  of  armored  cruiser  numbered  two  (New  York),  to  cost, 
exclusive  of  armament,  not  more  than  three  million  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  excluding  any  premium  that  may  he  paid  for  increased  speed  and 
the  cost  of  armament.  The  contract  for  the  construction  of  said  cruiser  shall 
contain  provisions  to  the  effect  that  the  contractor  guarantees  that  when 
completed  and  tested  for  speed,  under  conditions  to  he  prescribed  by  the 
Navy  Department,  it  shall  exhibit  a speed  of  at  least  twenty  knots  per  hour; 
and  for  every  quarter  knot  of  speed  so  exhibited  above  said  guaranteed 
speed,  the  contractor  shall  receive  a premium  over  and  above  the  contract 
price  of  fifty  thousand  dollars;  and  for  every  quarter  knot  that  such  vessel 
fails  of  reaching  said  guaranteed  speed,  there  shall  be  deducted  from  the 
contract  price  the  sum  of  fifty  thousand  dollars.  In  the  construction  of  said 
vessel  all  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  August  third,  eighteen  hundred  and 
eighty-six,  entitled  “ An  act  to  increase  tbie  Naval  Establishment,”  as  to  ma- 
terial for  said  vessel,  its  engines,  boilers,  and  machinery,  the  contract  under 
which  it  is  built,  the  notice  of  and  proposals  for  the  same,  the  plans,  draw- 
ings, specifications  therefor,  and  the  method  of  executing  said  contract,  shall 
be  observed  and  followed,  and  said  vessel  shall  be  built  in  compliance  with 
the  terms  of  said  act,  save  that  in  all  its  parts  said  vessel  shall  be  of  domestic 


ADDENDA. 


431 


manufacture.  If  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  shall  be  unable  to  contract  at 
reasonable  prices  for  the  building  of  said  vessel,  then  he  may  build  such  ves- 
sel in  such  navy-yard  as  he  may  disignate. 

(34)  Also  one  sea-going  coast-line  battle  ship,  designed  to  carry  the  heaviest 
armor  and  most  powerful  ordnance,  with  a displacement  of  about  nine  thou- 
sand tons,  to  have  the  highest  practicable  speed  for  vessels  of  its  class,  and  to 
cost,  exclusive  of  armament  and  of  any  premiums  that  may  be  paid  for  in- 
creased speed,  not  exceeding  four  million  dollars;  one  harbor-defense  double- 
turret  ship  of  the  monitor  type,  with  a displacement  of  about  seven  thousand 
five  hundred  tons,  to  have  the  highest  practicable  speed  for  vessels  of  its  class, 
and  to  cost,  exclusive  of  armament  and  of  any  premiums  that  may  be  paid  for 
increased  speed,  not  exceeding  th  ree  million  dollars;  and  if  said  ship  is  built  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to  allow  three  per 
centum  on  the  cost  thereof  to  the  contractor,  in  addition  to  the  contract  price,  to 
cover  the  cost  of  the  transportation  of  material  used  in  the  construction  thereof; 
four  light-draft  gunboats  of  from  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand  two  hundred 
tons  displacement,  with  the  highest  practicable  speed  for  vessels  of  their  class, 
and  to  cost,  exclusive  of  armament  and  of  any  premiums  that  may  be  paid  for 
increased  speed,  not  exceeding  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  each; 
and  six  torpedo  boats , at  a cost  of  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  ten  thousand 
dollars  each;  and  not  more  than  two  of  said  torpedo  boats  shall  be  built  at  one 
establishment. 

(35)  In  the  construction  of  all  said  vessels,  following  the  provision  for  the 
construction  of  the  one  armored  cruiser  of  about  eight  thousand  tons  displace- 
ment, the  provisions  of  the  act  of  August  third,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty- 
six,  entitled  “ An  act  to  increase  the  Naval  Establishment,”  shall  be  observed 
and  followed  in  the  same  manner  that  the  provisions  of  said  act  are  applied  to  the 
construction  of  said  armored  cruiser;  and  in  the  contracts  for  the  construction 
of  each  of  said,  vessels,  besides  the  armored  cruiser  before  named,  such  provis- 
ions for  minimum  speed  and  for  premiums  for  increased  speed  and  penalties 
for  deficient  speed  may  be  made,  subject  to  the  terms  of  this  act,  as  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Secreta  ry  of  the  Navy  may  be  deemed  advisable. 

UNDER  THE  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Armament  and  Armor:  Toward  the  armament  and  armor  of  domestic 
manufacture  for  the  vessels  authorized  by  the  act  of  August  third-,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-six;  of  the  vessels  authorized  by  section  three  of  the  act 
approved  March  third,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven;  of  the  vessels 
authorized  by  the  act  approved  September  seventh,  eighteen  hundred  and 
eighty-eight;  of  the  vessels  authorized  by  the  act  of  March  second,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-nine;  of  those  authorized  by  the  acts  of  June  thirtieth, 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety,  March  second,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
one,  and  this  act  (36),  two  million  (37)  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

(38)  For  the  purchase  and  installation  of  new  machinery  for  the  breech- 
mechanism  shop  at  the  navy-yard,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  one  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars. 

(39)  For  torpedo  outfits  for  the  Atlanta,  Boston  and  Chicago,  eighty-two 
thousand  dollars. 

UNDER  THE  BUREAU  OF  EQUIPMENT. 

Equipment  of  New  Vessels  of  the  Navy:  Toward  the  completion 
of  the  equipment  outfit  of  the  new  vessels  heretofore  authorized  by  Congress, 
four  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

UNDER  THE  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS. 

Traveling  Cranes:  For  one  traveling  crane  of  forty  tons  capacity,  for 
dry  docks  at  Mare  Island,  California,  navy-yard,  sixty  thousand  dollars. 


432 


ADDENDA. 


Construction  and  Steam  Machinery:  Toward  the  construction  and 
completion  of  the  new  vessels  heretofore  and  herein  authorized  by  Congress, 
with  their  engines,  boilers  and  machinery,  and  for  the  payment  of  premiums 
for  increased  speed  or  horse-power  under  contracts  now  existing,  and  to  be 
made  under  this  and  other  acts  for  the  increase  of  the  Navy,  seven  million 
(40)  four  hundred  thousand  dollars:  Provided , That  no  contract  for  the  pur- 
chase of  gun  steel  or  armor  for  the  Navy  shall  hereafter  be  made  until  the 
subject-matter  of  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  public  competition 
by  the  Department  by  advertising. 

Passed  the  Senate,  with  amendments,  May  18,  1892. 

Anson  G.  McCook,  Secretary. 

GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

New  Department  Commanders  have  been  elected,  but  a complete  list  is 
not  yet  available. 

COAST  DEFENCE. 

A Coast  Defence  bill  is  pending  in  the  present  Congress. 

THE  CHILIAN  CONTROVERSY. 

Suits  aggregating  $1,000,000  have  been  entered  against  the  Chilian  gov- 
ernment for  the  killing  and  wounding  of  the  thirty-seven  sailors  of  the 
cruiser  Baltimore 

THE  BEHRING  SEA  CONTROVERSY. 

This  has  been  practically  settled,  for  the  time  being,  by  the  Senate’s  ap- 
proval in  executive  session  of  Lord  Salisbury’s  last  communication,  offering 
a solution  of  the  difficulty  on  an  equitable  basis  of  protection  and  defence  for 
both  parties. 


APPROPRIATIONS  FOR  THE 


Argentine  Republic $100,000 

Austria 147,000 

Bolivia 150,000 

Brazil 550,000 

Chili 100,000 

Colombia 100,000 

Costa  Ricfi 100,000 

Ecuador 125,000 

France 400,000 

Germany 250,000 

Great  Britain 125,000 

Guatemala 120,000 

Honduras 20,000 

Japan 500,000 

Mexico 750,000 

N icaragua 50, 000 

I Norway 60,000 

Peru 100,000 

Salvador 30,000 

British  Guiana 20,000 

British  Honduras 7,000 

Dutch  West  Indies 10,000 

Dutch  Guiana 6,000  ( 

Danish  West  Indies 10,000 

Ceylon 40,000 


WORLD’S  FAIR— REVISED. 

$30,000 

300.000 

100.000 

10,000 

20,000 

800,000 

75.000 

175.000 
.40,000 

60.000 

150.000 

100.000 

50,000 

150.000 

50,000 

50.000 

25.000 

70.000 

25.000 

300.000 

25,000 

25,000 

100.000 

300.000 

25.000 

20.000 

100.000 

40.000 

65.000 

30.000 

for  the  World’s  Fair 


Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Delaware 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.  . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana' 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico. . . . 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 

North  Dakota. 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania  . 

Rhode  Island. . 

Vermont 

Washington.  . . 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Fifty-nine  thousand  dollars  have  been  appropriated 
during  the  present  session  of  Congress  in  the  Sundry  Civil  bill. 


INDEX. 


Note. — For  information  given  concerning  each  of  the  States,  alphabetically  or  in 
geographical  groups,  see  index  under  States. 


INDEX 


Adams,  John,  life  of,  III.,  20-21. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  life  of,  III.,  26-27. 

Administration  Building,  World’s  Fair. 
(Illus.) 

Agriculture,  Department,  officers  of.  III., 
61. 

Alabama,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  222-223. 

Alliance,  Farmers’,  history  of  the,  II.,  5-6. 

Amendments,  Constitutional,  III.,  15-17. 

America,  Central,  imports  and  exports, 
U.  S.,  1889-1891,  III.,  162. 

America,  South,  imports  and  exports, 
TJ.  S.,  1889-1891,  III.,  162. 

American  Federation  of  Labor,  member- 
ship of,  n.,  12. 

An  Interesting  Document,  III.,  142-153. 

Apportionment,  the  New,  States  Redis- 
tricted, III.,  94-99. 

Apportionment  of  Representatives,  1789- 
1893,  HI.,  92-93. 

Appropriations  by  Congress,  1882-1892, 
HI.,  136. 

Arizona,  map  of,  in.,  314. 

Arkansas,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  224-225. 

Army,  Grand,  of  the  Republic,  III.,  190- 
191. 

Army  Legislation,  III.,  179-180. 

Army  of  the  United  States,  in.,  177-180. 

Arthur,  Chester  Allan,  life  of.  III.,  37. 

Australian  Ballot,  the,  II.,  24. 

Ballot,  the  Australian,  n,  24. 

Baltimore , the  U.  S.  war  vessel.  (Illus.) 

Behring  Sea  Controversy,  the.  III.,  199- 
• 207. 

Blaine  Report  on  Reciprocity,  (A)  381-3S5. 

Blood  will  tell.  (Cartoon.) 

Boston , the  U.  S.  cruiser.  (Illus.) 

Buchanan,  James,  life  of,  m,  30-31. 

California,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  226-227. 

Central  America,  Imports  and  Exports 
U.  S.,  1889-1891.  III.,  162. 

Chicago , the  U.  S.  flag  ship.  (Illus.) 

Chilean  Controversy,  the,  III.,  195-198. 

Civil  Service  Rules,  III..  187-189. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  life  of.  III.,  37-38. 

Coast  Defenses,  concerning.  III.,  192-194. 

Colorado,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  228-229. 

Columbian  Exposition,  the  World’s,  III., 
208-213. 

Columbus,  birthplace  of.  (Illus.) 

Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Grand  Army, 

III.,  191. 

Committee,  People’s  Party  National.  II., 
23. 

Committee,  Prohibition  National,  H.,  22. 

Committees,  Democratic  National  and 
State,  n,  20-21. 

Committees,  Republican  National  and 
State,  n,  16-17. 


Congress,  Appropriations  by,  1882-1892, 
m.,  i36. 

Congress,  Fifty-first,  rules  of,  III.,  100- 
101. 

Congress,  Fifty  - second,  rules  of,  III., 
102-119. 

Connecticut,  map  and  political  analysis 
of.  III.,  230-231. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  III., 
5-17. 

Constitutional  Amendments,  III.,  15-17. 

Convention,  the  National,  1892,  proceed- 
ings of,  I., 

Cornwallis,  the  surrender  of.  (Illus.) 

Customs  Duties,  United  States,  old  and 
new,  II.,  30-34. 

Customs,  Receipts  and  Expenditures,  by 
States,  1891,  III.,  155. 

Debt,  Public,  principal  of,  1791-1891,  III., 
126. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  III.,  1-4. 

Defenses,  Coast,  concerning.  III.,  192-194. 

Delaware,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

111.,  232-233. 

Democratic  Clubs,  National  Association 
of.  II.,  21. 

Democratic  National  State  Committees, 

11.,  20-21. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  officers  of, 

111.,  61. 

Department  of  Justice,  officers  of,  III., 
61. 

Department  of  State,  officers  of,  III.,  54. 

Departments  at  the  National  Capital, 

III.,  51-53. 

Departments  of  the  Grand  Army,  III., 
190 

District  of  Columbia,  map  of,  III.,  318. 

Document,  an  Interesting,  III.,  142-153. 

Duties,  Customs,  United  States,  old  and 
new,  II.,  30-34. 

Electoral  College,  proceedings  of  the, 

III.,  40. 

Electoral  College,  vote  of  the,  1892,  III., 
43. 

Electoral  Vote,  by  States,  1789-1888,  III., 
41-12. 

Electoral  Vote,  new  apportionment,  1892, 

III.,  44. 

Encampments  of  the  Grand  Army,  III., 
191. 

Executive  Department,  officers  of,  III., 
54. 

Expenditures,  Net  revenue  and,  with 
per  capitas , 1837-1891,  III.,  154. 

Expenditures,  Receipts  and,  U.  S.,  1791- 
1891,  in.,  128-135. 

Expenditures,  Receipts  and,  U.  S.,  in  de- 
tail, 1891-1892,  III.,  137-141. 

Exports,  Imports  and,  1888-1891,  III.,  156- 
162. 

Exposition,  the  World’s  Columbian,  III., 
208-213. 


436 


INDEX. 


Farmers’  Alliance,  history  of  the,  II.,  5-G. 

Farmers’  Alliance,  Ocala  Platform  of, 

11.,  7. 

Federal  Government,  officers  of  the,  1892, 

111.,  54-112. 

Federation  of  Labor,  American,  member- 
ship of,  II.,  12. 

Fifty-First  Congress,  rules  of,  III.,  100- 

101. 

Fifty-Second  Congress,  rules  of,  III.,  102- 
119. 

Financial  Condition  and  Population  of 
States  and  Territories,  1890,  III.,  79- 
Sl. 

First  Political  Parties,  formation  of,  III., 
21-23. 

Florida,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  234-235. 

Formation  of  the  Republican  Party,  111., 
32-33. 

Garfield,  James  Abram,  life  of,  III.,  37. 

Genoa,  harbor  of.  (Ulus.) 

Georgia,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  236-237. 

Gerrymandering,  concerning,  II.,  25. 

Governors  of  States  and  Territories,  1892- 
189.3,  III.,  G5. 

Government,  Federal,  officers  of  the, 
1892,  III.,  54-62. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  III.,  190-191. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  life  of,  III.,  35-3G. 

Great  Exhibition  of  1860,  the.  (Cartoon.) 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  life  of,  III.,  38. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  life  of,  III.,  29. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  Birchard,  life  of,  III., 
3G. 

History  of  Tariff  Legislation,  II.,  26-29. 

History  of  the  Party,  II.,  1-4. 

Honest  Abe  taking  them  on  the  half- 
shell. (Cartoon.) 

House  of  Representatives,  members  of, 
alphabetically,  III.,  89-91. 

House  of  Representatives,  members  of, 
by  States,  III.,  85-88. 

Idaho,  map  and  political  analysis  of,  HI., 
238-239. 

Illinois,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  240-241. 

Imports  and  Exports,  1888-1891,  IH.,  156- 
162. 

Increase  of  the  Navy,  concerning  the, 

III.,  184-185. 

Independence,  Declaration  of,  in.,  1-4. 

Independent  Departments  at  Washing- 
ton, IH.,  62. 

Indiana,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  242-243. 

Interesting  Document,  an,  III.,  142-153. 

Interior  Department,  officers  of,  HI.,  60- 
61. 

Internal  Revenue,  Receipts  and  Expendi- 
tures, by  States,  1891,  III.,  155. 

Iowa,  map  and  political  analysis  of,  III., 
244-245. 

Itata , the  Chilian  Insurgent  Vessel.  (Illus.) 

Jackson,  Andrew,  life  of.  III.,  27-28. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  life  of,  IH.,  23-24. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  life  of,  III.,  34—35. 

Justice,  Department  of,  officers.  III..  61. 

Kansas,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
IH.,  246-247. 

Kentucky,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
IH.,  248-249. 

Labor,  American  Federation  of,  mem- 
bership, II.,  12. 


Labor  Party',  history'  of  the,  II.,  11. 

Labor  Vote,  State'  Elections,  1889-1891, 

II.,  12. 

League,  Republican,  of  the  United  States, 

11. , 18-19. 

Legislation,  Tariff,  history  of,  II.,  26-29. 
Legislatures,  State  and  Territorial,  1892- 
1893,  in.,  78. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  life  of,  III.,  33-34. 
Louisiana,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

111.,  250-251. 

McKinley  Bill,  text  of  the,  (A)  338-380. 
McKinley',  William,  Jr.,  speech  of,  on  his 
tariff  measure,  (A)  394-406. 

Machinery  Building  and  Canal,  World’s 
Fair.  (Illus.) 

Madison,  James,  life  of,  HI.,  24-25. 

Maine,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  252-253. 

Maryland,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
iH.,  254-255. 

Massachusetts,  map  and  political  anal- 
ysis of,  HI.,  256-257. 

Mexico,  Imports  and  Exports,  U.  S., 
1889-1891,  IH.,  162. 

Michigan,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  258-259. 

Military  Establishment,  U.  S.,  cost  of, 
1891,  HI.,  179. 

Minnesota,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  260-261. 

Mississippi,  map  and  political  analysis 
of,  III.,  262-263. 

Missouri,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  264-265. 

Monroe,  James,  life  of,  HI.,  25-26. 
Montana,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

111.,  266-267. 

National  and  State  committees,  Republi- 
can, II.,  16-17. 

National  Association  of  Democratic 
Clubs,  H,  21. 

National  committee,  People’s  Party,  II., 
23. 

National  committee,  Prohibition,  II.,  22. 
National  Convention,  the,  1892,  proceed- 
ings of,  I., 

National  State  committees,  Democratic, 

11.,  20-21. 

Naturalization  Law,  the,  III.,  214. 

Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  concerning 
the,  III.,  183-184. 

Naval  establishment,  U.  S.,  cost  of  the, 
1891,  IH.,  184. 

Naval  officers,  pay  of,  by  ranks,  III.,  182- 

m 

Navy,  concerning  increase  of  the,  III., 
184-ia5. 

Navy  Department,  officers  of.  III.,  57-59. 
Navy',  U.  S.,  list  of  new  vessels  in,  1891, 

111.,  181. 

Nebraska,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  268-269. 

Net  revenue  and  expenditures,  with  per 
capitas , 1837-1891,  III.,  154. 

Nevada,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  270-271. 

Neyv  Hampshire,  map  and  political  anal- 
ysis of,  III.,  272-273. 

Neyv  Jersey,  map  and  political  analysis 
of,  III. ,‘274-275. 

Neyv  Mexico,  map  of,  III.,  315. 

New  Navy  of  the  U.  S.,  list  of  vessels  in 
the,  1891,  III.,  181. 

New  States,  Party  Tendency  in,  III.,  82-83. 


INDEX. 


437 


New  York,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  276-279. 

Nominee,  the  Presidential,  1892,  life  ,and 
record  of,  I., 

Nominee,  Vice -Presidential,  the,  1892,  life 
and  record  of,  I., 

North  Bend  Farmer,  the,  and  his  visitors. 
(Cartoon.) 

North  Carolina,  map  and  political  analy- 
sis of,  III.,  280-281. 

North  Dakota,  map  and  political  analy- 
sis of,  III.,  282-283. 

Ocala  Platform,  Farmers’  Alliance,  II.,  7. 

Omcers,  Army,  pay  of,  by  ranks.  III.,  178. 

Officers,  State  and  Territorial,  1892-1893, 
HI.,  66-77. 

Officers,  U.S.  Navy,  pay  of,  by  ranks,  III., 
182-183. 

Ohio,  map  and  political  analysis  of,  III., 
284-285. 

Oklahoma,  map  of,  HI.,  316. 

Oregon,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  286-287. 

Origin  of  States  and  Territories,  III.,  63. 

Our  Pensioners,  concerning,  III.,  163-177. 

Parties,  First  Political,  formation  of,  III., 
21-23. 

Party,  history  of  the.  II.,  1-4. 

, Party  Tendency  in  the  New  States,  III., 
* 82-83. 

Pennsylvania,  map  and  political  analysis 
of,'  ni.J  288-289. 

Pension  Agencies,  payments  at,  1891, 
in.,  164. 

Pension  Claims  Admitted  and  Rejected, 
1881-1891,  in.,  172-175. 

Pension  Claims,  filed  and  allowed,  1861— 
1891,  III.,  170. 

Pension  Claims,  increase  in  number  al- 
lowed, 1862-1891,  in.,  174-175. 

Pension  Laws,  recent,  III.,  165-169. 

Pension  Rates,  1891,  176. 

Pensioners,  number  of,  by  States  and 
Countries,  1891,  III.,  170. 

Pensioners,  Our,  concerning,  III.,  163-177. 

Pensions,  total  amounts  paid  for,  1861- 

1891,  III.,  171. 

Pensions,  total  number  of,  1861-1891,  III., 
171. 

People’s  Party  National  Committee,  II., 
23. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  life  of.  III.,  31—32. 

Political  parties,  first  formation  of,  in., 
21-23. 

Polk,  James  Knox,  life  of,  III..  30. 

Popular  Vote,  by  States,  1824-1888,  III., 
46-50. 

Popular  Vote,  U.  S.,  1789-1888,  III.,  45. 

Population  and  Financial  Condition  of 
States  and  Territories,  1890,  III., 
79-81. 

Population,  Net  Revenue  and  Expendi- 
tures, with  per  capitas , 1837-1891,  III., 
154. 

Post-Office  Department,  officers  of.  III., 
59-60. 

Presidential  Nominee,  the,  1892,  life  and 
record  of,  I., 

Presidential  Succession,  the.  III.,  39-40. 

Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents,  III.,  18. 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Convention, 

1892,  I., 

Prohibition  Movement,  history  of  the,  II., 
13. 

Prohibition  National  Committee,  II.,  22, 


Public  Debt,  analysis  of,  1850-1891,  III., 
127. 

Public  Debt,  principal  of,  1791-1891,  III., 
126. 

Qualifications,  Voting  by  States,  III., 
215-219. 


Radical  Party,  the,  on  a heavy  grade. 
(Cartoon.) 

Receipts  and  Expenditures,  U.  S.,  1791— 
1891,  III.,  128-135. 

Receipts  and  Expenditures,  U.  S.,  in  de- 
tail, 1891-1892,  III.,  137-141. 

Reciprocity,  concerning,  II.,  36-38. 

Reciprocity,  text  of  provisions  for,  1890, 

II.,  37-38. 

Reciprocity,  the  Blaine  Report  on,  (A) 
381-385. 

Redistricting  of  States,  1890-1891,  III.,  94- 
99. 

Registration  of  Voters,  III.,  220. 

Representatives,  Apportionment  of,  1789- 
1893,  III.,  92-93. 

Republic,  Grand  Army  of  the,  III.,  190- 
191. 

Republican  League  of  the  United  States, 

II.,  18-19. 

Republican  National  and  State  commit- 
tees, II.,  16-17. 

Republican  Party,  formation  of,  III.,  32- 
33. 

Revenue,  Net,  and  Expenditures,  with 
per  capitas,  1837-1891,  III.,  154. 

Rhode  Island,  map  and  political  analysis 
of,  in.,  290-291. 

Rules,  Civil  Service,  III.,  187-189. 

Rules  of  the  Fifty-first  Congress,  III., 
100-101. 

Rules  of  the  Fifty-second  Congress,  HI., 
102-119. 

Rules,  Supreme  Court  Decision,  on.  III., 
120-125. 

San  Diego,  California,  harbor  of.  (Ilius.) 

Senate,  Members  of,  alphabetically,  III., 
88-89. 

Senate,  Members  of,  by  States,  III.,  84-85. 

Settlement  of  States  and  Territories,  III., 


64. 

Silver  Bill  of  1890,  the,  (A)  386-387. 

Silver  Question,  the,  II.,  39-40. 

Single  Tax  Theory,  the,  II.,  41-42. 

South  America,  Imports  and  Exports, 
U.  S.,  1889-1891.  III.,  162. 

South  Carolina,  map  and  political  analy- 
sis of,  III.,  292-293. 

South  Dakota,  map  and  political  analy- 
sis of,  III.,  294-295. 

State  and  National  committees.  Demo- 
cratic, H.,  20-21. 

State  and  National  committees,  Republi- 
can, n.,  16-17. 

State  Department,  officers  of,  III.,  54. 
States,  Apportionment  of,  1789-1893,  III., 
93. 

Assessed  valuation  of  property  in, 


III.,  79-81. 

Congressional  Districts 


in.  III.,  222- 


OlO. 

Congressional  pluralities  in,  Addenda. 
Counties,  number  of,  III.,  223-318. 
County  map  of,  III.,  222-318. 

County  Vote,  variations  in,  III.,  223- 


<sio. 

Customs  duties,  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures from,  III.,  155, 


438 


INDEX. 


States,  Debt  of,  1890,  HI.,  79-81. 

Electoral  Vote,  1789-1888,  III.,  41-42. 
Electoral  Vote,  1892,  III.,  43. 

Electoral  Vote,  synopsis  of,  1872-1888, 

III.,  223-318. 

Financial  condition  of.  III.,  79-81. 

G.  A.  R.,  Membership  in,  III.,  190. 
Governors  of,  1892-1893,  III.,  65. 
Internal  Revenue  and  expenditures 
of,  III.,  155. 

Legislature  of,  Party  strength  in,  III., 
78. 

Members  of  Congress  for,  III.,  85-88. 
New  Apportionment,  III.,  92. 

New  Counties  in,  III.,  223-318. 

Officers,  1892-1893,  HI.,  66-77. 

Origin  of.  III.,  63. 

Pensioners  in,  III.,  170. 

Pluralities,  Congressional,  in,  Ad- 
denda. 

Pluralities,  Presidential,  1872-1888, 

III.,  223-318. 

Popular  Vote,  1824-1888,  III.,  46-50. 
Popular  Vote,  increase  in  the,  III., 
223-318. 

Popular  Vote,  synopsis  of,  1872-1888, 
HI.,  223-318. 

Population  of,  HI.,  79-81. 

Receipts  and  expenditures  of,  HI., 
79-81. 

Redistricting  of,  III.,  95-98. 
Registration  of  Voters  by,  III.,  220. 
Resources  of,  1890,  III.,  79-81. 
Settlement  of,  HI.,  64. 

Sinking  fund  of,  1890,  III.,  79-81. 

U.  S.  Senators  for,  III.,  84-85. 

Votes  of  Cities  in,  Addenda. 

Voting  Qualifications  in,  HI.,  215-219. 
Contribution  of,  to  World’s  Fair, 
Addenda. 

States  and  Territories,  Origin  of,  HI., 
63. 

States  and  Territories,  settlement  of, 

IH. ,  64. 

States,  Redistricting  of,  1890-1891,  IH., 
94-99. 

Storming  the  Castle.  (Cartoon.) 
Sub-Treasurv  Warehouse  scheme,  the, 

II. ,  8-10. 

Succession,  The  Presidential,  III.,  39-40. 
Supreme  Court  Decision,  on  Rules,  III., 
120-125. 

Surrender  of  Cornwallis,  the.  (Ulus.) 
Tariff  Legislation,  history  of,  II.,  26-29. 
Tariff  Reform  Votes  in  Congress,  by 
States,  1865-1890,  II.,  35. 

Tariff,  1890,  compared  with  1883,  II.,  30-34. 
Taylor,  Zachary,  life  of,  HI.,  33. 


Tax,  Single,  theory  of,  the,  II.,  41-42. 
Tennessee,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
HI.,  296-297. 

Texas,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

III.,  298-301. 

The  North  Bend  Farmer  and  his  visitors. 
(Cartoon.) 

Treasury  Department,  officers  of,  IU., 
54-55. 

Tyler,  John,  life  of,  HI.,  29. 

United  States,  Constitution  of,  III.,  5-17. 
United  States,  Customs  Duties,  old  and 
new,  II.,  30-34. 

Utah,  map  of,  HI.,  317. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  life  of,  III.,  28-29. 
Vermont,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

111.,  302-303. 

Vessels,  New,  in  the  U.  S.  Navy,  1891,  III., 

181. 

Veto  power,  concerning  exercise  of,  by 
the  Presidents,  III.,  186. 

Vice-Presidential  Nominee,  the,  1892,  life 
and  record  of,  I., 

Virginia,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

HI.,  304-305. 

Vote,  Electoral,  by  States,  1789-1888,  III., 
4W2. 

Vote,  Labor,  State  Elections,  1889-1891, 

11.,  12. 

Vote,  Popular,  by  States,  1824-1888,  HI.,  0 
46-50. 

Vote,  Popular,  U.  S.,  1789-1888,  III.,  45. 
Voters,  Registration  of,  III.,  220. 

Votes,  Tariff  Reform,  in  Congress,  1865- 
1890,  by  States,  II.,  35. 

Voting  Qualifications,  by  States,  III.,  215- 
219. 

War  Department,  officers  of,  III.,  56-57. 
Washington,  George,  life  of,  III.,  19-20. 
Washington,  map  and  political  analysis 
of,  III.,  306-307. 

West  Indies,  imports  and  exports,  U.  S., 
1889-1891,  III.,  162. 

West  Virginia,  map  and  political  analy- 
sis of,  HI.,  308-309. 

Wisconsin,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 

111.,  310-311. 

Woman  Suffrage,  facts  concerning,  II., 
14-15. 

World’s  Columbian  Exposition,  III.,  208- 
213. 

World’s  Fair,  Administration  Building  in. 
(Illus.) 

World’s  Fair,  Machinery  Building  in.  (Il- 
lus.) 

Wyoming,  map  and  political  analysis  of, 
IH.,  312-313. 


APPENDIX. 


Text  of  the  Mills  Bill,  319-331. 

Text  of  the  McKinley  Bill,  332-380. 

The  Blaine  Report  on  Reciprocity,  381-385. 
The  Silver  Bill  of  1890,  386-387. 

Speech  of  Mr.  Mills  on  his  Tariff  Measure, 
388-390. 

Tariff  Message  of  President  Cleveland, 
391-396. 


Speech  of  Mr.  McKinley  on  his  Tariff 
Measure,  397-398. 

Speech  of  Mr.Carlisle  on  the  Tariff, 399-401. 
The  President’s  Centennial  Message,  De- 
cember, 1888,  402-405. 

Congressional  Pluralities  by  States,  406- 
408. 

Presidential  and  other  V otes  of  Cities,  409. 


ADDENDA. 

Most  recent  facts,  under  various  headings,  up  to  the  moment  of  going  to  press. 


Date  Due 


329.01  D383A  1892  599782 


Democratic  Campaign  Book 


